Create lexico-semantic groups with words online. Study of the lexico-semantic group of nouns in the English language. Lexico-semantic word groups
The minimum unit of speech is word... The word has an external form - a sound shell, sound or a complex of sounds, designed according to the laws of the given language. In addition to the external form, the word must have an internal content. The internal content of a word is its lexical meaning. The meaning of a word is the correlation of a word with a certain concept.
A word is a complex of sounds or one sound that has a definite meaning fixed by the linguistic practice of society and functions as a kind of independent whole.
Along with the lexical meaning, each word also has a grammatical meaning and represents the unity of the lexical and grammatical meanings... For example: word tank denotes a vessel (lexical meaning) and is a masculine singular noun, nominative case (grammatical meanings).
The main function of the word is nominative, or nominative. The meaning (semantics) of a word is a historical phenomenon: it is not given once and for all, but can change in the course of the functioning of the word in speech; The main, direct, meaning and non-basic, figurative are distinguished from the word. The direct meaning of a word is a direct connection between a sound complex and a concept, a direct nomination.
Under the iconic aspect natural language usually understands the correlation of linguistic elements (morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, etc.), and therefore the language as a whole, in one form or another and the degree of mediation with an extra-linguistic number of phenomena, objects and situations in objective reality.
Differential signs the words
- Every word has phonetic(and for written speech - graphic) formalization... It consists of a number of phonemes (more rarely, one phoneme).
- Words are inherent definite meaning(internal hypostasis, meaning its content) and sound design words, that is, the external, material side, which is the form of the word. The form and content of a word are inextricably linked: a word cannot be perceived if we do not pronounce (or write) it, and cannot be understood if the spoken combinations of sounds are devoid of meaning.
- Words characterize consistency of sound and meaning... No one has the right to change the phonetic shell of a word or give it an unusual meaning, because the form and content of the word are fixed in the language.
- Words (as opposed to phrases) impenetrable: any word acts as an integral unit, inside which it is impossible to insert another word, especially several words. Exceptions are negative pronouns that can be separated by prepositions ( no one - no one, no one).
- Words have only one main stress, and some can be unstressed (prepositions, conjunctions, particles, etc.). However, there are no words that have two main accents. The non-two-sidedness of a word distinguishes it from a stable (phraseological) combination, which has a holistic meaning ( the cat cried, without a king in his head).
- An important feature of words is their lexico-grammatical relevance: they all belong to one or another part of speech and have a certain grammatical structure. So, nouns, adjectives and other names are characterized by forms of gender, number, case; verbs - forms of mood, type, tense, person, etc. These words perform various syntactic functions in a sentence, which creates their syntactic independence.
- Integrity and uniformity distinguish words from phrases. Compound words like fresh frozen, radio show, vertikhvostka and so on. grammatical features are expressed by only one ending. True, there are exception words that have two forms: white-white, five hundred; Wed: white-white, five hundred.
- All words characterize reproducibility: we do not construct them each time anew from the morphemes available in the language, but reproduce them in speech in the form in which they are known to all native speakers. This distinguishes words from phrases that we build at the time of expression.
- Words are distinguished by the predominant use in conjunction in other words: in the process of communication, we build phrases from words, and from the latter - sentences.
- One of the signs of words is isolability... Words, unlike phonemes and morphemes, can be perceived outside the speech stream, in isolation, while retaining their inherent meaning.
- The most important feature of many words is nominative, ie, the ability to name objects, qualities, actions, etc. True, the service parts of speech, interjections, modal words, and also pronouns do not have this feature, since they have a different specificity. Pronouns, for example, only indicate objects, qualities, quantities, and interjections express the feelings and experiences of the speaker, without naming them.
- Phraseology, or idiomatic, as a distinctive feature of a word means, on the one hand, the unmotivatedness of its lexical meaning (no one knows why, for example, the word house, smoke, be, drink received their inherent lexical meaning), on the other hand - a non-free connection between the morphemes that make up the word (certain derivational models allow the use of only certain morphemes, excluding their free replacement by others). However, this feature is inherent not only in words, but also in phraseological units, the meaning of which is also not derived from the simple sum of their constituent components and which do not allow changes in their composition.
Lexico-semantic variant Is a word in one of its meanings. It is known that a polysemantic word is included in the synonymous or antonymic series only by a certain part of its content, for example, thick (forest) - rare, thick (broth) - liquid;
Therefore, to describe the basic concepts and categories of lexical semantics, special terms are introduced: word and lexical-semantic variant.
Form (expression plan) - a sound shell in oral speech and a graphical shell (letter designation) in written speech. The expression plan is called token ... A lexeme is an abstract unit of a language that is a word in the totality of its forms and meanings. For example, all forms of the word "language" and different meanings of these forms in various combinations: "language coated", "Russian language", "language of the work", etc. - are identical as representatives of the same lexeme "language".
The word content plan is also called sememe... Semema is realized in semes, in other words semema is a collection of semes. Sememe- a unit of the plan of the content of the language, correlated with the morpheme (the minimum unit of the plan of expression) as a set of components of its content
The lexical meaning of the word - ethos is the content of a word, that is, the correlation established by our thinking between a sound complex and an object or phenomenon of reality, which are indicated by this complex of sounds. The carrier of the lexical meaning is the stem of the word. Lexical meaning directly related to the reflection in the mind of objects, phenomena, relations of objective reality.
Macro components values isolate microcomponents in their composition - sema. Sema- a component of meaning, reflecting the distinctive feature of the denotation of a word (object, phenomenon, process) or a distinctive feature of the emotional, evaluative or structural-linguistic information conveyed by the word and is able to distinguish the meanings of words. In the lexical meaning, two macrocomponents are distinguished: denotative and connotative. Denotative macrocomponent - the main component of the lexical meaning of a word, indicating the properties, signs of the subject of the nomination. It conveys basic, socially and communicatively significant information. Connotative the macrocomponent of meaning expresses the speaker's emotional-evaluative attitude to the denotation of the word.
In modern Russian, following Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, one can distinguish three main types of lexical meanings of Russian words.
First type - direct or nominative meaning(from Lat. Nominativus - nominative). This lexical meaning of the word is directly related to the reflection of the phenomena of objective reality. Indeed, in addition to our consciousness and independently of it, that is, objectively, we are surrounded by objects of reality. Those words that are associated with the reflection of reality have a direct lexical meaning. Such words free combine with other words. That is why the direct, nominative meaning is also called free, that is, words that have a direct, nominative meaning are not limited in their use to certain speech and phraseological turns: they have wide verbal connections.
Second type- phraseologically related lexical meaning of a word, which is realized only in stable combinations of words, that is, meanings of this type are distinguished from words that are not freely combined with each other, but gravitate towards each other, as a result of which they form a stable, that is, phraseological, combination. For example: burning tears, hopeless melancholy, fraught with consequences, thrashing around, etc. For words that are part of stable phraseological combinations, the lexical meanings are called phraseologically related... These words are indirectly connected with objects of reality.
Third type - syntactically determined lexical meaning that is realized in a word only when it appears in a sentence in a certain syntactic function.
Lexico-semantic group(LSG) is called the most extensive organization of words in terms of the volume of its members, which is united by a basic semantic component. The semantic component generalizes several different hypersemes (generic semes), denoting a class of objects, attributes, processes, relationships. For example, the basic semantic component of the LSG, the subject of apartment furnishings, includes the following hypersemes in its semantic sphere: room furniture, kitchen furniture, floor / wall covering, etc.
Lexical-semantic field- a broader association than a lexical-semantic group: it is a hierarchical structure of a set of lexical units, united by a common (invariant) meaning and reflecting a certain conceptual sphere in the language.
Thus, we can talk about the semantic field of kinship, movement, feelings, food, dishes, etc.
In linguistics, there are different kinds semantic fields: in addition to lexical-semantic fields, researchers consider associative-semantic fields, compiled on the basis of an associative experiment, and functional-semantic fields, including lexical and grammatical meanings.
Semantic field structure comprises:
1) kernels;
2) center;
3) periphery;
4) fragments of the field.
Core the functional-semantic field is made up of units of the morphological and syntactic level. Word-building and lexical means make up periphery fields.
Systemic relationships in vocabulary. Like other levels of the language, vocabulary is a system . This means that words are related to each other in a certain way. The lexical system is an internally organized set of vocabulary units that are naturally interconnected by stable relationships. Unlike other language systems, the lexical system is open, since the lexical composition is constantly changing (replenished), in addition, its elements are mobile (move from one group to another), which depends on various social, cultural and other factors. Within the lexical system, words are linked by a variety of relationships. The main types are paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and epigmatic relations. The identification of these types is usually associated with the name of the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, in Russian linguistics they were described by I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. These types are universal for the language system as a whole and characterize language units within all its levels.
At the heart of paradigmatic relations (Greek paradеigma "sample, example") is the similarity or opposition of the meanings of words, manifested in the presence of groups of words, united by some formal or grammatical features. A variety of paradigmatic connections are:
- homonymous paradigm: key1 (spring) - key2 (master key);
- synonymous paradigm: green, emerald, light green, turquoise - words with a similar meaning;
- antonymic paradigm: white - black, hot - cold;
- hyper-hyponymic paradigm; words are related by genus-specific relations: tree - birch, aspen, maple, poplar;
- thematic paradigm: green, red, black - color names.
Thus, words form certain paradigms based on the similarity of features or their opposition, manifested in the language system. One of the manifestations of the systemic connections of lexical units are syntagmatic relations (Greek syntagma "built together, connected"), which rely in the process of realizing the meanings of words on their subject-logical meaning (lexical factor) and the regularity of syntactic connection (agreement) of words in speech ( syntactic factor).
POLYSEMY(from the Greek polysémos "polysemous"), the presence of a linguistic sign of more than one meaning. Polysemy is also called polysemy.
Semantic word structure(SS) - the semantic structure of the basic unit of vocabulary. S. s. with. manifests itself in its polysemy as the ability to name (designate) various objects (phenomena, properties, qualities, attitudes, actions and states) with the help of internally connected meanings. The semantic structure of an unambiguous word is reduced to its semantic composition.
The simplest unit (element) of the semantic structure of a polysemantic word is its lexical-semantic variant (LSV), that is, the lexical meaning associated with other lexical meanings by certain relations, the main of which are hierarchical: the expression of the subordination of dependent lexical meanings to the main one. In S. with. with. lexical and semantic variants are related to each other due to the common internal form, their mutual motivation, derivability from each other.
Therefore, in dictionaries, each previous LSV determines the interpretation of the next one.
The ambiguous word has the main(main) meaning as well as meanings non-core(secondary, derivatives). Minor meanings can be contrasted with basic meanings, primarily as contextual meanings.
The core or center is the primary meaning around which all other meanings (minor or secondary) are formed.
Direct meaning is the original original meaning of the word. Usually, direct meaning is the main name for a specific object, feature or action.
Figurative meaning- a secondary meaning arising on the basis of a direct one. The name can be transferred by similarity (metaphor) or by contiguity (metonymy).
Depending on the basis and on what basis the name of one object is assigned to another, three types of polysemy are distinguished: metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche.
METHOD(gr. metaphora- transfer) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on any similarity of their features.
Metaphorization of meanings often occurs as a result of the transfer of qualities, properties, actions of inanimate objects to animate ones: nerves of iron, golden hands, an empty head, and vice versa: gentle rays, the roar of a waterfall, the talk of a stream.
Metaphorsimilarity carry:
1. Similarity shape- golden ring - a ring of roads
2. Similarity location- bird wing - building wing
3. Similarity functions- bird feather - steel feather
4. Similarity colors- gold earrings - Golden autumn
5. Similarity appraisals- clear day - clear sight
6. Similarity the impression produced- warm day - warm welcome
7. Similarity in way of presenting an action- embrace with hands - anxiety gripped
Methods(column metonymia- renaming) is the transfer of a name from one subject to another based on their contiguity.
So, metonymic is the transfer of the name of the material to the product from which it is made ( gold, silver - Athletes brought gold and silver from the Olympics); the names of the place (room) into groups of people who are there ( class, audience - Class preparing for test work; etc.).
Metonymy types:
a) Relationship between material and product ("gold")
b) Adjacency of the goal and the action itself.
c) Relationship between process and name
d) Relationship between process and place
e) The ratio of a feature and a thing
f) Correlation of cause and effect
g) Adjacency in time
h) Adjacency in space
e) container and content (audience)
S i n e k d o x a(column synekdoche- co-understanding) (a type of metonymy) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part, and vice versa. For example, pear 1- "fruit tree" and pear 2- "the fruit of this tree"; head 1- "part of the body" and head 2- "an intelligent, capable person"; the cherry is ripe- in the meaning of "cherry"; we are simple people- so speaks about himself.
Sinecdoche is based on value transfers in such, for example, expressions: feeling of elbows, faithful hand, lending a helping hand, a kind word, flight of thought etc.
OMONIMIA- sound match different languages units, the values of which are not related to each other. Lexical homonyms (see Homonyms) arise as a result of the sound coincidence of words of different origins, for example: lynx (running) and lynx (animal), shaft (embankment) and shaft (wave), or as a result of a semantic break in the meanings of a polysemantic word, for example. : light (radiant energy) and light (world, universe).
Like other levels of a language (phonetic, derivational, grammatical), vocabulary is a system, that is, a set of elements (including phraseological units) that are in regular relationships and together form a certain integrity. This is the lexico-semantic system of the language. Its elements are lexical units that are connected by relations of identity, similarity, opposition, inclusion, etc.
Each unit of the lexical system is included in certain fields based on meaningful similarities and certain associations with other units. The vocabulary as a system is a set of such fields, the units of which are not only interconnected, but also interact with the "words-concepts" of other fields. So, to designate a very young, not matured and therefore inexperienced person, a synonymous unit of another semantic field is used - green (cf. green youth), in which it stands for "unripe, unripe" (the apples on this apple are still green, unripe ). In turn, this designation is the result of an associative causal connection with the original field - color designations (green, green paint): green is still unripe. So the semantic microfields of the designations of a person's age, the ripeness of fruits, fruits, cereals and color names turn out to be, like many others, interrelated.
One of the most important manifestations of the consistency of vocabulary is the fundamental ability to consistently describe the vocabulary of a language by distributing its units over semantic fields (classes of words with a common meaning). Such a classification of vocabulary is presented in ideographic dictionaries. The entire vocabulary is divided into large classes of words, then into subclasses and, finally, into lexico-semantic groups, such as, say, designations of kinship, movement, transmission, creation, destruction, color designation, etc. groups can be quite definitely opposed to each other and described with the help of appropriate definitions. This systematization is based on the sequential inclusion of units of a lower level in the classes of units of a hierarchically higher level.
Another manifestation of the consistency of vocabulary is the widely represented relations of synonymy, antonymy, conversion, word-formation derivation and others. Turning to explanatory dictionaries, it is easy to see further that the minimal lexical units ("words-concepts") with the same sound (and graphic) shells are grouped into polysemantic words - a kind of microsystems, in the formation of which certain patterns lie.
A quite definite, albeit versatile, systematization of the vocabulary of the language is represented by the opposition of classes of words of the type: primordial - borrowed, active - passive (outdated and new), literary - dialectal, etc.
The consistency of vocabulary is found not only in its classification, but also in certain patterns of the use of linguistic units in speech (text). As will be shown later, words with similar or opposite meanings (units of the same lexico-semantic group, synonyms, antonyms, etc.) have similar lexical compatibility, which is an external expression of their internal properties. Moreover, it turns out in principle possible to organize and systematize all non-free lexical collocation, reducing it to a limited number (to several tens) of lexical functions ("deep meanings"). This makes it possible to detect functional uniformity in a large variety of combinations.
The lexico-semantic system is in many ways similar to other language systems. At the same time, like any other system, it has its own specificity, which is explained primarily by the nature and composition of its units. The vocabulary of a language is the most complex system: it includes such a large number of objects connected by a wide variety of relationships, which cannot be compared with the number of units of a phonetic (phonological) or grammatical system. It is enough, for example, to compare the number of phonemes of the Russian language (42) and the number of lexical units, which in the seventeen-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" exceeds 120,000 words. In addition, the lexical-semantic system, unlike others, is closely related to external, extralinguistic, factors and directly reflects the changes taking place in reality. The vocabulary of the language is in a state of continuous change: it is constantly replenished with words and meanings of words necessary to designate new realities and concepts, and, conversely, is freed from those lexical units that are no longer necessary. Because of this, vocabulary is an open system, opposed to such systems as phonetic (phonological) and grammatical. Finally, one more important feature of the lexical system: it is less "rigid" than others, which is explained by the diffuse nature of the meanings of many words.
Lexical units reveal closer, deeper and more diverse connections with the context than units of other systems, and therefore are more “mobile” and variable in their content.
Of course, it would be wrong to think that all microsystems of vocabulary are structured in the same way: some of them are more systematic (and most of them), others are less ordered and more difficult to analyze. Finally, vocabulary also contains asystemic phenomena, just as in most rules there are exceptions, which, however, do not detract from the meaning of the rules themselves.
Semantics and Lexicology. Aspects of lexical semantics
One of the most important tasks of lexicology, as we have already said, is the study of the objective meaning of words and expressions. The meaning of various units of the language is investigated in one of the most important sections of linguistics - semantics. This scientific discipline arose relatively recently, at the end of the last century, and is now going through a period of its rapid development.
Unlike the plane of expression (the formal side), the plane of content (meaning) in the language, addressed directly to the person, for a long time remained without due attention, was taken for granted. Modern linguistics considers meaning as the most important component of the language, since the expression and perception of meaning is its main goal and provides communicative and other functions.
Linguistic semantics studies both the vocabulary of the language and its grammatical structure and is subdivided in accordance with this into lexical and grammatical.
Lexical semantics studies the lexical (subject) meaning, that is, what characterizes a given linguistic unit in the entire system of its forms, for example, the noun chair (chair, chair ..., chair ... chairs, chairs ...) as opposed to from other and, above all, units close in meaning, say, nouns - designations of furniture: an armchair, a stool, a sofa, an ottoman, a table, etc.
Lexical meaning
A word as a unit of vocabulary is a unity of a sign, that is, a sound and graphic shell of a word, and a meaning - a specific linguistic reflection of reality. The sound (and graphic) shell of a word, for example, a sequence of sounds [д "е" р "бвъ] or letters tree, becomes a sign by virtue of what it matters (in this case," a perennial plant with a hard trunk and branches forming a crown ") , stands for something.
What factors determine the lexical meaning? First of all, the objective reality with which the linguistic unit is related. Objects and phenomena of reality, their properties and relationships are reflected in human consciousness as a result of the complex interaction of language and thinking. Hence the close relationship between linguistic meaning and the corresponding logical concept. Finally, meaning as a necessary component of a lexical unit is closely related in each language with a certain sign, is included in the composition of a word in the linguistic system and turns out to be conditioned by it.
The lexical meaning of a word is a specifically linguistic reflection of an object: it is a brief description of of the designated object, the minimum set of characteristic features (taken from the number of concept features) that allow one to “identify” this object in an economical way. The main function of linguistic meaning is to effectively hint at a certain extra-linguistic content, at certain special knowledge that is available in human experience.
As the content side of a linguistic unit, the lexical meaning is included in the language system, reflects its national specifics and characterizes the word in terms of its emotional and expressive coloring.
As you can see, the concept and meaning, despite their belonging to different sciences, are relative categories and are largely homogeneous. The meaning is somewhat simplified, you can present at least the signs of a concept, necessary and sufficient for the recognition and understanding of the word. The difference between the concept and the meaning is that the same phenomenon (the content of the sign) is viewed from different sides (i.e., respectively, from the angle of view of the mental or linguistic processes) and with different degrees of depth. The meaning is not without reason called a naive, everyday concept, defining it as an idea of an object (phenomenon), characteristic of the average intelligent native speaker and often based on pre-scientific concepts enshrined in the language.
Lexical-semantic group
Lexical-semantic group- the unification of words of one part of speech with a common main component of meaning. LSG stands out within semantic fields. For example: LSH (temperature adjectives): warm, cold, icy, hot, cool, hot, etc.
Signs of LSH
- is a combination of two, several or many words according to their lexical meanings;
- develops historically, i.e. it is dynamic in nature;
- close to the thematic group, but significantly different from it
Example of LSG
So, to the lexical-semantic group of the lexeme Earth include words:
- planet - globe - world;
- soil - soil - layer;
- possession - manor - manor - manor;
- country - state - power.
Literature
- Filin F.P. "On lexical-semantic word groups"
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what the "Lexical-semantic group" is in other dictionaries:
lexical-semantic group- A set of words of one part of speech that have a common semantic feature and similar compatibility ... Research methods and text analysis. Reference dictionary
lexico-semantic word group (лсг)- An extensive organization of words, united by a basic semantic component, which denotes a class of classes of objects, attributes, processes, relationships. For example, the basic semantic component of the LSG “plant” includes in the semantic sphere ... ...
lexico-semantic word group (LSG)- An extensive organization of words, united by a basic semantic component, which denotes a class of classes of objects, attributes, processes, relationships. For example, the basic semantic component of the LSG plant includes the following in the semantic sphere ... ...
lexico-semantic group (LSG)- Words of one part of speech, united by a nuclear (main) seme (for example, LSG verbs of movement, color adjectives, etc.) ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
semantic group- ▲ set word related (s), the meaning of the frame is a set of words related by content. lexico-semantic group is a group of words of one part of speech, which, in addition to common grammatical semes, have at least one common lexical seme. semantic ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
Field- Field is a set of linguistic (mainly lexical) units, united by a common content (sometimes also by a common formal indicators) and reflecting the conceptual, subject or functional similarity of the designated phenomena. On… …
_List of abbreviations- Ag. M. Ageev Aleshk. Yu. Aleshkovsky A. N. T. A. N. Tolstoy A. Plat. A. Platonov B. You. B. Vasiliev bezl. impersonal Bulg. M. Bulgakov V. view V. Ax. V. Aksenov wines. accusative case V. Kav. V. Kaverin Voin. V. Voinovich V. Sol. V. Soloukhin is tall. ... ... Experimental Syntactic Dictionary
Olga Pavlovna Frolova Date of birth: 1931 (1931) ... Wikipedia
analysis of the word paradigmatic- (analysis scheme) A type of analysis in which the unions of the same parts of speech are considered, their homonymic paradigms, synonymous, antonymic, thematic, hyperhyponymic paradigms, lexico-semantic groups, ... ... Linguistic terms and concepts: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
Semantics- (from the Greek σημαντικός denoting) 1) all content, information transmitted by language or any of its units (in a word, grammatical form words, phrase, sentence); 2) the section of linguistics that studies this content, information; ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUP AS AN ORDERED SET OF LEXIC UNITS
annotationThis article examines lexical-semantic groups as systematized units in a language. It is argued that the lexico-semantic group of words is the main unit of vocabulary unification. The features of the functioning of lexical-semantic groups in the context of the development of modern linguistics are described.
LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUP AS AN ORDERED SET OF LEXICAL UNITS
Umierova Zariema Kudusovna
Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University
2nd course student of the Master "s Degree
Abstract
This article studies the lexical-semantic groups as a systematic unit in the language. According to the author the basic unit of association of vocabulary is the lexical-semantic group of words. It reveals main features of functioning of the lexical-semantic groups in the context of modern linguistics.
Bibliographic link to the article:
Umerova Z.K. Lexical-semantic group as an ordered set of lexical units // Modern Scientific research and innovation. 2016. No. 5 [Electronic resource] .. 02.2020).
In order to perform the language of its communicative functions, it must be systematically organized. But within the framework of the basic systemic relations and connections in the language there is “freedom”. It can manifest itself as freedom of realities, processes and phenomena, as well as freedom not to manifest itself at all. The latter phenomenon is typical in the case of lexical-semantic variants. Lexico-semantic variants of words with several meanings are part of the semantic fields. The lexico-semantic variants of polysemantic words fall into the category of different semantic fields.
A semantic field is a collection of semantic units that have a fixed similarity in some semantic layer and are linked by specific semantic relations.
The fundamental basis of the structure of the semantic field is the generic relations of the components of this field: hyponyms and hyperonyms. This type of relationship completely builds the semantics of the field. However, the meaning of the main components in the lexical-semantic field of a hyponym and a hyperonym in it can vary. Words that are homogeneous in their semantic meaning are logically distributed into lexico-semantic groups, subclasses, classes, classes of classes, semantic macrospheres, and so on, forming not a simple structured system of relations of semantic fields.
The lexical-semantic field should be distinguished from lexical-semantic groups, which are narrower associations.
The lexico-semantic group is the most extensive organization of words in terms of the volume of its members, which is united by a basic semantic component. The concept of a lexical-semantic group is considered in at least two senses: narrower and broader. This term has no unambiguous definition. In the first format, a lexical-semantic group is a group of words united by a common categorical-generic seme. In the second format, a group of words with very close semantic meaning falls under the definition of a lexical-semantic group.
The semantic component connects a certain number of different generic semes. Words in the same lexico-semantic group are inherent General characteristics... According to the lexical system, the most important type of word classes is represented by lexical-semantic groups. Exactly given view groups include words of one part of speech and, in addition to common grammatical semes, they also have a common seme - a class. Such classes can be found on the basis of individual lexical-semantic groups.
An important aspect in modern linguistics is the question of the systemic nature of the language, which is observed in the general consideration of elements that have internal connections. It is the need to systematize vocabulary that develops theoretical studies of the semantic field and lexical-semantic groups.
The study of lexical-semantic groups is of particular value in the study of intercultural communication on a linguistic basis, since groups form fields, and these, in turn, are the supporting corset of the language system. Formalized linguistic utterance, speech is preceded by the structuring of thought. From this it follows that in any act of communication, a person turns not just to words, but to lexical-semantic groups and fields for selecting the correct word. In addition, at the inception of language and as a consequence of the naming of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, man strove to classify the names of things.
Words related between by myself the types of oppositions described above constitute lexical-semantic groupings of different sizes and structures. Revealing all systemic connections in the vocabulary of any language is an extremely time-consuming task. According to Petr Nikitich Denisov's calculations, the individual stock of personality is on average about 30,000 words, common vocabulary within the framework of the literary language reaches 300,000 units. If we take into account the special terms of different spheres of human activity, then the number of units will turn out to be more than a million.
Usually, such lexical groupings are distinguished as synonymous series, lexical-semantic groups and fields, lexical-phraseological fields, thematic groups, associative groupings. It is not always possible to draw a clear line between different types of groupings.
Synonymous row- a group of synonyms united around one main member - the dominant. The dominant has the most total value, usually can replace other synonyms in certain contexts, stylistically is usually an interstyle unit. Wed: popular, famous, famous, glorified; polite, tactful, courteous, correct; argue, object, contradict, contradict, etc.
Lexical-semantic group(LSG) - large group words of one part of speech, united by one word - an identifier or a stable phrase, the meaning of which is fully included in the meaning of the remaining words of the group and which can replace the rest of the words in some contexts. For example: hammer, shovel, rake, pliers, saw, pliers, screwdriver - "tools"; doctor, nurse, paramedic, resident, midwife, chief physician, etc. - "medical workers".
Lexical-semantic field(LSP) - a set of a large number of words of one or more parts of speech, combined general concept(semoy). The name of a field is, as a rule, a phrase that refers to a concept that combines words in a field. For example: car, trolleybus, bicycle, steamer, ship, taxi, tram, train and others - "means of transport"; year, hour, minute, second, month, week, moment, summer, winter, century and others - “names of time periods”.
Lexico-phraseological field(LFP) - lexical-semantic field, which includes phraseological units.
Lexico-semantic groups and fields have their core and periphery. The nucleus is formed by variants, synonyms, antonyms, generic groups, united by zero and privative oppositions. On the periphery of the field, there are words connected by equipolent oppositions with nuclear tokens. So, in the field live- die through communication live- breathe you can go to more distant lexemes: get tired, rest, sleep, stay awake etc.
Different lexical-semantic fields differ both in the number of their components and in the number and quality of oppositions.
between them. The most important thing for a person is himself and his immediate environment, therefore, the lexical-semantic fields are developed in the most detailed way. family relations, professions, occupations, food, everyday activities, etc. Less important and less familiar spheres that do not make up the subject of wide everyday discussion (the universe, microcosm, etc.), do not have large and well-structured lexical-semantic fields.
Words that are part of the same lexical-semantic field experience common semantic processes: denotative sememes develop the same type of connotations, experience identical metonymic and metaphorical shifts. For example, the names of sciences are usually used as the names of textbooks on a given science. (buy "Physics", where did my "Grammar" go?). The plant names are also used as the names of the fruits of this plant (cf. pear, cherry, plum, rowan and some others); the name of a part of the body is also used to denote a disease of this part of the body (give pills from the head, suffers from the abdomen, fever from the throat etc.); the name of the animal also means the meat of this animal (eat chicken, rabbit soup etc.).
The lexico-semantic fields of different languages have national specificity. It manifests itself in the number of words filling the field, in the number and types of oppositions between the sememes and lexemes of the given field. Yelmslev's classic example, which compares the designations of children of the same parents, illustrates this well.
The semantic features that organize this microgroup - the sex of the child and the sequence of birth - are universal, but they are distributed differently between lexemes. In the Malay language, they are not delimited by lexemes, in Russian, with the help of lexemes, the sex of the child is delimited, and in Hungarian - both the gender and the sequence of the birth of children in the family.
The living conditions of the people contribute to a more or less detailed structuring of this or that lexical-semantic field. The names of snow among the peoples of the tundra are developed in more detail than among other peoples; fishing vocabulary is richer among fishing peoples, etc. Reindeer breeders have special names for deer, newborn deer, deer up to two years old, male deer and female deer from two to three years old, for old deer, etc.
Thematic group(field) - a set of a large number of words, stable phrases and phraseological units, units of different parts of speech related to one sphere of reality. For example, thematic groups (fields) - sport, Agriculture, industry, everyday life, art and etc.
Associative group (field)- a set of words associated in the mind of a person with any word-stimulus. The associative group can include words of different parts of speech. For example: desert- sand, heat, camel, thorns, drink, yellow, dunes; milk- white, cow, milkmaid, milk, hay, graze, package, bottle; flower- chamomile, rose, bouquet, tulip, smell, beautiful. Associations are divided into syntagmatic(forming a phrase with an incentive) and paradigmatic(having any commonality with the stimulus, but not forming phrases with it). For example, walking - walking (syntagmatic association), walking - running (paradigmatic association).
Associative groups are not part of the hierarchical organization of lexical groupings (thematic group- LSP- LSG- synonymous row), they permeate in all directions the entire lexical system of the language. Associations play an important role in memorizing vocabulary, in organizing its ordered storage in memory, as well as in a literary text, where they largely determine the subtext of a work.
