Learn Hebrew on your own for free. Verbs. Verbs (Binyan system) Hebrew verbs table with Russian pronunciation
Exercises to memorize words from this table |
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| 1. Find the correct answer among the five suggested: Russian -> | 2. Write the correct answer yourself: Russian -> transliteration of the Hebrew word |
Bignan PAAL - present, past, future
Here is a table of verb tenses PAAL using the example of a verb, which in the infinitive sounds like leashmore, and means guard.
About the imperative mood
Let's repeat in a nutshell what we already know about imperative mood: it can be built in one of the following ways:1. Coincides with the future tense (masculine - quietmore! plural - tishmare! but in the feminine singular differently - tishmari!)
2. Removed the prefix " ti" (shmor!).
The imperative mood is created in the same way for the rest of the binyans.
More on exceptions
Exception verbs are verbs in which at least one of the root letters is guttural, or verbs, the root of which, at first glance, consists of only two letters. In the present, past and future tense, their sound is slightly different from the sound of a classical verb with a usual three-letter root and without guttural root.Just look at the table in the next post and try to find patterns. In particular, highlight a group of verbs like,, in which the third root hey... Notice how they look in the past and future tense.
If you look at a verb in one of the forms, and it seems to you that there are only two letters in its root, then this means one of the following options:
1. There is one more root letter, the first, and this nun(as in the verb -).
2. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this yod(as in the verb -).
3. You see in front of you the first and third root letters, and there is also the second, and this waw(as in the verb -)
4. You see in front of you the first and third root letters, and there is also the second, and this yod(as in the verb -)
In the following table, I have given only the first-person forms, so as not to clutter up this tutorial with continuous "scary" tables. You can easily form other faces if you remember the above table of the regular verb leashmore.
Frequently used exception verbs related to bignan PAAL
To make sure that each exception verb is not at all in itself, but, on the contrary, the exceptions, in turn, are composed according to their own rules, take a closer look at this table. Let's highlight several groups of irregular verbs:
1. The first three verbs are,,. In a "purely root" form, i.e. in the last time, 3rd person, m.r. -,,. It seems at first glance that these verbs have only two root letters. But, it turns out, this is not so - it is just that in the first two of them, the root waw, and in the third - the root yod... Notice how these verbs change in gender, number and tenses.
2. The next three verbs -,, - are also very similar to each other. The "purely root" form is,,. Pay attention to what happens in persons, gender and tenses with similar verbs, which are united by the fact that they have a third root letter - hey.
3. If the first letter of the root yod, hey or nun, then it disappears in the infinitive and in the future tense. Examples -,,.
Hello dear subscribers.
Let's take a look at what we learned in previous lessons today. We talked about the fact that any verb in the present tense has 4 forms:
Masculine singular
Feminine singular
Masculine plural
Grim plural.
We have analyzed each such form for the classical verbs of binyana paal (פָּעַל). We have seen that they are all built in the same way, and are described by a single formula.
Today, in order to finish the conversation about this kind of verbs, it remains for us to make out one more form, the infinitive form - (SHEM HAPOAL) - שֵם הַפוֹעַל.
But first, let me remind you what this incomprehensible word means. The infinitive, or the indefinite form of the verb, indicates an action without indicating the duration of the action, and answers the question "What to do?"
Let's take a look at a simple example.
I study, I study - this is a form of the present tense. The action takes place at this moment.
He taught, studied - the action took place in the past, that is, the past tense.
I will learn, I will study - the future tense.
But the forms "teach", "study", "learn" do not tell us the time. Looking at them, it is impossible to tell when this action took place. They answer the question "what to do?" This is the primitive.
In Hebrew, ALL infinitives in ALL Binyans ALWAYS begin with the letter (lamed) - ל. For the classic verbs of the 1st bignan paal (פָּעַל), the formula will look like this:
Let's build infinitives for the roots we already know:
Root ל-מ-ד
lilmOd - לִלְמוֹד - Teach, study, study.
Root כּ-ת-ב
licht - לִכְתוֹב - To write.
Root ר-ק-ד
lyrkOd - לִרְקוֹד - To dance.
Now, as we have always done, let's listen to how such infinitives sound. They always start with the sound "LI". Then there are two consonant sounds. After the third consonant, the sound "O". The word also ends with a consonant, the third sound of the root.
What happens if we take our non-existent roots? L-M-N? Right! lilm BVG? libvOg. PCT? liress
This raises a pertinent question: when is the infinitive form applied? In ulpans, for ease of understanding, they usually first give several basic words, after which there must be an infinitive: I must, I want, I love, I can, I can, I must. But we can generalize this rule and say: if in sentence 2 the verbs are in a row, the first of them will usually be temporary (that is, indicating the tense), and the verb following it will be the infinitive.
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Verbs (words denoting actions or states) in Hebrew, as in Russian, have categories of gender, number, person, mood and time. Hebrew verbs also have an unusual (absent in Goyish languages) and extremely interesting grammatical category בִּנייָן ("binYan" - structure, building), which plays a key role in understanding the nature of Hebrew verbs, their behavior patterns and the application of grammatical rules.
Hebrew verbs change in the following tenses:
עָבָר - past tense;
הוֹוֶה - present;
עָתִיד - future tense.
Just like in Russian, Hebrew verbs have three moods - דֶרֶך ("dereh"):
דֶרֶך הַחִיווּי - indicative mood, denoting a real action in a certain time (past, present, future);
דֶרֶך הַצִיווּי is an imperative mood that expresses a request, advice, order, motivation for action. In modern Hebrew, the imperative mood is practically not used in colloquial speech, and instead the forms of the second person of the future tense are used (sometimes with the discarding of prefixes). The negative form of the imperative mood of all Hebrew verbs without exception is formed by a combination of the particle אַל and the corresponding form of the future tense;
דֶרֶך הַתנַאי is a conditional (subjunctive) mood, denoting the desirability of an action, the ability to perform an action under certain conditions.
Bignan is a grammatical category that combines verbs with a similar semantic orientation and a common model of behavior. There are seven main binyans in Hebrew. Binyan names are masculine third person singular past tense verbs derived from the root פעל ("to act"). Actually, the Hebrew word for "verb" is derived from the root פעל and is written as פּוֹעַל. It is customary to use the letters of the root פעל in Hebrew textbooks as an abbreviation for the letters that make up any other root. Accordingly, the first letter in any root of any word in grammatical formulations is denoted as פּ, the second - עַ and the third - ל. So, the abbreviation ל "" ה means literally: "a verb with the third letter of the root - ה". The verb with the first guttural letter of the root is denoted as פ "" גר (the accepted abbreviation of the word גרוֹנִי is used - "guttural"). The semantic content and interconnection of binyans is given in the table below on this page.
Formally, Hebrew verbs are distributed according to Binyans in approximately the following way:
30% - bignan פָּעַל,
22% - binyan פִּיעֵל,
18% - binyan הִפעִיל,
15% - binyan הִתפַּעֵל,
8% - bignan נִפעַל,
3.5% - binyan פּוּעַל,
2.5% - binyan הוּפעַל.
You should also know (a clue to the distribution of efforts to study Hebrew verbs) that in real life more than half of the total number of the most used Hebrew verbs belongs to Binyan פָּעַל (the so-called "essential verbs" - go, know, say, sleep, eat, think, etc.).
Vocalizations in the names of binyans are common for all verbs of a given binyan in the basic dictionary form - 3rd person singular husband. kind of the past tense. So, any binyan verb פָּעַל in the 3rd person singular husband. the genus of the past tense has the form:, where the squares indicate the letters of the root.
Depending on which consonants are included in the root, in Hebrew such a concept as גִזרָה stands out - "a kind of root", "pattern, blank", which defines a subgroup of binyan.
For a thorough understanding of the rules for using the Hebrew verb, it must be accurately classified, i.e. determine belonging to a specific binyan and within the binyan - to the corresponding subgroup. Only after that can you assign the correct vocalizations in the word, the loss or replacement of consonants, etc. In authoritative Hebrew textbooks, most of the rules related to the use of verbs are formulated precisely in terms of binyans and their subgroups. A little practical experience and minimal knowledge of grammar usually allows you to identify bignan by the appearance of the verb.
Conjugation of Hebrew verbs in all tenses is carried out by adding standard prefixes and endings to the main, depending on the tense of the verb, form, specifying the categories of person, gender and number to the verb. Possible replacement of vocalizations at the base of the verb during conjugation is determined by a system of rules based on the formal classification of the verb (identifying belonging to a certain group within a certain binyan).
The present tense of verbs is formed on the basis of the masculine singular form of the present tense. In the present tense, verbs take the gender and number endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives: masculine, pl. number - ending ים, feminine singular. number - ending ת (in some cases - ה), and pl. number - ending וֹת.
Since the endings in the present tense do not differ by person, in sentences before the verb the presence of a noun or pronoun is mandatory, clearly indicating the person with whom the indicated action is associated.
The endings of verbs in the present tense are shown in the table below, signs □□□ indicate the stem of the present tense - the singular form of the masculine present tense.
| Face | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| □□□וֹת | □□□ת | □□□ים | □□□ | 1 |
| □□□וֹת | □□□ת | □□□ים | □□□ | 2 |
| □□□וֹת | □□□ת | □□□ים | □□□ | 3 |
The form of the 3rd person singular is taken as the basis of the past tense. husband of the past tense. By the way, in most dictionaries, verbs are given in this form (which is the main difficulty for beginners in Hebrew when searching in dictionaries).
Past tense verbs are conjugated using standard past tense endings. The endings of the verbs in the past tense are shown in the table below, the signs □□□ indicate the basis of the past tense - the form of the 3rd person singular. husband of the past tense.
| Face | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| □□□נוּ | □□□תִּי | □□□נוּ | □□□תִּי | 1 |
| □□□תֶּן | □□□תְּ | □□□תֵּם | □□□תָּ | 2 |
| □□□וּ | □□□ה | □□□וּ | □□□ | 3 |
Future tense verbs are conjugated using standard prefixes (prefixes) and future tense endings. Prefixes and prefixes are attached to the future tense stem of the verb, specified in the dictionary. The prefixes and endings of future tense verbs are shown in the table below, □□□ marks indicate the stem of the future tense.
| Face | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| נ□□□ | א□□□ | נ□□□ | א□□□ | 1 |
| ת□□□וּ | ת□□□י | ת□□□וּ | ת□□□ | 2 |
| י□□□וּ | ת□□□ | י□□□וּ | י□□□ | 3 |
In an interrogative sentence starting with an interrogative word, the verb of the present tense necessarily comes after the subject, while in the past or future tense the verb can come before the subject.
More than 1000 conjugation tables of the most common Hebrew verbs, including all tenses and forms with vowels, as well as the imperative are given. The search is carried out by the indefinite form of the verb in Russian. You can use an interactive trainer to practice conjugation of Hebrew verbs. For owners of mobile gadgets, I definitely recommend installing the "Hebrew Verbs" mobile application. In addition to searching in Russian in the application, you can search for a verb in any of its forms (tense, gender, person, number) in Hebrew. The application includes an interactive trainer for exercises in conjugation of the selected verb. All tables are fully harmonized; information about the root and bignan is given for the selected verb. It does not require an Internet connection to work, the database is initially integrated into the application. Details. You can download the application at this link.
The main binyans of Hebrew are listed in the table below, I suggest you memorize them. The task of the test is to unmistakably drag and drop the names of all the binyans to their "legal" places in the table. A decent result - no more than 30 seconds of time spent, with no errors at all.
After all, Hebrew is an amazing language. Those who are not familiar with him are sure that nothing could be more complicated. Well, maybe Arabic and Japanese. I myself once thought so. But already in a couple of lessons I learned to read these letters, terrible at first glance. Another surprise was the logical and flexible grammar system. I assure you that English is much more difficult.
I know that some of you. So I decided to give him more blog space. For example, in this article we will conduct a short Hebrew lesson where we will analyze general information about verbs. We will find out what binyans are, how you can understand the meaning of a word, knowing its root, let's talk about agreement and tenses. It is advisable that you already read a little in Hebrew, since in the article I give examples of verbs and their conjugations.
If you want to get started quickly, train now. Try to delve into the logic of conjugation and word formation, immediately compose your examples in writing and out loud, and also apply new knowledge in speech.
Verb matching by face and number
The form of verbs in Hebrew changes depending on the gender, number and person of the subject or speaker. That is, as in Russian, there is the 1st person (I, we), the 2nd person (you, you), the 3rd person (they, you, he, she).
For example, the phrase "I write" the man says אני כותב and the woman אני כותבת , the phrase "we write" אנחנו כותבים - men say, אנחנו כותבות - women.
Roots of verbs in Hebrew
An important role in Hebrew grammar is played by the root of the word, which usually consists of 3 or (rarely) 4 letters. It makes up the so-called base, from which, with the help of prefixes, suffixes or endings, a verb and words of other parts of speech are formed. Knowing the meaning of the root or at least one word with it, it is realistic to guess about the pronunciation and spelling of words with the same root.
For example, "teach" ללמוד , "classes" לימודים , "student" תלמיד , "train" ללמד (and a long list of similar words) are derived from the root ל.מ.ד which means "learning", "learning".
What are bignans
Hebrew verbs are divided into 7 groups called binyans. Each verb is conjugated according to one of these 7 principles. It is enough to know the infinitive, practice conjugation of several examples for a while, and you will be able to conjugate any verb automatically.
Since the topic is voluminous, we will take a closer look at each bignan in subsequent articles, if you are interested (write me about it in the comments).
- Bignan pa'al- means a simple action, an active voice, forms the basis for almost all other verb forms. Example: "check" לבדוק (livdok).
- Binyan nif'al- the passive form of binyan pa'al.
- Bignan pi'el- means intense action, active voice. Example: "speak" לדבר (ledaber).
- Binyan pu’al- the passive form of binyan pi'el.
- Binyan hif'il- means a causal action in an active voice. Example: "invite, order" להזמין (leazmin).
- Binyan huf'al- the passive form of binyan hif'il.
- Binyan hitpa'el- reflexive form of the verb, intense action. Example: "get married" להתחתן (lehithaten).
Hebrew verb tenses
Hebrew verbs are conjugated in 3 grammatical tenses (present, past, future). Only 3 times! Not like English, huh?))
Use the Hebrew-Verbs service to conjugate Hebrew verbs.
As I noted above, verbs are conjugated in their binyan, and also agree in gender and number in the subject. Let's remember the pronouns in Hebrew and see some examples of verb conjugation in different tenses.
Pronouns
| I am - אני
(ani) you (m) - אתה (ata) you (f) - את (at) he - הוא (hu) she - היא (hi) | we - אנחנו
(anakhnu) you (m) - אתם (atem) you (f) - אתן (aten) they (m) - הם (hem) they (f) - הן (hen) |
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Tables with examples
I have a whole notebook where I used to write down verb conjugations. Now I conjugate most of them immediately (if it is an oral conversation) or check on a special website (when it is necessary to clarify the spelling). But for beginners, it is useful to write out the forms of verbs in order to see the general picture of conjugation in all tenses, persons and numbers. Let's see how this can be done using examples.
- The verb "think" - לחשוב (lakhshov), binyan pa "al, root ח.ש.ב.
| future | past | the present | face and number |
|---|---|---|---|
| אחשוב | חשבתי | חושב | אני (m.r.) |
| אחשוב | חשבתי | חושבת | אני (f) |
| תחשוב | חשבת | חושב | אתה |
| תחשבי | חשבת | חושבת | את |
| יחשוב | חשב | חושב | הוא |
| תחשוב | חשבה | חושבת | היא |
| נחשוב | חשבנו | חושבים | אנחנו (m.r.) |
| נחשוב | חשבנו | חושבות | אנחנו (f) |
| תחשבו | חשבתם | חושבים | אתם |
| תחשבו | חשבתן | חושבות | אתן |
| יחשבו | חשבו | חושבים | הם |
| יחשבו | חשבו | חושבות | הן |
- The verb "miss someone / something" - להתגעגע (lehitgaagea), bignan hitpa "el, root ג .ע.ג.ע.
| future | past | the present | infinitive and root |
|---|---|---|---|
| אתגעגע | התגעגעתי | מתגעגע | אני (m.r.) |
| אתגעגע | התגעגעתי | מתגעגעת | אני (f) |
| תתגעגע | התגעגעת | מתגעגע | אתה |
| תתגעגעי | התגעגעת | מתגעגעת | את |
| יתגעגי | התגעגע | מתגעגע | הוא |
| תתגעגע | התגעגעה | מתגעגעת | היא |
| נתגעגע | התגעגענו | מתגעגעים | אנחנו (m.r.) |
| נתגעגע | התגעגענו | מתגעגעות | אנחנו (f) |
| תתגעגעו | התגעגעתם | מתגעגעים | אתם |
| תתגעגעו | התגעגעתן | מתגעגעות | אתן |
| יתגעגעו | התגעגעתם | מתגעגעים | הם |
| יתגעגעו | התגעגעתן | מתגעגעות | הן |
How and where to practice verb conjugation
- In a conversation with a native speaker on completely different topics. On the Italki you will always find a teacher for complete lessons with explanations of grammar and homework, as well as for conversational sessions for intensive practice.
- As you watch videos and read additional materials on the HebrewPod service, here are some examples of such lessons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
- Fortunately, you can always quickly check the conjugation of a verb online on the following sites:
