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About binyan paal. exception verbs. Verb conjugation Hebrew verb conjugation table with transliteration

After all, Hebrew is an amazing language. Those who are not familiar with him are sure that nothing could be more complicated. Well, maybe Arabic and Japanese. I myself once thought so. But already in a couple of lessons I learned to read these letters, terrible at first glance. Another surprise was the logical and flexible grammar system. I assure you that English is much more difficult.

I know that some of you. So I decided to give him more blog space. For example, in this article we will conduct a short Hebrew lesson where we will analyze general information about verbs. We will find out what binyans are, how you can understand the meaning of a word, knowing its root, let's talk about agreement and tenses. It is advisable that you already read a little in Hebrew, since in the article I give examples of verbs and their conjugations.

If you want to get started quickly, train now. Try to delve into the logic of conjugation and word formation, immediately compose your examples in writing and out loud, and also apply new knowledge in speech.

Verb matching by face and number

The form of verbs in Hebrew changes depending on the gender, number and person of the subject or speaker. That is, as in Russian, there is the 1st person (I, we), the 2nd person (you, you), the 3rd person (they, you, he, she).

For example, the phrase "I write" the man says אני כותב and the woman אני כותבת , the phrase "we write" אנחנו כותבים - men say, אנחנו כותבות - women.

Roots of verbs in Hebrew

An important role in Hebrew grammar is played by the root of the word, which usually consists of 3 or (rarely) 4 letters. It makes up the so-called base, from which, with the help of prefixes, suffixes or endings, a verb and words of other parts of speech are formed. Knowing the meaning of the root or at least one word with it, it is realistic to guess about the pronunciation and spelling of words with the same root.

For example, "teach" ללמוד , "classes" לימודים , "student" תלמיד , "train" ללמד (and a long list of similar words) are derived from the root ל.מ.ד which means "learning", "learning".

What are bignans

Hebrew verbs are divided into 7 groups called binyans. Each verb is conjugated according to one of these 7 principles. It is enough to know the infinitive, practice conjugation of several examples for a while, and you will be able to conjugate any verb automatically.

Since the topic is voluminous, we will take a closer look at each bignan in subsequent articles, if you are interested (write me about it in the comments).

• Bignan pa'al- means a simple action, an active voice, forms the basis for almost all other verb forms. Example: "check" לבדוק (livdok).

• Binyan nif'al- the passive form of binyan pa'al.

• Bignan pi'el- means intense action, active voice. Example: "speak" לדבר (ledaber).
• Binyan pu’al- the passive form of binyan pi'el.
• Binyan hif'il- means a causal action in an active voice. Example: "invite, order" להזמין (leazmin).
• Binyan huf'al- the passive form of binyan hif'il.
• Binyan hitpa'el- reflexive form of the verb, intense action. Example: "get married" להתחתן (lehithaten).

Hebrew verb tenses

Hebrew verbs are conjugated in 3 grammatical tenses (present, past, future). Only 3 times! Not like English, huh?))

Use the Hebrew-Verbs service to conjugate Hebrew verbs.

As I noted above, verbs are conjugated in their binyan, and also agree in gender and number in the subject. Let's remember the pronouns in Hebrew and see some examples of verb conjugation in different tenses.

Pronouns

I am - אני (ani) you (m) - אתה (ata) you (f) - את (at) he - הוא (hu) she - היא (hi)

we - אנחנו (anakhnu) you (m) - אתם (atem) you (f) - אתן (aten) they (m) - הם (hem) they (f) - הן (hen)

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Tables with examples

I have a whole notebook where I used to write down verb conjugations. Now I conjugate most of them immediately (if it is an oral conversation) or check on a special website (when it is necessary to clarify the spelling). But for beginners, it is useful to write out the forms of verbs in order to see the general picture of conjugation in all tenses, persons and numbers. Let's see how this can be done using examples.

• The verb "think" - לחשוב (lakhshov), binyan pa "al, root ח.ש.ב.

future	past	the present	face and number
אחשוב	חשבתי	חושב	אני (m.r.)
אחשוב	חשבתי	חושבת	אני (f)
תחשוב	חשבת	חושב	אתה
תחשבי	חשבת	חושבת	את
יחשוב	חשב	חושב	הוא
תחשוב	חשבה	חושבת	היא
נחשוב	חשבנו	חושבים	אנחנו (m.r.)
נחשוב	חשבנו	חושבות	אנחנו (f)
תחשבו	חשבתם	חושבים	אתם
תחשבו	חשבתן	חושבות	אתן
יחשבו	חשבו	חושבים	הם
יחשבו	חשבו	חושבות	הן

• The verb "miss someone / something" - להתגעגע (lehitgaagea), bignan hitpa "el, root ג .ע.ג.ע.

future	past	the present	infinitive and root
אתגעגע	התגעגעתי	מתגעגע	אני (m.r.)
אתגעגע	התגעגעתי	מתגעגעת	אני (f)
תתגעגע	התגעגעת	מתגעגע	אתה
תתגעגעי	התגעגעת	מתגעגעת	את
יתגעגי	התגעגע	מתגעגע	הוא
תתגעגע	התגעגעה	מתגעגעת	היא
נתגעגע	התגעגענו	מתגעגעים	אנחנו (m.r.)
נתגעגע	התגעגענו	מתגעגעות	אנחנו (f)
תתגעגעו	התגעגעתם	מתגעגעים	אתם
תתגעגעו	התגעגעתן	מתגעגעות	אתן
יתגעגעו	התגעגעתם	מתגעגעים	הם
יתגעגעו	התגעגעתן	מתגעגעות	הן

How and where to practice verb conjugation

1. In a conversation with a native speaker on completely different topics. On the Italki you will always find a teacher for complete lessons with explanations of grammar and homework, as well as for conversational sessions for intensive practice.
2. As you watch videos and read additional materials on the HebrewPod service, here are some examples of such lessons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
3. Fortunately, you can always quickly check the conjugation of a verb online on the following sites:

Do you love Hebrew and have not been studying it for the first time? Did you graduate from an ulpan or study with a teacher? Perhaps you had a practice of communicating with native speakers? But you are still afraid that you are making mistakes in Russian when using Hebrew verbs. Check yourself!

Hebrew verbs - mistakes of Russian speakers when using Hebrew verbs

Today part 3 is on air. I called this part "Hebrew Verbs and What Is Connected with Them." These mistakes were made by every second student when completing assignments. And most of the Russian-speaking people admit them, when they come to me not entirely from scratch, but with a small baggage of Hebrew knowledge.

1. Rule MINERAL מינרל for reading the vowel of the SEA ְ

We are all accustomed to the fact that the vowel of the seam, as a rule, is not readable. However, in verbal nouns Bignana Paal at the beginning of a word in combination with the letters מ, י, נ, ר, ל - the seam is readalways like [uh].

• מ [meh]
• י [e]
• נ [ne]
• ר [re]
• ל [le]

For instance:

sale [ me hira] מְ כירה;

seat [ e shiva] יְ שיבה;

driving [ ne-iga] נְ היגה;

list [ re shima] רְ שימה;

study of [ le mida] לְ מידה

2. Translation into Hebrew of the Russian preposition "ON" literally

Preposition על translates as about (something), on (surface of something), above (something). But it is not translated literally from Russian every time we hear "on".

Let's take a look at examples:

I go to work - אני הולך לעבודה.

In the Russian version, we hear the preposition "on", but we translate (direction preposition) ל.

I'm on vacation - אני בחופשה.

Here again we hear “on”, but not in the sense - on the surface. Therefore, in this case, the preposition ב is used, describing a static state somewhere.

As you have already noticed, when translated into Hebrew, the meaning of some words, in particular prepositions, changes. To avoid mistakes, try not to transmit a literal translation from Russian.

It is important to understand the relationship of the preposition to the next word and translate not the word itself, but its relationship (connection). This is probably why prepositions in Hebrew are called relation words מלות-יחס

3. At home, at home, at home in Hebrew

Let's take a look at three expressions that occur in speech every day. They are needed in connection with the verbs of displacement - go, go, come, arrive.

These phrases are popular and quite simple, but at the same time they are often confused. All you need is just to remember:

• at home (static) - בבית ;
• home (dynamics) - הביתה
• into the house (dynamics) - לבית

4. How not to confuse את (et) / את (at)?

In the first caseאת - a preposition and reads like [et]. In a sentence, [et] usually appears immediately after the verb and indicates a connection with the next word. Typically, [et] acts as the accusative case.

In the second case, את [at] translates asyou female p... [At] usually comes first in a sentence, acting as the subject.
For instance:

Have you read this book? -? את קראת את הספר הזה

Etc note: in this example, you can omit the subjects. See point 9.

5. Headache when using passive bignans. How can you even understand them? !!

One of the main problems when translating from Russian into Hebrew arises when using the passive voice. This grammatical construction confuses almost everyone. First, we need to understand what the passive and active voice is.

Active voice indicates a person who performs an action on an object, For example:

Masha writes a letter - משה כותבת מכתב .

The passive voice, unlike the real one, indicates an object or person who is experiencing an effect on himself, for example:

The letter is written, (that is, it is not it that is written, but it is written) - המכתב נכתב .

Binyans are used to express the passive voice in Hebrew: Nif'al, Po'al and Uf'al. However, often, even after full parsing, this grammar causes some confusion and fear of translating incorrectly. Especially among those who are just getting to know the language.

My advice to you is to try to avoid passiveness. Translate all sentences into proactive actions until you gain confidence in spoken Hebrew. Believe me, your speech will not become poorer if you use only active bignans.

Moreover, many Israelis practically do not use the passive voice. I am sure that when you start to speak Hebrew fluently and want to deal with the passive, it will seem not scary at all to you.

6. Wrong word order in Hebrew

The list of errors in Hebrew is also growing due to the wrong word order. For a more precise analysis, we will divide this item into two subgroups:

1. The order in words in phrases of a noun with an adjective:

adjective + noun = good teacher (Russian version);
noun + adjective = good teacher המורה טוב - (Hebrew variant);

2. The order of words in phrases of a verb with a pronominal form of prepositions:

a pronoun in Russian, like a noun, tends to bend. This is not possible in Hebrew.

To change the case of a pronoun, prepositions come to the rescue. Conjugated preposition + pronoun, by analogy with the Russian language, I want to put in the first place in the sentence. But that doesn't happen.

In Hebrew, the conjugate form: preposition + pronoun comes immediately after the verb to which they refer, for example:

Tell you? (Russian variant).

Tell you? (Hebrew variant). - להגיד לכם?

By the way, for a better understanding and more practice, I specially developed the Phrase Constructor program, which you can find on the Ivrika school website. This program will help you work out the order of words in Hebrew to automatism.

7. Incorrect reading of the letter י [yod] in the prefixes of the future tense

For many, this has become almost the norm.
י is not a vowel sound [and].
י is a short consonant sound [y].
In order for י to be truly pronounced as a vowel [and], it needs a chirik vowel. For example, as in the word: Inna - אינה.

8. Pronunciation [ל]

One of the most common mistakes in spoken Hebrew, and not just for beginners, is pronunciation of the letter ל lamed.

ל soften almost everything, starting with the word לא - “no”, ending with the preposition -ל. The ל sound in Hebrew is neither soft nor hard at the same time. Therefore, it is not possible to write it correctly in Russian transcription.

Try to pronounce something in between hard and soft [l]. Another way to pronounce it correctly is to try to pronounce a soft vowel without softening the consonant in front of it. For example, in a word: ללמוד.

9. Use of personal pronouns in future and past tenses

This point is not an error in itself, but it raises many questions. To avoid confusion, I propose to deal with it as well.

When are we allowed to omit personal pronouns?
Does this apply to all time?
Whether all pronouns can be omitted or some, etc.

The answer is very simple. You need to remember that 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns: iאני , weאנחנו , youאת/אתה , youאתם/אתן can be omitted in the past and future tense. If you are still afraid of confusion, just use personal pronouns at all times. Then you definitely won't make a mistake.

For instance:

(את) קראת את הספר הזה? - Have you read this book?

10. How not to confuse the prepositions of direction - ל and אל ?

Preposition -ל used in combination with nouns, For example:

I'm going v Moscow. - אני נוסע למוסקבה

I'm going To friend. - אני נוסע לחבר

I'm going To mom. - אני נוסע לאמא

Preposition אל used together with pronouns, For example:

I'm going To you. - אני נוסע אליך

I'm going To her. - אני נוסע אליה

We have reviewed with you the TOP-20 mistakes among beginners and already practicing Hebrew. I believe that with a careful reading of this material, you run the risk of saying goodbye to the fear of making one of the above mistakes once and for all. After all, you see, in fact, everything is not so difficult.

If, after reading the article, you realized that your knowledge of Hebrew verbs is still far from ideal, I suggest you take the Sprint and Marathon course of Hebrew verbs from the Hebrew online school of Hebrew.

To date, this is the only complete practical online course on Hebrew Verbs for Reading and Communicating.

What mistakes of Russian speakers did you make when using Hebrew verbs? Write in the comments, we'll figure it out together!

Repost articles, put likes! And see you soon on the air! Easy Hebrew for you! Good luck!

And now we will study the conjugation of verbs in Hebrew and the formation of binyan forms.

In each bignan, there are six different grammatical categories, which actually make up one verb bignan. First, there are three times:

• Past - "did"
• The present is "doing"
• The future is "will do"

Secondly, it is an infinitive (indefinite form) - "to do". Further, this is the imperative mood or imperative (from the Latin " imperare"-" to command "), in Hebrew this form is called צִוּוּי -" do / do ". And finally, the form of the name of the action (שֵׁם פְּעֻלָה "sham peulá"), which denotes the process of action - "doing." This is nothing more than a verbal noun, but since each binyan has its own form of forming an action name, it is convenient to consider it together with a binyan. So, in each binyan there are five verb forms and one nominal. True, this is the maximum number, in some bignans there are fewer of them, which we will talk about later.

Formation of conjugation forms

How are these forms formed? Conjugation, i.e. changing the verb by person (“I do / you do / he does / we do”) in Hebrew is the same for all Binyans. What is the difference between different bignans? First of all, in the stem to which the endings or prefixes of the conjugation are attached. If you know the stem, then in a more or less the same way you can build all the forms of the verb. It is clear that the basics are much smaller than the forms, and therefore it is best to start the study with the consideration of the basics, and then "dance" from this every time.

The maximum number of stems in each binyan is less than the number of grammatical categories. The fact is that regular verbs (and we are now dealing with regular three-letter verbs) have the bases of the future tense, the infinitive and the imperative always match... This is due to the logic of these foundations. The imperative mood corresponds to the future tense: "do", i.e. you don't do it yet, I ask you to do it. And the Hebrew infinitive with a preposition ל like לִכְתֹב ("lichtov" - to write) has the original meaning "to do, to write", for example: אֲנִי רוֹצֶה לִכְתֹב ("Aniroce'lichtov" - I want (to) write), i.e. here, too, we are talking about an action that takes place in the future.

So, the foundations of the future tense, the imperative and the infinitive coincide and, therefore, the maximum number of different bases in the Binyan is only four (out of six possible - two coinciding, four remain). Most binyans have fewer than four stems, making it even easier to memorize them. Let's consider them sequentially in all bignans:

1. פָּעַל "paal" (employee)

The base of the past tense is pronounced with the vowels "a-a", for example: כָּתַב ("kata" - wrote), עָמַד ("amad" - stood), חָשַׁב ("hashav" - thought). This form coincides with the form of the third person singular masculine - "he did", that is, the stem כָּתַב is at the same time the form "he wrote".

By the way, the name of any binyan is derived from the root פעל, meaning "to act," and therefore, it is nothing more than the stem of the past tense from this verb. In the first binyan, we have as the name the form פָּעַל "paal", literally it means "he acted." At the same time, since the basics of the past tense are very clearly different for all binyans, we simultaneously "kill two birds with one stone" - firstly, we get the name binyan, and secondly, the basis of the past tense. One could say - the first bignan, the second or the third, but it is possible in the name to immediately demonstrate the basis of the past tense. Therefore, if you are asked what is the base of the past tense of binyan פָּעַל, you answer ־ָ־ַ־ "ah" (כָּתַב), binyana פִּעֵל "píl" - ־ִ־ֵ־ "i-e" (דִבֵּר), and binyana הִפְעִיל "hif'il" - הִ־ְ־ִי־ "hi-ъ-i" (הִדְלִיק)

Past tense

So back to פָּעַל. Let's take the base of the past tense כָּתַב (“katá” - he wrote). The form "I did" is formed by adding the unstressed suffix תִי "ti". אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִי (“Aní katáti” - I wrote or I wrote) - in Hebrew, the perfect and imperfect form differ only in context. Let's look at the conjugation of the verb "katav" with other pronouns:

“You” is formed with the suffix תָ “ta” - under the rhyme with the pronoun אַתָה (“ata” - you are m.): אַתָה כָּתַבְתָ (“ata katavta” - you wrote / you wrote). In the feminine gender with the suffix תְ “t”: אַתְ כָּתַבְתְ (“at katát” - you wrote / you wrote).

“He” is הוּא כָּתַב (“hu katav” - he wrote / wrote). For “she”, the feminine ending “a” is added and the stem is shortened - instead of כָּתַבָה “katava”, כַּתְבָה “katwá” is formed.

“We” - the ending נוּ “well”: אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ (“anu katavnu” - we wrote / wrote).

"You" - ending תֶם "tem": אַתֶם כָּתַבְתֶם ("Atem katavtem" - you wrote / wrote)

"They" - the ending "u" and the form sounds כָּתְבוּ ("katwu" - they wrote / wrote)

It can be seen that all these forms are clearly distinguished by the endings. Pay attention to the abbreviation of the forms: כַּתְבָה ("katva" - wrote) and כָּתְבוּ ("katwu" - wrote) instead of כַּתַבָה "katava" and כָּתַבוּ "katavu". Since these forms are abbreviated, we do not say that they have a different basis, but we believe that in the forms כַּתַבָה “katava” and כָּתַבוּ “katavu” the same basis כָּתַב “katavu” as in the form כָּתַבְתִי (“katavti” - I wrote).

Present time

We continue to consider the forms פָּעַל. Let's move on to the present time. In the present tense of all Binyans, there are no verb forms that would be conjugated in Hebrew in the same way as in Russian: “I do, you do, he does,” but there is a so-called active participle, i.e. a form denoting a character, for example: "writing, reading, speaking."

The forms כּוֹתֵב "kotev" and עוֹמֵד "omed" are known to you are nothing more than a participle. In פָּעַל, the stem of the participle is formed by the vowels "o" and "e", which are placed between the consonants of the root, i.e. כּוֹתֵב ("kotev" - writing), עוֹמֵד ("omed" - standing), יוֹשֵׁב ("yoshev" - sitting). The feminine gender is formed by adding the ending ־ֶת “et”: כּוֹתֶבֶת (“kotevet” - writing), עוֹמֶדֶת (“omedet” - standing), יוֹשֶׁבֶת (“yoshévet” - sitting).

In the plural, the endings ־ִים "im" are added in the masculine gender, וֹת "from" in the feminine, and the stem is shortened - instead of כּוֹתֵבִים "kote vim", כּוֹתְבִים "kotvim" is formed, and instead of כּוֹתֵבוֹת "kote vot", כּוֹת́וֹת "is formed.

Often the participle is found in independent use and this can cause difficulties with. For instance: אָדָם הַיוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא ("Adam hayoshev al hakise" - a person sitting on a chair), הָאָדָם יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא ("Haadam yoshev al hakise" - a person sits on a chair), although the literal translation is the same: "a person is sitting on a chair." But here - הָאָדָם, stands at the word אָדָם and thus, this is the starting point of the utterance, and then it is reported about it: יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא "Sitting on a chair." And in the first case, it is different: אָדָם הַיוֹשֵׁב עַל הַכִּסֵא , the article הַ stands next to the participle "seated", which indicates the continuation of the original information (which person?).

Future

The future tense of binyan פָּעַל is formed from a short stem, in which in the first place “seam”, and in the second - “o” (כְּתֹב “whóv”). The same applies, of course, to the infinitive and the imperative mood.

Infinitive

Let's start with the infinitive for simplicity. The infinitive in any binyan is formed from the stem by adding the prefix ל, just a consonant "l" in its pure form. If we add the consonant ל to the stem כְּתֹב, then we naturally have to put “and” under ל for euphony, because the two vowels of the “seam” at the beginning of the word are difficult to pronounce, and we get the form לִכְתֹב (“lichtov” - to write).

Future tense of regular verbs

The future tense of regular verbs is formed under a rhyme with an infinitive. For this, prefixes (prefixes) are used. These prefixes are the same for all binyans and consist only of consonants characterizing a particular person and number:

• א "Aleph" corresponds to the first person singular - "I"
• נ "nun" plural - "we"
• ת "tav" corresponds to the pronoun "you" in masculine and feminine gender, as well as "you" and "she"
• י "yod" - "he", "they"

What happens if we add one of these consonants to the stem כְּתֹב “who ·”? Let's start with the second person, for example. Putting תְ and כְּתֹב together, we get תְכְתֹב. Two vowels of "seam" at the beginning of a word sound ugly, and just like in the case of the infinitive, we pronounce the first consonant, i.e. consonant of the prefix, the sound "and": תִכְתֹב "tiktov". This word means "you will write." “He” is י, and again, replacing the first “seam” with “and” we get: יִכְתֹב (“ichtov” - he will write / he will write). We are נ with the stem כְּתֹב forming נִכְתֹב ("nichtov" - we will write / write). In the form of the first person singular ("I") א receives the vowel not "and", but "e", so that this form differs by ear from the form of the third person יִכְתֹב "he will write" even with quick speech and not very thorough. So, אֶכְתֹב ("ehtov" - I will write). “She will write” sounds like תִכְתֹב “tiktov”, and this form coincides with the form תִכְתֹב (“tiktov” - you will write). This applies to all binyans. The forms “you” (m) and “she” in the future tense are identical, they differ only in context or addition: אַתָה תִכְתֹב (“ata tihtov" - you will write), ...

Other forms of conjugation in Hebrew are formed using endings. “You will write” in the feminine gender is formed from the masculine form תִכְתֹב by the addition of the ending “and” and the abbreviation of the stem - instead of תִכְתֹבִי “tikhto vi”, תִכְתְבִי “tikhtevi” is formed. The second "seam" is pronounced, because obtained as a result of the reduction of the vowel "o", and it should always be pronounced as a short "e".

In the plural, “you will write” is formed by adding the ending “y” to the form “you will write” - תִכְתְבוּ “tikhtevú”. The ending "u" was already encountered in the past tense, in the plural of verbs, remember: כָּתְבוּ ("katwu" - they wrote). "They will write" is formed from the form "he" - יִכְתֹב "ichtov" by adding the same ending "y" - יִכְתְבוּ "ichtevu".

In modern spoken language, there is no distinction between masculine and feminine for the forms "you will write" and "they will write", but in literary Hebrew there is a feminine form. In order not to confuse you, we did not use this form as an example.

Imperative mood

It is formed from the form of the future tense of the second person "you" and "you" by discarding the prefix. Let's take the form תִכְתֹב ("tiktov" - you write) and dropping the prefix "ti", we get כְּתֹב ("who" - write / write). This is nothing more than the basis of the future tense in its purest form.

In the feminine gender, we take the form תִכְתְבִי "tihtevi" and again discard "ti", leaving כְּתְבִי "ktevi". Since this form is dissonant - two vowels of the "seam" at the beginning of the word are unacceptable, we add an auxiliary "and": כִּתְבִי ("kitvi" - write f)

The plural form תִכְתְבוּ tikhtevu gives after dropping the “ti” and adding the vowel “and” כִּתְבוּ (“kitwu” - write).

It must be said that in modern Hebrew most often one can hear the form of the future tense as the imperative mood: תִכְתֹב ("tikhtov" - write m.), תִכְתְבִי ("tikhtevi" - write m.), - write). These forms sound less categorical, something like "write, write,", but the forms כְּתֹב, כִּתְבִי, כִּתְבוּ - this is more of an order.

Action name

And finally, the name of the action (designation of the process) in פָּעַל is formed as follows: under the first consonant - "seam", under the second - "and" and the feminine ending "a": כְּתִיבָה ("ktiva" - scripture), יְשִׁיבָה ("yeshiva - sitting / sitting), פְּתִיחָה (“bird” - opening / opening). Thus, we have considered all forms of conjugation of the verb binyan פָּעַל.

Let's move on to the rest of the bignans. Everything will be easier here, since we already know the principles of conjugation, which, as mentioned, apply equally to all Binyans.

2. פִּעֵל "piel" (creative worker / teacher)

Here, the basis of the past tense, as the name of Binyan itself suggests, is the form with the vowels “and” and “e”: דִבֵּר (“diber” spoke), לִמֵד (“limad” - taught). Let's compare the base of the past tense with the base of the present tense. The first vowel “and” changes to “a” and forms the following forms: דַבֵּר “daber” and לַמֵד “lamed. The same basis is used to form future tense forms, infinitive and imperative mood. Thus, there is one less basis here than in פָּעַל. And finally, the name of the action has a stem with the vowels “and” and “u” and an unchanging root, for example: דִבּוּר (“dibur” - conversation / speech), לִמוּד (“limud” - teaching / learning). If you remember these three basics, then you can easily form all forms of binyan פִּעֵל. How?

Past tense

Let's start with the past tense. "He spoke" - דִבֵּר "diber", "she spoke" - you need to add the feminine ending "a" and shorten the stem - דִבְּרָה "dibra". "They", as you might guess - דִבְּרוּ "dibru." The first two faces are formed with consonant endings. “I spoke” is the ending תִי “ti” - דִבֵּרְתִי, however, before the ending with a consonant, the sound “e” changes to “a” and this form sounds דִבַּרְתִי “dibarti”. Similarly, “you” is דִבַּרְתָ “dibarta”, in the feminine gender - דִבַּרְת “dibarta”, “we” - דִבַּרְנוּ “dibarnu”, “you” - דִבַּרְתֶם “dibartem”. You can see that these endings are no different from the endings in binyan פָּעַל.

Present time

In the present tense, the stem דַבֵּר is used with the present tense. In פָּעַל there was no such prefix, in פִּעֵל it is, and is present in most binyans. This is the prefix מ (consonant "m"). Let's take the base דַבֵּר “daber” and add the prefix מְ - we get מְדַבֵּר “madaber”. This means "speaker", a form that is used as the present tense. The feminine gender is מְדַבֶּרֶת "medabert". מְדַבְּרִם "madabrim", מְדַבְּרוֹת "madabrot" - plural.

Infinitive, future tense and imperative

The infinitive has a stem דַבֵּר "daber" and a prefix לְ "le", it sounds - לְדַבֵּר ("ledaber" - to speak). The future tense is formed under a rhyme with an infinitive with the replacement of the prefix "le" by the prefix corresponding to the person. תִדַבֵּר ("tidaber" - you will speak), יְדַבֵּר ("idaber" - he will speak), נְדַבֵּר ("nedaber" - we will speak), אֲדַבֵר ("idaber" - I will speak). In the feminine gender in the 2nd person, the ending "and" - תְדַבְּרִי ("tedabri" - you will speak (referring to a woman). תְדַבְּר ("tedaber" - she will speak), recall, coincides with the form "you will speak" (m .р.). תְדַבְּרוּ ("tedabru" - you will speak) - the ending "y" and abbreviation. דַבְּרִי ("dabri" - speak f.), דַבְּרוּ ("dabru" - speak).

Action name

The name of the action is דִבּוּר ("dibur" - conversation). There is an additional form of the name of the action פִּעֵל with the vowels “a” - “a” and the ending of the feminine gender like קַבָּלָה (“kabalá” - reception), בַּקָשָׁה (“bakashá” - a request), but it is not productive in modern Hebrew, i.e. what has been formed over the centuries, you can find in the dictionary, but new forms are formed according to this model relatively rarely. The form "i" - "y", on the contrary, is very productive, this is the usual pattern for this bignan.

3. הִפְעִיל "hif'il" (chief)

Past tense

The basis of the past tense is הִפְעִיל, for example: הִדְלִיק ("hidlik" - he lit), הִדְלִיקָה ("hidlika" - she lit), הִדְלִיקוּ ("hidliku" - they lit). “I lit” - the ending תִי “ty”, but instead of הִדְלִיקְתִי “hidlikti” - הִדְלַקְתִי “hidlakti”. “You lit” - הִדְלַקְתָ “hidlakta”, “you lit” - הִדְלַקְתְ “hidlakt”, “we lit” - הִדְלַקְנוּ “hidlaknu”, “you lit” - הִדְלַקְתֶם “hidlaktem”.

Present time

The basis of the present tense is הַדְלִיק "hadlik". From this stem, the present tense is formed with the addition of the prefix מְ, example: מְהַדְלִיק. However, the prefix ה has the property of disappearing after a consonant. Therefore, instead of מְהַדְלִיק, it turns out מַדְלִיק ("madlik" - igniting). In the feminine gender in this Binyan, the ending "a" is מַדְלִיקָה "madlika", מַדְלִיקִים "madlikim", מַדְלִיקוֹת "madlikot" is the plural.

Infinitive and future tense

For the infinitive, we have the same basis in הִפְעִיל as in the present tense, and it sounds לְהַדְלִיק ("lahadlik" - to light). In this form, ה does not disappear. In the future tense, the prefixes "eat" ה in the same way as the present tense does. Instead of the form אֲהַדְלִיק, אַדְלִיק (“adlik” - I will light) is formed, instead of תְהַדְלִיק, תַדְלִיק (“tadlik” - you will light) is formed. "You will light" in the feminine תַדְלִיקִי "tadliki". “He will light” - יַדְלִיק “yadlik”, “she” - תַדְלִיק “tadlik”, “we will light” - נַדְלִיק “nadlik”, “you will light” - תַדְלִיקוּ “tadliku”, “they will light” - יַדְלִיקוּ “yadlik”.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is formed by discarding the prefix: הַדְלִיק (“hadlik” - light the m. These forms are categorical, and in colloquial Hebrew one can hear תַדְלִיק "tadlik", תַדְלִיקִי "tadliki", תַדְלִיקוּ "tadliku".

Action name

An action name in הִפְעִיל has the form הַ־ְ־ָ־ָה - example: הַדְלָקָה ("hadlaká" - ignition). Note the parallelism of the forms פִּעֵל and הִפְעִיל. Compare the past tense: in פִּעֵל the form דִבֵּר "diber", in הִפְעִיל - the form הִדְלִיק "hidlik". Present tense in פִּעֵל is the form דַבֵּר “daber”, and in הִפְעִיל - the form הַדְלִיק “hadlik” (replacing the first “i” with “a”). The same goes for future tense, imperative and infinitive. In the past tense before the end of the first two persons: דִבַּרְתִי "dibarti", instead of דִבֵּרְתִי "diberti" and הִדְלַקְתִי "hidlakti", instead of הִדְלִיקְתִי "hidlikti".

Passive bignans

We have looked at three active bignans. Now let's move on to the passive ones - נִפְעַל “nif'al”, פֻּעַל “pu'al”, הֻפְעַל “huf'al” and reflexive הִתְפַּעֵל “hitpael”. First, consider the binyan forms פֻּעַל. It has one single stem - פֻּעַל and only (in modern Hebrew, at least) three forms - past, present and future tense. Let's take the verb דֻבַּר "dubar" (from לְדַבֵּר "ledaber" - to speak), which means "to speak with the eye of something / about something."

דֻבַּר "dubar" is the base and at the same time the masculine singular form of the third person: זֶה כְּבָר דַבֵּר (“Ze kvar dubar” is (about this) it was said). הִיא דֻבְּרָה ("hi dubra" - it was said about her), "you" - דֻבַּרְתָ "dubara". In the present tense, there is the same stem and prefix מְ, for example: מְדֻבָּר ("medubar" - to say).

In the future tense there are the following forms: אֲדֻבָּר (“adubar” - they will talk about me), יְדֻבָּר (“idubar” - they will talk about him), תְדֻבָּר (“tedubar” - about her), נְדֻבָּר (“nedubar” - about us), תְדֻבְּרוּ ("tedubru" - about you (you will be discussed) and יְדֻבְּרוּ ("idubru" - about them (they will be discussed). There are no other forms in פֻּעַל.

הֻפְעַל "huf'al" also has only one single stem הֻפְעַל and three tenses, i.e. the parallelism between פֻּעַל and הֻפְעַל persists in their liabilities. For example, הֻדְלַק ("hudlak" - was lit), in the feminine gender - הֻדְלְקָה ("hudlaḱ" - lit), in the plural - הֻדְלְקוּ "hudlaḱ", etc.

In the present tense, we add מְ to the stem of הֻדְלַק and after leaving ה, as before, we get - מֻדְלָק (“mudlak” - lit), מֻדְלֶקֶת “mudlaket”, מֻדְלָקִים “mudlakim”, מֻדְלָקוֹת “mudlakot”.

In the future, accordingly, after leaving ה it turns out תֻדְלַק (“todlak” - you will be lit), תֻדְלְקִי “todlaḱ” - in the feminine gender, יֻדְלַק (“yudlak” - it will be lit), תֻדְלַק (“todlak” - it will be lit) , יֻדְלְקוּ ("yudlaḱ" - they will be lit). It can be seen that the principle of conjugation of these forms is quite simple.

Binyan נִפְעַל "nifal". It has all six forms and two different bases. Past tense base: נִפְעַל "nifal". For example: נִכְתַב ("nichtav" - was written), נִכְתְבָה ("nichteva" - it was written), נִכְתְבוּ ("nichtevu" - they were written). The same sounding base in the present tense: נִכְתָב "nichtav". Strictly speaking, נִכְתַב in the past tense is voiced by a short "a", and in the present - by a long "a", but in modern pronunciation the difference between both forms is erased.

The basis of the conjugation of the future tense, imperative and infinitive is completely different and has the form הִפָּעֵל "hipael", that is, it differs sharply from נִפְעַל "nifal". The root infinitive כּתב sounds like לְהִכָּתֵב ("lehikatev" - to be written). In the future tense ה is “eaten” and the forms אֶכָּתֵב “ekatev”, תִכָּתֵב “tikatev”, יִכָּתֵב “ikatev”, etc. appear.

Verbs (words denoting actions or states) in Hebrew, as in Russian, have categories of gender, number, person, mood and time. Hebrew verbs also have an unusual (absent in Goyish languages) and extremely interesting grammatical category בִּנייָן ("binYan" - structure, building), which plays a key role in understanding the nature of Hebrew verbs, their behavior patterns and the application of grammatical rules.

Hebrew verbs change in the following tenses:
עָבָר - past tense;
הוֹוֶה - present;
עָתִיד - future tense.

Just like in Russian, Hebrew verbs have three moods - דֶרֶך ("dereh"):
דֶרֶך הַחִיווּי - indicative mood, denoting a real action in a certain time (past, present, future);
דֶרֶך הַצִיווּי is an imperative mood that expresses a request, advice, order, motivation for action. In modern Hebrew, the imperative mood is practically not used in colloquial speech, and instead the forms of the second person of the future tense are used (sometimes with the discarding of prefixes). The negative form of the imperative mood of all Hebrew verbs without exception is formed by a combination of the particle אַל and the corresponding form of the future tense;
דֶרֶך הַתנַאי is a conditional (subjunctive) mood, denoting the desirability of an action, the ability to perform an action under certain conditions.

Bignan is a grammatical category that combines verbs with a similar semantic orientation and a common model of behavior. There are seven main binyans in Hebrew. Binyan names are masculine third person singular past tense verbs derived from the root פעל ("to act"). Actually, the Hebrew word for "verb" is derived from the root פעל and is written as פּוֹעַל. It is customary to use the letters of the root פעל in Hebrew textbooks as an abbreviation for the letters that make up any other root. Accordingly, the first letter in any root of any word in grammatical formulations is denoted as פּ, the second - עַ and the third - ל. So, the abbreviation ל "" ה means literally: "a verb with the third letter of the root - ה". The verb with the first guttural letter of the root is denoted as פ "" גר (the accepted abbreviation of the word גרוֹנִי is used - "guttural"). The semantic content and interconnection of binyans is given in the table below on this page.

Formally, Hebrew verbs are distributed according to Binyans in approximately the following way:
30% - bignan פָּעַל,
22% - binyan פִּיעֵל,
18% - binyan הִפעִיל,
15% - binyan הִתפַּעֵל,
8% - bignan נִפעַל,
3.5% - binyan פּוּעַל,
2.5% - binyan הוּפעַל.

You should also know (a clue to the distribution of efforts to study Hebrew verbs) that in real life more than half of the total number of the most used Hebrew verbs belongs to Binyan פָּעַל (the so-called "essential verbs" - go, know, say, sleep, eat, think, etc.).

Vocalizations in the names of binyans are common for all verbs of a given binyan in the basic dictionary form - 3rd person singular husband. kind of the past tense. So, any binyan verb פָּעַל in the 3rd person singular husband. the genus of the past tense has the form:, where the squares indicate the letters of the root.

Depending on what consonants are included in the root, in Hebrew such a concept as גִזרָה stands out - "variety of the root", "pattern, blank", which defines the subgroup of the binyan.

For a thorough understanding of the rules for using the Hebrew verb, it must be accurately classified, i.e. determine belonging to a specific binyan and within the binyan - to the corresponding subgroup. Only after that can you assign the correct vocalizations in the word, the loss or replacement of consonants, etc. In authoritative Hebrew textbooks, most of the rules related to the use of verbs are formulated precisely in terms of binyans and their subgroups. A little practical experience and minimal knowledge of grammar usually allows you to identify bignan by the appearance of the verb.

Conjugation of Hebrew verbs in all tenses is carried out by adding standard prefixes and endings to the main, depending on the tense of the verb, form, specifying the categories of person, gender and number to the verb. Possible replacement of vocalizations at the base of the verb during conjugation is determined by a system of rules based on the formal classification of the verb (identifying belonging to a certain group within a certain binyan).

The present tense of verbs is formed on the basis of the masculine singular form of the present tense. In the present tense, verbs take the gender and number endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives: masculine, pl. number - ending ים, feminine singular. number - ending ת (in some cases - ה), and pl. number - ending וֹת.

Since the endings in the present tense do not differ by person, in sentences before the verb the presence of a noun or pronoun is mandatory, clearly indicating the person with whom the indicated action is associated.

The endings of verbs in the present tense are shown in the table below, signs □□□ indicate the stem of the present tense - the singular form of the masculine present tense.

				Face
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	1
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	2
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	3

The form of the 3rd person singular is taken as the basis of the past tense. husband of the past tense. By the way, in most dictionaries, verbs are given in this form (which is the main difficulty for beginners in Hebrew when searching in dictionaries).

Past tense verbs are conjugated using standard past tense endings. The endings of the verbs in the past tense are shown in the table below, the signs □□□ indicate the basis of the past tense - the form of the 3rd person singular. husband of the past tense.

				Face
□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	1
□□□תֶּן	□□□תְּ	□□□תֵּם	□□□תָּ	2
□□□וּ	□□□ה	□□□וּ	□□□	3

Future tense verbs are conjugated using standard prefixes (prefixes) and future tense endings. Prefixes and prefixes are attached to the future tense stem of the verb, specified in the dictionary. The prefixes and endings of future tense verbs are shown in the table below, □□□ marks indicate the stem of the future tense.

				Face
נ□□□	א□□□	נ□□□	א□□□	1
ת□□□וּ	ת□□□י	ת□□□וּ	ת□□□	2
י□□□וּ	ת□□□	י□□□וּ	י□□□	3

In an interrogative sentence starting with an interrogative word, the verb of the present tense always comes after the subject, while in the past or future tense the verb can come before the subject.

More than 1000 conjugation tables of the most common Hebrew verbs, including all tenses and forms with vowels, as well as the imperative are given. The search is carried out by the indefinite form of the verb in Russian. You can use an interactive trainer to practice conjugation of Hebrew verbs. For owners of mobile gadgets, I definitely recommend installing the "Hebrew Verbs" mobile application. In addition to searching in Russian in the application, you can search for a verb in any of its forms (tense, gender, person, number) in Hebrew. The application includes an interactive trainer for exercises in conjugation of the selected verb. All tables are fully harmonized; information about the root and bignan is given for the selected verb. It does not require an Internet connection to work, the database is initially integrated into the application. Details. You can download the application at this link.

The main binyans of Hebrew are listed in the table below, I suggest you memorize them. The task of the test is to unmistakably drag and drop the names of all the binyans to their "legal" places in the table. A decent result - no more than 30 seconds of time spent, with no errors at all.

Exercises to memorize words from this table
1. Find the correct answer among the five suggested: Russian -> Transliteration of the Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian	2. Write the correct answer yourself: Russian -> transliteration of the Hebrew word Transliteration of the Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian

Bignan PAAL - present, past, future

Here is a table of verb tenses PAAL using the example of a verb, which in the infinitive sounds like leashmore, and means guard.

About the imperative mood

Let's repeat in a nutshell what we already know about imperative mood: it can be built in one of the following ways:

1. Coincides with the future tense (masculine - quietmore! plural - tishmare! but in the feminine singular differently - tishmari!)

2. Removed the prefix " ti" (shmor!).

The imperative mood is created in the same way for the rest of the binyans.

More on exceptions

Exception verbs are verbs in which at least one of the root letters is guttural, or verbs, the root of which, at first glance, consists of only two letters. In the present, past and future tense, their sound is slightly different from the sound of a classical verb with a usual three-letter root and without guttural root.

Just look at the table in the next post and try to find patterns. In particular, highlight a group of verbs like,, in which the third root hey... Notice how they look in the past and future tense.

If you look at a verb in one of the forms, and it seems to you that there are only two letters in its root, then this means one of the following options:

1. There is one more root letter, the first, and this nun(as in the verb -).

2. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this yod(as in the verb -).

3. You see in front of you the first and third root letters, and there is also the second, and this waw(as in the verb -)

4. You see in front of you the first and third root letters, and there is also the second, and this yod(as in the verb -)

In the following table, I have given only the first-person forms, so as not to clutter up this tutorial with continuous "scary" tables. You can easily form other faces if you remember the above table of the regular verb leashmore.

Frequently used exception verbs related to bignan PAAL

To make sure that each exception verb is not at all in itself, but, on the contrary, the exceptions, in turn, are composed according to their own rules, take a closer look at this table. Let's highlight several groups of irregular verbs:

1. The first three verbs are,,. In a "purely root" form, i.e. in the last time, 3rd person, m.r. -,,. It seems at first glance that these verbs have only two root letters. But, it turns out, this is not so - it is just that in the first two of them, the root waw, and in the third - the root yod... Notice how these verbs change in gender, number and tenses.

2. The next three verbs -,, - are also very similar to each other. The "purely root" form is,,. Pay attention to what happens in persons, gender and tenses with similar verbs, which are united by the fact that they have a third root letter - hey.

3. If the first letter of the root yod, hey or nun, then it disappears in the infinitive and in the future tense. Examples -,,.