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Orders of cartilaginous fish table. Order bony fish. Orders: sturgeon-like, herring-like, salmon-like, carp-like, perch-like. What makes fish unique

Fish are vertebrates that live in water bodies and breathe with gills. There are more than 3 thousand species of them in the world. It is believed that it was they who first came out on land, giving rise to land animals. What classes and orders of fish are there? How do they differ from each other? Which order does the moonfish belong to - the heaviest fish in the world? We will answer all these questions in this article.

What makes fish unique?

Fish are an integral part of many ecosystems and important participants in the food chain. They are widespread on the planet, inhabiting salt and fresh water bodies from the oceans to alpine lakes located at an altitude of more than 6 kilometers.

They spend most of their life in water, so the gills are the main respiratory apparatus for them. In many orders of fish there are representatives who are able to briefly crawl to the surface (muddy jumper, climbing perch, some even developed additional respiratory organs - lungs (lung-breathing fish - protopterus, cattle-toothed, etc.).

The almost constant life under water required special adaptations from the fish. Their outer covers are represented by scales - plates of dentin, kosmin or gaonin, which are superimposed on each other like shingles.

They move with the help of fins, and to reduce the body, their body is streamlined. Many fish have. By regulating pressure, it promotes vertical movements of the animal in the water column, and also helps them to stay at a certain depth.

Fish classification

Fish are a group of chordates, within which several classes are distinguished. Their number differs in various sources. Usually they are divided into cartilaginous and bone. Sometimes Bony fishes are distinguished as a superclass, and within it the classes of ray-finned and lobe-finned are distinguished.

The orders of cartilaginous fishes are chimera-like, catran-like, skate-like, sea angels, multigill, llam-like and others. There are about 13 of them in total, and they are represented by various stingrays and chimeras.

The skeleton of these fish is composed of cartilage. In stingrays and sharks, the gills are not covered with a lid, but go out with slits. There is no swim bladder, which forces them to be constantly in motion, otherwise they will fall to the bottom. Some species do not lay eggs, but reproduce by live birth.

The orders of the bony fish class are more numerous. As the name implies, their skeleton is made of bones. The gills are part of the skeleton, they consist of petals and stamens, and are covered from above with lids.

It is impossible to list all the orders of fish at once in one article, so below we will describe the most interesting or common of them.

Perches

The largest order of fish, which covers about 7-8 thousand species. Most of them are commercial. The main feature of the fish of the order perciformes is the ctenoid scales. Its edges are not even, but are divided into many small teeth. Their pectoral fins are located under the pectorals, and some of the radial fins are turned into spines.

Perchiformes vary greatly in size. Some species reach only a few centimeters (Lucion mystichtis), while others grow up to 3 meters (bluefin tuna). Typical representatives are mackerel, gobies, pike perch, tuna, gourami, swordfish. But sea bass do not belong to them and belong to the order of scorpion-like.

Chimeras

Fish of the order chimera-like have a somewhat bizarre appearance. Their body is elongated and strongly narrowed towards a whip-like tail. A spine is located in front of the two dorsal fins, which can hide in a fold on the back.

The nose is pointed and triangular in shape. In some species, it is strongly elongated, and resembles a proboscis. The mouth is located below. The pectoral fins are large and wing-like in shape.

Chimeras swim slowly, "hovering" in water space. They live at great depths or shelf shallows. They are found in the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They reproduce by laying eggs.

Sturgeon

In terms of structure, sturgeons occupy an intermediate place between the cartilaginous and bony orders of fish. Usually they are classified as bony and cartilage subclass. These include beluga, all kinds of sturgeon, kaluga, sterlet, etc.

Their skeleton consists of cartilage, has a notochord and is not divided into vertebrae. The body of fish is elongated and covered with five rows of large bony plates, between which are located smaller scales. The mouth is located at the bottom. In front of him are four antennae, which play the role of organs of touch.

Sturgeons live in the rivers and seas of the Northern Hemisphere. Fishing for them is very common, caviar is especially appreciated. These are quite large fish. Belugas, for example, reach 4-9 meters, sturgeons - 6 meters.

Blowfish

This order of bony fish includes about 250 species. Most representatives have an unusual body shape: spherical, flattened disc-shaped, cubic, etc. The mouth of the fish is usually small, the bones of the upper jaw are tightly closed. Instead of ordinary scales, their body is covered with thorns or small needles.

They inhabit warm ocean waters near the equator, preferring coral reefs. Notable representatives are the hedgehog fish, the moon fish, the cube box and others. The moonfish is the heaviest fish in the world. Its weight can exceed 20 tons. It has a disc-like shape, flattened from the sides and reaches up to 2 meters in diameter.

Flounders

Flounders are flat fish that swim on their sides. They also lie on their side, so their eyes are placed only on one side. The color, as a rule, is close to the color of the seabed. This is necessary for camouflage, because almost all fish of the order are predators and feed on crustaceans, molluscs and small fish.

They inhabit the seas from tropical to temperate zones, inhabiting mainly near the bottom. Fish prefer shallow waters; individual species easily swim into river mouths. These include flounder, halibut, limanda. The smallest representatives are 7-8 centimeters in size, the largest are about 5 meters.

Herring

Herring is one of the most primitive orders of bony fish. Their body is slightly flattened and covered with semicircular scales. The skull of many fish is made up of cartilage tissue. The fin rays are very soft, which is why the detachment is often called "soft-finned". The detachment includes the Atlantic Menhaden, Baltic herring, Pacific herring, sardine, sprats, anchovy, Baltic herring, sprat.

These fish are very diverse in their way of life; many are capable of making long migrations. They are common in all oceans of the world, especially in tropical regions and subtropical regions. The subpolar regions are inhabited only by certain species, some also live in fresh water bodies. Most are pelagic fish that live in the upper layers of the ocean.

Eels

Unusual representatives of bony fish are the order of eels. Due to their long, elongated body, they can be confused with snakes. However, the body of eels does not taper towards the tail and is often not even flattened laterally.

They wriggle around. The fish have no pelvic fins, exactly like scales. The skin is covered with mucus. Like snakes, they may not have ribs, and the ridge is up to 300 vertebrae. Most eels are venomous and predatory. Particularly large species (giant moray eels) even attack reef and tiger sharks.

They prefer warm water bodies. They are represented by various types of moray eels and eels. The only freshwater family is river eels. They live in water bodies that belong to the basins of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean.

Gray sharks

Among all sharks, the most numerous is the order of karcharid or gray sharks. It includes more than 250 species, including hammerhead sharks, tiger sharks, silk sharks, blunt sharks, etc. Its representatives are considered one of the most dangerous inhabitants of the deep sea. On account of them, many human victims.

They live in the coastal zones of the seas of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. The fish are constantly moving, then moving away into the depths of the ocean, then swimming in shallow waters. Some species also appear in fresh water bodies.

Gray sharks have five pairs of gill slits, two dorsal and one anal fins. They reproduce either by laying eggs or by live birth.

They have a large mouth located below, and the snout is extended forward. In some sharks, it is strongly rounded (in blunt sharks). The hammerhead shark has a specific look. Their muzzle is flattened at the top and wide at the sides, reminiscent of the leading edge of a hammer. The first dorsal fin is curved in the shape of a sickle.

Fish are aquatic animals. In order to actively move in the aquatic environment, the body of the fish has a streamlined shape.

The body of fish can be divided into:

• head
• torso
• and tail

The border between the head and the body is the posterior edge of the operculums, and the border between the body and the tail is the anal fin.

Insert Flash

From above, the body of the fish is covered with skin, which consists of:

• corium or dermis
• and a multilayer epidermis (as in all vertebrates).

In the epidermis there are numerous mucous glands, on top of the epidermis in most fish is covered with scales.

The streamlined body shape, mucous glands and scales help the fish move quickly and easily in the water.

They move with the help of the bends of the body and with the help of paired pectoral and pelvic fins, which are mainly responsible for vertical movement, as well as an unpaired caudal fin, which acts as a rudder.

Also, the dorsal and anal fins, which stabilize the body of the fish in an upright position, are also unpaired fins in fish.

Fins:

• paired chest
• paired abdominal
• unpaired dorsal (1 or more)
• unpaired anal
• unpaired tail

Musculoskeletal system of fish

Insert Flash

Fish have a well-developed skeleton, which is divided into:

1.axial skeleton, which includes:

• spine,
• skull or head skeleton
• and ribs

2.skeleton of the limbs, which includes:

• the skeleton of paired fins (free part and belts)
• and the skeleton of unpaired fins.

Fish skeleton - the picture shows the skeleton of a bony fish

The skeleton of fish consists of the skull, spine, ribs and the skeleton of paired and unpaired fins

In representatives of the Cartilaginous fish class, the skeleton consists only of cartilaginous tissue. In representatives of the class Bone fish, both cartilaginous and bone tissue are present in the skeleton.

The spine performs supporting and protective functions - the spinal cord is protected by the arches of the vertebrae. The spine consists of two sections - the trunk and the caudal. The vertebrae of the trunk spine have lateral processes to which ribs are attached.

The skeleton of the head is represented by the cranium, to which the jaws and branchial arches are connected, and in bony fish, also the branchial covers. Cartilaginous fish have no gill covers.

The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines, into which the ducts of the liver and gallbladder, as well as the pancreas, open. The intestine ends with the anus, which opens in front of the anal fin.

Only bony fish have a swim bladder

Fish have a swim bladder, which is an outgrowth of the intestinal tube. The swim bladder is filled with gases and can expand and contract. In this case, the specific density of the body changes and the fish can move in the water column in the vertical direction. Only bony fish have a swim bladder; cartilaginous fish do not.

Respiratory system of fish

Fish breathe with their gills

Respiration of fish is carried out with the help of gills. Water enters the mouth, then water from the pharynx passes through the gills into the external environment, while the blood vessels located in the gill lobes are saturated with oxygen.

Circulatory system of fish closed type

The circulatory system has one circle of blood circulation in all fish, except for lungs. There is a two-chambered heart, consisting of an atrium and a ventricle.

Insert Flash

The nervous system consists of:

• the central section, which is represented by the brain and spinal cord and
• the peripheral section, consisting of the cranial and spinal nerves.

The brain in fish, like in all vertebrates, consists of five sections.

The nervous system of fish consists of the brain and spinal cord and nerves extending from them.

The olfactory lobes of the forebrain are well developed, since the organs of chemical sense - smell and taste - play a very important role for fish. The visual centers are located in the midbrain.

The cerebellum is also well developed, which is responsible for a variety of movements. There are lateral line organs that allow fish to determine the direction of water movement. There are organs of balance and hearing.

The excretory system of fish consists of the kidneys, ureters and bladder.

The excretory system is represented by paired ribbon-shaped kidneys, ureters and the bladder, which opens with the urethra, which is located next to the anus.

The reproductive system of fish

Most fish are dioecious, males have two testes, and females have two ovaries. Females lay eggs (eggs) into the water, males - sperm. Fertilization takes place in the external environment.

Fish eggs - eggs

In many cartilaginous fish and in some bony fish, fertilization is internal; females give birth to fry.

Fish taxonomy

At the moment, about 30 thousand species of fish are known. The taxonomy of fish is quite complex, we will consider a somewhat simplified diagram. Currently, in different sources, you can find various variants of taxonomy.

Classes cartilaginous and bony fish

The superclass of fish includes two classes - Cartilaginous fish and Bony fish.

The skeleton of cartilaginous fish, as the name suggests, consists only of cartilaginous tissue.

Cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays and chimera

To the class of Cartilaginous fish relate:

• detachment Sharkiformes,
• squad Skaty
• and the Chimera squad.

For cartilaginous fish, the following features are characteristic - they have no swim bladder, no gill covers.

Cartilaginous fish - sharks and rays

The order Bone fishes is the most numerous; it includes up to 96% of fish species.

Bony fish include the subclasses Ray-finned and Lobe-finned

CARILY FISH

Class Cartilaginous fish.A relatively small group of fish (about 730 species),whose skeleton remains cartilaginous for life. The body shape is often spindle-shaped.The class is called so because of the presence of a cartilaginous skeleton (Fig. 1), they do not have bone tissue. For example, a shark's jaw, like its skeleton, is also made of cartilage (Fig. 2).

Rice. 1. Cartilaginous skeleton (Source)

Rice. 2. Shark (Source)

The cartilage can be impregnated with calcium salts. Mobile no gill covers instead of them gill slits located on the belly of the fish body or on the sides of the body (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. An example of the gill slits of a whale shark (Source)

The swim bladder is missing. The skin is bare or covered with scales, which in structure and composition resemble teeth, they are called so - dermal teeth.

The class includes three squads: Sharks, Stingrays, Chimera(fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Units (Source)

Body shape: elongated torpedo body shape.

Length: from 20 cm to 20 m (fig. 5).

Leather: Rough, covered with teeth and scales.

Fins: Paired pelvic and pectoral fins are horizontal, allowing the fish to move up or down. Forward movement and turns are provided by bending the tail or body.

Senses: eyes are located on the sides of the head, vision is black and white. They have a strong sense of smell, feel the slightest vibrations of the water, and so they learn about prey at a great distance.

Fertilization

Some sharks can attack humans. Most sharks are marine fish, but some also swim in fresh waters. One species lives permanently in the freshwater lake of Nicaragua (Fig. 6). Some species of shark are eaten by people, most often the Japanese, liver and fins are considered especially valuable. Leather is used in industry.

Rice. 5. Tiger shark (Source)

Rice. 6. Nicaraguan Freshwater Shark (Source)

Body shape: flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction.

Fins: Widened pectoral fins on the sides, tail fin shaped like a long, thin whip.

Dimensions (edit): relatively large fish, some reach 6–7 m in width, weight can be in the region of 2.5 tons (Fig. 7). The smallest slopes can be about 12 cm long.

Eyes and mouth: in benthic species, the eyes are located on the upper side of the head, in pelagic species, on the sides. The lateral mouth and gill slits are located on the ventral side of the body.

Leather: Naked or with dermal teeth, mucus secreting glandular cells.

Fertilization: internal, reproduce by viviparity or ovoviviparity.

Representatives of the species lead a benthic lifestyle, large stingrays can live in the water column. Most stingrays are marine, but there are freshwater species as well. Some small freshwater rays are kept in aquariums.

Rice. 7. Skat (Source)

Chimera are a small and distinctive group of deep-sea fish.

Body shape: there is a strong anterior section and gradually tapers towards the tail.

Length: from 60 cm to 2 m.

Fins: The caudal fin is thin and ends in a thin filamentous appendage.

Leather: naked and devoid of scales.

Fertilization: internal, reproduce by oviposition.

In total, about 30 species of chimera-like fish are known. The most studied European chimera inhabiting the Barents Sea at depths of more than 1000 m (Fig. 8). The Pacific and Atlantic oceans are inhabited by nosed chimeras (Fig. 9).

Rice. 8. European Chimera (Source)

Rice. 9. Nosed Chimera (Source)

BONE FISH

Class Bony fishincludes the overwhelming majority of representatives of the Fishes superclass (about 20 thousand species) inhabiting fresh and salt water bodies.Its name of the class speaks of the presence of a bony skeleton, the body is covered with bone scales or plates, there are no dermal teeth, unlike cartilaginous fish, the gill cavity is covered with gill covers, which are mobile, there is a swim bladder, which can disappear in bottom and sedentary forms (Fig. one).

Rice. 1. Signs of bony fish

It is in bony fish that true lungs appear for the first time in evolution. Fish that have both gills and lungs are called lungs. Most of this once huge group became extinct in the Triassic, but there are several modern groups of lungworms (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Australian horntooth

In total, there are about 20 thousand species of bony fish, although this is not often talked about, but bony fish are the most numerous class of vertebrates. The peculiarities of the ecology, structure and physiology of individual species make it possible to divide all this enormous diversity into several dozen groups.

We will discuss only 6 of the most significant of them: Sturgeon-like, Herring-like, Salmon-like, Carp-like, Perch-like, Coelacanth-like.

The sturgeon is a small group that has retained a number of ancient features that emphasize their resemblance to cartilaginous fish. So, in these fish, the notochord is preserved throughout their life, and the skeleton is bone-cartilaginous. The body is elongated, the head begins with a flattened snout (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Sturgeon

Representatives of the sturgeon family are found mainly in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Adult fish spend their entire life in the sea, and enter rivers only for spawning, however, there are completely freshwater forms.

Most sturgeon feeds on aquatic invertebrates, some species feed on small or even large fish.

Meat and especially sturgeon caviar are extremely highly valued as delicacies (Fig. 4). Because of this, sturgeons have always been poached. The construction of hydroelectric power plants has led to the almost complete extinction of sturgeons in many rivers.

The point is that adult fish cannot go up the river through the dam (Fig. 5).

Rice. 4. Black caviar of sturgeon

Rice. 5. Hydroelectric power plant

The order includes fish with an elongated body, slightly compressed from the sides (Fig. 6). Paired and non-paired fins are soft; the lateral line is usually not visible. The body length of the herring is usually 5 to 75 centimeters.

Rice. 6. Herring

Most of the herring are marine fish, however, there are also anadromous species, and some representatives have mastered fresh water bodies too. The most famous of the detachment is the Herring family. These are small and medium sized marine fish. Herring, sardine and sprat are of great commercial importance (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Commercial value of herring

Includes fish similar to herring, with a length of 2.5 cm to 1.5 m (Fig. 8). Most members of the salmon family are anadromous fish, but there are freshwater forms as well.

Rice. 8. Salmonids

Often, when entering rivers, salmon have a bright mating outfit (Fig. 9). At this time, salmon do not feed, and only exist thanks to the supply of nutrients accumulated in the sea. After spawning, fish often die.

Rice. 9. Mating dress of salmon

All salmonids are commercial fish highly valued for their delicious meat and caviar. Many salmon are bred in special fish farms. It should be remembered that the diversity of the order Salmonidae is by no means limited to the Salmonidae family (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Fishing for salmon

Representatives of this order are very similar to herring, but differ from them in a peculiar structure of the spine. The number of species of this order is about 15 percent of the total diversity of bony fish (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Carps

Among carps, there are both herbivorous and omnivorous and even predatory fish. Predatory fish include, for example, piranha and electric eel (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Piranha and the Electric Eel

The commercial value of carps is enormous; a number of species are artificially bred in pond farms (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Fish farms

The most famous decorative pond fish is the koi carp (Fig. 14). Some tropical carps with beautiful and bright colors have become objects for keeping in aquariums.

Rice. 14. Japanese koi carp

Perchiformes are the most numerous group of fish in terms of species composition. It includes more than 9 thousand species (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Perchiformes

Perchiformes are widespread in reservoirs of all continents, in all seas and oceans. Body length - from 1 cm to 5 meters. Weight - from fractions of a gram to a ton or more. For example, a moonfish can be up to 3 meters long and weigh up to one and a half tons (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Moonfish

A characteristic feature of the entire order is the presence of 2 dorsal fins with sharp spines. The most famous family of rock perches, perch proper, horse mackerel, catfish, gobies and sailboats.

Obviously, many members of the order are eaten. Small perches are often a favorite of aquarists.

The coelacanths are a very small but very important order of bony fish. In the modern fauna, they are represented by only two species. These last representatives of cross-finned fishes may well be called living fossils (Fig. 17). The fact is that once the first amphibians originated from such fish.

Rice. 17. Celacanthus

Modern lungs

By origin, lungs are a very ancient group of fish that appeared in the Devonian period. Only 2 families with 6 species have survived to this day.

Lungs have both a number of primitive features and a number of features that unite them with amphibians, the most important such feature is, of course, the presence of lungs. The genus Protopter is the best known of the modern lung-breathing species (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Protopter

Protopters live in the temporary drying up water bodies of Africa. Remarkable is the ability of these fish, falling into suspended animation and losing a lot of water, to survive the drying out of the reservoir.

Electric eel

A remarkable representative of the carp order is the electric eel, by the way, the electric eel has nothing to do with real eels, it is not a relative of them.

Electric eels live in oxygen-depleted water bodies. Electric eels now have the ability to use oxygen in the air; for this, the fish rises to the surface of the water and captures air through its mouth.

An electric eel is capable of producing a discharge of up to 350 volts, so these fish are protected or hunted by electricity (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Electric eel

The amazing story of coelacanth

Fossil remains of coelacanth fish have been known since the Devonian period. After the Cretaceous, no trace of this group was found and it was considered completely extinct.

Rice. 20. Celacanth

And suddenly the fish caught in 1938 turns out to be a real living celacanth (Fig. 20). The discovery of such a living fossil was, of course, a sensation. The fish was named coelacanth. Imagine: a live fish was found, all of whose relatives became extinct back in the era of the dinosaurs.

By the structure of the skeleton of all fish divided into cartilaginous and bone. In cartilaginous fish(sharks and rays) the skeleton is entirely cartilaginous (non-ossified). They have no gill covers, and the gills open outward with 5-7 gill slits. They also have no swim bladder.

"Groups of Cartilaginous Fishes".

Bony fish class

Bony fish are freshwater and marine, have a partially ossified or bony skeleton. The gill slits are covered with a cover. Usually available swim bladder but some do not develop it. Most fish (more than 19,000 species) belong to the class of bony fish.

Detachment sturgeon: In sturgeon, unlike all other bone fish the notochord is present not only in embryos and larvae, but also in adults fish... The body of sturgeons is fusiform, the front part of the head is extended into an elongated snout. Instead of a continuous scaly cover, 3-5 rounds of large bone plaques of "scutes" pass along the body, and between them small bone grains and plates are scattered on the skin. All sturgeons are valuable commercial fishes... These include, for example, sturgeon and stellate sturgeon.

Detachment herring: the main representatives of this order are herring. Most of them live in the sea and keep in large flocks, wandering in search of food and for spawning. Herring feed on small crustaceans living in the water column and are of great commercial value.

Detachment carps: mostly freshwater fishes... These include carp, crucian carp, roach, bream and many other commercial fish... Carps feed on plant food and various invertebrates. They have no teeth on the jaws (or they are poorly developed), but in the depths of the pharynx there are pharyngeal teeth that serve to grind food.

Detachment cross-finned: Currently, there is only one representative of this order - the coelacanth. This is a large a fish up to 1.5 in length, found in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. All other cross-finned, which lived both in the sea and in fresh waters, became extinct 70-100 million years ago. The structure of the skeleton and muscles of the paired fins of the cross-finned fish very similar to the structure of the limbs of terrestrial vertebratesanimals .

Detachment Codfish... Most cod fish are marine fish. Their distinctive feature is the presence of a tendril on the chin. They keep near the bottom, but do not lie on it, but constantly move in search of food. They feed on benthic invertebrates and smaller fish. They live in cold seas. In the northern seas of the USSR, there are such fish as cod (weighing up to several kilograms, and individual individuals - more than 20 kg) and smaller ones - haddock, herring, and navaga. The only freshwater representative of the cod, widespread in fresh waters almost throughout the country, is a burbot weighing 3-5 kg, some individuals up to 20 kg. Burbot, although it lives in the middle zone in relatively warm waters, has retained the habits of its cold-water relatives. So, in summer, when all our other freshwater fish are most active, burbot, on the contrary, climbs somewhere deeper, into holes, under driftwood, where it is colder, and here it spends motionlessly all summer. It revives only in late autumn, and spawns in December or January. All cod are daytime commercial fish 82 ... Their liver is of particular value, from which medical fish oil containing vitamin B is extracted.

"Commercial fish" - Groups of commercial fish. Order Salmoniformes. Salmon. Detachment Codfish. Carps. Cod-like. Detachment Carps. Sturgeon. Variety of commercial fish. Detachment Herring. Detachment Sturgeon. Herring-like.

"Fish Class" - The fish organism is complex. What kind of environment do fish live in? The value of fish. Internal structure of the fish body. What groups is the vertebrate subtype divided into. Answer the test questions. What have we learned. The external structure of fish. The main organ systems of fish. Sense organs. Respiratory system. Habitat. What group of living organisms are we studying?

"Fish biology" - Aquaculture has two main areas. Biology and pathology of fish. The main production and technological processes in pond fish farming. The purpose of the discipline: And second - artificial reproduction of aquatic biological resources.

"Amazing Fish" - Biology Presentation On Topic: Amazing Fish. Angler. Whale shark. The angler is a predatory sea fish. There is no chin barb, and there is a dysfunctional gut. Wart venom is extremely dangerous. Sailboat. Fish-dragon. The idiakant, or "dragon-fish", is a long flexible fish. Armored pike. This fish lives at depths of 600-1200 m on the coast of Australia and Tasmania.

"A fish is an animal" - The instinct is prophetically blind. Detachments. The source of glue production. Make a crossword puzzle. Name the fish. Classes of fish. Variety of fish appearance. Scat. Number of species. Finish the proverbs. Choose the correct judgments from the proposed ones. Large aquarium. General characteristics of the class of fish. Pipefish. Classification of fish.

"Variety of fish" - Birds. Are growing. Flounder. Cockerel. Mystery. Fish is the moon. Omnivores. Skate. Predators. Fins. Are developing. For parents and children All clothes are made of coins. Catfish. Breathe. Marine. Fish is a hobbyhorse. Crucian carp. V - already knew + - learned new? - I want to know. Scales. 2 legs, feathers, wings, beak breathe lightly. Fishes. Head. Animals.

There are 18 presentations in total

Fish are a class of vertebrates that live in water bodies. Characteristic features of fish:

• Streamlined shape;
• presence of a heart with two chambers;
• gills for breathing;
• fins and scales covering the body.

The variety of fish is huge: from small tropical species to sharks weighing 12 tons. Some live in the surface waters of the ocean, others live at a depth of more than 2 km, some are freshwater, others inhabit salty waters. These factors influenced the development and evolution of fish, thus forming the variety of fish known to man.

Features of the superclass Bony fish

Characteristic features of bony fish:

• Bony or gill covers - cover the gill slits;
• bone skeleton;
• covered with ganoid scales;
• swim bladder;
• sometimes there are lungs;
• fertilization is only external (caviar);

Bony fish are a diverse group with 22,000 representatives. All reservoirs of the Earth serve as their habitats.

Bone units and their characteristics

Detachment Sturgeon... The spine is mainly made up of cartilage, bone only in the skull. They are characterized by the presence of scales (rather thick scales), located in five rows: one on the back, two on the sides, two in the abdominal region. The cephalic region is elongated, with a small projection that helps in finding food at the bottom (different types of invertebrates). They are found in the Caspian and Black seas, and during spawning they go to the adjacent river mouths. The largest of the Sturgeons is the beluga, weighing about 1000 kg.

Detachment Carps... Almost everyone lives in fresh water, lack of teeth is characteristic. The deficiency is compensated for by the pharyngeal teeth, which serve to grind food. Carps are crucian carp, bream, catfish, as well as piranhas, etc.

Herring... All are marine life, live in large flocks, feed on small crustaceans. The herring species are rounded, flattened from the sides, small gray scales are located on the body. Famous representatives of the order are anchovies, sprats, sprats, etc.

Detachment Codfish... Almost all cod live in the seas, only burbot is freshwater. A distinctive feature of the squad's representatives is the presence of a tendril in the chin area. Cod liver is especially valued as a source of vitamin B.

Kisteperia squad... Science knows only one representative - coelacanth. The body size of latimetry is about 1.5 m. Found in the Indian Ocean. The species disappears within 100 million years and is likely to disappear.

Features of the superclass Cartilaginous

• The skeleton is made up of cartilage tissue;
• there are no covers of the gill slits;
• all representatives have no branchial bladder.

Groups of the Cartilaginous and their characteristics

Shark squad... All fins (first, second dorsal, pectoral, ventral, caudal) are located horizontally, the caudal fin is especially massive. In the head region there are external gill slits, nostrils, the head has an elongated appearance - the rostrum. Sharks breathe through the mouth, also due to the lack of a swim bladder, they constantly move so as not to sink to the bottom.

Fertilization is internal; sharks are characterized by live birth or egg laying. Among the shark-like, there are both small representatives, only 17 cm long, and a whale shark, 12 meters long. Almost all sharks are predators and pose a danger to humans. Some of them feed only on squid or plankton (largemouth, giant, whale).

Stingray squad... Their habitual habitat is the bottom of the sea, their body is flattened in the dorsal region, flat, in the form of a rhombus. The tail section has changed into a plait. The sizes of stingrays range from 4 cm, to large ones, for example the sea devil, with a mass of about 2.5 tons.

For protection from enemies, stingrays can use an electric charge (voltage about 70 W); they can kill or paralyze small animals. Large representatives can be dangerous to humans. Like sharks, stingrays tend to be viviparous, giving birth to offspring from 1-3 to 20-25 cubs.