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English plural pronouns. Pronouns Pronouns in English. Any and Some: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

27.10.2013

Pronouns (Pronouns) - one of the most extensive sections of English grammar: there is a classification according to which pronouns in English are divided into several categories. We will consider some of them:

• Personal
• Possessive
• Absolute
• Undefined
• Returnable

Each of these groups has its own meaning and scope, which will be discussed below. For ease of memorization and greater clarity, a table is placed at the end of each section dedicated to a particular group of pronouns. Of course, to master all kinds of English pronouns, you need to do oral and written exercises for practice.

Personal Pronouns

This is the very first group of pronouns that every person starting to learn English gets acquainted with. English personal pronouns match Russian: they also serve to indicate animate and inanimate objects. Personal pronouns answer the questions "who?" and "what?"

note: In the English language, the inanimate and animate nature of objects is of great importance: the pronouns he and she correspond to animate ones, only it to inanimate ones.

Examples:

She is my best friend. I love her. - She is my best friend. I love her.

He is my best friend. I love him. - He is my best friend. I love him.

Here is a window. It is big. Open it, please. - Here is the window. It's big. Open it, please.

They denote belonging or possession of an item and answer the questions “Whose? Whose? Whose?". Possessive pronouns in English have a number of differences from Russian ones. They:

• Do not lean
• Are not plural

Examples:

She is my mother. - She is my mother.

They are my parents. - They are my parents.

She loves her pets. - She loves her (her) pets.

Ann and Mike have their breakfast at 8 o'clock. - Anna and Mike have breakfast at 8 o'clock.

Our cat cares of its kittens. - Our cat takes care of her (her) kittens.

• Please note: in the English language there is no word "own": it is replaced by meaning with a suitable possessive pronoun.

Absolute Pronouns

Absolute pronouns are a phenomenon that is completely absent in the Russian language, therefore, their perception and use may initially present a certain difficulty. They, in fact, are practically the same as possessive pronouns (that is, they answer the questions "Whose?", "Whose?", "Whose?"), But do not require after themselves the names of objects, the belonging of which is determined.

Items are implied:

- Whose umbrella is it? - My (umbrella).

Just like the possessive pronouns, the absolutes do not change in cases and do not have plural forms. Most of the absolute pronouns are formed with the ending -s, which is added to the possessive, but three of them have their own form:

mine (mine, mine, mine, mine), its (him, her inanimate) and his (his).

Examples:

Whose umbrella is it? - It's mine. Whose umbrella is this? - My.

Whose books are these? - They are hers. Whose books are these? - Her.

Whose house is this? - It’s theirs. Whose is this house? - Their.

Whose parents are they? - They are his. Whose parents are these? - His.

It is very common to use absolute pronouns in sentences where constructions with the preposition of are used, which speak of belonging to something.

For instance:

It’s my house = It’s the house of mine. This is my home.

She’s my best friend = She’s the best friend of mine. She is my best friend.

Any grammar textbook has exercises for using absolute pronouns, so over time you can learn to use them correctly in speech.

Indefinite Pronouns

I've always wondered why someone doesn't do something about it. And then I understood, I am this somebody.

This is a whole group of pronouns that correspond to the Russian, which has in its composition - anything: somewhere, someone, someone, something, something. There are two types of indefinite pronouns in English - simple and complex... Simple ones have one syllable, and complex ones have two.

Simple pronouns are ‘some’ and ‘any’... ‘Some’ denotes a number of items (several), and also means “some”.

For instance:

There is some milk in the glass. - There is milk in the glass (some, some).

Give me some magazine to read. (Let me read some magazine).

Note:

- ‘some’ can only be used in affirmative sentences or in those that contain a polite invitation to eat or drink something:

- Would you like some cola? - Would you like a cola?

In negative and interrogative sentences, ‘any’ is used instead of ‘some’. ‘Any’ has an independent meaning “any, everyone, everyone” and can be used both in affirmative sentences (in this sense), and in interrogative and negative sentences instead of ‘some’.

For instance:

Any child knows it. - Any child knows this.

Is there any book on the shelf? - Yes, there’s some. "Is there a book on the shelf?" - Yes, there is some.

English indefinite pronouns can denote both animate and inanimate objects - their way of education depends on this.

The way of forming pronouns denoting animate concepts:

They are formed from two parts:

- some, any (part that translates as "some", "any")

- body (the part that translates as "body")

For instance:

Somebody - someone

Anybody - anyone

There is somebody in the room. “There’s someone in the room.

Is there anybody in the room? - Is there anyone in the room?

Note:

'Some' is used to form forms in affirmative sentences only. In interrogative sentences, it is replaced by 'any'.

The way of forming pronouns denoting inanimate objects:

They consist of two parts:

- thing (this word is translated as "thing")

For instance:

Something - something, something

Anything - something, anything (in negative and interrogative sentences)

There is something on the floor. - There is something on the floor.

Is there anything on the floor? "Is there anything on the floor?"

With the help of some, any, pronouns denoting indefinite places and distances are also formed: somewhere (somewhere, somewhere), anywwhere (somewhere, somewhere).

For instance:

She lives somewhere in the South. “She lives somewhere in the south.

I don’t go anywhere. - I'm not going anywhere.

Are you going anywhere? - Are you going somewhere?

By completing exercises of varying degrees of difficulty, you can learn to use pronouns correctly in different situations. The table below gives examples with transcriptions as they can be a little difficult for beginners to read:

Simple pronouns	Compound pronouns
Some - some, some	To indicate inanimate objects and undefined places	To denote animate concepts
Any [æni] - anyone, everyone, everyone	Something - something	Somebody - someone
	Anything [æniƟI ƞ] - anything	Anybody [æni b Ə di] - somebody
	Somewhere - somewhere
	Anywhere [æni wƐƏ] - anywhere

Reflexive Pronouns

I love myself

They are used by analogy with the Russian "sam", "myself", formed from personal pronouns in the indirect case and the suffix -self (in the singular) or-selves (in the plural). The only exceptions are myself, ourselves and yourself (selves) - they are formed from the forms of possessive pronouns.

For instance:

Myself - myself, myself (me) Itself - myself, myself, myself, myself (he, she, it)

Themselves - themselves, themselves (they) Herself - herself, herself (she)

I can do it myself. - I can do it myself (myself).

She can do it herself. - She can do it herself.

They can do it themselves. - They can do it themselves.

He hates himself for that. - He hates himself for it.

Reflexive Pronouns
Singular forms	Plural forms
Myself - myself, myself (me)	Themselves - themselves, themselves (they)
Herself, herself (she)	Yourselves - yourself, yourself (you)
Himself - himself, himself (he)	Ourselves - - ourselves, ourselves (they)
Itself - myself, myself, myself, myself
Yourself - yourself, yourself (you)

The types of pronouns discussed above are only the most basic and most used in speech. Other groups and their derivatives are a topic for another article.

Pronoun- a part of speech that designates persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. The pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns avoid repetition of the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. The pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if a noun is in the singular, then the pronoun replacing it must also be in the singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must be feminine, and so on.

For instance:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
A train was late he lingered somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late they lingering somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

A type	Description	Examples of
Personal Pronouns	Replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what is being discussed.	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express affiliation.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	Show that the action is returned to the one who performs the action.	Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They indicate a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect the main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	They point to unknown, indefinite objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal Pronouns	They indicate that some action is performed jointly, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.	Each other, one another

• Personal Pronouns in English

Are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns if it is clear from the context what or who is being discussed.

Pronouns I and we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns "I" and "we". They are first person pronouns ( I is singular, we- plural form).

For instance:
I am free now.
Now I am free.

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Please note that in modern English you always has the plural form, and, accordingly, the verb always follows it in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun "you" when referring to a group of persons, or to one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun "you", depending on the context.

For instance:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have finished your assignments successfully.
You have successfully completed their assignments.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. They are all singular, except for the pronoun they which is plural. Also, the pronouns he and she are used to denote male and female people respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, it corresponds to the neuter in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they is used both to refer to people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to establish the identity of the interlocutor:

It used in separation questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything and all:

Everything is all right, isn "t it?
It's all right, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, did it?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences, where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For instance:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It is not so easy to solve this math problem.

It is used as a formal subject, which has no meaning, in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc .:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o "clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), and Subjective case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative case	Subjective case
I	me - me, me, me, etc.
You	you - you, you, you, etc.
He	him - him, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it - him / her, him / her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us - us, us, us, etc.
They	them - them, them, them, etc.

• I and Me: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For instance:
  I am a teacher (but NOT me).
  I AM- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me.

  It can sometimes be difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. Choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or addition in the sentence.

  For instance:

  How is it correct?

  "It was I who did the homework. "or" It was me who did the homework. "
  This I am did my homework.

  Simplify the saying:

  "I did the homework. " So that"It was I who did the homework. " is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave my friend homework and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break the proposal down by participant.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in a sentence perform the function of the subject or the nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn "t come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He's still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subjective case in a sentence perform the function of a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulate her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence, the pronouns her perform the direct complement function.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence, the pronoun him serves as an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns in English derived from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle –Self for the singular and –Selves for the plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
Plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object in the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed at oneself.

For instance:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself in the mirror.

John doesn "t know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what's wrong with by myself to do.

In Russian, reflexivity can be conveyed by a particle of the verb -Sya or –Is:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without assistance.

For instance:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She itself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I AM myself cleaned up the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words as, like, but (for), and except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners, How do you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs are the same in Russian and in English.

For instance:
Suddenly the door opened... (NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good sold.

I tried to concentrate... (NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I've tried concentrate.

However, some of these verbs in Russian and English do not match:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed and shaved.

She feels happy.
She feels himself happy.

• Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns in English are used to ask questions. Some of them can only indicate people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example," What"). They are not divisible into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions, to which you cannot simply answer "yes" or "no".

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - what? which?
which? - which? which the?
whose? - whose?

For instance:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As you can see from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can function as a subject, object, or possessive pronoun.

The subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When consumed who the predicate is usually singular.

Exceptions are when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a plural noun.

Pronoun whom is the indirect case of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in an add-on function, especially in an official style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For instance:
Whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call ( The first option has a more formal connotation.)

For whom will you vote?
Per whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". In the meaning of "what?" pronoun what used alone, while meaning "what?" pronoun what is part of the question group at the head of the question.

For instance:
What is your name?
How Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which are you watching a movie?

Pronoun which translates as "which?", "which?" and offers a choice of a limited number of subjects, in contrast to the pronoun what, which requires, rather, characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number, not predetermined in advance.

For instance:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( I mean, one of several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
What kind do you like jumpers? ( Means in general, with respect to coloring, model, etc.)

• What and Which: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns - and Which, and What are used in interrogative sentences, and both translate to " which", "what kind", etc. Which can also be translated as " which the", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is not known in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the respondent only the options that interest him.

For instance:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in such questions when the number of answers is already known in advance.

For instance:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress - my blue ones or my black ones?
What kind Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations, you can use and Which, and What, depending on what the speaker means.

For instance:
Which bus goes into the center?
Which the bus goes to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On the which bus do i need to take?

Both suggestions are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker is likely to mean fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What and Which you can also read the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" in a sentence performs the functions of possessive pronouns, expressing belonging. And it can be used directly before the noun to which it refers, or it can be used independently, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For instance:
Whose car did you drive in?
V whose did you drive the car?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative Pronouns

As the name suggests, are used to indicate something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural:

This(singular) and These near speaker.

That(singular) and Those(plural) indicate an object or person located on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, can indicate distance in time. This and these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that and those may indicate something that just happened, or some time ago.

For instance:
Listen to this... It "s going to be interesting.
Listen it... It will be interesting.

Watch this... It "s worth seeing.
Take a look it... It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You it have you seen? This it was great!

Who said that?
Who it said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions for nouns. In this case, they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For instance:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What it for the noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These the flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This horse faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that and those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are more congested than the streets in Paris.

In the example above, the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets... In the singular, the pronoun is used in such cases that.

• Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to enter subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For instance:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you are talking about. ( In this proposal that replaces the previously specified word book, and introduces additional information.)

In the subordinate clause, which is introduced by relative pronouns, they can serve as a subject. In this case, pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which- to designate objects, that can represent both people and objects.

For instance:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which the stole a watch, was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that / who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live in the neighborhood, continue to have night parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which and that can perform the function of addition in the subordinate clause. In this case, the pronouns who and whom are interchangeable, but whom carries a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who is used as a subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which, and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can use and Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when referring to a person or group of people who has done something, or when asked for someone's name. Actual, informal and writing pronouns Who used very often.

Pronoun Whom used in formal language as the complement of a verb or a preposition.

note

Pronoun Whom rarely used in questions.

For instance:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( Sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
WITH by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test " he or him"- try to rewrite the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For instance:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores. "-" He adores he. " doesn't sound right. So it will be right"He adores him."

Based on the foregoing, it follows that they serve two purposes: they perform the function of the subject or object in the subordinate clause, and, at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For instance:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I have found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys that you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mr Peter, whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, indefinite objects, signs, quantities. They do not indicate specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general, in general.

For instance:
None of them have come yet.
No one of them has not yet come.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some are born great, and some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
No one did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Someone let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
Few managed to get out whole.

Indefinite pronouns can take the singular, plural, or change their number form depending on the context.

Below is a table with all the indefinite pronouns, which indicates what form they can take.

Singular		Plural	Singular or plural
anybody- anyone	anyone- someone	several- several	all- all
anything- anything	each- each	both- both	more- more
either- any (of the two)	everybody- all	others- other	some- several
everyone- all	everything- all	few- Little	most- majority
much- lot	nobody- no one	many- lot	none- nobody, nothing
neither- none (of the two)	no one- no one	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- someone	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

One day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

Some milk was split.
Some milk has been spilled.

• Any and Some: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any and Some are determinants. They are used when it comes to indefinite quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact amount or number is not important. Mainly, Some is used in declarative sentences, and Any- in interrogative and negative ones. Into Russian Some and Any are usually not translated.

For instance:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water? "Unfortunately they didn" t have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some soda. I said, "Excuse me, do you have soda?" Unfortunately, they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences, if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question asked is expected.

For instance:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you "re at the shops?
Please buy me some gummy bears while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or limiting connotation.

For instance:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice. "
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any and Some are of the type of indefinite pronouns. For more details on such pronouns, see the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much and Many are used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences meaning " lot". There are also synonyms for these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much) ... + uncountable nouns

For instance:
How much sugar do you take in your coffee?
how many do you put sugar in coffee?

How much money do you want for this?
how many(money) do you want for this?

Do you have much work to do?
By you lot work?

How many (how many = how many) ... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative sentences of the construction Not much and Not many usually translated as " few", "Little".

For instance:
He doesn "t earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= Little) money.

Not many people have heard of her ( noun people- calculable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn "t have many friends.
Barbara's few (= Little) friends.

• Each and Every: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning - "each". The general rule for using these pronouns is that Each used when it comes to two or more objects or things, Every- when it comes to three or more objects or things.

For instance:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (NOT ... every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and each part was given to them.

Pronoun use Each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For instance:
Each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy a gift was presented in the class. ( To each separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went to a picnic in class. ( All boys as a whole.)

Every, but not Each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
You have every reason to be glad.

The same way, Every(but not Each) can be used with nouns with cardinal numbers:

Buses leave every ten minutes... (NOT ... each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

As an adverb Little and adverb Few means " few", "small, insufficient amount of something". The difference is that Little used with not, a Few- With countable nouns.

For instance:
They have very little money.
They have very few money.

There seems little hope.
Seems to be hope few.

He ate very little at lunch.
He ate very few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I AM few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little and Few have a slightly negative connotation.

For instance:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren "t more.
I AM few I know places that I can recommend to you. = I wish I could recommend more places for you, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little and Few the indefinite article is used a, they take on a positive connotation, and have a meaning similar to the word some – "several", "some amount", "Little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For instance:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in town.

We "ve got a few cakes left over from the party. = We "ve got some cakes left over from the party.
We have left from the evening several pastries.

A little used with.

For instance:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little with practice, Mike will succeed.

• Use of the pronoun all in English

Pronoun all in English can be used as an adjective pronoun or as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "all", "all", etc.

Most often all used with uncountable nouns, and with plural nouns (in this case, the described objects must be more than two).

For instance:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= all, different) music. (Pronoun all used with uncountable noun music. )

All the invitees turned up.
All invitees came. ( Pronoun all used with plural nouns invitees. )

If all used with a plural noun, the verb is usually also plural. After the uncountable noun, the verb is singular.

For instance:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fat.

All the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not usually used as a subject with a negative verb. In this case, as a rule, the construction is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For instance:
Not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can twitter.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determinative (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), is used all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determinative (for example: the, my, this, etc.), can be used as all and all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I invited have all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday.

Used before personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music. (NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them... (NOT ... all them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word being defined.

For instance:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music.
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We all go to the movies.

All can be used after the definite pronoun, if it performs the function of an object:

I love you all... (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all... (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hello to all of them for me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I have prepared food for all of you.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that acts as a subject in a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any is used in negative and interrogative sentences, and can have a tinge of doubt, mistrust, or denial. Into Russian pronoun any is usually not translated.

For instance:
Is there any water in the bottle?
The bottle has water?

Have you got any friends?
You have friends?

Are there any witnesses?
There is witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help do you need?

I haven "t got any money.
I do not have money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
In my pantry almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never do not offer help.

Also any often used after union if:

If you need any help, let me know.
If you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Note that the pronoun itself any has no negative value. It takes on a negative value only together with a particle not.

For instance:
See that you don "t do any damage. (NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to cause any damage.

Instead of combining not any you can use the pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For instance:
He has got no friends... Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn "t got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before pronouns and nouns with qualifiers (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.), the form is used any of.

For instance:
Do any of these books belong to you?
Belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don "t think any of us want to work tomorrow.
It seems to me, none of us does not want to work tomorrow.

She doesn "t like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It should be noted when a noun after any of has the plural form, the verb following the noun can also take the plural form, or it can take the singular form.

For instance:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( Formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( An informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a / an but plural. It is often used before plural and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt. "
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I" d like to buy a magazine. "" This one? "" No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one.

"Can you lend me a pen?" "Sorry, I haven" t got one."
Can you lend me a pen? - Sorry, I don't have a pen.

I "ve already read this book, I" m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and am going to buy a new one.

As you can see from the examples above, one can be used as a replacement for a specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with the definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one is used either without an article or with an indefinite article if an adjective follows the noun.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For instance:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples are often tastier than red ones.

When can one / ones be omitted

Substitute words one / ones can be dropped immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other qualifier words ( which, whichever, and etc.).

For instance:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I think my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Anyone will suit me.

Let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like? "" That looks the nicest. "
Which one would you like? - That one is the best.

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after the numbers.

For instance:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (NOT ... my one.)
Take your coat and hand me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (NOT ... any ones?)
I'd like some matches. You have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (NOT ... some ones today.)
Do you have grapes? - Yes, I bought it today.

However, please note that one will be used in all of the above cases if an adjective is used.

For instance:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today. "
Is there a mango? - Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones. "(NOT ... four white.)
Has the cat already given birth to kittens? - Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For instance:
If you haven "t got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (NOT ... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll take canned ones.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (NOT ... the English one.)
The grammatical system of the Dutch language is very similar to the grammatical system of the English language.

The placeholder one and the pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, the pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven" t got one. "
Can you lend me a bike? - Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? - Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For instance:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such unkind deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Note that the pronoun one has a more formal connotation than you.

Pronoun one is not used to describe people in general, unless the speaker himself applies to them, pronoun you is not used to describe people in general, unless the interlocutor refers to them.

For instance:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (AND NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century, people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where one, in order to point to one pronouns are often used he, him, his, himself... In British English, this is usually the possessive form. one – one "s and oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one "s country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal Pronouns

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, each other) denote that some action is performed jointly, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For instance:
Peter and mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed in two times shorter and simpler.

For example, the sentence

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On their wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using the reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings.
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other Golden rings.

Differences between pronouns each other and one another no. However, in the case where more than two people or objects are involved, the pronoun is more often preferred one another.

For instance:
The students in this classroom help one another.
Students in this class help each other.

- such a topic, without which it is impossible and even difficult to explain the simplest English sentence. Therefore, it is worthwhile to study the whole thing a little and reinforce yourself with a couple of new words, or if you already know the basic level of English, you can read something new for yourself.

The author of this article didn’t want to write a lot about the whole grammar of pronouns in English in order to free your mind from unnecessary classifications and other heresies, so here is the very “meat” that is most often used in English.

Starting from the basics of the English language, let's remember what we knew or did not know, pronouns that answer the question "Who?" There are not so many of them, only 7 pieces.

№	Pronoun	Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation	Example
1	I AM	I		ah	I love to eat
2	You you	You		Yu	You took 5 dollars
3	We	We		vyi	We work every day
4	They	They	[ðei]	zay	They went to sleep
5	He	He		hee	He is a doctor
6	She	She	[∫i:]	shi	She likes to dance
7	He she it	It		it	It ran to the guys

In graphic format:

Let's analyze a couple of nuances:

• The pronoun "It" replaces all inanimate objects, as well as animals:

Where is the book? It is on the table. - Where is the book? She is on the table.

My cat is very funny. It runs and jumps all day long. - My cat is very funny. He runs and jumps all day.

Important: Do not replace people with the pronoun "It". For third parties, only pronouns "He", "She" and "They"!

• To the verbs that come after the pronouns "He", "She" and "It", in the present tense we add the ending "-s" or "-es" after the endings -ch, -x, -sh, -ss, -s, -o:

He love s me. - He loves me.

She open s the windows every morning. - She opens the windows every morning.

The dog like s to bark. - This dog likes to bark.

• In English, the pronoun "I - I" is always written with a capital letter.
• The pronoun "You" can be used both to refer to one person, and to refer to a group of people.
• The pronoun "You", when applied in writing, is not capitalized (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). To express respect for another person, other phrases are used.

All these pronouns in English know how to bend. Namely, they can all answer the question “Whom? To whom?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whom? To whom?	Pronunciation	Example
1	I AM	I	me, me	me	mi	Give me money
2	You you	you	you, you	you	Yu	I love you
3	We	we	us, us	us	ace	They see us
4	They	they	them, them	them	zem	Do it for them
5	He	he	him, him	him	chem	She go to him
6	She	she	her, her	her	hyo	I left with her
7	He she it	it	him, him, her	it	it	Medicine helped it

To consolidate, let's take more detailed examples:

• I gave you the key. - I gave you the key.
• They don’t give me to train. - They don't let me train.
• Do you understand me? - You understand me?
• They will not understand us. “They won't understand us.
• I helped them. - I helped them.
• I heard that you have a new notebook. Show it me please. - I heard that you have a new laptop. Show it to me please.

Also, all these 7 basic pronouns can be inflected and answer the question "Whose?" or "Whose?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whose? Whose?	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I AM	I	my my	my		May
2	You you	you	yours, yours	your		yoar
3	We	we	our	our	['AΩə]	ave
4	They	they	their	their	[ðεə]	zea
5	He	he	his	his		hiz
6	She	she	her	her		hyo
7	He she it	it	his her	its		its

For example (for example):

• Will i take your car? - I'll take your car?
• I bought their house yesterday. - I bought their house yesterday.
• She will finish her project tonight. - She will finish her project at night.
• The monkey did it its hands. - The monkey did it with his own hands.
• This is my friends. - These are my friends.

The note; do not confuse “It’s - it is” and its!

And let's summarize everything in the general table:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (who? To whom?)	Pronoun (whose? Whose?)
1	I - I	me - me, me	my - mine, mine
2	You - you, you	you - you, you	your - yours, yours, yours
3	We - We	us - us, us	our - our
4	They - They	them - them, them	their - their
5	He - He	him - him, him	his - his
6	She - She	her - her, her	her - her
7	It - he, she, it (object)	it - him, him, her (subject)	its - him, her (object, animal)

Analyze this block again. We know that there are 7 basic pronouns in total that can answer the question "Who?", Or the question "Who?" To whom? ", Or to the question" Whose? Whose?". And if you have secured this material well, then we go further.

The pronoun "it" has several important functions in English:

First, we learned that the pronoun "it" is used to replace the names of all objects, animals and any other animate or inanimate phenomena. In short, everything except people!

Secondly, the pronoun "it" means either it is translated as "it". Example:

• It is very interesting - This is very interesting.
• It's Mike. Open the door! - This is Mike. Open the door!
• It's her new style. - This is her new style.
• Who is it? - Who is this?

But in the third, the pronoun "it" is not translated at all, but is used simply to say about the weather, time, state, etc. Example:

• It is frost - frost (outside).
• It is bright day - a wonderful day.
• It will be windy - It will be windy.
• It's 5 o'clock - five hours
• It’s was cool - It was cool.
• It will be very funny - It will be very fun.

In English, our basic pronouns answer the question "Whose?" or "Whose?"

№	Pronoun (whose? Whose?)	Absolute pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	my - mine, mine	mine - mine, mine		mine
2	your - yours, yours	yours - yours, yours		yoars
3	our - our	ours - our	[‘Auəz]	avez
4	their - their	theirs - theirs	[ðεəz]	zeaz
5	his - his	his - his		hiz
6	her - her	hers - her		heuze
7	its - him, her	its - him, her		its

Let's graphically represent these pronouns:

Example:

• Did you see my keys? - No, I didn’t. But mine is here. (mine instead of my keys)

Have you seen my keys? - No, but mine are here.

• Your tables are smaller than theirs. (theirs instead of their tables)

Your tables are smaller than theirs.

• Whose car is this? - It's hers. (hers instead of her car)

Whose car is this? - It is her .

Thus, this absolute form frees us from repetition of objects and indicates the owner of these very objects.

And the last important transformation of our basic pronouns is stand-alone pronouns. How, in English, is it correct to say “yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself” and show the independence of your actions? Let's take a look at:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (self)	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I - I	myself - myself		may-selfie
2	You - you, you (singular)	yourself - you yourself		yeah-selfie
2	You - you (plural)	yourselves - you yourself		yaw-salvz
3	We - we	ourselves - ourselves	[‘Auə’selvz]	ave-salvz
4	They - they	themselves - they themselves	[ðəm'selvz]	zam-salves
5	He - he	himself - he himself		chem-selfie
6	She - she	herself - herself		hye self
7	It - he, she, it	itself - it itself		it-selfie

Example:

• I will do it myself - I'll do it myself.
• It subsided itself - It settled by itself.
• She will not do it herself - She will not do it herself.
• Will you call her yourself? - Will you call her yourself?
• You can do it yourselves - you yourself can do it.
• They cope themselves - They can handle it on their own

There are pronouns in English that, when combined with the words "thing, one, body, where", form another series of frequently used pronouns. Consider these very pronouns:

• some - some;
• any - any;
• every - everyone;
• no - negative prefix;

All of these pronouns, in combination with the above words, generate new words:

An association	Thing	Body		Where
some	something something something	somebody anybody someone	someone anybody someone	somewhere somewhere somewhere
	anything something any	anybody anybody any	anyone anybody any	anywhere somewhere anywhere
	nothing nothing	nobody no one	no one no one	nowhere nowhere
every	everything all	everybody all	everyone each	everywhere everywhere

In this table, if you've noticed, there are some pitfalls:

1. Combinations with the pronouns some and any are translated the same way, but in the context they are used differently, since “any” means “any”, and “some” means “some”. In affirmative sentences, the pronoun "some" is almost always used,and in interrogative or negative sentences - any. For instance:

• Is anybody here? - Is anyone here?
• I feel someone was here. - I feel someone was here.
• I didn’t see anybody there. - I didn't see anyone there.

2. Transformations with "-body" and "-one" are synonymous. There is no difference, either you say "everybody" or you say "everyone". Combinations with "-one" are more modern in American English and will therefore be heard more often.

3. Here you could add the word "-time" and get a number of combinations too (sometimes, anytime, everytime, no time). But in American English, only one is used - sometimes (sometimes). For others, there are analogues:

• instead of "no time" - never - never;
• instead of "everytime" - always - always;

It is important that it is not a mistake to use any combination with "-time". It's just that they are rarely used anymore. Moreover, "everytime" is translated rather like "every time", and it is perfect for strengthening the expression:

• You always clean your shoes - You clean your shoes always.
• Everytime you clean your shoes.

There are also frequently used combinations with the pronoun "any":

• anyhow - whatever you like;
• anyway - in any case, however;
• anytime - at any time;

And simple examples with these pronouns:

• Sometimes I feel myself very good - Sometimes I feel very good;
• I know someone of you was in a club yesterday - I know that one of you was in the club yesterday;
• Nobody know about it - Nobody knows about it (in English there can be only one negation in a sentence);
• Call her and tell that I will be somewhere in the center about 8 o'clock - call her and tell her that I will be somewhere in the center at about 8 o'clock;
• Everybody rest now. Come later - Now everyone is resting. Come back later

And now let's quickly go over the small pronouns.

Meet the pronoun "each other", translated as "each other". It can be combined with prepositions:

• for each other - for each other;
• with each other - with each other;
• without each other - without each other;
• about each other - about each other;

Example:

• They do it for each other - They do it for each other.
• Will you exchange with each other? - Will you exchange with each other?
• We can’t live without each other - We can’t live without each other.
• Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other - Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other.

Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
this - this	[ðɪs]	zis
that - that	[ðæt]	zet
these - these	[ði: z]	ziiis
those - those	[ðəuz]	zous

In graphic format:

Example:

• I ran this morning - I ran this morning.
• We were there that evening - We were there that evening.
• These books are ours - These books are ours.
• She went there to ask those guys - She went there to ask those guys.

That's all the foundation that should eventually be laid in each of us. The ten-minute habit of forming new English sentences using pronouns every day will dispel fear and push you to a higher level in English. Learn a little, practice a lot, and smile more often.

If you have something to add, or you want to ask something on this topic, then do not hesitate - write to us in the comments.

Pronoun in English, it is a part of speech that can replace (pronouns-nouns) or (pronouns-adjectives). Pronouns are one of the most used words in the language.

There are many pronouns, they are divided into several categories:

Personal pronouns

Designate a face: me, you, she, he, it and others. They are used in two cases: nominative and object.

I love my sister. - I AM I love my sister.

He is my boss. - He's my boss.

We are the champions. - We are champions.

This is my cat Lucy. - This my cat Lucy.

Someone stole their bikes yesterday. - Someone stole yesterday their bicycles,

You can see our family in the picture. - You can see our the family in this photo.

Is that your opinion? - This your opinion?

Possessive nouns

Noun pronouns are used, as you might guess, instead of. In a sentence, they perform the function, or nominal part of the predicate.

My pencil is broken, please give me yours.- My pencil is broken, please give me your(yours replaces your pencil)

Her car is blue, mine is white. - Her car is blue my- white (mine instead of my car).

Your team is strong but not stronger that ours... - Your team is strong, but not stronger our(commands).

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Indicate a person or object, in Russian it is that, that, these, that etc. In English, there are only two such pronouns - they have singular and plural forms.

You may ask, where is the line between “near” and “far”? There is no such line, expressed in centimeters, you just need to rely on common sense. In Russian, we use the words “this” and “that” in the same way.

This man - this person (well, here he is, standing next to him).

That man - that person (not present here or the one that stands aside).

These photos - these photos (pointing with my finger).

Those photos - those photos (you have them on the wall at home).

Good examples from the movies on using this and that are in this video:

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns mean that the action is directed towards oneself, they are used as additions after some verbs. They are formed using endings -self, -selves, they join pronouns my, our, your, him, her, it, the, indefinite pronoun. In Russian, a similar function is performed by particles -sia, -s at the end of the verb.

Protect yourself! - Protect yourself!

Don’t hurt yourself- Don't hurt yourself.

There are cases when reflexive particles are used in Russian, and in English the same words are used without reflexive pronouns. For example, in Russian we say: wash, shave, dress, swim, hide... In English, the corresponding to wash, to shave, to dress, to bathe, to hide usually used without reflexive pronouns:

I washed, dressed and shaved... - I washed, dressed and shaved.

Hide in the cardboard box. - Hide in a cardboard box.

I'd like to bathe... - I would like to swim.

Also reflexive pronouns are used to amplify, as Russian words yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself.

I heard it myself! - I heard it myself!

He did it himself- He did it himself.

A common mistake is to say I’am feeling myself fine \ I feel myself fine. Actually correct: I’am feeling fine \ I feel fine.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns like “each other”. There are only two of them: each other(each other), one another(one another). In theory, each other- this is when two persons or objects, and one another- when there is a lot. In practice, no one pays much attention to these subtleties, especially in colloquial speech.

They dont 'talk about each other... - They don't talk about each other.

They often see one another... - They often see each other.

Please note that the preposition comes before the pronoun, and does not wedge into it, as in Russian. Compare:

They talk about each other - They speak friend O friend.

Interrogative pronouns

With the help of these pronouns, questions are asked, there are four of them:

1. Who (whom)- who, whom, to whom.

Who is this person? - Who this person?

Who is here? - Who here?

2. Whose- whose, whose, whose, whose.

Whose is that noice? - Whose is it noise (who makes noise)?

Whose car is parked by the house? - Whose is the car parked outside the house?

3. What- what.

What are you doing? - What you do?

What is goin on? - What going on?

4. Which- what, which (which of several)

Which part of the task is hard for you? - What part of the assignment is difficult for you?

Which student in your group had the best result? - Which student of your group has the best result?

Note: whom is who in the objective case, if who is who, then whom is who. Often who is used instead of whom.

Who (whom) did you see there? - Whom did you see there?

Who (whom) can I ask for help? - Whom can i ask for help?

How to choose between I and Me?

Pronouns deserve special mention I and me, in which even native speakers are often confused. As stated above, I used as, and me- object of action,. Here are some simple examples:

I am looking for an interesting movie. - I AM looking for an interesting movie.

My sister was looking for me... - My sister was looking for me.

It would be a gross mistake to confuse these two pronouns:

Me is looking for an interesning movie.

My sister was looking for I.

But even children learning English as a foreign language are so rarely wrong. Difficulties begin in more complex sentences.

Case one: Anna and I \ me went to the park

In two-subject sentences like “Anna and I went to the park,” there is a choice between pronouns:

• Right: Anna and I went to the park.
• Incorrect, but found in colloquial speech: Anna and me went to the park.
• Unacceptable: Me went to the park.

The first option (Anna and I) is considered correct, because here I plays the role of the subject. However, in colloquial speech, the second option (Anna and me) is often used, which, however, jars the ears of educated people. But notice, there are two subjects here. "Me went to the park" is not used and sounds very illiterate.

Case Two: My father is talking to I \ me and Anna

There are two additions here. If there were one addition here, everything would be clear: My father is talking to me... But when this pronoun is paired with another noun, even native speakers sometimes get confused.

• Right: me.
• Not properly: My father is talking to Anna and I.

Case Three: John is taller than I \ me

Three options are possible here, in short, they are all correct, there is a slight stylistic difference.

• John is taller than I am... - grammatically correct, the most complete version, sounds official and serious.
• John is taller than I... - a grammatically correct option, also formal.
• John is taller than me... - grammatical correctness is ambiguous, this option is more common in colloquial speech.

The latter is more common and sounds more natural. Some linguists recognize it as correct and some do not. This is a complex linguistic question related to the fact that scientists do not agree on whether than union or pretext.

Another nuance of designs with than me that a double understanding is possible. For instance:

• me I am(I love this dog).
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than me... - Mary loves her dog Jim more than me.

In this case, it is better to write the sentence more fully:

• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I do.
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I love him.

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Pronouns in English indicate objects or their characteristics without naming them directly.

Declination of pronouns in English is possible by persons, gender, case and numbers. Categories of person and gender (in the 3rd person singular number) are characteristic only for personal pronouns and possessions.

Pronouns, like nouns, have two conjugations, however, while some pronouns (these include personal pronouns, relative and interrogative who) have nominative and indirect cases, others (for example, indefinite - somebody, reciprocal - one another, negative - nobody) have common and genitive forms.

Many pronouns have a double syntactic role (they can be used as a subject, predicate, object, and at the same time as a definition). These include indicative, possessive, etc.

Pronoun classification

Let's take a closer look at the types of pronouns in English.

Personal pronouns (personal)

These include I, you, she, he, it, we, and they. They have the grammatical categories of person, number, case and gender. There are two forms of pronouns in English.

• The nominative case corresponds to the first, already mentioned form.

  I prefer eating apples in the morning. - I prefer to eat apples in the morning.

• In the indirect case, only it and you do not change, the other forms change: I-me, he-him, she-her, we-us, they-them. The indirect case answers the question to whom?

  I gave him my pen. - I gave him my pen.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have the same categories as personal ones. In addition to the first form - my, your, our, his, her, its, their, there is also an absolute one, which is used in the absence of a noun after the pronoun - mine, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs.

That was my car you saw yesterday. - The car you saw yesterday is mine.

This is her bag. - This bag is hers.

Note that there is no absolute form of its.

Pronouns in English - table

Reflexive pronouns

They have a category of person, number and gender (3rd person singular number). They show that the action performed by the subject is directed back to him or is related to him. In sentences, they are most often used as a direct object, however, they can also play another syntactic role.

Ask yourself if it is worth leaving your job. - Ask yourself if it is worth quitting your job.

I dressed myself and went to the door. - I got dressed and went to the door.

Reciprocal pronouns (mutual)

They are groups of pronouns - each other and one another, and express a mutual action or relationship. The subject to which they refer is always in the plural.

Each other implies two actors, and one another implies two or more, however, this rule is not strict and therefore different use cases can be found. They also have two case forms.

• In general, they are used as a complement.

  Gerald and his son finally found each other in a huge city. - Gerald and his son finally found each other in a huge city.

• In the genitive case - as a definition.

  They knew they were close to their goal and looked hopefully into each other’s faces. They knew they were close to target and looked at each other reassuringly.

Interrogative pronouns

What, which, who and whose are used to form special questions. The interrogative who has two cases - nominative (who - who) and indirect (whom - whom).

• Who stands for people.

  Who was that man you were talking with? - Who is the person you were talking to?

  Who is your best friend? - Who's your best friend?

• What most often refers to inanimate objects, but it can also mean people when asked about professions or occupations.

  What is he? - An artist.

• Which denotes both groups and means "which of".

  Which room do you like the best? - Which of the rooms do you like the most?

English pronouns with translation

Relative pronouns (relative)

Whose, who, which, as, and that serve as a connecting function and point to the object that has already been discussed (usually in the main clause). This object can be expressed by a noun or a pronoun. By introducing a subordinate clause, relative pronouns can play the role of a subject or object.

I think I have already said everything which must be said in this situation. - I think I have already said everything that should have been said in this situation.

Conjunctive pronouns (connecting)

Who, whose, whom, which, and what also introduce subordinate clauses and act as subject, object, predicate, or definition.

They are often not even distinguished from relative ones, however, there is a slight difference between them. This group of connective pronouns is often used in additional clauses. Also, conjunctive pronouns are more related to the predicate verb than to the noun in the main sentence.

It is a friend who helped me last time. - This is a friend who helped me last time.(Relative)

Who helped you in this difficult situation can be considered a true friend. - The one who helped you in this difficult situation can be considered a true friend.(Connecting)

Defining pronouns

Let's take a quick look at each group of this type.

• All is a generalizing pronoun, meaning a group of things or people as one whole.
• Both refers to animate or inanimate objects as mentioned previously.
• Every and each refer to all the members of the group already mentioned, individually. Moreover, these words can mean people, animals, things or abstract concepts.
• Everybody and everyone have the same function, but can only refer to people.
• Everything - things, animals, abstract concepts.
• Either has two meanings - one of two; one or the other.
• Other, another designates an object different from the one that has already been talked about.

Defining pronouns

Indefinite pronouns (undefined)

They point to an indefinite, not precisely known object - some, somebody, any, anybody, anyone, someone, one, something, anything.

If you see any new dictionaries, buy them for me please. - If you see any new dictionaries, please buy them for me.

Negative pronouns (negative)

Most indefinite pronouns and some definite ones have corresponding negative forms: something - nothing; some, every, everybody, each - none, no, nobody; either, both - neither.

Practice the English pronoun exercises to test how well you have mastered the lesson.

Pronouns in English - Exercises

It is quite simple to repeat the use of pronouns in English - watch the video lesson: