Application of artistic style. Artistic style: concept, features and examples. You are poor
There are many types of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by an impact on the imagination and feelings of the reader, the transmission of the thoughts of the author himself, the use of rich vocabulary, and the emotional coloring of the text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?
The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed that distinguishes them from others. different styles.
With the help of this style, the authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey their thoughts and reasoning to the reader, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in written speech, and in oral speech it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.
The purpose of the artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to influence the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only purpose of such a speech. Achieving the set goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are performed. These include:
- Figurative-cognitive, which consists in telling a person about the world, society with the help of the emotional component of speech.
- Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
- Communicative, in which the reader associates information from the text with reality.
Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that he can fulfill all the tasks for the reader in accordance with which it was created.
Scope of the style
Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such a text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.
Art style genres:
- Epos. It describes the storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, external disturbances of people.
- Lyrics. Such an example of artistic style helps to convey the inner feelings of the author, the experiences and thoughts of the characters.
- Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because much attention is paid to the dialogues taking place between the heroes of the work.
Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:
- epic. Most of it is devoted to historical events.
- Novel. Usually it is distinguished by a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, problems.
- Story. Such a work is written in a small size, it tells about a certain incident that happened to the character.
- Tale. It is medium in size, has the properties of a novel and a story.
The following lyrical genres are characteristic of the artistic style of speech:
- Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
- Epigram. This is a poem with satirical overtones. An example of an artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
- Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
- Sonnet. This is also a verse, which consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.
The types of drama include the following genres:
- Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
- Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about the tragic life of the characters.
- Drama. This eponymous type allows the reader to show the dramatic relationship between the characters and society as a whole.
In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of heroes in their heads, feel the situation described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotion in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary case will amuse the reader, while the drama will make you empathize with the characters.
The main features of the artistic style of speech
Signs of the artistic style of speech have developed over its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill the tasks assigned to it, influencing the emotions of people. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can capture the reader while reading. The following expressions are widely used:
- Metaphor.
- Allegory.
- Hyperbola.
- Epithet.
- Comparison.
Also, the main features include the speech ambiguity of words, which is widely used when writing works. With the help of this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.
The use of these techniques suggests that during the creation of his work the author wants to use the full breadth of the Russian language. So, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish him from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows funds from colloquial speech and space.
The features of the artistic style are also expressed in the exaltation of the emotionality and expressiveness of the texts. Many words in works of different styles are used in different ways. In the literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory representations, and in the journalistic style, these same words are used to generalize any concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.
The linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of the technique in which the author arranges the words in a sentence differently than it is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more significance to a particular word or expression. Writers can change the order of words in different ways, it all depends on the overall idea.
Also in the literary language, deviations from structural norms can be observed, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other varieties of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vivid means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It lies in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This is a good help to activate the reader's tension.
If we analyze examples of styles of different directions, then it will definitely not be difficult to identify the artistic language. After all, the text in an artistic style in all of the above features is noticeably different from other text styles.
Examples of literary style
Here is an example art style:
The sergeant strode across the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was soaked from head to toe, his whole body was strewn with small scratches left by sharp barbed wire. The aching pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walking towards the command headquarters, which could be seen in the distance three hundred meters away.
The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.
Yashka was just a little dirty trick, who, despite this, had great potential. Even in early childhood, he masterfully poked pears at Baba Nyura's, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he was able to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.
Language plays a huge role in literature, since it is it that acts as a building material for creating works. The writer is an artist of the word, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.
Only the artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, so books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved through the linguistic means of the Russian language.
Art style as a whole differs from other functional styles in that if they are usually characterized by any one common stylistic coloring, then in the artistic style there is a diverse range of stylistic colors of the language means used. Artistic speech refers to the use of not only strictly literary, but also non-literary means of language - vernacular, jargon, dialects, etc. In artistic speech there is a wide and deep metaphor, figurativeness of units of different language levels, rich possibilities of synonymy, polysemy, various style layers of vocabulary are used here. All means, including neutral ones, are called upon to serve here as an expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist. In a work of art, with a special creative use of the means of the national language, the aesthetic function of the artistic style is expressed. language fiction also has a communicative function. The aesthetic and communicative function of artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which distinguishes this style from others.
Noting that in artistic speech the language acts in an aesthetic function, it means the use of the figurative possibilities of the language - the sound organization of speech, expressive and visual means, expressive and stylistic coloring of the word. The most expressive and emotionally colored language units of all levels of the language system are widely used. Here are not only means of verbal figurativeness and figurative use of grammatical forms, but also means with a stylistic coloring of solemnity or colloquialism, familiarity. Colloquial means are widely used by writers for the speech characterization of characters. At the same time, means of conveying the diverse shades of intonation of live speech are also used, in particular different kinds expressions of desire, motivation, command, request.
Particularly rich possibilities of expression lie in the involvement of various means of syntax. This is expressed in the use of all possible types sentences, including single-component ones, differing in various stylistic colors; in an appeal to inversions and other stylistic possibilities of word order, to the use of someone else's speech, especially improperly direct. Anaphora, epiphora, the use of periods and other means of poetic syntax - all this constitutes an active stylistic fund of artistic speech.
A feature of the artistic style is the "image of the author" (narrator) that appears in it - not as a direct reflection of the writer's personality, but as its original reincarnation. The choice of words, syntactic constructions, intonation pattern of a phrase serves to create a speech “image of the author” (or “image of the narrator”), which determines the whole tone of the narration, the originality of the style of a work of art.
The artistic style is often opposed to the scientific one. This opposition is based on different types of thinking - scientific (with the help of concepts) and artistic (with the help of images). Different forms of cognition and reflection of reality find their expression in the use of various linguistic means. Artistic speech is characterized by dynamism, which is manifested, in particular, in a high rate of "verbal" speech. The frequency of verbs here is almost twice as high as in the scientific one (with a corresponding decrease in the number of nouns).
So, the peculiarity of the language of artistic style is:
Unity of communicative and aesthetic function;
Multistyle;
Wide use of figurative and expressive means (tropes);
The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author.
trail a speech technique is called, consisting in such a substitution of a utterance (word or phrase) by another, in which the substitute utterance, being used in the meaning of the substituted one, denotes the latter and retains a semantic connection with it.
Expressions "hard soul", "peace on the road, not at the pier, not at the lodging for the night, not at a temporary station or rest" contain paths.
Reading these expressions, we understand that "hard soul" means, firstly, a person with a soul, and not just a soul, and secondly, bread is stale, therefore a stale soul is a soul that, like stale bread, has lost the ability to feel and empathize with other people.
The figurative meaning contains the connection of the word that is used with the word in place of or in the sense of which it is used, and this connection each time represents a specific intersection of the meanings of two or more words, which creates a special image the subject of thought indicated by the trope.
Tropes are often seen as embellishments of speech that one could do without. The trope can be a means of artistic representation and decoration of speech, as, for example, in F. Sollogub: “In metaphorical outfit speech poetic dressed.
But the trope is not only a means of artistic meaning. In prose speech, the trope is the most important tool for defining and expressing meaning.
The trope is related to the definition, but, unlike the definition, it is able to express the shade of thought and create a semantic capacity of speech.
Many words of the language that we are used to using without much thought about their meaning have formed as tropes. We talk « electricity”, “the train has come”, “damp autumn”. In In all these expressions, the words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how one could replace them with words in their own sense, because such words may not exist in the language.
The trails are divided into worn out general language (like "electric current", "railroad") and speech (like "damp autumn", "hard soul"), on the one hand, and copyright(how "the world is not at the pier", "the line of understanding of things") - with another.
If we pay attention not only to the connection between the meanings of the replaced and the replacing words, but also to the way this connection is obtained, then we will see the difference between the above expressions. Indeed, a closed and unfriendly person is like stale bread, the line of understanding things like a line of thought.
Metaphor- a trope based on similarity, the sign of which characterizes the subject of thought: “And again the star dives in the light ripple of the Neva waves” / F.I. Tyutchev /.
Metaphor is the most significant and commonly used trope, since the relation of similarity reveals a wide range of juxtapositions and images of objects that are not bound by obligatory relations, therefore the field of metaphorization is almost limitless and metaphors can be seen in almost any type of text, from poetry to a document.
Metonymy- tropes based on adjacency relation. This word or expression is used in figurative meaning on the basis of an external or internal connection between two objects or phenomena. This connection could be:
Between content and containing: ... began to drink cup per cup- a gray-haired mother in a cotton dress and her son(Dobychin); Drunk shop and eaten diner Isaac(Genis); ... was on "you" with almost everything university (Kuprin);
Between an action and the instrument of that action: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid swords and fires (P.);
Between the object and the material from which the object is made: No. She silver- on the gold ate(Gr.);
Between a locality and the inhabitants of that locality: And all Moscow sleeps peacefully, / Forgetting the excitement of fear(P.); Nice sighs with relief after hard and sweet winter labors... And Nice dancing(Kuprin);
Between a place and people in that place: Everything field gasped(P.); With every flight Forest started shooting in the air(Simonov).
Synecdoche- a trope based on the relations of genus and species, part and whole, singular and plural.
For example, a part-whole relationship:
To inaccessible masses
I look for whole hours, -
What dew and coolness
From there they are pouring noise towards us!
Suddenly brighten up fiery
Their immaculate snows:
According to them passes imperceptibly
heavenly angels leg...
F. I. Tyutchev.
Antonomasia- a trope based on the relationship of a name and a named quality or attribute: the use of one's own name in the sense of a quality or a collective image: “... a genius always remains for his people a living source of liberation, joy and love. It is the hearth on which, breaking through, the flame of the national spirit flared up. He is the leader who gives his people direct access to freedom and to divine contents, - Prometheus, giving him heavenly fire, atlas, carrying on his shoulders the spiritual sky of his people, Hercules, performing his deeds on his behalf” (I.A. Ilyin).
The names of the mythological characters Prometheus, Atlanta, Hercules personify the spiritual content of a person's personal feat.
Hyperbola- a trope consisting in a clearly implausible exaggeration of a quality or feature. For example: “My Creator! deafened louder than any trumpets ”(A.S. Griboyedov).
Litotes- a trope opposite to hyperbole and consisting in an excessive understatement of a sign or quality. “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no more than a thimble” (A.S. Griboyedov).
Metalepsis- a complex trope, which is formed from another trope, that is, it consists in a double transfer of meaning. For example: “An unprecedented autumn built a high dome, There was an order for the clouds not to darken this dome. And people marveled: the September deadlines are passing, And where did the cold, wet days go? (A. A. Akhmatova).
Rhetorical figure- a reproducible technique of verbal formulation of thought, through which the rhetor shows the audience his attitude to its content and significance.
There are two main types of rhetorical figures: selection shapes and figures of dialogism. Their difference is as follows: selection shapes- these are constructive schemes for presenting content, by means of which certain aspects of thought are compared or emphasized; figures of dialogism are an imitation of dialogic relations in monologue speech, that is, the inclusion in the speaker's speech of elements that are presented as an explicit or implied exchange of remarks between the rhetor, the audience or a third person.
Selection shapes can be built by adding, significant omission, full or partial repetition, modification, rearrangement or distribution of words, phrases or parts of a structure.
Additions and repetitions
An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes some characteristic property, quality. Stylistic function epithet lies in its artistic expressiveness: Ships at the cheerful country(A. Blok).
The epithet can be obligatory and optional. An epithet is obligatory, which expresses an essential property or attribute of an object and the elimination of which is impossible without losing the main meaning. Optional is an epithet that expresses an incidental quality or feature and can be eliminated without losing the main content.
Pleonasm- excessive repeated use of a word or synonym, by means of which the shade of the meaning of the word or the author's attitude to the designated object is clarified or emphasized. For example: “... we even better understand our own face when it is depicted invariably and successfully, at least in a good, skillful photograph, not to mention a beautiful watercolor or a talented canvas ...” (K. N. Leontiev). The pleonasm "one's own" reinforces and emphasizes the meaning of the word being defined, while the pleonastic epithet "good, skillful photography" clarifies the meaning of the main epithet.
Synonymy- a figure that consists in expanding, clarifying and strengthening the meaning of a word by adding a number of its synonyms. For example: “It seems that a person met on Nevsky Prospekt is less selfish than on Morskaya, Gorokhovaya, Liteynaya, Meshchanskaya and other streets, where greed, and self-interest, and need are expressed in walking and flying in carriages and droshkys” (N. V. Gogol).
The words "greed", "greed", "necessity" are synonymous, each of which, however, has a special connotation and its own degree of intensity of meaning.
Accumulation (thickening)- a figure, which consists in listing words denoting objects, actions, signs, properties, etc. in such a way that a single representation of the multiplicity or rapid change of events is formed.
Let's go! Already the pillars of the outpost
Turn white; here on Tverskaya
The wagon rushes through the potholes.
Flickering past the booth, women,
Boys, benches, lanterns,
Palaces, gardens, monasteries,
Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,
Merchants, shacks, men,
Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,
Pharmacies, fashion stores,
Balconies, lions on the gates
And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.
gradation represents the deployment of a word or phrase in a synonymic series in such a way that the intensity of the meaning of each subsequent member of the series increases (ascending gradation) or decreases (descending gradation).
Examples of ascending gradation: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look.(Ax.); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms.(Ch.).
Descending gradation example:
I swear to Leningrad wounds,
The first ruined hearths:
I will not break, I will not falter, I will not get tired,
I won't forgive an ounce of my enemies(Berg.).
reprise represents a pickup of the preceding word in the subsequent phrase or sentence. For example: “Let us listen to his song, the song of unaccountable delight; it is also simple, just as charming, like the first ray of light, like the first feeling of love” (D.V. Venevitinov).
A reprise is used to create emotional tension in speech and to highlight a keyword that can be repeated in a subsequent phrase or compositional part of an utterance, linking it to the previous one and expanding the theme.
Inclination (polyptotone)- repetition of a word in various grammatical forms. For instance:
Compiling yourself
Revealing from Himself,
You are the Light from where the light came.
G. R. Derzhavin.
Anaphora- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement:
Cloak - for everyone whoslender and tall
Cloak - for everyone wholooks to the East. (M. Tsvetaeva).
Epiphora- this is the repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages (sentences): I would like to know why I titular adviser? Why exactly titular adviser? (G.)
Introduction
1. Literary and artistic style
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
3. Vocabulary with objective meaning as the basis of figurativeness
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.
Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.
The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can be used language tools all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means to convey a special property - figurativeness.
1. Literary and artistic style
As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) consider that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.
It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, falling into piece of art nor does the language of fiction cease to be a manifestation of the literary language.
The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
It is used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.
The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.
The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, it is in the context of a given literary work can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:
The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey the thought, feeling, truthfully reveal the spiritual world of the hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.
The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit connected in a certain way) in the style of fiction.
These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of the artistic and literary style, therefore, from this we can conclude that figurativeness is a necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader, most often in linguistic science the question of imagery of a word as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery, is considered.
In this regard, figurativeness is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in itself speech communication the concrete-sensory appearance (image) of an object, fixed in the minds of native speakers, is a kind of visual or auditory representation.
In the work of N.A. Lukyanova "On the semantics and types of expressive lexical units" contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):
1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (representations) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, a phenomenon called this word.
2. Imagery can be motivated and unmotivated.
3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:
a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical figurativeness (boil - "to be in a state of strong indignation, anger"; dry - "to worry a lot, take care of someone, something");
b) sound associations - (burn, grunt);
c) the figurativeness of the internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play, star, shrink).
4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated figurativeness is created due to a number of factors: obscuration of the inner form of the word, individual figurative representations, etc.
Thus, we can say that figurativeness is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, emotional and expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.
Figurativeness is “figurativeness and expressiveness”, that is, the functions of a language unit in speech with the features of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects exactly the plan of expression.
The category of figurativeness, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each language unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it became possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.
They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in the mind. The true function of figurativeness is revealed only when referring to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the language system and can be found at any of its levels, and this reason is figurativeness - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a language unit, while already the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of the language unit. In particular, it can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of representation.
Artistic style - concept, types of speech, genres
All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles of the Russian language. But its selection in this general system is possible, because it arises on the same basis as other styles.
The scope of the style of fiction is art.
The “material” of fiction is the national language.
He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, their communication. Each word in a literary text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws of verbal art, in the system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.
The form of speech is predominantly written, for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.
Fiction uses equally all types of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
Type of communication - public.
Genres of fiction known isnovel, short story, sonnet, short story, fable, poem, comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.
all elements of the artistic system of a work are subordinated to the solution of aesthetic problems. The word in a literary text is a means of creating an image, conveying the artistic meaning of a work.
These texts use the whole variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, and both means of the literary language and phenomena that stand outside the literary language can be used - dialects, jargon, means of other styles and etc. At the same time, the selection of language means is subject to the artistic intention of the author.
For example, the name of the hero can be a means of creating an image. This technique was widely used by writers of the 18th century, introducing “speaking names” into the text (Skotinins, Prostakova, Milon, etc.). To create an image, the author can use the possibilities of polysemy of a word, homonyms, synonyms and other linguistic phenomena within the same text.
(The one that, having sipped passion, only swallowed silt - M. Tsvetaeva).
The repetition of a word, which in scientific and official business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism serves as a means of enhancing the impact, in artistic speech it can underlie the text, create the artistic world of the author
(cf .: S. Yesenin's poem “Shagane you are mine, Shagane”).
The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning” (for example, with information), which makes it possible different interpretations literary texts, its various assessments.
So, for example, many works of art were evaluated differently by critics and readers:
- drama by A.N. Ostrovsky called "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in the dark kingdom", seeing in her main character - a symbol of the revival of Russian life;
- his contemporary saw in The Thunderstorm only "a drama in the family chicken coop",
- modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Emma Bovary Flaubert, saw a lot in common and called The Thunderstorm "a tragedy of bourgeois life."
There are many such examples: the interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's, Dostoevsky's heroes.
The literary text has author's originality - the style of the author. This is this characteristics the language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, the compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, the speech features of the author's text itself.
So, for example, for the style of L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the famous literary critic V. Shklovsky called “removal”. The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a living perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha’s, feelings (cardboard scenery, aging actors), then, after meeting Helen, Natasha looks at the scene through her eyes.
Another feature of Tolstoy's style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the series homogeneous members suggestions; at the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, struggling with the romantics, develops his own style, practically refuses to use the actual figurative means of the language.
In a literary text, we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as an image - a narrator or an image-hero, a narrator.
This is a conditional .
The author ascribes to him, "transfers" the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the personality of the writer, the facts of his life, which do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer's biography. By this, he emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work.
- actively participates in the lives of heroes,
- included in the plot of the work,
- expresses his attitude to what is happening and characters
At school literature lessons, we all studied speech styles at one time. However, few people remember anything on this issue. We propose to refresh this topic together and remember what the literary and artistic style of speech is.
What are speech styles
Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it is in general - the style of speech. Briefly touch this definition.
Under the style of speech, it is necessary to understand the special speech means that we use in a particular situation. These means of speech always have a special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, this is a set of speech formulas - or even clichés - that are used in different cases (both verbally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech manner of behavior: at an official reception with high-ranking officials, we speak and behave in this way, but when we meet with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, or club, it is completely different.
There are five in total. Let us briefly characterize them below before proceeding in detail to the question of interest to us.
What are the styles of speech
As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. In Soviet times, when all styles of speech were distinguished, this issue was not studied for obvious reasons. Be that as it may, there are five official functional styles. Let's look at them below.
scientific style
Used, of course, in science. Its authors and addressees are scientists, experts in a particular field. The writing of this style can be found in academic journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary.
Journalistic style
As you might guess, lives in the means mass media and designed to influence people. It is the people, the population that is the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, conciseness, the presence of commonly used phrases, often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.
Conversational style
As its name suggests, it is a style of communication. This is a predominantly oral language genre, we need it for a simple conversation, expression of emotions, exchange of opinions. It is sometimes even characterized by vocabulary, expressiveness, liveliness of dialogues, colorfulness. It is in colloquial speech that facial expressions and gestures often appear along with words.
Formal business style
It is mainly a style of writing and is used in a formal setting for paperwork - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize it by its dryness, informativeness, accuracy, the presence of speech clichés, and the lack of emotionality.
Finally, the fifth, literary and artistic style (or simply - artistic) is the subject of interest of this material. So let's talk about it in more detail later.
Characteristics of the literary and artistic style of speech
So, what is this - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is true, this style is the language of fiction texts, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin ... The main role and purpose of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds, the minds of readers in such a way that they begin to reflect, so that the aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that you want to think about it and return to it again and again. This genre is designed to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to feel it, to live their lives together with the characters on the pages of the book.
The text of the literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial "brother", but these are two different emotionalities. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. While reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will describe in more detail about those features of the literary and artistic style of speech by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will briefly list those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the aforementioned style of speech.
What genres are
The artistic language genre can be found in fable and ballad, ode and elegy, story and novel, fairy tale and short story, essay and story, epic and hymn, song and sonnet, poem and epigram, comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov can all equally serve as examples of the literary and artistic style of speech, regardless of how different works they wrote.
A little about the functions of the artistic language genre
And although we have already voiced above what task is the main one for this style of speech, we will nevertheless give all three of its functions.
- Influencing (and a strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out and prescribed "strong" image).
- Aesthetic (the word is not only a "carrier" of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
- Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).
Style features
The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:
1. Using a large number of styles and mixing them. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use in his work as many linguistic means of various styles as he likes - colloquial, scientific, official business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book add up to a single author's style, according to which one can easily guess one or another writer later. This is how it is easy to distinguish Gorky from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.
2. Use of words that are multi-valued. With the help of such a technique, a hidden meaning is embedded in the story.
3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.
4. Special syntactic constructions: often the word order in a sentence is built in such a way that it is difficult to express it in oral speech in a similar way. Without difficulty, even on this basis, you can find out the author of the text.
The literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It takes literally everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), and archaisms, and historicisms, and swear words, and various argots (jargons of professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth hallmark of the aforementioned language genre.
What else you need to know about art style
1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in writing. This is not true at all. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well - for example, in plays that were first written and are now read aloud. And even listening to oral speech, one can well imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, one can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.
2. The above-mentioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any kind of restrictions. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions can there be, if the authors are even allowed to weave scientific terms into the outline of their narrative. However, it is still not worth it to abuse other stylistic means and pass everything off as your own author's style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is in front of his eyes. The abundance of terms or complex constructions will make him bored and turn the page without finishing it.
3. When writing a work of art, you need to be very careful in choosing vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If we are talking about a meeting of two officials from the administration - you can screw in a couple of speech clichés or other representatives formal business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will be clearly inappropriate.
4. In any text of the literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are approximately equally used - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, occupies a large part). Also, in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the aforementioned language genre, types of speech are also used - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).
5. An artistic image is created using all the means of speech available to the author in general. In the nineteenth century, for example, the use of "speaking surnames" was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his "Undergrowth" - Skotinin, Prostakov, and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" - Kabanikh). A similar method made it possible, from the very first appearance of a character in front of readers, to indicate what this hero is like. At present, the use of this technique has somewhat departed.
6. In every literary text there is also the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator, or the image of the hero, a conditional image that emphasizes the non-identity with him of the "real" author. This image the author actively takes part in everything that happens with the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.
Such is the characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which one can evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.
