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The history of the official business style in Russia. The history of the formation of the business style of documents Official business style of speech development history

THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF DOCUMENTS

Course work

Krasnoyarsk, 2018

INTRODUCTION

The word "document" in translation from Latin means "certificate". A document is a material object with information fixed on it for transmitting it in time and space. The document performs the following functions: informational, organizational, communicative, educational.

The most important among the named functions is the information function. The document records the facts, events, phenomena of practical and mental human activity.

The document has an organizational function. With the help of the document, the impact on groups of people for the organization and coordination of their activities is provided. External Relations enterprises and organizations provides the communicative function of documents.

The document has a legal function, since its content is used as evidence when considering controversial issues by the parties to business relations.

Also, the document performs an educational function. It disciplines the performer, requires an increased level of educational training, and a well-formed document fosters the aesthetic taste of management personnel, increases the prestige of the organization in the eyes of business partners. This course work is intended to improve knowledge in the field of "Documentation support of management, as well as for a more in-depth study of the history of the appearance of the document.

Subject: Service business letter

Object: History of the document's business style

Aims and Objectives: 1. To consider the history of the business style of the document

2. Analyze the content of the service letter

3. Consider the conditions in which the document appeared and the features of its development

CHAPTER 1: BUSINESS STYLE HISTORY OF DOCUMENTS

The history of the formation of the business style of documents

The first business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The chronicle recorded the first written texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks, dating back to 907-971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus appeared, "Russkaya Pravda" - the main legal monument of Kievan Rus, by which one can judge the development of legal and socio-political terminology at that time.

The emergence of the oldest written code laws are usually attributed to the time of the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wishing to make peace with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the princely squad, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his letter in assurance that he would rule in accordance with the will of the "best men" of Novgorod ... This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument, "Yaroslav's Truth", appeared.

Subsequently, the code was supplemented with articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, compiled at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070. And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included articles from the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh. Thus, the written fixation of legislation designed to substantiate and defend the feudal system in the Kiev state took place for a long time, naturally reflecting the stages of linguistic development that were somewhat different from each other 1.

The language of "Russkaya Pravda" already contains specific traits business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, rumor - witness, mined - property, etc.), availability complex sentences and non-union chains.

The oldest document is also the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element of Old Russian letters. The letters end with a special design, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

Consider the language of private correspondence from the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the oldest monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Intestine from NN to NN". No less typical examples of the use of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of the letters. Phrases with various forms of the verb are typical in the endings of the diplomas. bow down, n for example: "but we bow to you"; "and I bow down to you"; "I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and laconic ending: "and on that one tsolom". This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the XI-XII centuries. and at the same time confirms the inextricable connection between the language of the Old Russian business writing and book speech.

The examples cited prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and end of writing constitute belonging already in the most ancient era of the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia, characterize the speech culture of those who wrote, their ability to master the processed forms of the literary and written language that has long been established.

XIV-XVI centuries

A new stage in the development of the Russian national and literary-written language begins in the second half of the XIV century. and is associated with the formation of a centralized state around Moscow - the Moscow principality.

Local offices are named orders, and scribes of grand ducal and local offices are called clerk, clerk. Cases in these institutions were handled by clerk clerks, who developed a special "clerk style", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but kept in its composition some traditional formulas and phrases.

Words and expressions such as petition, bang(to ask for something). It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition should list all the numerous titles and ranks of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to give the full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner should invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a patronymic to his name and adding to it such designations of real or imaginary dependence as slave, rabishko, slave. 1

In the specified historical period, the word diploma in the meaning of business paper, document. Complex terms appear in which the noun is defined by adjectives: spiritual, spiritual(will), contractual diploma, folding certificate, attributed certificate, discharge certificate(which established the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not limiting itself to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, interrogative records.

By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, "Code of Laws" by Ivan III (1497), "Pskov Judgment Letter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. Terms that reflect new social relationships appear in business writing (youngest brother, oldest brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed in the Moscow period (bondage, money etc.). 2 The development of abundant social terminology, brought about by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with the direct impact on the literary-written language of the folk-spoken element of speech.

The language of business monuments of the 15th-17th centuries. - despite the relatively close proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written spelling tradition, which dates back to the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Rus in all periods of historical development could be free from such traditional influence.

The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres of written speech and, ultimately, contributed to the general progressive development of the literary and written language of Muscovite Rus. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.

Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. - an obligatory requisite of a business letter. State-ordered language of the 15th – 17th centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces a number of clerical formulas that become cliches and bureaucrats (to bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to prosecute, to inflict reprisals, etc.). There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.

Thus, in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system was formed with an extensive system of functions served by means of various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and in their composition there were institutions serving written business communication - office, post office, archives (which determined the era of executive office work). The activities of these tools were supposed to rely on a certain system of working with documents, and such a need caused the need to develop regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations for the execution of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents, a system of rules for their registration, begins to form.

Business Russian is a discipline that studies the norms of the modern business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax and stylistics.
Business speech is a normative literary speech, the features of its manifestation are associated with the official business style.
Word official(from lat. officialis- "official" has the following meanings:
1) "established by the government, administration, official, outgoing from them";
2) "in compliance with all the rules, formalities."
In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the means mass media and in politics the language is used in different ways. For each of the listed areas public life fixed its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels: lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These traits form a speech system in which each element is associated with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is fixed, as already mentioned, for the sphere of social and legal relations, which are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in management and diplomatic activity. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech. Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with different kinds legislative speech ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence, the increased requirement of accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretation, imposed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement.
A high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of termination of vocabulary, consistency, emotionlessness, information load of each text element, attention to detail are characteristic of the document language.

The purpose of this manual is to show the lexico-phraseological and grammatical features of the official business style; to acquaint with the norms of the business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, stylistics; help to master the specific language means of the official business style; develop a stylistic flair; to develop the skills and abilities of editing the texts of business papers; to acquaint with samples of documents, options for their compositional structure; teach the design and drafting of some types of documents.

1. The history of the formation of a business style

Since business written speech represents an official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.
The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life:
foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written confirmation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.
Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus “Russkaya Pravda” appears - an original monument of written language, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130".
The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the HUP – XVI centuries. - an obligatory requisite of a business letter. State-ordered language of the ХУ – ХУП centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces into use a number of clerical formulas that become cliches and bureaucrats (to bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to prosecute, to commit reprisals, etc.).
There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.
And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads, included a certain set of requisites,
The adoption in 1811 of the "General institution of ministries" confirms the quality of state form the process of unification of the language of business papers. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal character of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization.
As a result of the reform of office work (rules for document execution), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.
In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, and stencil texts appeared.
A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.
The choice and consolidation in practice of one language option out of several possible is justified economically, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and stencil letters, questionnaires, tables, analogous texts, etc., allows you to encode information, fixing certain linguistic means for a typical situation. The so-called analogous texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil looks like a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.
The process of creating stencil texts consists in allocating constant parts for a group of similar texts containing previously known information, and spaces for entering changing information.
“The blank is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in its completed form it is the standard to which it aspires and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of several interpretations, ”P.V. rightly notes. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.
Standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations for generic compliance. The table represents an even more capacious organization of the document: permanent information is located in the headings of the columns and the sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.
These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel profiles, orders, reports, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts and business letters are often stenciled. Thus, stencilization determines a high degree of informational capacity of the text due to the folding of the utterance and the possibility of decryption (using machine processing, among other things), its deployment into a complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, textual organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of statement of an affirmative ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining character. Hence the syntactic monotone, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.
Document typing allows you to model text of any kind according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the procedure for calculation, obligations and rights of the parties, the term of the contract.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on lease, on the purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous substitutions are allowed), the legal terms that define the social roles of the contracting parties change.
All the features of the official business style, its symbolic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and socially regulating significance of business texts.
Economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical cliches and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the formal business style. Along with regulated letters today, the practice of business communication is increasingly included, unregulated business letters, along with official ones - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes one way or the other.
Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.
The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style were gradually crystallized:
a) a high degree of vocabulary termination:
- legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, privatization, ownership, redemption, personal business, etc.);
- economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget expenditure, etc.);
- economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, term of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);
b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:
- repayment of the loan deferred payment in the high frequency of canceled prepositions and prepositional combinations: to the address, in relation to, by virtue, in connection, in accordance, at the expense, in the course, for the purposes, as far as, along the line, after expiration, for a reason , subject to, in relation to, in accordance with, respectively (what) and the like;
c) the development of proper clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles in the class of adjectives and pronouns:
- real rules - these rules
- this agreement - this agreement (cf .: a real guy, a real terror) in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;
d) standardization lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical collocation of words, the appearance of the so-called regulated collocation:
- control is usually assigned, the transaction is concluded, the price is set
Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - urgent; discounts - significant disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc .;
e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but how the formula is reproduced in the text of the document, securing the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:
according to established order; in accordance with the accepted agreement; in case of default on debt obligations;
The agreement comes into force from the date of signing;
f) the formal logical principle of textual organization, expressed in the division of the main topic into subtopics, considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:
I. Subject of the contract
1.1. The contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.
1.2. The customer pays for the provided services on time;

g) lack of manifestation of idiolect, lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression.
Vinokur T.G. believes that in the business style “the speech action of one person has a quasi-individual linguistic content” due to the attitude “speak (write) like everyone else” out of necessity;
h) the maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).
The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, the obligation, presented in the texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decisions, orders to requests, wishes, suggestions expressed in petitions and business correspondence; the function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, inquiries).

2. The main features of the official business style

As follows from the analysis of the textual, syntactic and lexical features of the genres of business writing discussed in this chapter, they all have a number of distinctive characteristics.

Vocabulary

A characteristic feature of the vocabulary of the document language is a high degree of termination, and a huge layer of nomenclature vocabulary adjoins the terms:
- nomenclature of names (Olimp OJSC, ICP "Start", State Acceptance Commission, FSB, etc.);
- nomenclature of positions (sales manager, advertising manager, general director, commercial director);
- nomenclature of goods (ZIL-130, Electric drive SP-BM, Angular steel ST-ZKP, gasoline L-76, etc.).
In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, a fairly large number of technical terms are used in the language of business papers: sensors, power supplies, sources of ionizing radiation. There are quite a few abbreviations among the latter:
ACS - automatic control system;
Efficiency - coefficient of efficiency.
In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:
Civil Code - Civil Code;
CC - Criminal Code.
Abbreviated nomenclature marks of various properties:
- representing the names of organizations:
IMF - International Monetary Fund;
CBR - Central Bank of Russia;
- indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise, included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:
LLC - limited liability company;
OJSC is an open joint stock company. The range of positions is being reduced:
IO - acting.
Uniformity stylistic coloring the vocabulary of business writing is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary, which represents in the text of the document a specific action, object or sign in the official legal interpretation: violation of labor discipline (it may be late, absenteeism, drunkenness and etc.), disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.), be liable (subject to fines, pecuniary punishment, criminal prosecution, etc.).
As you can see from the above examples, procedural vocabulary is vocabulary with a generalized meaning, which is also highly characteristic of terminated vocabulary:
- enterprise - a firm, concern, holding, cartel, syndicate;
- goods - canned food, thermoses, cars, shoes, etc.
Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, constituting for individual genres from 50 to 70% of all word usage.
The most important feature of the procedural and terminological vocabulary is that the word is used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of the contextual use is due to the subject matter of the document. The parties undertake to provide mutual barter deliveries.
A high degree of generalization and abstractness of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, calculation, work, disagreements, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the concreteness of the meaning of the nomenclature vocabulary.
Nomenclature vocabulary with its concrete-nominative meaning, as it were, complements a high level of generalization of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel in the text of contracts - terms and procedural vocabulary, in the annexes to contracts, nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms get their interpretation, as it were.
In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed.

Grammar

The grammatical norms of the business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of phrases and word forms. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each paragraph begins with the indication of the addressee in the dative case - "to whom?", And then "what to execute?":
To the head of the technical department Volkov M.Yu. organize the work of the department on Saturdays in the period from 10.01.96 to 10.02.96
Ch. accountant Slovin OB to prepare a proposal for overtime payment.
In this case, it is especially important to take into account the fixation of derivative prepositions for a certain case form. As a rule, they are used with either genitive or dative cases. The use of prepositions and prepositional combinations. Used with R.p. (what?). Used with D. p. (what?) in relation, aside, in order to avoid, in order, during, in the course of, in consequence, in view of, accompanied, henceforth, at the expense of, concerning, about, regardless of, relative, to the extent, for a reason, through, from the outside, thanks, in relation to, according to, according to, respectively, in spite of.
Based on (what?) The existing need, in the conclusion (what?) Of the report, in accordance (with what?) With the earlier decision, according to (what?) The earlier decision, including (what?) Accruals (penalties) for outstanding debt, henceforth (until what?) until further notice, and similar bureaucracy, which are clichéd phrases, are assigned to one grammatical case form. Along with clericalism-phraseological units (take into account, take note, put to a vote, bring to the notice, etc.), such phrases create a rigid text frame, which is manifested in the interdependence of text parts and fragments of a sentence.
So, in the clichéd sentence "The agreement comes into force from the date of signing" - it is difficult to single out the predicate and the secondary members of the sentence - the words are so merged into a single semantic whole. In fact, you cannot write "The contract enters" and put a full stop, thereby we break the predicate "enters into force." “The agreement comes into force” is also an unfinished sentence from a legal and linguistic point of view: it is absolutely necessary to indicate from what moment. So it turns out that a sentence in the language of documents becomes indecomposable, easily reproducible in a certain situation, a sign of the situation.
There are few such sentences in the text of the document, however, their constructive, text-forming role is great. This is indicated by the fact that, as a rule, they begin and complete the text of the agreement, order, order and other types of documents.

Syntax

Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. How is this achieved? Certainly, due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence.
Individual phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.
“By mutual agreement, changes in the terms of the agreement are possible, which are an integral part of this agreement. If taxes are not paid before the said deadline ... "
As you can see from the examples, the phrase easily replaces the sentence, becoming the nomination of the event. At the same time, such phrases do not just condense, condense information, occupying less volume than a sentence, they create a rigid structure of an utterance, in which one component is dependent on another. "In case of delay in payment", "To make a decision ..."
They motivate action, being an indecomposable and necessary component of the utterance.
A sentence in business writing, in addition to condensation phrases, is often complicated by homogeneous members, participial and adverbial expressions. Thus, it grows (especially in orders, resolutions, instructions) to a paragraph, sometimes a page, i.e. up to several hundred words.
There are genres in which the text is equal to the sentence (memo, telegram, order, resolution). The table also represents a sentence of a special structure: the subject is constant information located in the sides, and the predicate is variable information located in vertical columns, which must be taken into account when translating written speech into oral.
The word order in a sentence in a formal business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian sentence consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate (the goods are sold ...); definitions - in relation to the defined word (credit relations); control word - in relation to a controlled addition and circumstance (fix prices, allocate a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, characteristic place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way of syntactic expression of this member of the sentence, place among other words that are directly related to it.
In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is taken, as a rule, by the minor member of the sentence. One hundred and fifty units of finished products were accepted on the account.
The formal-logical type of textual organization is manifested in the rubrication of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence are broken up by headings, often they are complicated by participial and participial phrases, subordinate clauses, introductory words:
The intermediary warns the Customer in a timely manner: about the unsuitability or poor quality of the goods received from the customer.
Rubrication at the text level is associated with dividing the text into paragraphs and subparagraphs, which in documents are indicated only by Arabic numerals:
1.1. 1.1.1.
1.2. 1.1.2.
Depending on the complexity of the division, one-, two- or three-digit designation of an item, sub-item is selected.
Subheadings of paragraphs give business texts an emphatically logical, analytical character (which is typical for the textual organization of contracts, agreements, agreements).
The textual organization of business letters, service notes is more free, less canonic, however, regulated letters are close in the degree of standardization to the texts of the ORD.
Despite the originality, all the genres of business writing considered above are united by a high degree of standardization, which covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax and text level. As a result, a certain type of language is formed, characterized by conservatism, isolation, impenetrability for foreign intrusions, for the manifestation of the author's individual style. The impersonality of presentation is expressed in the rejection of interpretations, assessment of events, emotional reactions.
Business speech has accumulated a huge number of speech formulas, templates, idioms, proven by many years of practice, the knowledge of which helps to create new business texts. Typical Situation - Standardized Speaking Dictates the use of standard tools and helps provide a degree of accuracy that distinguishes a document from any other paper.
Standardization facilitates the perception and processing of the information contained in the document. Thus, the official business style and the genres by which it is presented in business communication have a number of characteristic features that imply a sufficiently high level of linguistic training of the document compiler.

3. Language norms in the official business style of speech

Lexical norms

The norms of word use in the business style are the same as in the entire literary Russian language:
1) the word should be used taking into account its lexical meaning;
2) the word should be used taking into account its stylistic coloring (belonging);
3) the word should be used taking into account its lexical compatibility.
It would seem that only three rules, clear and understandable to everyone, should be fulfilled in business writing, especially since nominative accuracy can only be ensured if they are observed.
In fact, in business texts lexical errors are one of the most widespread types of violations of speech norms (in terms of frequency, they are in third place behind grammatical and spelling errors).
Let's take a look at some of them.
Creation of a regulatory framework for organizing homeowners.
Organization - 1) organization, internal discipline; 2) a public association or state institution.
The word "Organization" is used in this context explicitly without regard to its lexical meaning. The “regulatory framework” is not created for homeowners to “organize”, but in order for them to “appear”, in this case it would be appropriate to use the verbal noun “appearance” instead of “organization”.
The violation of lexical norms in stable phrases and terminated phrases is especially noticeable. Develop and approve a regulation on the procedure for transferring residential buildings and other elements of real estate.
Element is a component, a constituent part of something. For example, element periodic table Mendeleev, element of society,
There is a terminated phrase “real estate object”. The violation in this case turns out to be double: first, the term is incorrectly reproduced, as a result of which it is not presented in the text; secondly, the word "element" is used without taking into account the lexical meaning and the rules of lexical compatibility,
And such errors are not uncommon in the texts of documents: to take new approaches, while decisions and resolutions can be made, and new approaches to solving emerging problems need to be found. The agreement comes into force from the moment of its signing and will remain in force until terminated by either of the parties.... The contract cannot be terminated, it can be concluded and terminated, and the contractual relationship is terminated.
Arbitration courts on a massive scale consider claims in which conflict situations are caused by an ambiguous or carelessly composed phrase in the text of the agreement, an incorrectly chosen word.
In order to accurately determine the lexical meaning of a particular word, in case of difficulty, you need to refer to explanatory dictionaries. There are dozens of types of explanatory dictionaries, of which are especially necessary for business communication: economic dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, explanatory dictionaries Russian language, dictionary of paronyms, dictionaries of lexical collocation. Moreover, you need to use the dictionaries released in last years- so active are the processes taking place in the lexical structure of the modern Russian language.
Ignorance or inaccurate knowledge of the lexical meaning of a word is the cause of such errors as not distinguishing paronyms, speech redundancy.
Paronyms are words that are close in sound, but differ in meaning:
warranty - guaranteed, effective - efficient, economical - economical, insurer - insured, etc.
Compare the use of polysemous verbs to present and provide:
Imagine
1) present, report (submit a list of employees, submit evidence);
2) introduce someone to someone (introduce a new employee to the team);
3) apply for (for an increase, for an award) (submit for the next rank);
4) compose, discover (present significant value).
Pleonasm (from gr. pleonasmos- overabundance) is called the type of speech redundancy, which is due to a partial coincidence of the meanings of words: joint cooperation (cooperation - joint problem solving), price list (price list - reference book, list of prices for products).
Another type of speech redundancy is tautology (from gr. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - unjustified repetition of words of the same root or words close in meaning in one sentence or speech fragment. Speaking about the peculiarities of the textual organization of documents, we have already spoken about the repetition of the same lexemes as a distinctive feature. However, one should distinguish between justification and unjustification of such a repetition.
Tautology is most often the result of speech negligence or poor editorial revision.

Grammar norms

For business speech, it is extremely important to meet the qualities that determine the effectiveness of business communication. One of them is literacy. It implies not only knowledge of the rules of word use, grammatical compatibility, sentence models, but also the delimitation of the spheres of language use. The modern Russian language has a large number of variant forms. Some of them are used in book-writing styles of speech, others - in colloquial speech... In an official business style and more broadly - in official business communication, forms of codified written speech are used, since only their observance can ensure the accuracy of the transfer of information.
They are diverse: the wrong choice of the form of the word, violations in the structure of a phrase, a sentence. One of the most common mistakes is the use of colloquial plural forms in writing. nouns ending in –а / –я instead of normative ones in –у / –и:

Literary	Conversational

Contracts	Of the agreement
Instructors	Instructors
Proofreaders	Corrector

It is especially necessary to say about the form of "agreement - agreement". It is no coincidence that it is shown in the table with the singular form of the noun. This grammatical norm is associated with stress, which in the colloquial version necessarily falls on the first syllable. In practice, we often come across a mixture of the forms of "agreement" and "agreement", which contradicts any logic. Often there is hesitation when choosing the desired form of pl. hours of genitive nouns: kilograms / kilogram.
It should be remembered that the following group of nouns has a form with a zero ending:
1) the names of paired items - shoes, boots, stockings (but socks);
2) the names of nationalities, territorial affiliation (Armenians, Bashkirs of the British, Bulgarians of the South, of Kiev);
3) the names of military groups (soldier, cadet, partisan);
4) names of units of measurement (ampere, volt, watt, arshin, micron, roentgen, but: grams, kilograms).
Prepositional combinations with a temporary meaning - "after something" (genus. P.) - are written at the end with and: at the end of school, upon the expiration of the contract, upon the arrival of the delegation, upon returning from a business trip, if they include the preposition " by".
Propositional combinations with a temporary meaning, starting with the preposition "to", have at the end - I (ed. P.): Until the expiration of the five-day period, before the decision is made, until the completion of the reconstruction period.
Justify - what? than?; honor - whom? what ?; reward - whom? than?
Base your conclusions on calculations. Justify your conclusions with calculations.

Syntactic norms

No less important role than the correct use of words in documents is played by the clarity of the syntactic organization of texts. Violations of the syntactic norms of the Russian literary language are not as frequent as grammatical errors, however, it is these errors that greatly complicate the perception of the text.
Violation of the word order, inconsistency of the subject with the predicate of the definition with the word being defined, errors associated with the use of participial and adverbial expressions, displacement of the structure of a simple and complex sentence, and a number of other errors often make the statement unintelligible and confused, not meeting the basic requirement for the language of business papers, the requirement of accuracy, which does not allow for interpretation.
Violation of the word order often gives rise to ambiguity, ambiguity in reading. For example:
Establishment of the standard of social norms for the area of housing in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 26, 1997 No. 621 and the decision of the city duma, within which the provision of compensations (subsidies) for housing payments is carried out utilities in size ...
(within what?)
Unions and allied words help to accurately determine certain semantic relations. That is why their use must be correct. This is especially true for compound unions and for unions used with index words: Not only, but also; both ... and ...; if ... then; such as; although; due to the fact that; that; thanks to; due to the fact that; before as; as well as and etc.

Rubrication

The choice of one or another numbering option depends on the content of the text, its volume, composition, compositional structure. In the simplest cases, the same type of characters are used - Arabic numbers or letters. Complex texts require the designation of parts by different means.
Headings that are larger than paragraphs (part, section, chapter, paragraph) are designated by Roman or Arabic numerals and are named. For example:
1. General Provisions.
2. Responsibilities.
3. Rights.
When dividing the text into headings, each component part corresponding to the concepts of paragraph and subparagraph receives its own number (Arabic numerals are used), after which a period is put. The number of each component includes all the numbers of the corresponding component of the higher grades. For example:
1. General Provisions.
1.1. The person in charge of radiation safety is appointed and dismissed by order of the Director General.
1.2. The person responsible for radiation safety reports directly to the head of the radiation safety service.
With further division of the text into subparagraphs, the number of characters denoting numbering will increase:
1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.3. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3.
In the formally logical organization of the text, the text-forming function is performed by headings and subheadings.
The title of the document is its mandatory accessory: Order, Job description, Agreement, Order, etc.
Only in business correspondence the title of the document is not indicated.
The title, as a rule, specifies the type of document, reflects its main topic. Therefore, headings in the text of a business letter, agreement, order are so desirable.
In business letters, a meaningful heading is not always carried out. In a number of etiquette business letters and in letters of an informational nature, the heading is not used. However, it is absolutely necessary in commercial correspondence:
On the delivery of goods under contract No. ...
Sometimes the title merges with the title, specifying the type of document. For example:

Register of incoming documents

The title is located after the "date" and "document index" attributes on the left. The title should be short, it should not exceed two lines.
Functionally, the heading is a very important part of the text, which makes it much easier to work with documents: sorting, processing and redirecting if necessary.
The entire text of the document is divided in terms of a set of details into the following parts:
1. Heading part of the document
- Company address: street, house, city, zip code, tel / fax
- Document type
- Date
2. The main body of the document
- Title
- Text
- Application
3. Formal part of the document
- Signature stamp
- Visa
- Surname of the performer, his office phone number
Mark of execution, given that the composition of the document is individual for each type of document, this scheme is universal.
Rigorous logic in the development of the topic, emphasized analyticism, expressed in the fragmentation of the text, and the exact expanded explication of the content are the main characteristics of the textual organization of the document. Rigorous logic manifests itself in a sequence of meaningful fragments. Emphasized analyticism is also expressed in the use of parallel constructions:
2.1. The customer undertakes ...
2.2. The Contractor undertakes ...
Criteria for the consistency of speech expression
When we talk about logic, we must separate the logic of reality, the logic of thought and the logic of speech expression.
The consistency of thought is expressed in the fidelity of the reflection of the facts of reality and their connections (common single, cause, effect), in the validity of statements, their evidence.
Violation of the logic of text design often manifests itself in incorrect paragraph division, dividing the text of the document into paragraphs and subparagraphs.
Violations of speech logic, or logical errors, include errors in the use of terms and terminated combinations (for example, the concepts of “cost”, “price”, “price” are often confused in commercial documentation), violations of the relevance of a statement (speech incompleteness or redundancy, deviation from the topic), violation of semantic connections between the components of the statement, etc.
Any violation of the logical structure of an utterance predetermines the possibility of a different interpretation of the text, which does not allow it to fully fulfill its purpose - to unambiguously guide the actions of people. The function of the expression of will and the textual organization of the document.
Documents are texts in which an act of will is fixed: an order, an order, a law, a request, etc., basically they represent an action or a model of behavior that is prescribed to a certain person or group of persons.
The illocutionary act, i.e. an action that the speaker performs with the help of an utterance is an order, proposal, statement, confirmation, request, assurance, gratitude, etc. These speech actions are expressed by special verbs - performatives, which determine not only the subject matter, but also the structure of the utterance. I remind you that. We ask you to sell. Please confirm.
An illocutionary act is a sentence that unfolds according to a certain scheme, due to the lexical and grammatical properties of the performative.
So, the peculiarity of the textual organization of orders, decrees and orders is that their text is one detailed sentence of a directive nature. Stringing of clauses that are infinitive constructions is defined by performatives with directive semantics: I order, I decide, I suggest
The openness to structural modifications and additions creates the peculiarity of the textual organization of these genres of ORD. In terms of compositional features, service notes, memoranda, business letters, statements are in many respects similar to the aforementioned genres of ORD, since they are also based on illocutionary acts.
Other compositional principle demonstrates the texts of laws, rules, schedules, licenses, agreements, in which the prescribed model of behavior is the compositional basis. Such texts are divided into chapters, sections, paragraphs, parts, clauses, sub-clauses, in which the behavior model is considered with varying degrees of generalization-specificity.
Unlike short (most often one page) texts of documents with an open function of expression of will, the listed genres of legal and by-laws are voluminous texts, numbering up to several tens of thousands of words. Their compositional organization is correspondingly more complicated.
A document is a text designed for repeated thoughtful reading and study. First of all, this applies to the texts of the mentioned group of documents. The complexity, hierarchy of the composition does not allow perceiving the text immediately. In this case, a step-by-step study and final reflection on the document is necessary.
Compliance with all linguistic norms allows business writing to correspond to such qualities as accuracy, purity, clarity, consistency, which, first of all, distinguish the genres of the official business style.

4. Document culture

All activities of an organization, an enterprise, a firm are related to documentation. A document is a business paper, drawn up in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations, serving as proof of something, confirming the right to something and having legal force. The document is the basis or means of regulation of managerial, organizational, financial actions of organizations or individual officials.
The documentation is very diverse in its functions, in content and purpose, in the degree of accessibility of the information it contains. According to the addressing factor, documents are divided into internal and external business correspondence. Internal business correspondence is conducted between officials, divisions of one organization, institution. In this case, the addressee and the addressee are in a relationship of official subordination, Documentation of this type is called service.
External business correspondence is conducted between different organizations, institutions, officials and individuals who are not directly subordinate to each other. Documents that are exchanged between organizations are called official letters.
According to the content and purpose, administrative, reporting, reference, planning and other types of documents are distinguished, each of which is characterized by common requirements for the content and language design of documents.
Depending on the sphere of human activity to which the documented information belongs, there are management, scientific, technical, production, financial and other types of documents.
According to the factor of the availability of documented information, documents can be open use (access), limited access and confidential.
Documents are divided according to the deadlines for urgent, secondary; final and periodic, and according to the criterion of primary origin, the original and a copy of the document are distinguished.
The core of the institutional (service) documentation is made up of management documents. It is they who ensure the manageability of objects both within the entire state and in a separate organization.This type of documents, in turn, is represented by a complex of systems, the main of which are:
- organizational and legal documentation;
- planning documentation;
- administrative documentation;
- information and reference and reference and analytical documentation;
- reporting documentation;
- documentation for staffing (personnel);
- financial documentation;
- documentation on material and technical training;
- contractual documentation and other documentation systems, including those that reflect the main activities of the institution.
Common to all types and types of official papers is the requirement for strict adherence to the rules for processing documents in accordance with the current GOSTs and standards.
The information to be documented must be presented as clearly, clearly and unambiguously as possible - this is a basic requirement of written business communication. Therefore, to linguistic means and the style of presentation of information in the document have special requirements:
- the unambiguity of the words and terms used;
- neutral tone of presentation;
- compliance with lexical, grammatical, stylistic norms,
- providing accuracy and clarity of presentation;
- semantic sufficiency and conciseness of the text.
Failure to comply with these requirements, on the one hand, makes it difficult to work with documents, and on the other hand, deprives or reduces their legal and practical significance.
The semantic accuracy of a written utterance is largely due to the accuracy of word usage, that is, the use of words according to their meanings. The word in the text of the document should be used only in one meaning, adopted in official business writing. In this regard, difficulties in use can be caused by words-paronyms (words that are similar in sound, related, same-root words that differ in meaning).
It is highly undesirable to use professionalism in the texts of business documentation. The area of application of professionalisms is, as a rule, oral speech; their use in written speech of business communication is a stylistic mistake.
When using terms in business documents, you must ensure that the term is understandable to both the author and the addressee. If the term is of little use and its meaning may be incomprehensible, you should resort to one of the proposed methods:
- give an official definition of the term, for example : factoring - sale of the right to collect debts;
- clarify, expand the content of the term with words of neutral vocabulary, for example: non-fulfillment of the contract was caused by force majeure (torrential rains blurred the communication routes with the plant);
- remove the term and replace it with a common word or expression.
Difficulties in the perception of the text of the document can be caused by unjustified use of borrowed words. Most typical mistake unmotivated use of foreign words instead of existing ones to denote the concepts of familiar words, for example:
- publicity instead of advertising;
- exclusive instead of exclusive.
Words and expressions that have become obsolete (archaisms and historicisms) should not be used in documents.
The main requirement for the information saturation of the document is the appropriate amount of the included communicative task - to convince, induce, attract attention, express disagreement, and so on. The redundancy, heterogeneity of the information included in the document makes it difficult to perceive it, and, consequently, reduces its effectiveness, convincingly. The most rational structure of the text of the document, consisting of two parts. The first sets out the motives, facts and events that gave rise to the preparation of the paper, the second - conclusions, requests, decisions, orders, and so on. For example, the structure of a cover letter consists of two semantic aspects: a message about the material being sent and the specified information:
We direct detailed description automatic control systems.
Please confirm receipt.
In multidimensional documents, the presentation of each aspect of the content should begin with a new paragraph, highlighted with a red line. In this case, the paragraph serves as an indicator of the transition from one thought (topic) to another.
Standard aspects of the language of business writing include the unification of abbreviations commonly used in business letters. Abbreviations used in document texts are subject to certain rules:
1. Abbreviations should be consistent throughout the document. It is unacceptable to abbreviate the same word (phrase) in different ways or write it in full in one place, and abbreviated in another.
2. You can not abbreviate a word if it is the only member of the sentence.
3. Abbreviation is not allowed if it can entail a different interpretation, ambiguity in the perception of the phrase.
4. Reduction of a word to one letter is not allowed, except for traditional text abbreviations.
The rules and standards for abbreviations are given in GOST 7. 2–77 (STSEV2012–79).
Business etiquette is the order of conduct established in the field of business communication. The rules of business etiquette are based on:
- polite, respectful and friendly attitude towards the business partner;
- observance of a certain distance between employees;
- the ability to say "yes" and "no" without offending a partner, without hurting his pride;
- tolerance for someone else's opinion that does not coincide with yours;
- the ability to admit their mistakes, to be self-critical;
- the ability to use arguments, not authorities, in a dispute.
In written business communication, etiquette manifests itself in the form and content of documents and, above all, in the formulas for appeals, expressions of requests, refusals, claims, methods of argumentation, formulation of instructions, and so on.
In business correspondence, the use of etiquette means is also regulated.
Appeal is an appeal to the identity of the addressee. The task of the appeal is to establish contact with the addressee, to attract his attention, interest. Contact is an obligatory element of commercial correspondence. Recently, the appeal is often used in official correspondence, if the situation requires you to contact directly official The rules of business etiquette require: if the text of the document begins with a formula for a personal appeal to the addressee, then at the end of the text, before the signature, there must be a final politeness formula: Sincerely.
As experts in the field of business etiquette emphasize, the tonality of business letters should be determined by correctness and optimism. In addition, the persuasiveness of a business message, its influencing power depend on the chosen form and style of writing. It is not only the information that convinces, but also the tone in which the correspondence is conducted, in many cases it is it that determines the nature of the business dialogue between firms and organizations.

Conclusion

Drawing up the text of a business document is always an act of speech creation, no matter what the letter is - regulated or unregulated. This is a work that presupposes a fairly high level of linguistic competence. You cannot learn to write business documents correctly and convincingly without practicing and learning this difficult art, without knowing the peculiarities of the official business style of speech. The Russian literary language, one of the richest and most expressive languages in the world, has accumulated invaluable experience in the field of written business communication, represented by unified and stereotyped linguistic forms, traditions of using etiquette means. Today it is important not to lose these treasures, treats our ancestors with respect, who have perfected the form and style of business writing for centuries, and fruitfully develop the domestic traditions of drafting business documents - this is the task facing today's and future generations of business people in Russia.

In the fields of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all linguistic levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These traits form a speech system in which each element is associated with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations, which are implemented in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.), the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence, the increased requirement of accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretation, imposed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. In oral speech, it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, and variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given linguistic unit relates), the requirement of communicative accuracy is imposed on the language of documents - an adequate reflection of reality, the reflection of the author's thoughts in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The contract comes into force from the date of signing.

In pursuance of order No. ...

The standardization of the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that makes a document legally binding. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, you have to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of prepayment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a bank-certified copy of the payment document or notify it by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor has the right to sell the goods after ten days from the date of signing the contract.

The detail of presentation in the official business style is combined with the analyticism of expressing actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

The emphasized consistency, emotionlessness of presentation with the standard arrangement of text material on the sheet also very significantly distinguish written business speech from oral. Oral speech is most often emotionally colored, asymmetric according to the principle of textual organization. The emphasized consistency of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business verbal communication should proceed against the background of positive emotions - trust, sympathy, benevolence, respect.

Information in the document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of text design that are mandatory - requisites. Each type of document has its own set of details provided by the state standard - GOST.

A requisite is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a certain place on a letterhead, sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the creator, etc. are constantly located in the same place - the first three in the upper part, and the last - in the lower part of the sheet after the signatures.

The number of details is different and depends on the type and content of documents. The sample form establishes the maximum composition of the details and the order of their arrangement. These include:

State emblem of the Russian Federation.

Organization and enterprise emblem.

Image of government awards.

The code of an enterprise, institution or organization according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations (OKPO).

Document form code according to the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD).

The name of the ministry or department.

The name of the institution, organization or enterprise.

The name of the structural unit.

Post office code, postal and telegraphic address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.

Place of compilation and publication.

The bar for restricting access to the document.

The stamp of approval.

Resolution.

Heading to the text.

Control mark.

Application availability mark.

The neck of concordance.

Certification of copies.

The surname of the artist and his phone number.

A mark on the execution of the document and its direction in the case.

A mark on the transfer of data to machine media.

Admission mark.

Thus, a high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of termination of vocabulary, consistency, emotionlessness, information load of each text element, attention to detail are characteristic of the document language and distinguish it from spontaneous spontaneous business dialogical speech.

The history of the formation of an official business style.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of agreements between Russians and Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which allows to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to single out the features of word use and organization of speech, which are characteristic of the business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over submission in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with creative unions"and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are most widely used (with the union even if - if): The Russian Truth already uses terms that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Rus: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), allegation ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), vein glaring (ransom for the bride), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is the "Certificate of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod in 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") has become from this time an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: "Se az, the great prince Vsevolod gave to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) Terpugsky pogost Lyakhovichi with earth, and with people, and with horses, and a forest, and a board, and a catch for catching ... "(" z "Diplomas of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery of 1125-1137"). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were received in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterheads and included a certain set of requisites. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Institution of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for document execution), a need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of state importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official records were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

Department of Documentation

DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STYLE

RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Moscow 2010

	Introduction
	Chapter 1. HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE XIV-XVI centuries The beginning of the 18th century - "Peter's era" End of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine"
	Chapter 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
	Conclusion
	List of used literature

Introduction

Language as a social phenomenon performs various functions associated with a particular area of human activity. An important social function of the language is the message inherent in the official business style.

The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important spheres of state life: foreign relations, the consolidation of private property, etc. The need to write laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, and now retains its main distinctive features.

The purpose of this course work is to study the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as an overview of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.

The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, at each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word use of the official business style - the style of business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern document flow are noted.

1. THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

1.1 X- XIIcentury

The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the time of the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wishing to make peace with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the prince's retinue, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his letter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " best husbands "Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument, "Yaroslav's Truth", appeared.

The language of "Russkaya Pravda" already contains the characteristic features of the business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, rumor - witness, mined - property, etc.), the presence of complex proposals and non-union chains.

Consider the language of private correspondence from the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the oldest monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Intestine from NN to NN". No less typical examples of the use of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of the letters. Phrases with various forms of the verb are typical in the endings of the diplomas. bow, n for example: "but we bow to you"; "and I bow down to you"; "I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and laconic ending: "and on that one tsolom". This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the XI-XII centuries. and at the same time confirms the inextricable connection between the language of the Old Russian business writing and book speech.

1. 2 XIV- Xvicentury

By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, "Code of Laws" by Ivan III (1497), "Pskov Judgment Letter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. Terms that reflect new social relationships appear in business writing (youngest brother, oldest brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed during the Moscow period (bondage, money etc.). 2 The development of abundant social terminology, brought about by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with the direct impact on the literary-written language of the folk-spoken element of speech.

Since the XV century. information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. - an obligatory requisite of a business letter. State-ordered language of the 15th – 17th centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than lively spoken language. He introduces into use a number of clerical formulas that become cliches and bureaucrats (to bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to prosecute, to commit reprisals, etc.). There were more and more documents. Extensive office work in pre-Petrine Russia required the development of uniform approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unification of the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.

Thus, in the period fromXvbyXVIIcentury, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system with a ramified system of functions was formed, served by means of various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and in their composition there were institutions serving written business communication - office, post office, archives (which determined the era of executive office work). The activities of these tools were supposed to rely on a certain system of working with documents, and such a need caused the need to develop regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations for the execution of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents, a system of rules for their registration, begins to form.

1.3 Start XVIIIcentury - "Peter's era"

The Peter's era in the history of Russia is characterized by significant reforms and transformations that affected statehood, production, and military and naval affairs, and the life of the ruling classes of the then Russian society. Thus, the new administrative structure, the transformation of the Moscow state into the Russian Empire, gave rise to the names of many new ranks and titles included in the "Table of Ranks", speech features of the bureaucratic subordination: formulas for addressing lower ranks to higher ones.

The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Moscow Russia, gave rise to many corresponding manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely supplanted words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order ... Along with this, in order to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanizing nobility, various guidelines are being created that regulate the everyday life of the upper social classes.

In connection with the restructuring of state administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence becomes much more complicated and enriched. He is moving further and further from the old Moscow norms and traditions and noticeably approaches the lively colloquial speech of the middle strata of the population.

Peter I, recommending to refrain from bookish Slavic utterances when translating from foreign languages, advised translators to take the language of the ambassadorial order as a model: "You don't need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the ambassadorial order." one

The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Peter the Great era was especially evident in the sphere of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly by borrowings from German, Latin, and partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era fall precisely on "words of the administrative language", supplanting the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a king of arms, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police chief, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. All these persons in their amp, archive, gofgericht, province, chancellery, collegium, commissions, office, town hall, senate, synod and other administrative institutions that have replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, run, confiscate, correspond, pretend, secondarily, interpret, exauthorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, promissory notes, bonds, orders, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. 1 This administrative vocabulary includes the names of persons according to their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "Master Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank, uniform norms of naming and self-naming. For violation of the rules of documenting, for incorrect preparation of documents, distortion of their meaning, punishment was provided for both "higher and lower ranks", the mandatory reference to legislation was introduced when reporting on cases.

In the language of business writing of the Peter the Great era, elements of old, traditional, and new coexisted, opposing. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the Old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign language borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialectal use of words, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.

In the course of the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system underwent a restructuring (orders were replaced by collegia), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, the strict system of records management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of acts of business writing, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts proceeded on behalf of the state power and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documentation standards, which served as an impetus to the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents were developed, placed in "general forms" - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal principle in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of rank, title, rank.

1.4 The end of the eighteenth century - "The Golden Age of Catherine II"

The years of the reign of Empress Catherine II, which fell in the last third of the 18th century, called the Russian nobility the "century of Catherine", the "golden age". (1762-1796). This time is the highest point of the development and flourishing of the economy and culture of the Russian nobility, its political domination. At the same time, this is the beginning of the crisis of the noble system in Russia, shaken by peasant uprisings. The echoes of the French bourgeois revolution in the late 1780s and 1790s were also felt. The social conditions for the functioning of the literary language change markedly in comparison with the beginning and the first half of the century. The network of periodicals is expanding, printing is developing.

The system of state authorities is developing and strengthening, "Institutions for the administration of provinces" are being created. Governors use Reports and Reports to communicate with the supreme power. Decrees of the provincial government are widely used to subordinate institutions, as well as to officials (deanery boards, district and zemstvo courts, governors, police officers).

As a result of the development of interstate relations, the execution of diplomatic documentation becomes more complicated. By this time, international norms for the form and lexical composition of diplomatic documents were already being established, the structure of contractual documentation was expanding, treatises, conventions, protocols, and tools appeared. Colleges of Foreign Affairs exchange notes, memoirs, memorandums with foreign governments. Communication of Russian diplomatic representatives with their government is carried out by means of relays and dispatches.

Document circulation and business correspondence of judicial institutions acquire a pronounced specific design of documentation, a strict procedure is established for the preparation and execution of judicial documents.

Shifts in the Russian literary language in the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the stylistic system created by the head of Russian conservative sentimentalism N.M. Karamzin 1 and then called the "new syllable". Karamzin was faced with the tasks put forward by the era - to ensure that they began to write as they say, and that in noble society they began to speak as they write. The "new syllable" was intended to meet the needs of society. It is freed from Church Slavism and archaisms, as components that burden the literary language, gains distribution logically transparent and natural order words.

As a result of the Karamzin reform, the Russian literary language approached the establishment of national norms of word use, and, accordingly, the business style becomes more readable and understandable.

1.5 XIXcentury

At the beginning of the XIX century. the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language is associated with the name of M.M. Speransky 1 and his reforms in the field of documentation. The Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries (1802) and the General Establishment of Ministries (1811) approved the executive principle, which determined the activities of leaders and executive office work. A hierarchy of "powers and places" and a corresponding hierarchy of documents were proclaimed. Uniformity was introduced in documentation, strict regulation of the content, structure of documents and the order of the movement of affairs. Researchers of the Russian literary language note that the art in the style of M.M. Speransky introduced novelty in the presentation of the business style of the Russian language, and served as a model for drafting documents of state significance.

Significant changes are taking place in the form of the document. It clearly demonstrates the desire for formalization, the definition of clear rules for the location and design of details. This is primarily due to the introduction of forms into the documenting process.

As a result of the reform of office work, the need for reform and clerical style arose, which began to be conceptualized as a task of national importance. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the utterance, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), the folding of linguistic clichés.

Formation of the styles of the Russian national literary language in the second half of the 19th century. takes place against the background of an exacerbated social struggle between the forces of progress and supporters of reaction over whose social views will be expressed by an officially normalized and regulated literary language.

Reflections of this struggle can be found on the pages of journalism of this period. For example, Dostoevsky's "Diary of a Writer" contains an ironic description of the official business style in the speeches of the then bourgeois publicists: "Someone assured us that if now another critic wants to drink, he will not say" bring water ", but will say, probably, something like this: bring that essential beginning of humidification, which will serve to soften the harder elements deposited in my stomach. " one

In official business and in scientific speech of this period, there is a desire to develop a peculiar manner of artificially bookish, syntactically confused (and therefore difficult for the people to understand) presentation of thoughts and feelings. An artificial barrier of conventionally descriptive pictorial techniques is erected between the word and the meaning. Here is an example from the memoirs of a well-known public figure, lawyer A.F. Koni, who portrays a lawyer defining a fight in these words: the integrity of its physical coverings by repeated violation of such rights. If one of these elements is not present, then we have no legal right to see in mutual collision the substance of a fight. " 2

The progressive Russian politicians and writers opposed such an official state language. In particular, V. I. Lenin in his article "The Struggle Against the Famine" (1903), analyzing the style of the circular issued by the tsarist minister Sipyagin, noted: “The circular ... is nine-tenths ... filled with the usual official gossip. well-known for a long time and repeated hundreds of times even in the Code of Laws, walking around the bush, describing the details of the Chinese ceremony of intercourse "between mandarins, magnificent clerical style with periods of 36 lines and with" speeches "from which it hurts to become a native Russian speech ... "3.

Leo Tolstoy wrote in 1884 . : " Let there be the language of Karamzin, Filaret, priest Avvakum, but not our newspaper language. "4 This indicates that in the second half of the 19th century the process of collisions of different stylistic systems in the national literary Russian language is intensifying and that the language continues to improve and polish, drawing closer to colloquial speech of the masses.

In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, due to the greatly increased volume of documentation processes and business correspondence, the development of documentation technology is taking place, new methods of documentation appear, such as photography, sound recording, telegrams and transcripts. An extremely concise "telegraphic" style of presentation is being formed, coding and encryption are being spread.

In this way,by the endXIX century.a system of documentation was formed, the national form of the document was approved, and a system of recommendations for the design of a business text was formed. Formedcharacteristic features of the clerical style: formal and logical organization of the text, impersonal character of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity, standardization.

XX century

The standardization of documents became irreversible in the 20th century. In 1918, new rules for maintaining official records were developed and a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, new standards of business writing were established, and stencil texts appeared. A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

At present, the textual and linguistic norms of business speech are under pressure from the increasingly developing method of composing, storing and transmitting documents using electronic computers. "Automation of information processes in the management apparatus" is taking place. For example, organizational and administrative documents (serving the internal side of the organization's activities) began to regularly include an attribute in the document schema - an explanatory "heading to the text". Such a title acts as an annotation of the document in the form of a prepositional-case construction, for example: "On the situation in monotowns". When entering a document into a computer, this heading serves as the basis for converting the prepositional-case combination (About the situation) into the descriptor word 1 in the nominative case (Situation ...). Thus, the regulation of the language of official business documentation continues to improve in accordance with technical progress.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The official business style is used when servicing the legal and administrative activities of public authorities, when communicating in public institutions. Business speech provides the scope of formal business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, etc., in the business correspondence of institutions, etc. Despite the fact that this style is undergoing serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, tradition, isolation and standardization.

The main features of the official business style are accuracy, excluding the possibility of discrepancies; narrowing the range of used speech means; language standard - the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way, the use of ready-made language cliché formulas for this; a high degree of repeatability (frequency) of individual sections of text documents. To this can be added such features as formality, severity of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and consistency. These features are reflected in the design of business papers and documents: the nature of the composition, the arrangement of parts of the text, the selection of paragraphs, headings, font, etc.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, lack of emotionally charged words, brevity, and compact presentation. In official papers, the set of used language means is predetermined. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. Unlike clichés, stamps are hackneyed expressions with tarnished lexical meaning and worn out expressiveness. A speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic flaw.

Stationery is words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they infiltrate other styles, it violates stylistic norms. Whereas in other styles, stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, in the official business style, in most cases, they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. The use of language stamps and stereotypes, inappropriate in colloquial speech and in works of art, in official documents is mandatory, it contributes to the accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd the document is, the more convenient it is to use it.

In documents, as a rule, the use of neologisms (even those formed according to traditional models) is not allowed if they have no terminological meaning and can be replaced by general literary words. If they are used, then they need explanations in the text (usually in brackets).

Modern business speech is unthinkable without the use of borrowed words, and the main source of borrowing today is English. However, the use of foreign words must be dictated by necessity. Choosing between synonyms, one of which is Russian, and the other is borrowed, it is necessary to determine whether there is a significant semantic difference between them. If a foreign synonym has shades of meaning that are absent from the original Russian word, the choice in favor of the borrowed version is justified. Thus, borrowed words occupy a special place in the lexical system of the Russian language and require extremely careful handling. one

A common drawback of the official style is pleonasm - the use of redundant words that are unnecessary in terms of meaning. For example: thinnuance... Another disease is tautology - the repetition of words of the same root within one phrase. This stylistic mistake makes speech difficult and makes it difficult to understand the text: benefit from use; to address etc. 1

In business speech, the possibilities of lexical combination of words are limited: a service letter is compiled (not written) and sent (not sent), a reprimand is announced, a censure is issued, a salary is established, etc.

The white paper should be concise and written in such a way that you can immediately find the information you need. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, it is given a certain form.

Such features of the official business style as accuracy and language standard find their expression in lexical, morphological and syntactic linguistic means. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of statement of an affirmative-ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining character. Hence the syntactic monotone, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

The grammatical norms of the business style include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text.

The word order of a sentence in a formal business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order inherent in the structure of the Russian sentence consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate ( the goods are released); definitions - in relation to the defined word ( credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled addition and circumstance ( fix prices, provide a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, characteristic place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way of syntactic expression of this member of the sentence, place among other words that are directly related to it. So, for example, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in an indirect case must appear after the word being defined. The language of business writing is characterized by chains of genitive cases ( order of the Head of the City Administration). In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is taken, as a rule, by the minor member of the sentence.

In business texts, words and phrases of the literary language are used, which have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, identity card, researcher and others, including a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the subject of a prescription or imperative: prohibit, allow, order, oblige, appoint and so on. Complex sentences with a large number of subordinate clauses in the document are inappropriate, it is required to use short, as a rule, non-union sentences. Conjunctions and union words that have a tinge of conjecture, conditions should be replaced by words that sound definite and specific. All names of actions or phenomena that duplicate each other, etc. should be eliminated.

Compound words formed from two or more words are typical for business language: tenant, employer, logistic, above, undersigned etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a "non-idiomatic" nature, for example: destination, higher education institution, tax return, joint stock company and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition leads to the cliché of the used language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character.

For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, arrive(instead come, fly, come), vehicle(instead bus, plane.), locality(instead village, city, countryside), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of a relationship or action ( teacher Ivanova, witness Petrov).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, of which there are more in the official business style than in other styles: replenishment of the budget, taking measures, arrival of a train, provision of housing, service to the population etc.; complex abbreviated prepositions are widely used: to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, in part, along the line, on the subject and etc.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning, polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, the use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable, and synonyms are used to an insignificant extent. Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, constituting for individual genres from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is as inappropriate as the use of stationery in everyday conversation, since it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

The formal-logical type of textual organization is manifested in the rubrication of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. Rubrication at the textual level is associated with the division of the text into paragraphs and subparagraphs, which in documents are indicated only by Arabic numerals.

Introductory words act as logical text clips in the text of the document: therefore, in this way, moreover, on the one hand... Demonstrative pronouns and participles act as a means of communication in the texts of documents, which replace nomenclature names and terms in the text: indicated, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

Business papers are made up according to a certain scheme. Each new thought begins with a paragraph. All words are written in full, except for the accepted abbreviations. The genres of the official business style perform informational, prescriptive, stating functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of this style is written.

The listed distinctive linguistic features of the business style organically fit into the written sphere of the use of this style, into its characteristic genres of documentation, are an objective fact of the language, their use in document texts is natural and fixed by tradition.

Conclusion

The official business style, like the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely related to the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need for the allocation of a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized.

Economic necessity, the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical cliches and clichés of the language of business letters and business correspondence, on the other hand.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more dynamic than ten to fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastering this genre of business writing is among the priority professional skills of managers and performers. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unambiguously formulate a proposal, request, demand, convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come naturally. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech tools accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

List of used literature

1. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 1

2. Gorbachevich K.S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. - Education, 1971.

3. Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types of Russian speech. - M .: Education, 1963.

4. Krasivova A. Business Russian language: Study guide - M: from MFA, 2001, 80 p.

5. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 4

6. Meshchersky E. History of the Russian literary language [Electronic resource]: www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks

7. Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: Textbook. A guide for the development of coherent speech. / Scientific. ed. V.V. Babaytseva. - M .: Education, 1995.

8. Rakhmanin L.V. Business speech stylistics and editing of office documents. - M .: Higher school, 1988.

9. Shmelev D.N. Russian language in its functional varieties. - Education, 1977.

Language. Thus, the scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic ...

Russian language and culture of speech Features history

Abstract >> Foreign language

Destiny Russian language and in general it has been preserved to our time. Natural development language, ... variability of the norm and stratification language to different styles, mainly book and ... tongs, etc. in similar cases in business speech is used to insert the word piece ...

Russian language and culture of speech (17)

Cheat Sheet >> Culture and Art

ESTIMATES IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 50 PHASEOLOGIZED SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS BUSINESS STYLE AND CONVERSATION ... Russian language... XIX century. can be considered the first period development contemporary literary Russian language... The beginning of the stage development Russian literary language ...

Styles modern Russian language

Examination >> Culture and Art

ABOUT styles Russian language 1.1. Styles Russian language 1) Variety language (style language), used in any typical social situation - in everyday life, in the family, in the official business ...

Russian language functional styles

Abstract >> Linguistics, Philology

It functions as an official business style Russian literary language, is an administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies a need ... (words usually containing an assessment), for example: Development, innovation progress is remarkable in essence ...

The UDF stood out before other writing styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of state life: foreign relations, the consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written confirmation of contracts, laws, recording debts, formalizing the transfer of inheritance contributed to the formation of a special language, which, despite many changes, has retained its main distinctive features.

In Russia, business documents appeared after their appearance in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of the treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium, concluded after the campaigns of the Russian princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav to Constantinople.

Already in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" was compiled, which allows to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. Here is one of the articles of Russkaya Pravda.

"If there will be a free man, 10 hryvnias of silver per head will be killed." “If a merchant would give a merchant to buy kuns, then the merchant wouldn’t have a rumor about kunas, he wouldn’t have a rumor. But he should go to the company himself, if he starts to lock it up ”.

Translation: "If a free man is killed, the payment is 10 hryvnias of silver per head." "If the merchant gives money for trade, then he does not need a witness to return the debt to return the debt, and to receive the debt, if the debtor begins to deny it, it is enough to take an oath."

Since the XIV century. In the process of the formation of the Russian state, special departments appeared - orders that were in charge of managing certain aspects of state life, and the first civil servants - clerks. By that time, words and constructions that are used in our time ascend: to bail, to be in disgrace, to submit to the court, etc.

From the end of the 15th century. the so-called Code of Laws (codes of laws) appear: Code of Laws of Ivan III, dating back to 1497; The Code of Law of Ivan IV, created in 1550

In the era of Peter the Great, business speech experienced Europeanization. Until that time, business speech had an imprint of Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian-Polish and German influence. In the XVIII century. Peter I is reforming the public administration system. He introduced a system of collegia, reminiscent of modern ministries, and in 1722 published the "Table of Ranks", which includes 14 ranks. Hence the naming of civil servants - officials. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from lively colloquial speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it: province, act, run, appeal, etc.

At this time, a system of norms for addressing the addressee is being developed, indicating the rank, title, rank; uniform norms of naming and self-naming: Field Marshal General, Admiral General, Chancellor, Warrant Officer, Fendrik, Warrant Officer, Collegiate Registrar, State Counselor, Brigadier, Colonel, Collegiate Counselor. A separate division is engaged in office work - the office.

In the XIX century. a system of ministries and one-man management is introduced. Forms of institutions with a corner location of requisites are being developed.

In the 20th century, under Soviet rule, standards for service letters were developed. In the 80s. XX century the Unified State Documentation System was created.

The beginning of the XXI century. characterized by the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy and the adaptation of the standards adopted in Russia to the world ones; the principles of business speech and business etiquette, accepted in world practice, are mastered.

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