Describe the object and subject of social statistics research. The subject and the main tasks of social statistics. Practical use of data
Numerous definitions of statistics as science on the quantitative characteristic of public and natural phenomena and processes can be reduced to two variants of definitions: narrow and wide. In a broad sense, statistics are a science studying mass phenomena flowing in the aggregates of some factors or phenomena of a certain property and between interacting aggregates. The same aggregate, as the amount of facts, signs, phenomena consists of elements, the disappearance of one of which does not destroy the qualitative characteristics of this totality.
Thus, the population of the city remains its population and after one of the components of its content - an individual moved to another city or other terrain or even left the country. Or agriculture, transport and industry remain certain sets of compliant characteristics even when the sectoral structure or significance of them in the production of gross national product undergo noticeable changes. Different aggregates as some integer consists of units, which in turn can be characterized by their parameters, properties, its content, which affects the content of the entire totality, which combines these units in units. If we are talking about industry, statistics consider it as a totality (amount) of enterprises. And each enterprise, forming one of the units included in it, in turn is characterized by its content in the number of jobs, equipment, the release of relevant statistics. The specific feature of statistics is that in all cases its data refers to the amount of factors, i.e. To the whole totality. The characteristic of individual individual data makes sense only as a base, a base for obtaining common and summary characteristics of the common set. Thus, statistics like science in a broad sense studies all mass phenomena, which region they did not belong to. Studying a mass phenomenon, statistics characterize it not only quantitatively. With the help of numerical values, but also qualitatively, detecting its content and dynamics of development.
Statistics in a narrow sense is a quantitative population associated with the processing of these individual observations, characteristic of subjects, phenomena, which make up the individual parameters of the unit of the totality. So, for example, the average grain yield as a whole in the country reflects the overall amount of yield on all areas used to grow grain. But the yield of various sites, which can be reflected in comparatively, to each other and detect the maximum and minimal yield, this is another statistics. Statistical analysis of the yield of various parts of the Earth may be the basis for statistics of other signs and parameters characterizing the totality studied (yield in this case), such parameters as investment, technical equipment of production on the analyzed sites, etc. etc. In all these cases we are talking On statistics in a narrower sense of its definition.
Statistics like science is a form of public and state activities aimed at obtaining, processing and analyzing information characterizing the quantitative patterns of life of society in all its diversity and inseparable communication with its quantitative content. In this sense, the concept of "statistics" coincides with the concept of "statistical accounting". Accounting, in any society is a means of which society has the necessary information on the state of the economy, social and other parties in the life of society as a whole or individual structures. This account allows you to implement the relevant organization and management of economic processes. Under statistics also understand the process of its "maintenance", implementation, i.e. Gathering and processing data, the facts necessary to obtain statistical information in the previously specified meanings of the content of the statistical subject (in a wide and narrow understanding of the subject).
The necessary information can be collected in order to obtain generalized characteristics for the mass of cases of this kind of information. Such, for example, the information collected for the censuses of the population, when periodically statistical services are conducted by nationwide companies on accounting for a specific date the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population. In other cases, statistics (as a certain type of activity) uses information recorded in the process of performing accounting functions according to the main activity of the relevant services. So the statistics of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, road accidents are formed, the number of students in schools, universities, etc. etc. This also includes the use of statistical information from the reports of the work of enterprises, these accountants, etc.
Statistics as a special type of activity with the above content allows scientific research identify statistical patterns. So the demand for any product is by nature a phenomenon defined by various factors: income, population tastes, fashion, season, etc. It can be argued that every time there is a growing increase in demand for the relevant goods. But the measure of lower prices and a measure of demand growth can be determined only on the basis of statistical processing of data on sales of goods in the same prices. In this case, use the indicators of the so-called elasticity of the demand and supply of goods, which is widely used in marketing services of various firms. The general methodology for studying statistical aggregates is the use of the basic principles that are guided in any science. These principles, as a kind of origins include the following:
· Objectivity of studied phenomena and processes;
· Detection of relationships and systemics in which the content of the factors studied is manifested;
· Goaling, i.e. Achieving goals from a researcher who studies relevant statistical data.
This is expressed in obtaining information about trends, laws and possible consequences development of the processes under study. Knowledge of the laws of the development of socio-economic processes of interest to society has important practical importance. The peculiarities of statistical analysis of data include the method of mass observation, the scientific validity of the qualitative content of groups and its results, the calculation and analysis of generalized and generalizing indicators of the objects studied. As for the specific methods of economic, industrial or statistics of culture, population, national wealth, etc., there may be its own specific methods for collecting, grouping and analyzing the relevant sets (the amount of facts). In economic statistics, for example, a balanced method is widely applied as the most common method of mutual linking of individual indicators in a single system of economic relations in public production. The methods used in economic statistics also include grouping, calculation of relative indicators (percentage), comparison, calculation of various types of average values, indexes, etc. The method of linking links is that two voluminous, i.e. Quantitative indicators are compared based on the existing relationship between them. For example, labor productivity in natural indicators and spent time, or the volume of traffic in tons and medium transportation in km. When analyzing the dynamics of the development of the national economy, the main method of identifying this dynamics (movement) is an index method, the methods of analyzing time series. With a statistical analysis of the main economic patterns of the development of the national economy, an important method of statistics is the calculation of tightness of links between indicators.
The object of studying statistics is an societyin all the variety of its forms and manifestations. In this regard statistics are social science. From other sciences studying society and processes in it (such as history, economic theory, sociology, demography, etc.), statistics are distinguished by its specific subject of knowledge and the methodology of its study.
Thus, the range of issues constituting subject of statisticsis associated with the study of the quantitative side of public phenomena and processes.
The socio-economic life of society is manifested in various kinds mass phenomena. The quantitative characteristics of such mass phenomena and processes, the patterns of their change, interrelations of honey and constitute the subject of knowledge of statistics.
Each mass social phenomenon has a certain qualitative content, qualitative foundation - belongs to a specific type of phenomena; It has specific features and properties reflecting its internal feature (distinguishing it from other phenomena); proceeds in specific borders of time and space; It is characterized by a certain dynamics of development, relationships with other phenomena. However, along with qualitative definiteness socio-economic phenomena to them inherent quantity definitenessbecause At each given historical moment, socio-economic phenomena have certain dimensions, levels, between them there are certain quantitative relations. Studying the quantitative side of social phenomena, statistics always comes from analyzing their qualitative contentUsing for this purpose scientific Categories and Theoretical Provisions economic theory, sectoral economies, demography, sociology, other conjugates with statistics of sciences. Theoretical analysis of the phenomenon reveals its socio-economic entity, gives the studied statistics to the phenomenon of high-quality certainty, which is prerequisite for right organization statistical research and proper interpretation of its results.
Thus, when conducting any statistical research, it is necessary to understand qualitative foundation studied public phenomenon. Only after the socio-economic entity of the phenomenon is clarified, statistics studies it with quantitative sideusing various kinds of numerical characteristics for this purpose:
· the size of the phenomenon- population, the volume of production and sales, prices for goods, loan investments and the amount of profit of commercial banks, etc.;
· ratios and proportions separate parts Phenomena - numerical characteristics of the composition of the population by age, sex, nationality, education; shares of the production of goods and services in the inner gross product of the region; The number of marriages and divorces per 1000 people; Consumption per capita of individual types of food products, etc.;
· the achieved level and intensity of the development of the phenomenon - average level wages, level of profitability of enterprises, price growth rates for consumer goods, etc.;
· quantitative parameters and evaluation dependency functions between phenomena- measure of the impact of the production volume of products on the amount of profit, analytical expressions of dependencies between the levels of income and expenditure of households, the size of the area and the cost of apartments, the amount of insurance payments and the cost of cars, etc.
Quantitative characteristics of phenomena are set in statistics with a mandatory indication specific Time and concrete place In the boundaries of which this phenomenon is observed and measures.
Question of quantitative analysis may be the most diverse - assessment of severity in the phenomenon of certain qualitative properties; obtaining the numerical characteristics of the internal structure of the phenomenon; identification and quantitative expression of patterns and features of the development of the phenomenon; Studying the effect of the influence of some phenomena to others. The ultimate goal Any statistical research is those statistical conclusions and meaningful conclusions about the statomic and patterns of the development of studied public phenomena, which flow out of the results of the analysis of collected and processed data.
Thus, the range of issues that make up the content of statistics is associated with the study of the quantitative characteristics of mass social phenomena in an inseparable connection with the qualitative content of these phenomena, their manifestation and development in certain temporary and spatial boundaries.
In other words, the subject of statisticiansas social science is the quantitative side of qualitatively defined mass socio-economic phenomena and processes, the patterns of their relationship and development in particular conditions of place and time.
Plan.
1. Concept Social Statistics
8. Generalization of social information
9. Literature
1. Concept Social Statistics
The concept of "social statistics" has two interpretations: as an area of \u200b\u200bscience and as a field of practical activity. Social statistics as an area of \u200b\u200bscience Develops a system of receptions and methods for collecting, processing and analyzing numerical information on social phenomena and processes in society. Social statistics as a field of practical activity aims to implement state statistics and other organizations of the collection and generalization of numerical materials characterizing certain social processes.
The autonomous existence of social statistics as the field of science or as a region of practical activity would be meaningless. These areas should and can develop only in unity and interconnection.
Early primitive forms of fixing information about the various parties to the life of society, the state did not have a specially developed scientifically based methodology. With the complications of the content of the data taken into account and as they increase their significance in the management of the state and the economy there was a need for more complex receptions for registration and generalization of the data. Special measures need to ensure uniformity and reliability of information.
Current-statistical work has become an independent type of professional activity, and special bodies have been created that carry out these works in the center and on the ground. Scientific and methodological developments separated from practical work on accounting. The training of specialists in the field of statistics was carried out. From the one before the statistics, independent industries of science were distinguished: industry statistics, agricultural statistics, population statistics, etc. One of the latter received "autonomy rights" Social statistics.
Social statistics differ from other sectors of statistics not only by their special subject and object of research. Its originality consists in special channels of obtaining source information, and in the application of special techniques for processing and summarizing this information, and in special ways of practical use of analysis results. All this confirms the need to allocate social statistics as a separate direction of accounting and statistical work, as well as as a special direction of scientific developments, within which theoretical and methodological issues of social statistics are resolved.
2. The relationship of social statistics with other sciences
Social statistics, like any field of science, is associated with other areas of knowledge of various relationships. Understanding these relations contributes to a more accurate definition of the subject, object and methodology of social statistics. The most close are communication of social statistics with other branches of statistics, primarily with the theory of statistics, developing a total base for sectoral statistics. Methodical methods for their essence are specified and modified in relation to the tasks and conditions for analyzing social phenomena and processes. In the following sections of the course, it will be shown how a peculiar form is acquired by well-known statistical methods, if used in social statistics. Often the arsenal of research methods provided by the theory of statistics is insufficient. In such cases social statistics borrow the necessary methods in other branches of knowledge - sociology, psychology, etc.
There is a complete or partial community of the object. studies of social statistics with objects of row of sciences - demographics, sociology, statistics of the population, the economy of labor, ethnography, medical statistics, etc. With them, social statistics have some points of contact and in relation to the subject of research, although they are expressed significantly weaker the community of objects of research. For more intimacy, it will be possible to manifest itself in matters of identifying the methodology, methodology, object research.
Partiality of sciences is historically due to. This may be a manifestation of "residual" bonds of sciences that have been highlighted in independent areas of knowledge in the process of differentiation of scientific knowledge and the separation of the research subject. This may be a consequence of rapprochement of sciences, their integration, when in previously far from each other areas of knowledge during their development, the points of contact in matters of methodology, as well as in the subject and object of the study were detected.
However, such a community does not mean identity. For example, population statistics, and social statistics appeal to the population as an object of research. At the same time, if the first main interest is the entire population of the country, then for the second-discreit categories. Population statistics examines the dynamics of the number of residents, the composition of the population, its reproduction. All these issues related to the population as a whole. Social statistics, focusing on various sides of living conditions, must appropriately apply primarily to those groups of the population, for which the living conditions are most relevant and specific. Thus, social welfare issues relate primarily to persons retirement age and disabled. Enlightenment and education programs are addressed to children of school age and youth, maternity and childhood protection programs - young families, etc.
The population statistics traditionally approaches the study of the population as a biological population, and social statistics explore the social aspects of people's lives. Note that the line between these approaches is very conditional: studying the fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce, mechanical movement The population (migration) cannot be done without analyzing social factors.
3. Subject of research in social statistics
Statistical analysis of the phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using the methods specific for statistics - methods of generalizing indicators, giving a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object, links between them, the trends of their change. These indicators reflect the social life of society, speaking as a subject of research of social statistics.
Sophisticated and multifaceted social life of society is a system of relations of different properties, different levels, of different quality. Being a system, these relationships are interconnected and interdepended. Their unity is manifested in a variety of forms: in the interaction, in the cooding, in contradictory. It follows from this that the dedication of individual areas of research within social statistics is nothing more than a conditional reception that facilitates knowledge. Insulated statistics of housing conditions of the population or statistics of budget budgets are just as conditional. As, for example, the allocation into an independent area of \u200b\u200bmedicine of such specializations as dermatology, microbiology, oncology, etc.
This kind of narrow specialization, allowing you to deepen and expand knowledge in a particular area, bears the potential danger of what will be missed from sight general connections and relationships. The root causes may be replaced by symptoms, the healing and recovery programs (and the body of each individual in medicine, and the society's body as a whole in the social sphere) will, in this case, are focused on eliminating not the reasons, but only the consequences of the disadvantageous situation.
So, closed on the analysis within the framework of criminal statistics, you can miss the main strategic task - overcoming the reasons generating a criminogenic situation. Nerofly understood criminal statistics will only find the conclusions and recommendations of a predominantly tactical plan - about the methods and main directions of the fight against crime in the current period. Hence the relevance of the tendency of integration scientific knowledgeSince it is on this path that the advantages of differentiation are preserved and its weaknesses are neutralized,
The most effective approach to the definition of the subject of social statistics, in which, at the same time, individual parties to the social life of society are allocated to analyze and their unity and relationship are taken into account.
The most significant areas of research in social statistics include: social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics, the standard of living of the population, the level of well-being, the level of public health, culture and education, moral statistics, public opinion, political life. In relation to each study area, the system of indicators is developed, sources of information are determined and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions. At the same time, all these directions are ultimately a common consistent and integrated information on the picture of social life, about the trends and patterns of society development.
4. The relevance of social problems
The question of the relevance of social statistics is advisable to consider pre-in more generally. As you know, social problems depend on the specific historical conditions that have developed in this society at this stage of its development. In this regard, there is a need to identify the main of them: the degree of urgency of solving social problems and their character are determined.
With all the diversity of the socio-political device different countries The acuteness of social problems in them depends on the same conditions. These include: the degree of humanization of relations in society and the amount of resources that may be aimed at meeting the needs of the population; The degree of development of various types of needs and the level of awareness of their population. The national and cultural traditions, measure of the balance of the needs and opportunities of their satisfaction, the degree of differentiation of the living conditions of various groups and the categories of the country's population are played.
Conditions such as the existence of an example of other countries with other levels and the structure of consumption are relevant, the speed of changes in the life of the population, which determine the possibility of adapting it to new conditions. The intensity of social and territorial mobility of the population, adopted in this society, the ways of solving social problems, the ratio of objective and subjective factors affecting the degree of sense of people's satisfaction with their living conditions are not indifferent to the intensity of social and territorial mobility.
The historical experience of humanity shows how wide the range of differences in all the factors listed above. For example, in modern society There is a state program to provide disabled population. In the same early stages of development, some nations were the custom of physical destruction completely disabled. Apparently, only in this way in conditions of extremely limited life resources could be ensured by the survival of other children and adults. If now a significant part of the members of society only in 20-25 years old begins to engage in productive work (before that it was on the position of the dependent of the family and society), then in antiquity (in some cases and today) already from 5-6 years old man was obliged to work, By participating in ensuring the content of your family. In the course historical Development The ideas about the categories of individuals who could count on social support from other members of the family and society were radically changed. Significant differences in the structure of needs for different historical epochs are obvious.
It is clear how it is necessary to take into account the specific historical conditions when analyzing the social problems of this or that society, it may be so incomparable, in fact, externally similar indicators. It is impossible to correctly assess and interpret statistical indicators of living conditions, if we abstract from the factors listed above.
There is another important aspect. This is a connection of social problems with the reorganization of political life and a change in political system. It is well known that the change in the political system changes and the living conditions of the people. No less significant and the opposite direction of communication. The initial stimulus for mass political movements is dissatisfaction large groups The population is their position in society - material, socio-cultural, etc. The leaders of political movements are based on this psychological phenomenon to gain support for large groups of the population.
In some cases, such political leaders sincerely and selflessly seek to create better living conditions for the entire people or certain layers of society, guided by their ideas and ideals. Other political leaders deftly manipulate the public consciousness of people to achieve their personal goals. However, in the other case, social problems are a source and driving force of political events, and individual identities can give this movement a certain focus.
5. The main tasks of social statistics
Determining in the general form of the task of social statistics, it is necessary to allocate those that are solved by any industry statistics in relation to their object of research. Such tasks for social statistics are: a systematic analysis of the situation in the social sphere; Analysis of the most important trends and patterns of development of the sectors of social infrastructure: the study of the level and living conditions of the population:
evaluation of the degree of differentiation of these characteristics; Dynamics analysis: Prediction of the most likely course of development for the nearest and more distant perspective; The study of factors under the influence of which this situation has developed:
assessment of the degree of compliance of the actual parameters by their regulatory values; clarifying the relationship and role of objective and subjective factors; The study of the interaction of social processes with other components of social development.
In addition, there are special tasks inherent exactly social statistics. Their specificity depends primarily from the difficulties arising in the practice of studying social processes. These include the following.
1. Overcoming the autonomy of individual areas of social statistics and due to these incomparableness of many statistical indicators; The actual formation of a single interconnected system of social statistics. The flaws in this area are explained not only to the objective cause - sharp differences in the essence and forms of manifestation of different social processes, but also by some organizational prerequisites. Collecting social information is carried out by different divisions (sectors, departments) of state statistical bodies: statistics of prices, budgets, labor statistics, etc. Social indicators are initially included in different subsystems of indicators of socio-economic statistics, which imposes an imprint on the solution of a number of methodological issues. At the same time, different "age" of individual indicators of social statistics and various indicators are also influenced: some indicators are used in the practice of statistical works for a long time and inertia remains a traditional approach to solving methodological issues; Other indicators have emerged recently and more oriented to modern methodologies.
2. Achievement of a number of statistical indicators to assess the essence of social phenomena and processes, since the indicators do not give their qualitative characteristics. Only separate formal quantitative parameters are taken into account. For example, the state of the health system is difficult to realize, relying only on data on the number of doctors and hospital beds per 1000 people. As the various forms of medical care are expanded, differentiation of work quality, availability, diversity of species of specialized medical institutions increases. Everything should be reflected in statistical indicators.
3. Integrating research on macro- and micro levels, which will allow more deeply and fully reveal the root causes and mechanisms of the processes studied. So far, social statistics are focused mainly on the study of phenomena and processes on the macro level, where the final results of the process are detected. Decentralization of the entire management system in the country strengthens the relevance of information support at the regional level.
4. Development of indicators, constructing models, assessment of hypotheses, differentiation for the most characteristic socio-cultural, socio-ethnic, socio-demographic groups of the population. The population grouping schemes should be adjusted as shifts in the population occur in the population. The current system of indicators of social statistics practically levels the realistic differentiation of the livelihoods of various groups of the population, the systems of their value orientation, etc. The trend of increasing social stratification of the Company strengthens the relevance of this issue.
5. Overcoming the existing incomparable indicators of social statistics and indicators presented in other sectoral statistics.
6. Modeling socio-economic ties in order to detect interaction mechanisms in the public system. At the macro level, a number of objectively existing restrictive factors predetermining the limits of possible oscillations of social indicators under specific conditions (without system destruction) are presented. It is important to take into account when developing social programs.
7. Expansion of the circle of indicators of the statistics of opinions. The relevance of this task is that the most important component of social processes is the psychological factor. Subjective personal assessments of factors and events predetermine the population reaction on them, the behavior of the population in various spheres of vital activity.
8. Conducting special measures compensating for the possibilities of such weaknesses of many indicators as: elements of subjectivism; Inaccuracies in the inaccuracies of history (information about events and facts of past years, obtained in public surveys); incomplete accounting of facts that people reluctantly give information; Lack of objective unambiguous criteria and scales for various types of estimated judgments, etc. This is one of the important conditions for the construction of a full-fledged system of indicators of social statistics, which increases its accuracy and information container. You can soften negative manifestations using a number of special techniques. Among them: a joint analysis of information on facts and opinions on the same issue; re-appealing in the questionnaires to the same question with some change of shades of meaning and editorial board; Detailing the question, i.e., dismembering it into several separate issues with the subsequent construction of the integral indicator; Control issues allowing unreliable answers, etc.
The list of topical tasks of improving the methodology and methodology of social statistics is far from being exhausted.
The relevance of the study of social problems is determined by the level of development of social infrastructure. So, in the mid-80s. In the structure of the gross domestic product, the share of services accounted for: in the US - 64%, in England - 59, in France - 54, in Japan - 54, in Peru - 49, in Thailand - 41, in India - 34. in the USSR - 38, in Morocco -39% 1. The above indicators can be viewed as a general assessment of the degree of economics orientation to meet the needs of the population and as an assessment of the overall level of economic development.
Manufacturers of services are differentiated by property forms, the principles of the organization of work, size, sectoral specialization; There are non-profit non-profit organizations to which charitable organizations include the local government bodies in the neighborhoods and others.
The specifics of social statistic facilities predetermines the originality of the methodological techniques used. Many characteristics do not have a numerical expression. These attribute features impose their restrictions on the decision of the methodological issues.
The behavior of the population as a consumer of services and a participant in social processes has the significant feature that, along with objective factors, it is determined by a subjective factor consciousness. Individual, group and public consciousness develops special systems of values, social norms, hierarchy of priorities in the field of sweat " Only periodically and as sample research.
As part of state statistics in our country, the volume of services provided by the population provided is mainly measured. Quality features of consumption, its trends and factors are not amenable to accounting at a mass level. Therefore, topical and acute social problems in statistical data are usually fixed only as symptoms whose causes are not disclosed.
Systematic provision of information on these issues of the regional and central authorities for the timely adoption of measures to stabilize the situation, prevent possible crises and exacerbation is the actual task of statistics.
6. Practical use of data
These social statistics requires a production area (development of infrastructure and industries that provide a material base for them) and the sphere of personal consumption.
The circle of components of personal consumption is wide and diverse: various material and real elements, services, spiritual values, information.
Social statistics is one of the information bases for work on targeted regulation of legal relations in society, with regard to social statistics, decisions are made on important issues of economics and state policy. Issues of international relations can not be solved by ignoring social aspects of the country's social aspects reflected by social statistics. In the preparation of state programs for the development of various areas of society, social indicators are directly or indirectly taken into account.
When solving any socio-economic or political issue, it is difficult to do without social statistics. It is quite natural, since all other processes occurring in society come into contact and interact with social processes. These bonds are different in content, intensity, methods of implementation, sustainability, etc., respectively, social statistics should have many specialized and fine approaches to the knowledge of reality, i.e., to have a fairly perfect methodical base.
Social statistics materials are used on different levels: in the country as a whole, by major economic and geographical zones, administrative and territorial units (regions, republics, edges, cities, districts), settlements, individual neighborhoods in cities, enterprises and other economic units.
The communizers of regional statistics fully apply to social statistics. At different levels of management, different requirements for the content of information on social statistics are presented. With the transition to larger territorial units, the range of tasks related to forecasting, the development of long-term integrated development programs, the study of social processes in dynamics, study mechanisms for the interaction of social and other spheres of society, studying the influence of factors and conditions for the state and development of the social sphere. Accordingly, the nature of demand for information in the field of social statistics is changing.
The frequency with which most appropriate to obtain most of the indicators of social statistics coincides with the frequency in other areas of statistics - this is a year, that is, the data are taken at the end (or the beginning) of each year, and for the characteristics of the processes, total results are counted for each expired year.
Together with the subject of a certain originality in solving this issue. In some cases, it is associated with the high dynamism and variability of social processes compared to economic. This circumstance requires a more flexible approach, the introduction of "extraordinary" information flows, when it is necessary to promptly provide an information base with sharp shifts in the direction, the nature and intensity of a social process. Many social processes are clearly pronounced seasonal, and in such cases, the frequency of data collection must meet the requirements for analyzing seasonal oscillations.
In social statistics there is such an important section as the statistics of opinions, the appeal to which is useful when considering any social problem. The relevance of the section is growing as the state level is increasingly aware of the importance of information on the orientations of the population, about its needs and estimates of the situation. Such data cannot be obtained within the statistical reporting of enterprises and institutions. Information can be obtained only directly from the population itself by survey, i.e. it is required to conduct a specially organized sample survey. At the same time, it is impossible to limit some united data collection system for all cases. According to one issues, large-scale complex expensive surveys are carried out, rarely implemented. For other issues, express information is required, providing current control over the state of public opinion on a limited, but extremely relevant circle of issues. In this case, surveys may be carried out often by very brief program With the rapid receipt of consolidated results and conclusions.
As a rule, social monitoring is organized by the services involved in the study of public opinion (for example, the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion (WTCOM) and its regional organizations).
An important function of social statistics is to provide " feedback"- providing ruling structures in the center and in the regions of information on the results and consequences of the current social policy, on the response of the population to it - about its actions, opinions, assessments. Thus, it is possible to quickly and promptly adjust social programs, differentiate social policies, taking into account the regional Specifications. This aspect of using social statistics materials is especially important for the heterogeneous conditions of Russia.
Social statistics examines issues affecting the personal interests of each person with whom its well-being are connected, satisfying the needs, realization of life plans. This explains the increased interest in social information of the entire population, and not just specialists. Social statistics are obliged to satisfy this interest. In other words, it is necessary to provide each wishing the opportunity to get acquainted with the corresponding materials set forth in an affordable form, objectively reflect values. Popularization of data is an important function of social statistics. This is achieved by public awareness, prevention of possible false ideas, speculations, speculative statements of unscrupulous politicians and public figures.
Popularization of socio-economic knowledge requires high professionalism. Unfortunately, this aspect is often underestimated. The transformation of ordinary statistical data into a visual, convincing, concise, figurative shape is a kind of art where the talent of the publicist is required. From the sectors of statistics, it is social statistics to the most important tasks of popularizing their materials.
7. Objects of social statistics
For social statistics, the multiplicity of research objects is characteristic. They can be divided into two types.
The first and main type of objects make up consumers of services, material and spiritual values, information. They are represented by individual and group facilities. An individual object is a person (population as a totality of individuals). It is also the entire population and its individual categories depending on the social process under study. A collective object is a group of persons jointly carrying out consumption, together participating in the social process. Such objects are: family, labor collective, garden partnership, garage cooperative, etc.
The second type of objects covers persons, organizations, structures that provide the population of services that organize one or another social process. Their activities define the scope and quality of services provided and values. Production and consumption of services, values, information are two interrelated process parties. This predetermines the feasibility of their parallel research. So, the housing problem can be disclosed if the information is obtained by different types Objects: families where the system of indicators characterizes the housing conditions and their dynamics, Iorganizations forming the housing market. These include: Construction organizations, various housing departments and commissions in the composition of local governing bodies, various intermediary offices and firms for the exchange, purchase, sale, hiring hill.
In some cases, both types of objects are presented in unity - when, for example, families themselves are building a residential building for themselves on their own. However, such a situation is episodic, since the construction of the house is a one-time event, the consumer of housing the family is constantly, that is, one aspect dominates.
The clear definition of the object of the study is important because this question acts as the initial information at the stage of collecting information, as well as at the stage of its processing - grouping, classification, construction of the indicator system. The multiplicity of objects requires a particularly careful approach to the study, decision of the methodological issues. But this is just one of the manifestations of the specifics of the analysis objects in social statistics. There are also other equally important features inherent in the main social statistics and relatively weakly pronounced, for example. When studying purely economic processes.
In the field of production, enterprises that are distinguished by territorial fixedness are presented as units that are not subject to rapid, frequent and radical changes. Units of aggregate, and social statistics, if we consider the objects of the first type (consumers), inherent opposite properties. The population is characterized by large territorial mobility, so the collection of information makes it difficult. The case is aggravated by the fact that not any change in the place of residence is reflected in the data of documentary accounting. Birth rate and mortality continuously change the composition of the population of each territory. Each person, every family often change their demographic and socio-economic indicators. As a result, it turns out to be difficult to regularly monitor all changes. Only the population census once every ten years (at five years) allow the most important information about the population. However, they are not fully able to meet the needs of social statistics in information on the structure and qualitative characteristics of the object of the study.
Such. difficult situation often leads to what you have to operate mainly general indicators Consumption at the country level and individual regions. Most indicators of consumption quality in different categories of families, according to various socio-economic, demographic and ethnic Group population. In subsequent chapters, attention will be drawn. Here, limit ourselves to separate illustrations. Thus, the provision of the population by transport services in cities is determined only by such consolidated indicators as: cash rolling stock by type of transport, total passenger traffic. Medical statistics provide information on the number of appeals for medical care, the number of hospitalized patients, among those consisting of dispensary accounting by disease. All of these data refer to the population as a whole with the complete anonymity of specific social and demographic information about those who submitted data.
Only partly the deficit of the information is compensated by the accounting of some data is carried out in a selective manner. The most valuable materials of budget statistics in this regard. Some one-time surveys are held for a number of problems of social statistics. As a rule, in such work contains the thorough characteristics of consumers, their differentiation by conditions and levels of consumption. The weak side of this source of information is that not all problems can be studied based on materials, not always ensured by the regularity of such works, not all areas are covered by surveys. Regional governments and industry departments on their own initiative and their own, at the expense of their funds, social studies are often made (usually in the form of a contract for their conduct with scientific institutions) on the most relevant applied issues.
In order not to be mistaken when making decisions in the allocation of resources and ensure the proper targeting of various practical measures, the operational and specific information is required that interested entities receive, conducting the necessary statistical data on the initiative of individual agencies.
Society and management bodies need to be seen which social development goals should be moved to one or another period, whether they are achieved or not. This requires a publication of data on the main social indicators. In our country, such data contains primarily statistical compilations issued by local and central (State Statistics Committee of Russia) by state statistical authorities. This is a statistical yearbook " the Russian Federation In 2000, "specialized statistical collections for regions and Russia as a whole. Statistical information on social processes is contained in the magazines" Statistics Questions "(Monthly)," Sociological Studies "(quarterly)," Sociology and society "(quarterly). American statistical The Association publishes the Izvestia Yearbook on social statistics (Proceeding on Social Statistics): In the UK, since 1970, the collection "Social trends" (Social Trends) is published annually. In total, there are at least 30 such publications in the world. Publications of social indicators for the countries of the world implemented international organizations: United Nations, the European Union, World Bank.
8. Generalization of social information
The diversity of market and non-market, individual and collectively consumed services provided to the population makes it difficult to summarize statistical information on the social sphere as a whole. At the macro level, the system of national accounts (SNS) provides for the construction of generalizing indicators of both the economy as a whole and individual sectors. The following sectors of the economy are distinguished: non-financial enterprises; Financial institutions; state institutions; non-commercial organizations serving households; Households: the rest of the world that summarizes international cooperation data. The construction of the SNA in the economy sectors allows not only to assess the contribution of each sector, but also to analyze the redistribution of resources and income between sectors. For each sector, the following macro-plates are determined: gross value added; gross national income; gross national disposable income; final consumption; gross accumulation; national savings; pure lending; Pure borrowing.
Consider the three sectors of the economy providing services to the population, the result of which at the GDP has generalizes the "final consumption" indicator.
The state institutions sector include organizations funded from the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, created to provide individual and collectively used services: central, regional and local government agencies. State extrabudgetary funds of social security. The resources of the sector are formed at the expense of taxes and revenues from state ownership.
The sector of non-profit organizations (NGOs) serving households is represented by legal entities and social organizations producing goods and services, but not bringing profits by institutional units that control them.
Among the NGOs are distinguished:
associations of persons providing benefits to their members and persons serving them;
charitable and philanthropic organizations;
informal organizations (mainly in developing countries) Communal services.
Household sector covers employers working on themselves, employees, revenue recipients from property of ortransfer.
The generalizing indicator of activity of the three sectors is the cost of actual finite consumption. This indicator characterizes the standard of living, as it measures the cost of consumer goods and services acquired by households by purchasing or as transfers from units of state and non-commercial sectors and used to meet their needs. At the same time, it is inexpedient to limit the social sector for the three sectors of the economy. In order to summarize information on the social sphere at the regional level, existing all-Russian statistical classifiers can be used, reflecting the composition of industries and activities.
The industry is defined as a combination of enterprises or their units located in one place employed by one type of activity. The company is an institutional unit capable of owning assets, to independently receive and use income, to make commitments, enter into contracts. Enterprises engaged in several types of activities may be divided into institutions if it is possible to obtain the following information on the activities of each institution: production volume; The numbers are employed; costs; Profit and others. For multidisciplinary enterprises, the main activity is determined by the largest share of production.
Economic industry ~ A combination of enterprises and organizations united by the generality of functions in the process of public division of labor. The composition of the economic sectors was recorded in the All-Russian classifier of the sectors of the national economy (windows). The net industry presents a set of institutions. The composition of the net industries is recorded in the All-Russian classifier of activities, products and services (OKDP).
In accordance with the windows, the social sphere is identified with non-productive, covering housing and communal services, non-productive types of domestic services, health care, physical culture and sport, social security, education, culture and art, science, finance, credit, insurance and pension provision, management and public associations. However, this list is limited, as it does not include retailers and public catering, passenger transport and public service relationship, i.e., the intensifiers providing market services to the population. The combination of the non-productive sphere with market services industry provides the most complete picture of the composition of the sphere of population.
The allocation of the social sphere of OKDP is difficult due to the fact that a significant part of activities provides services not only to the population, but also production services. However, the social sphere includes the following activities that provide market and non-market services to the population: electro-, gas and water supply; wholesale and retail, car repair, household appliances and personal items (in terms of retail and repair work on orders for publications); Hotels and restaurants; transport, warehousing and communications in terms of public service; financial intermediation in terms of population and pension insurance; Public Administration and Defense, Mandatory Social Insurance; education; Health and social services; provision of utility, social and personal services; Huming private households with hired service. In Russia, the share of people employed in the social sphere increases in the total number of people employed in the economy.
LITERATURE
1. L.A. Blue. Socio-economic statistics. Tutorial. - M.: Humanitarian publishing center Vlados, 2003.
2. Socio-economic statistics: workshop / ed. V.N. Salina, E.P. Shpakovskaya. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2004.
3. Theory statistics / ed. R.A. Schmeylova R.A. - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2004.
4. General statistical theory / ed. I.I. Eliseeva - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2004.
5. Bashina O.E., Spirin A.A. General statistics theory. M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2005.
6. Statistics: Tutorial / under. ed. I.I. Eliseeva. - M.: Higher Education, 2007.
7. Salin V.N., Shpakovskaya E.P. Socially economic statistics: textbook. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.
8. Social statistics. Ed. Eliseeva I.I. - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2003.
9. Finance statistics / Ed. V.N. Salina - M.: "Finance and Statistics" 2002.
The subject of socio-economic statistics (SES) is the quantitative characteristic of mass socio-economic phenomena, processes and their results, in the aggregate of the state and development of the country's economy, region, groups of countries, their economic relations.
SES - Applied science, the object of the study of which is the economy as a whole in the aggregate of its industries, sectors and forms of ownership. The SES object can be the economy of the region, countries, groups of countries (for example, CIS), the global economy.
To solve its tasks, SES uses the entire arsenal of modern mathematic-statistical methods, depending on the objectives of the study and availability of information support. At the same time, the most wide use in it found the following methods:
Rows of dynamics, which is associated with the study of all phenomena and development processes;
Groupings (this is due to the fact that the SES operates with consolidated, generalizing economic categories and indicators, such as socio-economic potential, national wealth, labor resources, the effectiveness of social production, the comprehensive characteristics of which in various aspects can only be given on the basis of the grouping methods);
Medium, since SES explores mass socio-economic phenomena and processes;
Balance and other methods, the use of which depends on the analysis objectives.
The tasks of the SES are determined by its subject and object of research, as well as economic problems that at each specific stage of economic development have to be solved by socio-economic statistics.
The tasks of the SES as an independent industry of statistical science and practice (in aggregated form) include:
Development and continuous improvement (in accordance with the needs of economic development) of the system of indicators of socio-economic processes, their results, efficiency, methodology for calculating and analyzing these indicators, the introduction of UN methodology for the domestic practice;
Development and substantiation of sources of information on each system indicator;
Characteristics of the socio-economic potential and its components: labor, logistical, natural resource and others based on the developed methodology for their assessment and analysis;
Characteristics of labor resources and economically active population, the functioning of the labor market, employment and unemployment; determination of damage from unemployment;
Characteristics of national wealth, produced and unprovated, material and intangible assets (basic and current funds, property of households, natural and other resources) - carriers of socio-economic potential;
Characteristics of public administration, its effectiveness and role in ensuring economic security;
Characteristics of economic activity and its results based on the development of a system of indicators and methodologies of their calculation; The special problem is the development of the methodology for taking into account the results of the functioning of the so-called shadow economy;
Characteristics of current and advanced costs (investments) in the economy;
Characteristics of finance, prices and inflation;
Characteristics of the standard of living of the population, etc.
Classifications in the SNA.
SNA is a modern information system used to describe and analyze the development of a market economy at the macro level. SNS use some important techniques of accounting. Its goal is to ensure information for making management decisions, for the economy as a whole, that is, "National Accounting". The term was proposed by a Dutch cliff, which under national expense understood the system of tables containing a systematic description of the economy on the macro level. A large contribution to the development of the SNA was made by Keynes. He believed that the SNA is a system of interconnected indicators of income, consumption and savings and its data should be of interest to government bodies. In order to understand the economy and determine the most important results of the economic process, it is necessary to streamline information about business entities of various operations, about assets and liabilities. This ordering is carried out within the framework of the SNA. His goals: a description of the general picture of the development of the economy at the macro level, the establishment of relationships between GDP, final consumption, investments and savings, disposed of income, etc. The standard is the 1993 SNA approved by the UN Statistical Commission. According to the concepts of the SNA, economic production includes: the production of goods, the provision of services for the implementation, the activities of financial intermediaries, the provision of non-market services by the state management by non-commercial organizations, the provision of services for hired services, providing housing services. The most important accounts (production and formation of income) is drawn up in the CNS in which are used to obtain aggregates, i.e. the most important macroeconomic indicators. GDP, GND, VEG, final consumption, gross accumulation, balance of foreign trade, national savings, net lending and borrowing, national wealth.
Basic groupings in the SNA.
The following main classifications and groupings exist in the SNA:
1) institutional units in the sectors of the economy; 2) institutions by industry; 3) economic operations; 4) assets and liabilities; 5) goods and services.
The classification of institutional units in the economy sectors is central to the SNA.
The sector is a group of institutional units homogeneous from the point of view of the functions performed in the economic process and the method of financing costs. From the position of these criteria in the SNA, five sectors are distinguished:
1) non-financial institutions;
2) financial institutions;
3) government agencies;
4) households
5) Public organizations serving households.
Grouping establishments by industry.
The SNA in the SNA is called a set of institutions, which are located geographically in one place and are engaged in one type of main production activity.
1) industries that produce goods and market services;
2) industries producing non-market services by state institutions;
3) industries that produce non-market services by private commercial organizations;
4) Industries that provide non-market services produced by households.
Grouping economic operations.
The economic surgery is considered a unit of accounting for economic activities in national accounts.
By the nature of its implementation, economic operations are divided into two groups:
1) Operations on a compensation basis, when the flow of benefits, services and money causes a response stream of benefits, services and cash;
2) Transfers - operations when the flow of benefits, services and cash does not oppose the oncoming flow of benefits, services and cash.
In essence, economic operations in the SNA are divided into three groups:
1) operations with products and services; 2) distribution operations; 3) Financial operations.
Classification of assets and liabilities.
In this classification, the following classes are allocated to the SNS:
1) non-financial assets that in turn are divided into produced and unproved; 2) financial assets.
Classification of goods and services.
SNA services are the results of activities that satisfy personal and social needs, but not embodied in products.
Non-market services are the services of public institutions, public organizations related to current consumption and provided for free or at economically insignificant prices.
Market services are services provided at market prices that satisfy both personal and social needs.
Products are products and services that are designed for sale in the market by price covering the costs of their production. In market conditions, there is the following classification of goods:
1) goods produced and sold in the same period at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these products;
2) goods manufactured and exchanged on the barter in the same period on other goods;
3) goods produced and provided in the same period to employers to their employees as wages in natural form;
4) goods produced by one division of the enterprise and supplied to another division of the same enterprise for use in the last division into production in this and subsequent periods;
5) goods produced in this period and left by the owners of the enterprise for their own final consumption or accumulation;
6) products manufactured in this period and provided for free or at prices that do not have a significant impact on demand.
The subject and object of social statistics.
The term "statistics" originated from the Latin word Status, which means political
state. Initially, statistics were considered as a set of information about
sights of the state.
The development of statistics, as science, went through two directions. The first is called In Germany as a descriptive school of state studies, whose representatives (Curning, Aachenwal, Schötezer, etc.) believed that the task of statistics is a description of the sights of the state: territories, population, climate, religion without analyzing patterns and interrelations between phenomena. The second originated in England, under the name "political arithmetic". The founder of this direction was V. Petty, who believed that the main task of statistics is to identify on the basis of a large number of observations of the patterns and the relationships of studied phenomena.
Statistics - These are rows of numbers that characterize the various sides of the life of the state.
Statistics - This is a general theoretical science that studies the quantitative side of the qualitatively defined mass social phenomena and processes, their composition, distribution, placement in space, the movement in time revealing the current interdependence and patterns in specific conditions of place and time.
The clear definition of the object of the study is important because this question acts as the original information at the stage of collecting information, as well as at the stage of its processing - grouping, classification, the construction of the indicator system.
Object Statistics Study is a separate person or a certain group of people characterized by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of objectively occurring in society. This object may be an organization, structures providing the population services that organize one or another social process.
Subject of statistics - Dimensions and quantitative ratios of qualitatively specific socio-economic phenomena, the patterns of their connection and development in specific conditions of place and time.
Subject of statistics:
Mass social phenomena and their dynamics with the help of statistical indicators.
Quantitative and qualitative phenomena (digital lighting of society events).
The quantitative side of social phenomena in an inseparable connection with their qualitative content is observed by the process of transition of quantitative changes to high-quality (patterns).
Development of the phenomenon in time (dynamics)
So, statistics allows you to identify and measure the patterns of development socio-economic
phenomena and processes, relationships between them.
The most significant areas for research in social statistics are: social and demographic structure of the population, its dynamics; standards of living; well-being; population health levels; culture and education; moral statistics; public opinion; Political life.
methods of social statistics
Humanitarian I. natural Sciences In the process of research, statistical methods for collecting, processing and analyzing data are widely used. Special techniques and methods, whose combination forms the statistical methodology is used to develop statistical objects.
Statistical methodology - This is a system of techniques, methods and methods aimed at studying the quantitative patterns that manifest themselves in the structure, dynamics and relationships of socio-economic phenomena.
The overall basis of the statistical method of knowledge is dialectical methodAccording to which public phenomena and processes are discussed in the development of mutual communication and causal conditionality.
Statistics relies on dialectic categories such as quantity and quality, causality and pattern, individual and general.
In the process of research, the statistics can also be used other general scientific methods:
The analogy is perfection of the properties of one object to another.
Hypotheses - accounted for reasonable assumptions about possible causal connections between phenomena.
Statistical methods are used comprehensively (system). This is due to the complexity of the process of economic and statistical research consisting of three main stages:
1. Collect primary statistical information. At this stage of research, due to the need to take into account the variety of facts and forms of the implementation of socio-economic processes and in accordance with their mass character, applies method of mass statistical observation, providing universality, completeness and representativeness (representativeness) of the obtained primary information.
2. Statistical summary and processing of primary information .. At this stage, the information collected during the mass surveillance is processed method of statistical groups , allowing to allocate socio-economic types in the studied aggregate, a transition from the characteristics of single facts to the data characteristic, combined into groups of magnitude, is performed. Grouping methods differ depending on the tasks of the study and the qualitative state of the primary material.
3. Generalization and interpretation of statistical information.At this stage, the analysis of statistical information is carried out on the basis of application generalizing statistical indicators : absolute, relative and average values, variations of tightness of communication and the rate of change of socio-economic phenomena in time, indexes, etc. Analysis allows you to test the causal relations of studied phenomena and processes, determine the influence and interaction of various factors, assess the effectiveness of the management decisions , possible economic and social consequences of developing situations.
The concept of "social statistics" has two interpretations: as an area of \u200b\u200bscience and as a field of practical activity. Social statistics as an area of \u200b\u200bscience Develops a system of receptions and methods for collecting, processing and analyzing numerical information on social phenomena and processes in society. Social statistics as a field of practical activityaims to implement state statistics and other organizations of the collection and generalization of numerical materials characterizing certain social processes.
Social statistics are a branch of statistics, which is engaged in the study of mass change, which for a certain period of time occur in the social life of society.
The subject of social statistics is society in all the variety of its forms and manifestations, as well as the quantitative side of social phenomena (objectively existing dimensions, levels that are in a state of continuous motion) in an inextricable connection with their qualitative side.
The goal of social statistics is the development of such indicators that will be able to identify the development of social living conditions of people throughout the development of society. Thanks to social statistics, a complete picture of a human lifestyle is reproduced: its way, living conditions in a particular historical period.
The following main tasks are facing social statistics:
1) complete the reproduction of a model of state statistics adapted to the conditions for the development of market relations;
2) increase the management functions of state statistical authorities in general, the process of information display of public events in the country; form uniform methods and rules for sectoral statistical information systems; ensure high efficiency and maximum accuracy of statistical data;
3) develop scientifically substantiated statistical methods and techniques, similar to the needs of the Company at the present stage and international standards; improve the software and technological and technical level of the system;
4) to organize statistical activities of the executive bodies, create conditions for consumption by these bodies of official statistical standards when conducting sectoral statistical observations;
5) prepare statistical information, investigate and evaluate, draw up national reports required balance calculations; guarantee the completeness and scientific validity of all official statistical information;
6) Ensure user access to open statistical information through the dissemination of official reports on the social situation of the country, publications of statistical collections on equal funds.
№ 116. Measurement methods and indicators system
Statistical analysis of the phenomena and processes occurring in the social life of society is carried out using the methods specific for statistics - methods of generalizing indicators, giving a numerical measurement of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object, links between them, the trends of their measurement. These indicators reflect the social life of society, acting as a subject of research of social statistics. The most significant areas of research in social statistics include:
Social and demographic structure of the population and its dynamics;
Standards of living;
Well-being;
Population health levels;
Culture and education;
Moral statistics;
Political life.
In relation to each study area is developed system of indicatorsThe sources of information are determined and there are specific approaches to the use of statistical materials in order to regulate the social situation in the country and regions. At the same time, all these directions give, ultimately, a single consistent and integrated information about the picture of social life, about the trends and patterns of society development.
To display and study the quantitative and high-quality sides of phenomena and processes public Life Social statistics use a system of indicators. The statistical indicator is the most important category of social statistics. This is a very capacious and widely used concept. It is saturated with specific content in relation to various phenomena, their properties, forms. The statistical indicator is directly related to the quantitative side of the social phenomenon. Consequently, the statistical indicator is a quantitative quality concept. It is impossible to call a specific statistical indicator without mentioning its quality content. Such, for example, indicators of real disposable cash income, the volume of paid services, the average life expectancy of the population and others.
Statistics are developing special methodologyobtaining information: selection, measurement, fixation and data aggregation, as well as their subsequent transformation. Such special methods include: mass statistical observations, grouping method, medium-sized methods, indexes, balance method and a number of others. Statistics like science includes the following sections: general statistical theory, economic statistics, industry statistics - industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, communications, etc. It was within the framework of sectoral statistics that social statistics are currently developing.
