All blood tests from a vein. Indicators of a general analysis of blood from a vein and their interpretation. What does the clinical analysis of venous blood say?
Neutrophils account for 50–75% of the total number of leukocytes. According to the degree of maturity, stab (young) and segmented (mature) neutrophils are distinguished. The main function of this type of white blood cell is to protect the body from infections by phagocytosis and chemotaxis.
An increase in the number of neutrophils is noted with infectious diseases, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, malignant tumors, physical strain, stress, pregnancy, as well as after surgery.
The number of neutrophils decreases with some infections, anemia, thyrotoxicosis, anaphylactic shock.
Eosinophils are leukocytes that take part in tissue reactions in infectious, oncological, autoimmune diseases and allergic processes.
An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood occurs with allergies, dermatitis, in the acute period of infectious diseases, malignant neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases, myocardial infarction, lung disease, as well as during pregnancy.
The number of erythrocytes is increased in erythremia, heart defects, hydronephrosis, kidney cancer, pheochromocytoma, obesity, lung disease, dehydration, stress, alcoholism, smoking, as well as in newborns.
A decrease in the number of eosinophils occurs at the initial stages of the inflammatory process, with severe purulent infections, poisoning with salts of heavy metals, stress.
Basophils are the smallest type of leukocytes involved in allergic and cellular inflammatory reactions.
The number of basophils increases with hypothyroidism, chickenpox, nephrosis, ulcerative colitis, after removal of the spleen, with food intolerance and hypersensitivity to drugs.
Lymphocytes are white blood cells whose task is to form and regulate the cellular and humoral immune response.
An increase in the number of lymphocytes occurs with infectious diseases, lymphocytic leukemia, exposure to toxic substances.
A decrease in the number of lymphocytes is characteristic acute infections, renal failure, immunodeficiency states, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Monocytes - the largest cells of all leukocytes, are involved in the formation and regulation of the immune response.
The number of monocytes increases in infectious diseases, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, phosphorus poisoning.
A decrease in the number of monocytes occurs during surgery, shock, aplastic anemia, hairy cell leukemia, and during childbirth.
ESR
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, ESR) is one of the indicators determined during a general blood count from a vein. It is the ratio of protein fractions in blood plasma.
An increase in this indicator occurs during inflammatory processes in the body, diseases of the liver, kidneys, anemia, endocrine diseases, as well as in women during menstruation, pregnancy and after childbirth.
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Each of us at least once in our life took a general blood test from a vein, what does this type of study show, how are the results deciphered? What indicators are included in the analysis and what value do they have for the functioning of the body, what do deviations from the norm indicate? How to properly prepare for the test? Answers to all these questions can be obtained from this article.
Why is the research done?
A complete blood count is the initial test that diagnoses a number of different diseases. Most patients donate blood with fear. But this is not fear of expected pain. The reason for the fear lies in the psychological factor that when taking blood you may be unintentionally infected with any disease, including AIDS and hepatitis. But these fears are unfounded.
Blood is drawn from a vein with a disposable syringe, which the nurse will take from the airtight container with you.
In many hospitals, the Vacutainer system is used, which ensures that blood is drawn even without contact with air. The clinic doctor conducting the examination always wears disposable gloves.
Taking blood from a vein is a more accurate test than taking blood from a finger. This is due to the fact that when the finger is pierced, vasospasm can distort the picture of the general analysis.
Blood is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. It is not recommended to eat fatty, spicy foods and alcohol the day before. You can not be nervous and expose yourself to physical activity in the morning before the study. Physiotherapy, X-rays and rectal examinations can also distort the diagnostic picture.
What diseases can be detected
Such a blood test helps to monitor the functioning internal organs and body systems. The level of sufficiency of inorganic substances and vitamins, lipids, enzymes, pigments, protein and carbohydrates is determined.
To make a diagnosis, you need to know the following data:
- What gender is the patient under study.
- What is the age of the patient under study (in children, the indicators of some substances differ from those of adults).
- Standard values of the studied indicators.
Analysis of the above information can show a number of diseases:
| Diagnosed pathologies | Indicators |
| anemia | decrease in hemoglobin |
| oncology | leukocyte growth |
| inflammation, viral infections | protein growth |
| imbalance in the functioning of the kidneys, liver, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract | decreased protein |
| malignant tumors | ESR indicators |
| myocardial infarction, kidney pathology | urea |
| liver disease | indicators of bilirubin |
| diabetes mellitus, cyst, or pancreatitis | amylase growth |
| tumor processes, leukemia and anemia, | iron level |
| dehydration, thyroid disease | creatinine index |
To make a diagnosis, the doctor pays attention not only to the deviation of various indicators, but also to the values of blood coagulability, ESR, leukocyte formula.
Base values
The baseline blood values differ from each other depending on the sex of the person.
For men, the indicators will be as follows:
For women, the indicators are slightly different:
Standard values that do not change by gender:
Consider the impact of these indicators on the human body.
Hemoglobin ensures the delivery of blood to the cells of the body. Above normal hemoglobin is observed in people who have blood diseases, congenital heart disease and pulmonary insufficiency. Low hemoglobin is a symptom of blood diseases, a consequence of large blood loss.
Red blood cells provide gas exchange in the cells of the human body and help maintain the acid-base balance. A low red blood cell rate indicates a deficiency muscle mass... High speed - possible when taking a number of medications, kidney diseases, bone fractures and in the postoperative period.
ESR shows the state of erythrocytes and the presence of their accumulations. An increased ESR rate is diagnosed with inflammation or poisoning.
An increase in this indicator does not always indicate a pathological change and may indicate other factors:
- Fasting and limited fluid intake, as a rule, leads to the breakdown of tissue proteins. This increases fibrinogens, globulin fractions in the blood and increases ESR. Eating also accelerates ESR, so a blood test is taken on an empty stomach.
- A number of drugs accelerate the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation.
- Significant physical activity not only increases all metabolic processes, but also increases ESR.
What does the color indicator show? It informs about the level of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin, which makes it possible to correctly diagnose different kinds anemia. If the color indicator rises, then this serves as a basis to assume an exacerbation of heart and respiratory failure. A decrease is observed with anemia and kidney disease.
Reticulocytes are a young form of red blood cells. They perform the same function as red blood cells, but their effectiveness is slightly lower.
Platelets are platelets that help blood clot and stop bleeding. The growth of platelets in the blood indicates the presence of rheumatological diseases, with tuberculosis, lymphoma, cirrhosis. A low platelet count gives grounds to judge about dysfunctions of the immune system, infections and poisoning. And also a low level of platelets is characteristic during pregnancy.
Leukocytes or white blood cells responsible for the neutralization and immunity of cells. Their growth indicates an inflammatory process. There are several types of leukocytes.
The largest group of leukocytes is neutrophils, these include:
- Segmented neutrophils are mature cells that have a segmented nucleus and make up most of the mass of leukocytes.
- Rod neutrophils have a rod-shaped nucleus.
Neutrophils protect the human body from foreign cells by breaking down and absorbing them. Having absorbed a foreign cell, they are destroyed.
The growth of neurophils was noted in inflammatory processes. Their decrease occurs after chemotherapy, complicated by viral infections.
Also, the varieties of leukocytes are eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. An increase in eosinophils is possible with allergies.
Basophils are involved in allergic reactions. Their growth is possible with iron deficiency in the body.
Lymphocytes are responsible for acquired immunity.
Monocytes are the first to respond with aggression to the introduction of a foreign agent. They remove bacteria, dead and damaged cells from the body.
A slight deviation of any blood indicator violates the function inherent in nature. A timely clinical blood test helps to diagnose diseases at an initial level and successfully treat them.
Clinical (general, detailed) blood test (AS) is a laboratory diagnostic method that is used at the stage of differentiation of diseases. Assessment of hematological parameters AS is used for screening studies, clarification of the diagnosis, selection of adequate therapy and for the purpose of its control.
Only a qualified specialist can decipher the research results. Before taking the analysis, you should consult with your doctor. He will explain what HOW is, what a general blood count from a vein shows, and how to prepare for it.
Standard rules for preparing for general clinical and biochemical studies:
- You cannot eat 10-12 hours before the test.
- On the eve, fatty, heavy foods should be excluded.
- For a day, you need to limit hard physical labor.
- The test should be taken on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning.
- On the day of the study, you can drink water.
- If the patient is taking medications, it is necessary to find out if they can continue to be used before taking the test. If it is impossible to cancel therapy, you should notify the employee of the laboratory center.
In modern laboratories, venous blood sampling is carried out using a vacuum system. Often, capillary blood is taken from a finger for research. This greatly facilitates the procedure for taking material.
Leukocyte formula is the percentage of all types of leukocytes.
During venipuncture (puncture of the vessel), the nurse must follow the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. After removing the needle, it is necessary to bend the arm, and seal the puncture site with a bactericidal plaster. A false negative or false positive result is given by the analyzer in case of violation of the rules for the collection of material and its preparation. For example, if the test is not on an empty stomach, the analyzer may show pronounced leukocytosis. If the sampling algorithm is followed, the procedure is painless and safe.
What is included in a general blood test from a vein: indicators and norms
The reference values differ from laboratory to laboratory. Such inconsistencies depend on which analyzer is used. You should focus on the standards used in a particular diagnostic center.
Normal indicators AS
| Index | Reference values | |
| Hemoglobin (HGB) |
For men - 130-160 g / l In women, 120–140 g / l |
|
| Red blood cells (RBC) |
In men - 4.0-5.0 × 10 12 / l In women, –3.7–4.7 × 10 12 / l |
|
| Hematocrit number (HT) |
For men - 0.4-0.48 In women, -0.36-0.42 |
|
| Color indicator | 0,85–1,05 | |
| Reticulocytes | 0,2–1,2 % | |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
For men - 1-10 mm / hour In women 2-15 mm / hour |
|
| Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) | 86-98 fl | |
| Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH) | 27–34 pg | |
| Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | 32-36 g / dl | |
| The width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume | 11–15 % | |
| Platelets (PLT) | 180-320 × 10 9 / l | |
| Platelet volume distribution width (PDW) | 10–20% | |
| Leukocytes (WBC) | 4.0–9.0 × 10 9 / l | |
| Leukocyte formula | Segmented neutrophils | 47–72% |
| Rod neutrophils | 1–6% | |
| Eosinophils | 1–5% | |
| Basophils | 0–1% | |
| Lymphocytes | 18–37% | |
| Monocytes | 3–11% | |
What does a blood test from a vein show: transcript
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (Hb, HGB) is an iron-containing protein, the main function of which is the transport of O 2 from the alveoli to the tissues, as well as the utilization of CO 2 from the tissues to the alveoli. An increase in the level of hemoglobin is observed with primary erythrocytosis (erythremia), secondary relative (with a decrease in plasma volume) and absolute erythrocytosis (with chronic diseases lungs, congenital defects heart, hemoglobinopathies). Physiological increases in HGB concentration are observed with aerobic exercise, high altitude living, and newborns.
The level of hemoglobin decreases with anemia (deficient, post-hemorrhagic, hemolytic, hypo, aplastic), acute or chronic blood loss, kidney pathologies, liver cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, malignant neoplasms, chronic infectious processes, overhydration, as well as during pregnancy.
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBC, red blood cells) are blood cells that carry out a transport function for oxygen and carbon dioxide. The number of red blood cells is increased in erythremia, congenital heart disease, kidney disease, hormone-producing adrenal tumors, Cushing's syndrome, obesity, chronic lung disease, dehydration, stress, alcoholism, smoking. Physiological erythrocytosis is observed in newborns.
Erythropenia is observed in various types of anemia, blood loss, overhydration, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, tumor progression, chronic infectious diseases. A physiological decrease in the number of red blood cells is observed during pregnancy.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit (Ht, HCT) is the ratio of the number of red blood cells to plasma. The hematocrit number depends on the mass, average volume of erythrocytes and plasma. The reasons for the increase and decrease in the level of hematocrit are similar to the reasons for the change in the number of red blood cells. The more HCT, the thicker the blood.
Indexes characterizing the structure of erythrocytes
When carrying out a hematological test, erythrocyte indices are calculated.
Count leukocyte formula Is a way to assess the nature of hematopoiesis, as well as the severity of infectious and inflammatory processes in the body.
These include:
- average erythrocyte volume (MCV);
- the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH);
- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCHC);
- distribution width of red blood cells by volume (RDW).
The calculation of these indicators contributes to the early identification of the causes of anemia.
Platelets
Platelets (PLT) are blood cells that do not have a nucleus. Their main function is to participate in blood coagulation processes.
Thrombocytosis is observed in primary erythremia, chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, hypochromic-microcytic anemia. A physiological increase in the number of platelets in the blood is observed with increased physical exertion, after labor and with the use of adrenaline.
Thrombocytopenia is observed in aplastic and megaloblastic anemia, leukemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hypersplenism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, taking certain medications, systemic lupus erythematosus, hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, extracorporeal circulation.
When conducting a hematological study, platelet indices are calculated:
- mean platelet volume (MPV);
- their distribution width by volume (PDW).
These indicators are used for differential diagnosis thrombocytopenia.
Leukocytes
Leukocytes (WBC, white blood cells) are blood cells, the main function of which is to fight infection and other factors of tissue damage.
An increase in the number of leukocytes is observed in infectious and inflammatory processes, malignant neoplasms, infarction of various organs, large area burns, diabetic coma, uremia, after splenectomy. Physiological leukocytosis is found after eating, physical activity, in the premenstrual period, as well as during pregnancy and after childbirth.
Leukopenia is observed in some infectious diseases (typhoid fever, malaria, brucellosis, bark, rubella, influenza, viral hepatitis), hypoplastic processes in the bone marrow, benzene poisoning, radiation, treatment with cytostatics, some endocrinopathies (acromegaly, thyroid pathologies).
Leukocyte formula
Leukocyte formula is the percentage of all types of leukocytes.
There are 5 types of white blood cells, which differ in their morphological and functional characteristics:
- Neutrophils. In turn, they are divided into segmented and stab. The main function of this cell population is to protect the body from foreign antigens by phagocytosis.
- Eosinophils. An increase in their concentration is observed in allergies, autoimmune and oncological diseases.
- Basophils. Take part in hypersensitivity reactions.
- Lymphocytes. Lymphocytopenia is observed with leukemia, aplastic anemia, tuberculosis, glucocorticoid intake, AIDS, sarcoidosis. Lymphocytosis is observed in viral infections, thyrotoxicosis, bronchial asthma, lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
- Monocytes. They are large cells that take part in the immune response. Monocytosis is characteristic of infectious mononucleosis, lymphogranulomatosis, infective endocarditis, collagenosis, granulomatosis, and blood diseases.
Calculation of the leukocyte formula is a way to assess the nature of hematopoiesis, as well as the severity of infectious and inflammatory processes in the body.
Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, ESR) is one of the specific indicators determined during hematological examination. The rate of agglutination of erythrocytes is influenced by the protein composition of the plasma. ESR is a nonspecific marker of the inflammatory process. To clarify the diagnosis, a number of additional studies are carried out. The indicator rises during pregnancy, menstruation, during inflammatory processes, tumor diseases, diseases of the connective tissue.
Assessment of hematological parameters AS is used for screening studies, clarification of the diagnosis, selection of adequate therapy and for the purpose of its control.
A general blood test from a vein should be taken to healthy people at least once a year. It has a high diagnostic value, and also allows you to identify the disease at an early stage.
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A general analysis of blood taken from a vein is a procedure that has been prescribed to each patient at least once. It is carried out with the aim of establishing and verifying the diagnosis, monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment, and simply for the purpose of prevention.
A doctor of any profile can issue a referral for such a study. The specific indicators that need to be studied first of all are also determined by the attending physician.
What does a general blood test from a vein show, when and why is it prescribed? What is included in this study, and what should be normal performance? Every patient needs to know about this.
Feasibility of prescribing a sample
Why take blood from a vein, if you can get a capillary biomaterial from a finger? Indeed, many of the indicators included in the sample list can be obtained by studying the capillary substance. But it is not saturated with those enzymes and substances that the venous one has in its composition, therefore, to fully assess what processes are taking place in the patient's body. Therefore, even if the pathology does occur, then it may not be revealed during the sample of the capillary biological material.
So, why is blood taken from a patient for examination from a vein? The sampling of biomaterial helps to confirm or deny the presence in the patient of pathologies of bacterial, viral etiology, non-infectious inflammation and abnormalities in those indicators that cannot be determined by examining the capillary biological fluid.
What tests are prescribed and when?
To what do patients usually donate blood from a vein? It all depends on which specialist sent the patient to the test, and what suspicions he has about the diagnosis. Excluding the general and expanded sample, venous biomaterial is donated for:
- Biochemistry. What does a biochemical analysis of blood taken from a vein show? The analysis helps to determine the levels of enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, fats, glucose. By comparing the ratios of these indicators, one can judge the presence of pathology, as well as weigh the risks of its development. This is especially true for diseases of the liver, heart, endocrine disorders.
- Determination of the hormonal profile. A blood test from a vein is ordered by an endocrinologist or other specialist to measure hormone levels. Thanks to this study, it is possible to understand in the work of which particular area a failure occurred, and, moreover, this applies not only endocrine system... A therapist, family doctor, gynecologist, andrologist, sex therapist, gastroenterologist, hepatologist, etc. can prescribe a sample.
- Conducting an immunological test. What is checked when blood is taken from a vein for immunological examination? Such manipulation makes it possible to reveal the presence of antigens in the patient's body - foreign cells that are provocateurs of a particular disease. In addition, during this test, antibodies to the identified antigens are detected in the blood. These are cells produced by the immune system to bind and neutralize the effects of antigens on the body. The levels of these bodies determine the nature of the disease, its age, the degree of its severity. Also, based on the results of this test, the doctor can finally decide on the tactics of treatment.
Thus, we figured out what blood tests are from a vein. Now let's dwell on how laboratory diagnostic manipulation is performed.
Features and rules of the study
Where does blood come from for a detailed blood test? It is possible from a vein, but it is also possible from a finger - it all depends on what criteria are included in the sample. But the first option is preferable, because, as we have already figured out, the venous blood is richer. Consequently, the results will be more accurate, and maximally reveal the whole picture of the disease, if any.
To donate blood from a vein, it is necessary to follow certain rules, both for the laboratory assistant and for the patient himself. Preparation for the process consists in:
- refusal to eat 8 hours before taking the biomaterial;
- exclusion of taking medications about 2 weeks before the test (which medications should be canceled, and when exactly - the attending physician should tell the patient about all this);
- avoidance of physical and psycho-emotional stress 1 - 2 days before the test;
- quitting junk food and smoking 48 hours before blood sampling.
There are also separate requirements for test preparation. It all depends on what the blood is taken from the vein. For example, if a test is carried out in order to determine the level of prolactin, estrogen or testosterone, then 24 hours before it must be excluded from sexual intercourse, and 14 days before the COC should be canceled. Only a doctor can give final and more accurate recommendations on how to properly prepare for the blood collection process.
How is biomaterial sampling performed?
How is vein sheltered? The manipulation is carried out in the morning - from 8 to 11 o'clock. The procedure should be performed only when the patient is in a state of complete physical and mental rest. The patient himself can be in a sitting position, and if necessary, in a supine position.
They take blood from the main vein on the arm (right or left - it does not matter) in the area of the elbow bend. If for some reason this is not possible, then the laboratory assistant can take blood from a vein on the outside of the wrist.
Question. When blood is taken from a vein - does it hurt or not? It is impossible to say unequivocally, since each person has their own pain threshold. But the feeling when piercing the skin is not pleasant. Sometimes, in the process of taking blood, patients may become ill. In this case, you need to breathe deeply through your nose and close your eyes. You should not look at the test tube with blood, and after the end of the manipulation, you just need to sit with your eyes closed until normal health is fully restored.
How much blood is taken from a vein? For research, 5-10 ml of biological fluid will be enough. The duration of the study depends on its purpose. This process usually takes 1 to 5 days.
What is included in the analysis of venous blood: indicators and their norms
What does a blood test from a vein show? Using this test, you can determine the indicators:
- hemoglobin;
- erythrocytes;
- hematocrit;
- erythrocyte indices;
- platelets;
- leukocytes;
This is what is included in the detailed blood test scheme. Optimal values depend on the patient's age, and some of them are calculated based on gender.
Hemoglobin level
Hemoglobin is a protein that plays an essential role in the human body. It ensures the transport of oxygen to all tissues and cells in the body, and a decrease in its level disrupts this process. Increased levels of the substance are also not the norm.
What are the optimal hemoglobin values?
- For men - from 130 to 160 g / l.
- For women - from 120 to 140 g / l.
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are blood bodies that contain hemoglobin. When they break down, it is released and enters the systemic circulation.
What does the blood taken from a vein show? It may show normal, elevated or. To understand what deviation occurs, and whether there is any at all, you need to know what the indicators of the norm are.
- For men: from 4.0 to 5.0 per 1012 / l.
- For women: from 3.5 to 4.7 per 1012 / l.
On a note. An increase and decrease in erythrocyte counts is not always a sign of pathology. Physiological and environmental factors can also influence the concentration of red blood cells.
Hematocrit
- the ratio of erythrocytes and liquid blood substance. It is noteworthy that in heavy smokers, these indicators are almost always overestimated. Norms:
- For men: 42% to 50%.
- For women: 38% to 47%.
An increase and decrease in these indicators can also have pathological reasons, which the attending physician has to understand.
Erythrocyte indices
The decoding of a blood test taken from a vein in adults for the erythrocyte index is carried out as follows:
These are the main components of the erythrocyte index. The severity of the deviation, if any, is judged not only by this indicator, but also by the results of other studies included in the KLA scheme from a vein.
Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rates are different for men and women:
- For men: from 1 to 10 mm / hour.
- In women: from 2 to 15 mm / hour.
Different clinics may use different techniques for conducting a CBC from a vein. In the form with the results, the laboratory must indicate the data obtained and the norms for each of the criteria. And on the basis of this, the attending physician will judge the patient's state of health.
