What is the historical meaning of Utrecht Uly. Utrecht Sania: Fighting of the North and South. "Utrecht Sania" in books

The idea of \u200b\u200bUlya, as we have already seen, lay on the basis of the enterprise of the Lithuanian government - to separate the Kiev Metropolitan from Moscow. The ENA has become chronic hierarchy disease of the Western Russian Church based on political convenience and any benefits. The idea of \u200b\u200bUlya T.

History

The nobility of the southern provinces resisted to the spread of Protestantism on the territories controlled by him, and the artisans feared possible losses, since their workshops worked due to the Spanish deliveries of raw materials. All this served as a solution to the signing of the Araski Ulya. As opposed to them, representatives of the counties and cities of the Nordic provinces convene the meeting and sign Utrecht Ulya. Its main points was: the creation of a common army, maintaining a common treasury and a meeting of the joint government. Initially, the Union included 5 provinces: Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Geldern, Groningen; Later they were joined by Overiecel (February 4, 1579) and Friesland (in March of the same year). The Union envisaged the creation of a common financial system, a single army, carrying out agreed foreign policy.

Creating a contract

From the text of the document it follows that he wore a more military character than political. Due to the systematic attacks of the Spanish troops on the Dutch cities and settlements, representatives of many provinces decided to unite into the military unit, for a joint opposition of the threat. Commissioners of the provinces of the staffs, deputies and judges have developed a regulatory and legal document that, in fact, has been prevented from the composition of the Sacred Roman Empire for other provinces. I did not leave aside the issues of economic and religious nature, the regulation of which was directly spelled out in the articles of the Agreement. On the this moment The document is freely access, in the number of 109 scanned pages, which are stored in the national archive of the city of Hague. Parties that have signed an agreement:

• Holland (county);
• County of Zealand;
• Señoria Utrecht;
• Geldern (Duchy);
• Senoria Oversell;
• Brabant (Duchy);
• Flanders (county);
• Tour (city);
• Valencienne
  

Document

Preamble

The introductory part of the document tells about the reasons that prompted delegates from many states to gather and take this decision. They are listed: a constant threat from the Spanish troops, their numerous attacks on Dutch cities and settlements, direct threat of expanding the front of the conflict to the north. It is indicated for a direct violation of the provisions of the Gentsky pacification, which will lead to the establishment tyrannoe regime Spaniards, pursuit of religious sign, slavery for the Dutch. After that, representatives of the Netherlands, Zelandi, Señoria Utrecht, Gelderna, Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overweysla, Brabant, Flanders, Tournai, Valencian decided to combine joint defense, but not to exit the Habsburg Netherlands.

Article I.

The above-mentioned provinces remain the right to form unions, confederation, agreements on voluntary fundamentals. Each of these provinces is forbidden to exit the composition of the Union, to break relations, share any territory or include it in the will, sacrificing, exchange, sell. Also, residents of these provinces are guaranteed to preserve the rights, freedoms, privileges, benefits, local customs. All parties to the agreement should make every effort to comply with, strengthen, preserve and protect these rules, charters and customs with all possible means. It is assumed that the differences that exist at the moment or may arise in the future between these provinces, members of this union or residents - are permitted with the help of ordinary courts, arbitrations, friendly agreements. Other provinces cannot interfere with these disputes, until it is necessary to assist their assistance to the implementation of justice or coercion to submission to the law.

Article II.

The Union and the Confederation are protected from attempts to restore Catholicism under the pretext of the Gentsky pacification, eliminating any innovations introduced from 1558 or attempts to overthrow the current Utrecht Union.

Article III

The above provinces are obliged to help each other in cases of aggression against them all foreign and local rulers, princes, cities or their inhabitants, who seek in a group or unlikely to cause damage or insult or lead war against them. To make a decision on the provision of shared assistance, members of the Treaty should be fully owned by the situation.

Article IV.

A separate subject of an agreement concerns provinces, cities, border settlements and their residents more effective measures against any violence, where it will be recognized as necessary. Any of the provinces should be strengthened and provided at the expense of cities or provinces where they are located on one half and on the second half at the expense of the members of the Union. The construction of new fortresses in the aforementioned provinces, restructuring or demolition is carried out at the expense of all provinces if it is recognized appropriate.

Article V.

To cover the costs of protection and in the cases described above, it is envisaged that every three months or at a convenient time will be raised taxes in all provinces on: transferred, wine and beer domestic and foreign cooking, corn and grain grinding, Salt, gold, silver, silk and woolen fabric, livestock and cultivated land, baby animals, horses, oxen, with the sale / exchange of goods, weighing on social scales, as well as on all other goods. In accordance with the Treaty, the issue of deduction from income from the possessions of his royality, which is also used for these purposes is developed.

Article VI

These revenues should be increased or reduced only by a unanimous solution, in accordance with the requirements of the situation. They will be used only for the purpose of joint defense and general expenses, but should not be sent for any other use.

Article IX.

As for the agreement on the truce or the world, the beginning of the war, increasing any tax or contributions, they cannot be accepted, except, according to the general agreement of the Council and these provinces. But, in other matters that affect the format of the Confederation, the results and consequences of its action - decisions are made in accordance with the opinion and voices of the majority of the provinces delegates included in this Union calculated in accordance with the existing practice of general states. However, these measures are temporary, while allies have not been adopted by other solutions. (The word "allies" is used for the members of the Union throughout the document).

In cases where the provinces cannot conclude an agreement on the issues of truce, peace, war or taxation, these disagreements will be transferred to the consideration and submission of civilians, obliged to achieve an agreement with the parties or to make their own decision that is considered correct. It should be understood that if the staff themselves cannot reach an agreement on such issues, they must invite disinterested persons or deputies, according to their own choice. Thus, the parties and stagnals must reach an agreement, and make a decision.

Article H.

None of the above provinces, cities or their members can create any confederations or alliances with any neighboring rulers or countries, without the consent of the connected provinces and allies.

Article XI

It was decided that if any neighboring princes, Velmazb, landowners or city wish to join the above provinces and enter this confederation, they can be accepted only on the general advice and with the consent of all provinces.

Article XII.

The above provinces are required to adhere to the same estimated cost of coins, the speed of money exchange in accordance with such regulations that, in connection with this, must be taken at the first opportunity, and cannot be changed without general consent.

Article XIII.

As for the issue of religion, the provinces of Holland and Zealand act according to their own discretion, and in other provinces this union must adhere to the rules established in the religious world developed by the ERCGeritskogo Matias, the governor and the captain-general general, taking into account the recommendations State Council and general states, or establish such general or special rules on this issue that will be the most suitable for peace and well-being of provinces, cities and individuals, the preservation of property and the rights of each person, be it a priest or laity. No other province should be allowed to interfere or create difficulties in ensuring that every person remains free in his religion and no one can be pursued or haunting because of his religion, as provided for in the Gentsky pacification.

Article XVIII.

A separate subject of the agreement applies to the fact that none of the United States, cities or their members will not be taxed any tax paying for the passage of troops or other burdens that will be to the detriment of other provinces, with the exception of mutual consent, and none of the allies It cannot be taxed more than residents in the province itself.

Article XXIV.

To ensure more accurate execution of the contract, the staff of the specified provinces, which are currently authorized, and their successors, as well as judges and main officials from each province, city and their representatives, are obliged to give an oath of compliance and maintain this union and the Confederation, as well as Each article in it.

Article XXV.

The same way, the provisions should be accepted by the Civil Guard, Brotherhood and Legal entities in any cities and places of this Union.

Effects

The signing of the Araski and Utrecht Seni led to the fact that the country was divided into two opposing camps. The northern and southern provinces made irreconcilable rivals in the field of economics, religion and culture. The loss of the Spanish Empire of Influence on the provincial group led to an increase in military contingent and concentration at the boundaries of Zealand provinces and Brabant. Wilhelm I Orange did not immediately support the creation of Utrecht Ulya, since it was aware that the process of decaying the state was going on and to stop it is possible only by the association of the Northern and South provinces. Finally, the unsuccessfulness of this idea was obvious to spring and in May 1579 he signs the Utrecht agreement. In June 1580, Philip II issues a decree "Ban and Edict" in which Wilhelm I Orange is announced by the chief enemy, a rebel, villain. In fact, the Spanish king declared it out of law. In response, on July 26, 1581, the general states of the Nordic provinces issued an act of abandoned renunciation, which forever came out from under the jurisdiction of the Spanish crown. Conducting that internal resources for military struggle is not enough, the Oransky prince appeals for help from France and England. Considering Wilhelm I, the Orange inspirer and the culprit of the uprising in the northern provinces, Philip II appoints a reward of 25 thousand gold ecu for his murder. Subsequently, the hired killer committed a successful attempt on Prince Orange on July 10, 1584. The offensive continued on the northern provinces of Spanish troops under the command of Alessandra Farnese, which will be stopped only thanks to the outstanding commander - Moritsa Orange.

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Excerpt characterizing Utrecht

Nine days after leaving Moscow to Petersburg came to St. Petersburg sent from Kutuzov with the official news about leaving Moscow. The sent this Frenchman Misho, who did not know Russian, but Quoique Etranger, Busse de C? Ur et d "Ame, [however, although a foreigner, but Russian in the depths of the soul,] how he spoke to himself.
The sovereign immediately accepted the sent in his office, in the palace of the Stone Island. Misho, who never seen Moscow to campaign and who did not know in Russian, felt still touched when he appeared in front of Notre Tres Gracieux Souverain [our all-storeist lord] (as he wrote) with news about the fire of Moscow, Dont Les Flammes Eclairaient SA ROUTE [whose flame covered his way].
Although the source Chagrin [Grief] G on Misho and had to be another than the one from which the mountain of Russian people had flowed, Misho had such a sad face when he was introduced into the Cabinet of the Sovereign that the sovereign immediately asked him:
- M "Apportez Vous De Tristes Nouvelles, Colonel? [What news did you bring me? Dear, Colonel?]
"Bien Tristes, Sire," Misho answered, dropping her eyes, "L" Abandon de Moscou. [Very bad, Your Majesty, Leaving Moscow.]
- Aurait on LIVRE MON ANCIENNE CAPITALE SANS SE BATTRE? [Did you betray my ancient capital Without a battle?] - Suddenly flashed, the sovereign spoke quickly.
Misho respectfully gave the fact that he was ordered to transfer from Kutuzov - exactly the fact that there was no possibility to fight for Moscow and that, since one choice remained - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then Field Marshal was supposed to choose the latter.
The silence listened to silently, without looking at Misho.
- L "ENNEMI EST IL EN VILLE? [The enemy entered the city?] - he asked.
- OUI, SIRE, ET ELLE EST EN CENDRES A L "HEURE QU" IL EST. Je L "Ai Laissee Toute en flammes, [Yes, Your Majesty, and he has been facing a fius at the moment. I left him in the flame.] - Miso resolutely said; but, looking at the sovereign, Misho was horrified by what he did. The sovereign is hard and often began to breathe, the lower lip of it trembled, and beautiful blue eyes were instantly overwhelmed with tears.
But it lasted only one minute. The sovereign suddenly frowned, as if condemning himself for his weakness. And, lifting the head, a hard voice appealed to Misho.
- Je Vois, Colonel, Par Tout Ce Qui Nous Arrive, - He said, - Que La Providence Exige De Grands Sacrifices de Nous ... Je Suis Pet a Me Soumettre a Toutes Ses Volonts; Mais Dites Moi, Michaud, Comment Avez Vous Laisse L "Armee, En Voyant Ainsi, Sans Coup Ferir Abandonner Mon Ancienne Capitale? N" Avez Vous Pas Apercu du Decouragement? .. [I see a colonel, all over what happens that Providence requires big victims from us ... I am ready to submit his will; But tell me, Misho, how did you leave the army who left my ancient capital without the battle? Did you notice the decline of the Spirit?]
Having seen her tres Gracieux Souverain, Misho also calmed down, but on a direct essential question of the sovereign, demanding a direct response, he did not have time to prepare a response.
- SIRE, ME PERMETTREZ VOUS DE VOUS PARLER FRANCHEMENT EN LOYAL MILITAIRE? [Sovereign, will you allow me to speak frankly, how is it like this warrior?] - he said to win time.
- Colonel, Je L "Exige Toujours," said the sovereign. - NE ME CACHEZ RIEN, JE Veux Savoir Absolument CE QU "IL EN EST. [Colonel, I always demand it ... Do not hide anything, I certainly want to know all the truth.]
- SIRE! - Miso said with a thin, a little noticeable smile on his lips, having time to prepare his answer in the form of a lightweight and respectful Jeu De Mots [Word Games]. - SIRE! J "AI Laisse Toute L" Armee Depuis Les Chefs Jusqu "Au Dernier Soldat, Sans Exception, Dans Une Crainte Epouvantable, Effrayante ... [Sovereign! I left the whole army, starting with the bosses to the last soldier, without exception, in great, desperate Fear ...]
- Comment CA? - strictly frowning, interrupted the sovereign. - Mes Russes SE Laisseront Ils Abattre Par Le Malheur ... Jamais! .. [How so? My Russians can fall in spirit before failure ... Never! ..]
That was just waiting for Misho to insert his words to the game.
"Sire," he said with respectful playfulness of the expression, - Ils Craignent Seulement Que Votre Majeste Par Bonte De C? Ur Ne Se Laisse Persuader De Faire La Paix. ILS BRULENT DE COMBATTRE, - spoke of the authorized Russian people, - Et de Prouver a Votre Majeste Par Le Sacrifice de LEUR VIE, Combien Ils Lui Sont Devoues ... [Sovereign, they are afraid only that your Majesty for the kindness of the soul does not decide to conclude the world . They are impatient to fight again and prove to your majesty victim to your life, as far as they are committed ...]
- AH! - Soothed and with a gentle brilliance, the sovereign said, hitting Misho's shoulder. - Vous Me Tranquillisez, Colonel. [BUT! You calm me, colonel.]
Sovereign, dropping his head, was silent several times.
- Eh Bien, Retournez Al "Armee, [Well, so come back to the army.] - He said, straightening in full growth and with a gentle and magnificent gesture Turning to Misho, - Et Dites a Nos Braves, Dites a tous Mes Bons Sujets Partout Ou Vous Passerez, Que Quand Je N "Aurais Plus Aucun Soldat, Je Me Mettrai Moi Meme, A La Tete de Ma Chere Noblesse, De Mes Bons Paysans et j" Userai Ainsi Jusqu "A La Derniere Ressource De Mon Empire. IL M "EN OFFRE ENCORE PLUS QUE MES ENNEMIS NE PENSENT - said the sovereign, more and more encouraging. - Mais Si Jamais Il Fut Ecrit Dans Les Decrets De La Divine Providence, - He said, raising his beautiful, meek and shiny feeling Eyes to Sky, - Que Ma Dinastie Dut Cesser De Rogner Sur Le Trone de Mes Ancetres, Alors, APRES Avoir Epuise Touve Les Moyens Qui Sont EN Mon Pouvoir, Je Me Laisserai Croitre La Barbe Jusqu "ICI (Sovere showed hand on half of the chest) , Et J "Irai Manger des Pommes De Terre Avec Le Dernier de Mes Paysans Plutott, Que De Signer La Honte De Ma Patrie Et De Ma Chere Nation, Dont Je Sais AppRecier Les Sacrifices! .. [Tell the bravesties to our, tell me to all my subjects. , wherever you will pass that when I have no one soldier, I will be at the head of my kind nobility and good men and thus exhaust the last means of my state. They are more than thinking my enemies ... But if It was intended to be divine providence m so that our dynasty cease to reign on the throne of my ancestors, then, exhausting all the funds that in my hands, I will let the beard so far and rather I will go there there is one potato with the last of my peasants, rather than decide to sign my homeland's shame and my dear People, whose victims I can appreciate! ..] After saying these words with an agitated voice, the sovereign suddenly turned, as if wanting to hide the tears from Misho, and went deep into his office. After standing there for a few moments, he returned with big steps to Misho and a strong gesture squeezed his hand lowering the elbow. The beautiful, gentle face of the sovereign was painted, and the eyes burned with shine determination and anger.
- Colonel Michaud, N "Oubliez Pas Ce Que Je Vous DIS ICI; PEUT ETRE QU" UN JOUR NOUUS NOUUS LE RAPPELERONS AVEC Plaisir ... Napoleon Ou Moi, "said the sovereign, coming to the chest. - Nous Ne Pouvons Plus REGNER ENSEMBLE. J "Ai Appris a Le Connaitre, Il Ne Me Trompera Plus ... [Colonel Miso, do not forget that I told you here; Maybe we will ever remember this with pleasure ... Napoleon or I ... We can no longer reign together. I learned it now, and he will no longer deceive me ...] - And the sovereign, frowning, fell silent. Hearing these words, seeing the expression of a solid determination in the eyes of the sovereign, Miso - Quoique Etranger, Mais Russe de C? Ur et d "Ame - felt yourself in this solemn minute - Entouusiasme Par Tout CE QU "Il Venait D" Entendre [Although a foreigner, but Russian in the depths of the soul ... delighted with all what he heard] (as he said later), and he portrayed as his Feelings and feelings of the Russian people, whom he considered himself authorized.
- SIRE! - he said. - Votre Majeste Signe Dans Ce Moment La Gloire de La Nation Et Le Salut De L "Europe! [Sovereign! Your Majesty signs this minute the glory of the people and the salvation of Europe!]
The sovereign went to the head of the head Misho.

While Russia was up to half of the conquest, and the residents of Moscow fled to the distant provinces, and the militia for harsh climbed to defend the Fatherland, involuntarily seems to us who did not live at the time that all Russian people from Mala have been taken to great To sacrifice themselves, save fatherland or cry over his destruction. Stories, descriptions of that time, all without exception speak only about self-sacrifice, love for the Fatherland, despair, Mountain and Russian heroism. In fact, it was not so. It seems to us so only because we see from the past one common historical interest of that time and do not see all those personal, human interests that were in people of that time. Meanwhile, in fact, those personal interests of the present to such an extent are more common interests that they never feel about them (even noticeable is not at all). Most of the people of that time did not pay any attention to the general course of affairs, and only the personal interests of this. And these people were the most useful figures of that time.
The same who tried to understand the general course of affairs and with self-sacrifice and heroism wanted to participate in it, were the most useless members of society; They saw all the overall, and all that they did for good, turned out to be useless nonsense, like Pierre's shelves, Mamonov, who robbed Russian villages, like a korpio, pinched with ladies and never reach the wounded, etc. Even those who, Loving to wisely and express his feelings, interpreted about the present position of Russia, unwittingly worn in the speeches of their imprint or pretendation and lies, or useless condemnation and malice on people accused of what no one could be to blame. In historical events, it is obvious to the prohibition of tasking of the fetus of the Tree of knowledge. Only one unconscious activity brings fruit, and a person playing a role in historical event, never understands his meanings. If he is trying to understand him, he is amazed in infertility.
The events accounted for in Russia, the events of the time was, the closer the person's participation was. In St. Petersburg and the provincial cities distant from Moscow, ladies and men in the militia uniforms mourned Russia and the capital and talked about self-sacrifice, etc.; But in the army, which retired for Moscow, almost did not speak and did not think about Moscow, and, looking at her fielly, no one swear to take revenge on the French, but thought about the next third of the salary, about the next parking lot, about the Markantish Makeup and the like ...
Nikolai Rostov without any purpose of self-sacrifice, and by chance, since the war found him in the service, took a close and more prolonged participation in the defense of the Fatherland and therefore, without despair and gloomy conclusions, looked at what was performed then in Russia. If he would have asked what he thinks about the current situation of Russia, he would say that he had nothing to think that there was Kutuzov and others, and what he heard that shelves were completed, and what should be fighting for a long time , and that in the current circumstances he is not wise of the year after two get the regiment.
According to the fact that he looked at it, he was not only without a crushing that he was deprived of participation in the last struggle, took the news about the appointment of him on a business trip for the repair for the division in Voronezh, but also with the greatest pleasure he did not hide and Which very well understood his comrades.
A few days before the Borodino battle, Nikolai received money, paper and, sent forward hussar, went to Voronezh on the postal.
Only one who experienced this, that is, he stayed for several months without ceasing in the atmosphere of military, combat life, can understand that the pleasure that Nikolai experienced, when he got out of the area to which the troops reached the troops, the provisions of the province, Goshpatami; When he, without soldiers, Four, dirty traces of the presence of the camp, saw villages with men and women, landlords, fields with grazing cattle, station houses with swept aside. He felt such joy as if she saw all this for the first time. In particular, the fact that he was surprised and pleased - it was women, young, healthy, for each of which did not have a dozen caring officers, and women who were glad and flattered were the fact that the passage officer was joking with them.
In the very cheerful arrangement of the Spirit Nicholas at night came to Voronezh to the hotel, ordered everything that he had been deprived long in the army for a long time, and on another day, purely having fallen and put on the long-standing major form, went to the authorities.
The head of the militia was Stat General, an old manwhich apparently was amused by his military title and rank. He is angry (thinking that in this military property) accepted Nicholas and significantly, as if having the right to be right and, as it were, thereby considering the general course of business, approving and not approving, asked him. Nikolai was so fun that he was only funny.

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The nobility of the southern provinces resisted to the spread of Protestantism on the territories controlled by him, and the artisans feared possible losses, since their workshops worked due to the Spanish deliveries of raw materials. All this served as a solution to the signing of the Araski Ulya. As opposed to them, representatives of the counties and cities of the Nordic provinces convene the meeting and sign Utrecht Ulya. Its main points was: the creation of a common army, maintaining a common treasury and a meeting of the joint government. Initially, the Union included 5 provinces: Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Geldern, Groningen; Later they were joined by Overiecel (February 4, 1579) and Friesland (in March of the same year). The Union envisaged the creation of a common financial system, a single army, carrying out agreed foreign policy.

From the text of the document it follows that he wore a more military character than political. Due to the systematic attacks of the Spanish troops on the Dutch cities and settlements, representatives of many provinces decided to unite into a military unit for a joint opposition to the threat. Commissioners of the provinces of civilians, deputies and judges have developed a regulatory document that actually prevented from the composition of the Sacred Roman Empire for other provinces. I did not leave aside the issues of economic and religious nature, the regulation of which was directly spelled out in the articles of the Agreement. At the moment, the document is in free access, in the number of 109 scanned pages, which are stored in the national archive of the city of Hague. Parties that have signed an agreement:

The introductory part of the document tells about the reasons that prompted delegates from many states to gather and take this decision. They are listed: a constant threat from the Spanish troops, their numerous attacks on Dutch cities and settlements, direct threat of expanding the front of the conflict to the north. It is indicated for a direct violation of the provisions of the Gent's pacification, which will lead to the establishment of the tyrannical regime of the Spaniards, the persecution of religious sign, to slavery for the Dutch. After that, representatives of the Netherlands, Zelandi, Señoria Utrecht, Gelderna, Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overweysla, Brabant, Flanders, Tournai, Valencian decided to combine joint defense, but not to exit the Habsburg Netherlands.

The above-mentioned provinces remain the right to form unions, confederation, agreements on voluntary fundamentals. Each of these provinces is forbidden to exit the composition of the Union, to break relations, share any territory or include it in the will, sacrificing, exchange, sell. Also, residents of these provinces are guaranteed to preserve the rights, freedoms, privileges, benefits, local customs. All parties to the agreement should make every effort to comply with, strengthen, preserve and protect these rules, charters and customs with all possible means. It is assumed that the differences that exist at the moment or may arise in the future between these provinces, members of this union or residents - are permitted with the help of ordinary courts, arbitrations, friendly agreements. Other provinces cannot interfere with these disputes, until it is necessary to assist their assistance to the implementation of justice or coercion to submission to the law.

The Union and the Confederation are protected from attempts to restore Catholicism under the pretext of the Gentsky pacification, eliminating any innovations introduced from 1558 or attempts to overthrow the current Utrecht Union.

The above provinces are obliged to help each other in cases of aggression against them all foreign and local rulers, princes, cities or their inhabitants, who seek in a group or unlikely to cause damage or insult or lead war against them. To make a decision on the provision of shared assistance, members of the Treaty should be fully owned by the situation.

A separate subject of an agreement concerns provinces, cities, border settlements and their residents more effective measures against any violence, where it will be recognized as necessary. Any of the provinces should be strengthened and provided at the expense of cities or provinces where they are located on one half and on the second half at the expense of the members of the Union. The construction of new fortresses in the aforementioned provinces, restructuring or demolition is carried out at the expense of all provinces if it is recognized appropriate.

To cover the costs of protection and in the cases described above, it is envisaged that every three months or at a convenient time will be raised taxes in all provinces on: transferred, wine and beer domestic and foreign cooking, corn and grain grinding, Salt, gold, silver, silk and woolen fabric, livestock and cultivated land, baby animals, horses, oxen, with the sale / exchange of goods, weighing on social scales, as well as on all other goods. In accordance with the Treaty, the issue of deduction from income from the possessions of his royality, which is also used for these purposes is developed.

These revenues should be increased or reduced only by a unanimous solution, in accordance with the requirements of the situation. They will be used only for the purpose of joint defense and general expenses, but should not be sent for any other use.

As for the agreement on the truce or the world, the beginning of the war, increasing any tax or contributions, they cannot be accepted, except, according to the general agreement of the Council and these provinces. But, in other matters that affect the format of the Confederation, the results and consequences of its action - decisions are made in accordance with the opinion and voices of the majority of the provinces delegates included in this Union calculated in accordance with the existing practice of general states. However, these measures are temporary, while allies have not been adopted by other solutions. (The word "allies" is used for the members of the Union throughout the document).

In cases where the provinces cannot conclude an agreement on the issues of truce, peace, war or taxation, these disagreements will be transferred to the consideration and submission of civilians, obliged to achieve an agreement with the parties or to make their own decision that is considered correct. It should be understood that if the staff themselves cannot reach an agreement on such issues, they must invite disinterested persons or deputies, according to their own choice. Thus, the parties and stagnals must reach an agreement, and make a decision.

None of the above provinces, cities or their members can create any confederations or alliances with any neighboring rulers or countries, without the consent of the connected provinces and allies.

It was decided that if any neighboring princes, Velmazb, landowners or city wish to join the above provinces and enter this confederation, they can be accepted only on the general advice and with the consent of all provinces.

The above provinces are required to adhere to the same estimated cost of coins, the speed of money exchange in accordance with such regulations that, in connection with this, must be taken at the first opportunity, and cannot be changed without general consent.

As for the issue of religion, the province of Holland and Zealand acts in accordance with their own discretion, and in other provinces, this union should adhere to the rules established in the religious world developed by the ERCGERSOG Matias, the governor and the captain of these countries, taking into account the recommendations of the State Council and general states, Or establish such general or special rules on this issue that will be the most suitable for peace and well-being of provinces, cities and individuals, the safety of property and the rights of each person, whether the clergyman or the layman. No other province should be allowed to interfere or create difficulties in ensuring that every person remains free in his religion and no one can be pursued or haunting because of his religion, as provided for in the Gentsky pacification.

A separate subject of the agreement applies to the fact that none of the United States, cities or their members will not be taxed any tax paying for the passage of troops or other burdens that will be to the detriment of other provinces, with the exception of mutual consent, and none of the allies It cannot be taxed more than residents in the province itself.

To ensure more accurate execution of the contract, the staff of the specified provinces, which are currently authorized, and their successors, as well as judges and main officials from each province, city and their representatives, are obliged to give an oath of compliance and maintain this union and the Confederation, as well as Each article in it.

The same way, the provisions should be accepted by the Civil Guard, Brotherhood and Legal entities in any cities and places of this Union.

Blue reflected territories according to Arrask Unia, orange reflected territories according to Utrecht Unia, light orange reflected territories, later joined by Utrecht Uly.

The signing of the Araski and Utrecht Seni led to the fact that the country was divided into two opposing camps. The northern and southern provinces made irreconcilable rivals in the field of economics, religion and culture. The loss of the Spanish Empire of Influence on the provincial group led to an increase in military contingent and concentration at the boundaries of Zealand provinces and Brabant. Wilhelm I Orange did not immediately support the creation of Utrecht Ulya, since it was aware that the process of decaying the state was going on and to stop it is possible only by the association of the Northern and South provinces. Finally, the unsuccessfulness of this idea was obvious to spring and in May 1579 he signs the Utrecht agreement. In June 1580, Philip II issues a decree "Ban and Edict" in which Wilhelm I Orange is announced by the chief enemy, a rebel, villain. In fact, the Spanish king declared it out of law. In response, on July 26, 1581, the general states of the Nordic provinces issued an act of abandoned renunciation, which forever came out from under the jurisdiction of the Spanish crown. Conducting that internal resources for military struggle is not enough, the Oransky prince appeals for help from France and England. Considering Wilhelm I, the Orange inspirer and the culprit of the uprising in the northern provinces, Philip II appoints a reward of 25 thousand gold ecu for his murder. Subsequently, the hired killer committed a successful attempt on Prince Orange on July 10, 1584. The offensive continued on the northern provinces of Spanish troops under the command of Alessandra Farneshe, which will be stopped only thanks to the outstanding commander -

Utrecht Sania

In 1579, the Northern Netherlands, as well as the central provinces - Flanders and Brabant signed the Treaty about the Union - Sania in Utrecht, who secured the common goal - the war with Spain until fully independent. In 1581, they declared Philip II lowled.

The provinces entered into the Ulya fell out in different fate. Flanders and Brabant desperately opposed the offensive of the Spaniards. Gone and local plebs were heroically defended their cities - Gent, Brussels, Antwerp. But among the citizens there were a lot of indecisive or well-minded in favor of the world with the enemy, for example, merchants, which traded with Spain, and bickers, who delivered their products there. The local nobility, alarmed by the wretch of the partisan war, was also ready to recognize the power of Philip II in exchange for some liberty and permission to confess the Calvinist faith. Such sentiments aroused the disorder in the races of rebels, which in the end led to the fall of the main city of this region - Antwerp and to the defeat of the liberation movement in the central provinces.

The northern provinces acted more decisively, firmly intending to achieve independence. This was explained by the fact that their trading interests did not get closed in Spain, but were focused on England, Northern Germany, Scandinavia.

As a result of the revolution, efforts, first of all, the Democratic Forces in the north of the Netherlands formed an independent Republic of the United Provinces, which included Zealand, Holland, Utrecht, Heldern, Overalesel, Hedreht, Friesland, Groningen. The Protestant religion dominated here, new capitalist relations and the political system were formed. The Catholic south of the country remained as part of the Spanish kingdom.

According to Utrecht Unce (1579), a political structure was established in the new republic, which included Parliament - General States, the Government - the State Council, the Institute of Statgalter (President) and Provincial States.

In general states, each province sent deputies with the instructions of its voters (imperative mandate) and had one voice there. Decisions were taken consensus. The functions of general states as legislative power were legislation and taxation.

The executive power carried out the staff. He also had the right of arbitration in general states, in the absence of a consensus in the struggle of opposing factions.

The State Council conducted financial and military issues. In it, the places were distributed depending on the amount of taxes paid by the provinces. Holland and Zealand had 5 places from 12 here.

All provinces received sufficient autonomy, the guarantee of which served as provincial states and provincial staff.

Local governments carried out magistrates and townships of cities. The election law due to the lack of political literacy of the population was not massive. Of the 1.2 million population, only a few thousand people used by election right.

In the general states of the Independent Republic of the United Provinces, the following factions were formed:

1. On the issue of the state device, the conditions for the functioning of political institutions, foreign policy and, in particular, relations to Spain:

The "Unitarists" faction is supporting the Policy of the Statgalter (Morita Orange from 1585 to 1625), his desire to strengthen the executive and strengthen the central authorities, against the separatism of the provinces, for the centralization of the country, its line for the resumption of war with Spain. Social composition of the faction: bourgeoisie, nobility, officers, civil servants, etc.;

The "provincialists" faction - speaking for the traditional autonomy of provinces, for compliance with freedom, ensuring trade safety. Members of this faction were concerned about the strengthening of the power of the staff, saw in this dictatorial trends. The faction expressed the interests of trading bourgeoisie, owners of manuff, shipyard, as well as workers and peasants. The leaders of the faction - the Great Pennsionary of the province of Holland Oledenbarnweld and Sindic Rotterdam Hugo Grotia (who later wrote the famous written "On the right of war and the world").

2. On the issue of faith and attitudes towards the Catholic Church, as well as on the problems of relationships with Spain and foreign policy, they are generally formed:

The Arminian faction (Leader - Professor of Leiden University of Arminine) - advocated a policy of violepability, the expansion of markets, the patronage of trade. Social base - the ruling merchant oligarchy, trading bourgeoisie, workers of manufactory, who were interested in expanding trade with all countries, including Spain;

The gomarist faction (Leader - Professor of the University of the University of Homar) - the grouping of militant Calvinists, insisted for the participation of considerations in solving public affairs, opposed the ruling merchant oligarchy, which traded with Spain even during the war. Social base - patriotic nobility, city bottoms.

Fractions to promote their political line and increasing the number of supporters concluded alliances and temporary agreements. For example, the fraction of Maurice Orange, in order to enlist the support of the nobility and the urban bases during political instability in every way supported the grouping of gomarists, while the provincialist faction collaborated with Arminians. Therefore, when the provincialists raised the uprising, the majority of the population supported the "batch" of the staff. As a result, the uprising was quickly suppressed, the leader of the provincialists of Oledenbarnweldd executed, and the prison had to be emigrated to France. It also weakened the Arminian fraction.

It should be noted that the first democratic political system established in the Netherlands did not copy the ancient and medieval samples. Firstly, all democracies that existed to the Dutch republic were born as policies, that is, relatively small towns-states with a few thousand, a maximum of tens of thousands of thousands of people with a completely disorder of the territory. The Republic of the United Provinces was established on the extensive territory of eight provinces with a population of 1.2 million;

Secondly, antique democracies were democracies, first of all, slave owners for slave owners. The Republic of the Netherlands has become a democracy of citizens and for citizens who themselves, paying taxes, serving in the army, developing industry, trade, education and culture, developed and defended democracy;

Thirdly, all democracy existing to the Netherlands were unitary-type states, and if they grow up, absorbing other countries and peoples, they became empires. The Netherlands Republic was immediately created as a federation of provinces with, truth unequal representation in general states;

Fourth, Netherlands democracy, unlike the ancient and medieval, was immediately built as the parliamentary republic;

Fifth, the Netherlands democracy was immediately born not as a generic (family), not as territorial (demos, tribes), but, as a protoparthy democracy. It was the prepositions of parties in the Netherlands that it was the interests of various social groups and conducted the struggle in parliament.

In 1621, the trucy with Spain, provided for by Utrecht unia and irreconcilable toilers and gomarists insisted on the resumption of hostilities. Officially, the independence of Holland was recognized on the Westphalian world concluded at the end of the 30-year war in 1648. But the political struggle between supporters of strengthening the executive and centralization of the country, which received the name "oranges" (on the colors of their leaders - Orange), expressing the interests of the nobility, The officials, officer corps, and supporters of the autonomy of provinces, the development of industry and international trade, expressed the interests of the owners and workers of Manufactory, shipyards, ships), was walking throughout the XVII and XVIII centuries.

Regular struggle of fractions in the walls of the parliament, and not arbitrary, bloody skirmishes of armed groups of political opponents gradually became not only a business card of the political system of the Netherlands, but also a characteristic feature of the democracy of the new time.

The development of democracy in the era of the Netherlands Revolution, of course, had a foundation in the form of historical democratic experience of antiquity and Middle Ages. But, given the changed conditions, the construction of democracy in Holland acquired new features.

In quantitative terms - it is an expansion of the scale of democracy of both territorial and civilian (most adult male population of the country); In qualitative terms, this is the formation of a more regular and defined than antique and medieval, parliamentary democracy.

In the fall of 1578, the Catholic nobility of the provincials of Arto and Eno ("disgruntled") raised the rebellion against the general states, accusing them in the squeezing of the rischic elements, and began to negotiate with the new Spanish governor Alexander Farneza (the son of Margarita Parm, born in 1548) . On January 6, 1579, "disgruntled" (Walloon province + Artoi, Eno, Lille, Due, Orshi) concluded with him the official Union ("Arraskaya Ulya"). The goal is to achieve "Agreement with the Catholic King, our Legal Lord and Soviet". In May 1579, the agreement was signed in Arrase and was ratified by Arto, Eno, Lillem, Doue, Orsha. According to him, the recognition by Philip II of "Gent's Decience", the "Eternal Edikta", the withdrawal of Spanish troops, the preservation of Catholicism and the restoration of the existing political orders.

January 23, 1579. The postponed provinces - Holland, Zealand, Friesland, Utrecht, Geldern, Oversell, signed the text of Utrecht Unia. Flanders joined her, than the recognition of the "religious world" was canceled. The goal is to keep a revolutionary war against Spain to a victorious end, freedom of conscience proclaimed, but not worship, which was forbidden by Catholics.

From 1579, the fourth period of the revolution began. Orange was dissatisfied with the text of Utrecht Uly, which he signed only in May 1579 in Cologne in 1579-1580. Congress was collected, where there were representatives of Spain, R.V., Empire, Dad to resolve the Netherlands problem. Failed. Philip II proposed for the head of Orange 25,000 gold. In 1580, "apology" appeared "Orange and the beginning of the" black legend "about Philip.

Arraskaya and Utrechtskaya Ulya 1579

On January 6, 1579, in Arras, representatives of the nobility of the provinces of Artoi and Gennegau entered into an alliance, the purpose of which was a general agreement with Philip II as a "legitimate master and sovereign." It was an open betrayal of the national interests of the country by the feudal-Catholic reaction.

In response to this, on January 23, 1579, Utrecht Sania was created, the core of which was the revolutionary northern provinces: Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Friesland. They were joined by the city of Flanders and Brabant, headed by Gennet. The goal of Utrecht Ulya was the maintenance of a revolutionary war against Spain to a victorious end.

Catholic response, encouraged by her success in Gennagau and Artoi, Ospella. In major cities of Flanders and Brabant - Antwerp, Brussels, Brugge, the Spanish agent organized a number of reges, which, however, broke on the vigilance and resistance of the revolutionary movement forces.

Utrecht Sania

During the long time, the city of Utrecht belonged to various states, for example, Austria-Hungary. His citizens are proud to be the fact that it was in him an agreement was signed, which was the basis of Dutch statehood - Utrecht Sania.

Utrecht Ulya signed representatives of several Northern Netherlands provinces on January 23, 1579.

The Land of the Contemporary Netherlands were by the time of Spain, they were struggling for independence, however, with the strengthening of the Catholic Party's position in the southern regions, their struggle began to weaken. The nobles of the southern provinces of Artoi, Doue, Gennagau, together with representatives of the clergy, gathered in the city of Arras and signed an alliance in January 17579 to support Catholicism.

In response to this provinces, in which there was a strong Protestant religion, and this is Holland, Zealand and Utrecht, signed in Utrecht Ulya, which united these regions in opposition to the union of southern provinces. The initiator of the signing of this agreement was the prince of John Nassau, who was the Heldern Statter.

The provinces that signed the Ulya became one federable stateIn which each province had inviolability of internal self-government with its privileges. When attacking some of their provinces, the rest were obliged to provide her with all kinds of assistance and support. It has established that on issues that relate to peace, war and subsidies for hostilities, decisions should be taken only unanimously. Soon, other provinces such as Over Issel, Friesland and Groningen joined the Utrecht Uania. The combination of these provinces ultimately won the war with Spain and formed an independent republic.

Utrecht Sania

As it became clear after the Gent Agreement, in which almost all the Netherlands provinces committed themselves to standing at each other's life and property and expel the Spaniards and other strangers with their supporters from these provinces, these Spaniards, led by Don Juan Austrian and other leaders and commander and commander , used all means and constantly made attempts to bring the provinces as a whole and in parts to submission, tyrannoe and slavery, not so much weapons, how many intrigues, divide these provinces and dismember them, lead to zero and rupture the Union concluded by the aforementioned agreement for perfect The death and ruin of the above-mentioned lands and provinces, as it is clear that, persuading in these plans, they have recently thought to increasing the famous cities and areas and the armed attacks in Helderna.

As a result of this, residents of the Principality of Heldern and County Tutfen and residents of the provinces and land of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Friesland between the Rivers Ems and Bourvers were prudently and closerly to enter into an alliance from each other not to separate from the general Union concluded by Gent Agreement, but to strengthen it and protect himself from any difficulties that may arise in it due to any intrigue, encroachments or violence of enemies to know how and how they should behave in such circumstances and be able to defend against hostile forces .

Although the General Union and Gent Pasification remains in force, but to declare the separation of the provincials and individual land authorized by the deputies of these provinces, the following items and articles were established and approved, and in any case they wish to separate from the Sacred Roman Empire. .

These provinces will be connected and connected by the union with each other and all together and will always help each other with all sorts of ways and ways as if they constituted one province; They will never have the right to separate, allow to separate or cede in someone else's possession of the will, exchange, sale, peace treaty, a marriage contract or any other way.

All this, however, without prejudice to any of the individual provinces, fiops and their inhabitants, as well as for their special and private privileges, liberty, benefits, laws, statutes, good old Kutumes, customs and all other things that the rights that they are [provinces] not only will not blame any damage, obstacles or interference, but will rather help support and strengthen in this all fair and possible means and even, if you need, life and property?, as well as protect Be that as it may, and anywhere to all and everyone, who wishes to encroach on them or master them. It goes without saying that if any of the above-mentioned provinces, fjords or cities belonging to the Union) has or will have in relation to other provinces of any question regarding private and special privileges of liberty, benefits, laws, statutes, good old Kutumes customs and other rights, then such issues will be solved by ordinary justice, arbitration court or friendly agreement

Also [RECULATED] that the provinces mentioned, the context of the concluded agreement and the league, will have to help each other lives, property and blood against any violence which someone can cause them under the guise of the name of the Majesty of the King [Philip II] or in his favor The reasons for the Gent Peace Treaty, or because they accepted the Governor of Ertzgertzog Matvey with everything that was associated with this or followed by this, or with time it can follow; or under the banner and the pretext of the Catholic religion to introduce and approve its force of weapons; or on some of the names of the provinces, cities or in the submissal lands from 1558, or about the real Union and the KOI of the Federation; Or for any other occasion or reason, when these violence and encroachment will be applied and committed in relation to individual provinces of the states, cities and them dependent on them, and in relation to all of them.

Also [RECOMMENDED],. Without a general unanimous council of the consent of the provinces mentioned, no agreement will be concluded, no peace treaty, war will not be launched, t will be charged any registered and taxes relating to the whole of the Union; But other cases related to the Confederation, IL cases depending on these issues will be regulated, discussed and to be solved by a majority of the provinces of this confederation; These voices will be supplied or to create in the way that is usually followed in the General Meeting of the States, but provided that this will be resolved by the General Councils of Allies. It was decided forever that if the provinces are not able to faced each other in cases concerning the existence of the state, peace, war or grant, then any disagreement will be transferred and submitted to the future settlers of these provinces that will come to an agreement or will decide on justice .

It was decided that the provinces mentioned would have to agree with each other regarding the coin chasing, that is, relative to the appeal of money, that, according to the prescriptions, it will be done immediately, and one province will not be able to change the coin without the consent of others.

In relation to religion, the inhabitants of Holland and Zealand will hold their opinions; The rest of the provinces of the Union will be guided by the articles of the religious world, which already produced by Erzgertzog Matve, the governor and the chief warlord of all these land, and its advice with the consent of general states; regarding this, they generally and in particular will establish all the rules that they will consider promoting the good and justice of provinces and lands and all spiritual and secular persons, without any obstacles, so that every person is free in his religion and that no one tolerate any misfortunes because of its religion, according to the Gent Agreement.

Readings on the history of the Middle Ages: Manual for teachers high School. T. 3 / Ed. N. P. Grazian, S. D. Tajorkina. - M.: Stockedgiz, 1950. from 243-246

military-politics. Union first five, and then seven provinces (Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Geldern, Overiecel, Friesland, Groningen). Netherlands, concluded on January 23. 1579 In Utrecht, both against the attempts of Spain to restore its dominion in the Netherlands, actually lost during the Netherlands bourgeois revolution of the 16th century, and against the ins. Feed. Catholic. reactions. W. y. Preceded the conclusion of the Arrash Ulya South. Provinces. Articles W. y. Provided a joint venture of the revolution. Wars against Spain to the victorious end, the unusability of the Union, the maintenance of general external. Politicians, creation of a common army, a single mint system. Formally, not declaring the deployment of Philip II, W. y. At the same time, no place left for the actual queen. The authorities provided for federal politics. A device with large autonomy for provinces in their ext. Affairs, including the decision of the Relig. question. To u. Y. Also joined the cities of Flanders (Ghent, IPR, Bruges and District), Brabanta (Antwerp, Breda, Lire). Conclusion U. y. laid the foundation of an independent state. The existence of the Republic of the United Provinces, political. device K-Roy. U. Detected until 1795. Lit.: Sneller Z. W., Unie Van Utrecht en Plakkaat Van Verlatinge, Rotterdam, 1929; Fruin R. J., Colenbrander H. T., GESCHIEDENIS DER STANTSINSTELLINGEN IN NEDERLAND TOT DEN VAL DER REPUBLIK, 2 DOR.,'S-GRAVENHAGE, 1922. A. H. Chirewvones. Moscow.