Communion short synopsis. A selection of rules: participle. Limitations related to the valence characteristics of the verb
Lesson objectives:
- Educational:
- familiarizing students with the new part of speech with the SACRIFICE;
- study of grammatical signs of PARTICIPATION;
- repetition of grammatical features of the adjective and verb.
- Developing:
- improving the skill of drawing up a coherent oral story about a picture;
- enrichment of the syntactic structure of students' speech by using participles;
- development of the ability to distinguish participles from words of other parts of speech;
- improving the ability to formulate a problematic issue;
- development of students' ability to work with a paragraph of the textbook: highlight the main thing, analyze the information received, draw conclusions;
- improving the skill of compiling a cluster and working with an interactive whiteboard;
- development of communication, research skills, group work skills;
- development of the student's independence of thought.
- development of the ability to use various dictionaries.
- Educational:
Planned educational results:
Subject:
- repetition of grammatical features of the adjective and verb;
- assimilation of grammatical signs of participles;
- development of skills for the application of new knowledge;
- developing the ability to distinguish the participle from other parts of speech.
- to update the knowledge of students by working with various dictionaries.
Metasubject:
- highlighting and awareness by students of what has already been mastered;
- structuring information;
- search and selection of the necessary information;
- planning the sequence of actions;
- peer collaboration planning;
- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation of the passed material;
- awareness and construction of speech utterance;
- the ability to fully and accurately express your thoughts;
- correlating what students already know with new information;
- independent creation of an activity algorithm.
Personal:
- fostering love for the traditions of their people, their language, for the Russian word.
Lesson type: a lesson in studying new material in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard.
Educational technologies: problem-based learning, research educational methods, collaborative learning (group work), information and communication technologies, health-preserving technologies.
Didactic lesson space:
- painting "Dreaming Boy".
- multimedia projector and interactive whiteboard, presentation in the Smart Notebook program ( Attachment 1
).
- musical accompaniment: Frederic Francois Chopin "Dream".
Equipment: interactive whiteboard, multimedia projector, textbook, sheets A-4, individual cards, questionnaires.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Motivational component.
Continue the phrase: How nice it would be if we now ...
Guys, what were we doing with you now? (Dreamed).
II. Statement of the topic, problematic question and lesson goals(7 min.)
1. Work on the picture
Here is a picture (on the board). What can you say about her?
(demonstration of the painting "Dreaming Boy" ( Attachment 1
) to the classical music of Frederic Francois Chopin's "Dream" - 1 min.)
Children's answers.
Give the boy different qualities. He (what?) ... (dreaming, pensive, focused, serious, etc.)
2. Working at the blackboard
Parsing the word composition: DREAMING
DREAMING - CR? dream, dream.
ИЙ - ending;
DREAM - root;
A and YUSH are suffixes.
Possible questions for students:
- Give LZ to the word (one who dreams);
- From what is the word formed? (from the verb to dream);
- T. K. we interpret a word through a verb, what does it mean? (act);
- What part of speech do you think this word belongs to?
- If this is an adjective, then what sign does it mean?
- Make a conclusion.
The conclusion is formulated by the guys: Before us is a word of a special part of speech, which combines the signs of an adjective and a verb.
3. Working with the tutorial
Open the tutorial on page 24 and tell me what this new part of speech is called?
PARTICIPLE
- Think, how could the topic of our lesson sound? ( Student options, one option: Communion as part of speech).
4. Work in notebooks
- Let's write the topic of our lesson in a notebook (one student writes on the board).
What do you think will be the objectives of our lesson?
Guys answers:
- familiarization with the new part of the speech by the PART OF PARTY;
- finding out the signs that this part of speech borrows from adjectives and verbs;
- the use of a new part of speech in speech.
What tasks will help us achieve our goals?
Guys answers:
- remember the signs of an adjective and a verb;
- see which ones are in common with the new part of speech;
- formulate the signs of PARTICIPATION;
IV. Learning new material
We will work in the lesson in groups:
1st group - "Adjectives" and 2nd group - "Verbs"
1. Working with An explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegov and the Etymological Dictionary of N.M. Shansky. (3 min.)
Explore the word "sacrament" using
1st group Explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegova,
Group 2 School etymological dictionary N.M. Shansky.
Group 1: The sacrament is
1. In grammar: the form of the verb, which, along with the categories of the verb (tense, voice, type), categories of the adjective (gender, case). adj. participator.
2. The same as communion. Wine symbolizing the blood and body of Jesus Christ in a bowl with pieces of prosvira, taken by believers during the church rite of communion ..
2. Student report "The Sacrament of the Sacrament with Christians".
(individual task)
In Russia, after the adoption of Christianity, Christians gathered for the celebration of the Liturgy, at which they received communion.
The sacrament is called the Sacrament. In this Sacrament, under the guise of bread and wine, the Orthodox Christian partakes of the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ and through this mysteriously connects with Him, doing partaker eternal life for in every particle of the shattered lamb the whole Christ is contained. The comprehension of this Sacrament surpasses the human mind.
This Holy Sacrament was established by the Lord Jesus Christ at the Last Supper with the apostles on the eve of His suffering.
At present, all baptized Orthodox Christians can and should receive communion after the prescribed preparation for this by fasting, prayers and Confession.
So, while partaking, a person becomes a partaker of God, unites with Him.
Is there something in common about the meanings of the word "sacrament"?
Student response:
There is a common core in the meanings of the word "participle": involvement in someone, something.
You're right. IN AND. Dahl said: "The participle is a part of speech that participates in a verb, in the form of an adjective."
Group 2 - Communion is
The participle is borrowed from Art. language, where is a derivational tracing paper Greek. metoche"participle"< «причастность». В греч. яз. причастие было так названо потому, что оно по своим грамматическим свойствам «сопричастно» (как имени, так и глаголу)..
Based on this data, what conclusion can we draw?
Student response:
The sacrament is an ancient part of speech, a legacy of the Old Slavonic language (the first Slavic literary language).
To learn the PARTICIPATION, what do we need to remember?
(Student response: signs of an adjective and a verb).
3. Work at the blackboard. Morphological five-minute
Group representatives carry out analyzes:
1st group 2nd group
Green? (grass) - thinks? (long) -
I.app., Object sign; I. ch., The action of the subject;
II. n.f. green (I.p., singular, feb.) II.n.f. think;
1. Post. conf .: qual., 1. Post. conf .: nesov. view, non-trans., I ref.
2. Non-permanent recognition: full. f-ma, I.p., singular, f-ma, I.p. 2. Unpost. acknowledgment: will declare incl., singular, present, 3rd person
III. Definition.
III. Predicate.
4. Formulation of the problematic issue
What is the problem with our lesson?
What signs does a participle borrow from an adjective, and what - from a verb?
5. Research(work in groups):
students independently study a paragraph of the textbook and find
Group 1 - signs of an adjective in participles; Group 2 - signs of a verb in participles.
In the center - PARTICIPATION
Below are the signs of an adjective and a verb. From each group, students select the appropriate signs.
Output:
1. The participle denotes a sign of an object in action.
2. The participle changes in numbers, cases, gender (in singular).
3. Participles, like verbs, are of a perfect and imperfect form, present and past tense (there is no time for the participle), can be reflexive, have dependent words. Like adjectives, participles change in numbers, gender (singular), cases, have a full and short form, and depend on nouns.
4. The participles are usually definitions, less often predicates (in cr. F.).
5. The participles are formed from verbs using suffixes.
Look at the two words you have disassembled green (grass) and thinks (long). Knowing what signs a participle borrows from an adjective and a verb, what conclusion can be drawn.
Output:
The signs that the participle borrows from the verb are permanent signs, and the signs of the adjective are unstable.
V. Physical minutes. "Gymnastics for the eyes"
Vi. Consolidation of the studied material
1. Find the sacraments, prove(work on individual cards).
The 1st group writes out adjectives, the 2nd group - participles.
Warm rain, blackening abyss, hot stove, black night, shallow ford, sown field, barking dog, flying bird, standing boy, collected mushrooms, blue sky, painted floor, red berries, last leaf, reddening sunset, fiery speech.
Vii. Lesson summary
- What problem did we work on in the lesson?
- Can you answer the problematic question?
- What helped us?
- What is communion?
Mandatory: Exercise 57, to answer the question: Can the participle be called an independent part of speech? Justify your answer.
Training: Create and write 5 sentences with participles.
Creative: Write an essay on the topic "My Dream ..." using the participles.
IX. Evaluation
Groups assess each other's work, assessment of group work, self-assessment (1-2 students).
X. Reflection
Fill in the form (each student).
Bibliography:
- Russian language. Grade 7: textbook. For educational institutions/ M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsova and others; scientific ed. N. M. Shansky. - 31st ed. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 223 p.
- Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of the Russian language. V.V. Vinogradov. - 4th ed., Supplemented. - M .: ELPIS Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 944 pages.
- Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. The origin of words. - M .: Bustard - 2004.
- Selevko G.K. Modern educational technologies: textbook. - M .: Public education, 1998 .-- 255p.
- Gin A. Methods of pedagogical technique: Freedom of choice. Openness. Activity. Feedback... Ideality: A manual for the teacher. 2nd ed., - M .: Vita-Press, 2000. - 88p.
- Volkov B.S. Psychology of the lesson, its preparation, conduct and analysis. Tutorial. - M., Center for Pedagogical Education, 2008 .-- 96 p.
- Potashnik M.M. Requirements for a modern lesson. Toolkit... - M .: Center for Pedagogical Education, 2008 .-- 272 p.
Participle is a part of speech that means object attribute by action and answers questions which one? which one? which one? what kind? (what did he do? what did he do? what did he do?)
Initial form participle is the masculine nominative singular ( Im.p., singular, m.r. ). Denoting object attribute by action, participle combines signs and.
The participles are formed from verb and have some of its permanent features. Communions are perfect (read, excited ) and imperfect of the form ( read, agitated ). The type of participle coincides with the type of the verb from which it is formed ( excited - from the perfect verb excite,agitated - from the imperfective verb to excite ).
As well as verb, participles have a sign of tense, but for a participle this sign is constant. The sacraments are past (listened ) and the present time ( hearer ). There are no future participles!
Participles from reflexive verbs have the same suffixes as from irreversible verbs, but they add to the ending -sya (stretching ).
As well as adjective , the participle agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (these are its inconstant signs): playing child, playing girl, playing children ... Some participles, like adjectives, can form a short form: built - built, born - born .
Some participles deviate from general rule their education: grow - grown, walk - walk, row - row - fucking, scrape - scrape - scrub .
Syntactic role
In a sentence, participles perform the function:
- definitions (full form). Wreck nn th little girl, the flower soon faded.
- nominal part compound predicate (full and short form). Flower rip off n girl today. (Why we write one H here - read in the synopsis).
You can have the sacrament with you dependent words... Together they form participial, which is a single member of the proposal - defining . There are desires in a person, deserving of respect, and there are desires, not deserving of it (M. Gorky).
Morphological analysis plan.
I. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning; verb. from which this participle is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form ( Im.p., singular, m.r.)
2. Permanent signs: a) real or passive; b) time; c) type; d) return.
3. Non-permanent signs: a) full or short form (for passive participles); b) case, c) number; d) genus.
III. Syntactic role.
ATTENTION. You need to distinguish!
Adjectives and participles answer the same question, denote a feature of an object. To distinguish them, you need to remember the following: adjectives denote a feature by color, shape, smell, place, time, etc. These signs are constantly inherent in this subject. And the participle denotes a sign by action, this sign runs in time, it is not constantly inherent in the subject.
Let's compare: reading room - an adjective, a sign by purpose, and reading person - participle, sign by action; bold - bold, dark - darkening, troublesome - bustling ... Also, participles are formed using suffixes peculiar only to them: -Usch- (-sch-), -sch- (-sch-), -vsh-(-sh-), -em-, -im-, -om-, -t-, -enn–(the latter occurs in adjectives).
◊◊◊ Sometimes the participle is considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a special form of the verb ( in this synopsis this topic is not considered).
purpose lectures - to highlight the issue of understanding the place of participles in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language, to characterize the grammatical properties of participles, especially their formation and use.
2. Collateral and timing of participles.
3. Formation of participles:
3.1. Formation of present participles;
3.2. Formation of past participles.
4. The process of adjectivizing the participles.
5. Morphological analysis of participles ( independent study)
1. On the question of the part of speech belonging of participial words. general characteristics signs of a verb and an adjective in a participle.
The participles are equally closely and multilaterally related to both the verb and the adjective. Not without reason, some scholars considered them as "verbal adjectives" (L. A. Bulakhovsky), included them in adjectives (representatives of the formal direction, V. A. Bogoroditsky, etc.), often emphasizing their "intermediate position" between the verb and the adjective or considering it "hybrid verb-adjective forms" (VV Vinogradov).
The authors of the school (with the exception of V.V. Babaitseva) and academic grammars attribute participles to the verb, characterizing them as attributive forms of words of this part of speech. This point of view has become traditional. Despite the fact that both points of view are based on weighty arguments, neither of them can be considered reliably substantiated and indisputable: in the first case, verb features are actually ignored, in the second - the features of an adjective. Given the dual nature of the participles, the equally bright and strong signs in them of both the verb and the adjective, it is advisable to single them out as an independent part of speech.
This understanding of the part of speech belonging of participial words is set forth in the works of D.N. Ovsyaniko - Kulikovsky, A.N. Tikhonova, E.I. Dibrova, V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova.
The participle is an independent part of speech that designates the process as a sign of an object and expresses this meaning in the verb categories of the type, voice, tense and dependent categories of the adjective: gender, number, case.
The participle combines the features of a verb and an adjective. Of the verbal characteristics of the participle, the following are noted: transitivity / intransitivity, voice, type, tense, verb control, compatibility with an adverb. The voice category is expressed by suffixes in the participles of the active and passive voice.
Like the adjective, the participle denotes a feature of an object (with the already noted difference in meaning); changes in gender, number and case, consistent with the noun being defined; when declining, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective and performs syntactic functions in the sentence inherent to the adjective, acting as a definition and predicate.
2. Collateral and timing of participles
Collateral forms of the participle.
Real participles denote a temporal sign as an action that is performed or performed by the object itself: presenter, presenter.
Passive participles designate a temporary sign as an action to which an object is exposed or was subjected to by another agent: encouraged - encouraged (by the audience, the speaker). Reflexive participles, which fully correspond in meaning to reflexive verbs (with -sya), are usually included in the category of real participles, although they have a different collateral meaning (compare: washing - washing), corresponding to the producing verb (compare: wash - wash). Very often, returnable participles of the imperfect form are used instead of the passive participles of the perfect form: a manual that has not been published before - has not been published earlier. Thus, a certain ratio of recurrent participles of the imperfect form with the passive participles of the perfect form is created.
Temporary participle forms.
The tense category inherent in participles divides them into present participles and past participles. There is no future participle form, but in colloquial speech future participles meet. The meaning of the time of the participles is associated with their syntactic role and differs in full and short forms. The syntactic functions of participles are delimited according to their form: full participles (declining) act as a definition, less often as a predicate; short (non-declining) - solely in the sense of the predicate: The fading field is shaken by frost; The dachas were boarded up; I have cleared the road to Simbirsk.
Full participles, which are definitions, can have a relative tense form, which is determined in relation to the tense of the predicate verb.
The participles of the present tense express the simultaneity of actions indicated by the participle and the predicate verb: The boat, waving oars, sailed along the dormant river; The boy listened to the crackling of the branches broken by the bear. In the above sentences, participles have the meaning of the past tense, simultaneous with the action of the predicate verb. In this case, it is possible to replace the present participles with the past participles without a noticeable change in meaning.
The past participles of the imperfect and perfect form more often express the action that preceded the action expressed by the predicate verb: - What a devil girl! - shouted a Cossack, sitting on the straw.
The present and past participles can also have the absolute form of tense: the Bear, who ran out onto the porch, demanded to be given a ride; Tractors moving in front of a train resemble steppe beetles ...
Short forms, possible only with passive past participles (much less often with passive present participles), are used exclusively as a predicate. An indicator of the time of such participles is a bunch: in the past and future tense - I was and will be, and in the present - zero: I am tormented by a new desire for me (P.); He was not born a sufferer (T.); May her death be avenged! (Oshanin).
3. Formation of participles
The formation of participles in modern Russian is associated with the differences in verbs with respect to transitivity and form, so that the formation of all forms of the participle from any verb is impossible, not to mention the restrictions regarding individual verbs.
So, for example, the passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, press, shave, weed, etc. Formation of participle forms outside the indicated restrictions is unproductive: cf. read, written, done, etc. (from imperfective verbs). Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones - only from transitive ones. The present participles, real and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from only perfect verbs. Thus, only valid past participles can be formed from intransitive perfective verbs, for example: jumping, standing, etc.
3.1. Formation of present participles.
The real and passive participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by means of the suffixes -usch– (-ych-), -asch– (-ych-) - for real participles and the suffixes -em, -im– - for passive participles. Suffixes -usch- (-yush-) and -em- are attached to the stem of the verbs of the I conjugation: choose - elective, nes-ut - bearer; receive - received. Suffixes -asch– (-yash-) and -im– are added to the stem of the verbs of the II conjugation: contain - containing, gon-yat - gon-yash; gon-im - gon-imy.
The formation of the passive participles of the present tense is limited not only by the imperfect form and transitivity of the verb, but also by other signs of the forming verb.
This form of participle is possible:
- from verbs ending in an indefinite form in -a (t), -ov (a-t) in the form of the present tense in -ay (respect - respect, give out - give out);
- from prefixed verbs with the suffix -yva; -iva– (call, enhance);
- from non-prefixed verbs such as organize, attack, eliminate, etc .;
- from the prefixed verbs of the movement of the multiple subspecies (take away, take out).
As a relic of the past in the literary language, a number of passive participles are preserved, which are formed from verbs that have lost their transitivity in modern language... These are the words guided, controlled, preceded, accompanied and some others. The use of short passive participles of the present tense is not characteristic of oral speech, and is extremely limited in written and book speech.
3.2. Formation of past participles
Real and passive past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form (or past tense) by means of the suffixes -вш– and -ш– for real participles and -нн; -enn-, -t– - for passive participles. By means of the suffix -vsh- participles are formed from verbs with a base of an indefinite form to a vowel (to play - playing), and from verbs with a basis to a consonant - using the suffix -sh– (blossoming - blossoming-sh (si)).
When the participles in -shi are formed from verbs with the suffix -nu– (with the meaning of a prolonged or intensifying state), the latter is lost: sour - sour, deaf - deaf, etc.
Passive participles are formed using the suffix -nn- from transitive verbs of the perfect form, in which the base of the indefinite form ends in -а (-ya) - (t): describe - described, start - be-lost ; by means of the suffix -enn-, if the stem of an indefinite form ends in -i (t) or a consonant sound: finish - complete, bring-ti - brought-in, and using the suffix -t-, if the stem is indefinite form (perfect) ends in -nu (тъ) or -т (with a final vowel of the root): curl up - curled up, beat up - beat up, blow up - bloated.
In contrast to the present passive participles, short forms of the past passive participles are very widely represented in the language and are used in the predicate function.
The formation of passive past participles is made taking into account the correct ratio of the participle and the producing verb: shot (shoot), shot (shoot), drunk (drink), soldered (evaporate), etc.
4. The process of adjectivating the participles
The presence of signs in common with adjectives in participles contributes to the transition of participles into adjectives. This transition, observed in the previous periods of the history of the Russian language, is being intensively carried out in our time. In modern language there are words that have completely lost their once inherent verb and have turned into ordinary adjectives: unforgettable, humble, cursed, desperate, unexpected, constant, incessant, unspeakable, etc.
In the modern language, adjectives of two types are participle formations by origin that have completely lost verb features: recumbent, hanging, prickly, combustible, etc. and burnt, mature, hateful, alien, etc.
A separate group of participial formations by origin is made up of adjectives such as dried, soaked, the connection of which with generating verbs is still clear in modern language. The absence of control (explanatory words) in adjectives of this type obscures the meanings of tense, type and voice. On the contrary, the presence of explanatory words restores the verbal meaning of the stem and, therefore, translates these adjectives into the category of participles (compare: baked bread - bread baked in an oven).
A special group of adjectives are formations from verbal stems through the suffixes -im-, -em-, usually used in conjunction with non- (invincible, inimitable) with the meaning of impossibility, inadmissibility of an action or state. The difference between the suffixes -im-, -em- in this case is based on the belonging of the original verbs to different types of conjugation: inexpressible (express - II conjugation), inimitable (imitate - I conjugation).
In the group of adjectives with the suffix -im- there is a large number of words that are used only in conjunction with not: intact, necessary, etc.
Adjectives, the use of which is possible without non-, for example: independent - dependent, irreplaceable - replaceable, etc., semantically and grammatically approximate participles in the presence of an addition in the instrumental case without a preposition (with the meaning of a doer, an instrument of action): there were some indefinable expectations, desires, requests wandering around.
Adjectives with the suffix -em– represent a small group of words formed from verbal stems with the meaning of intransitivity and imperfect form: non-combustible, non-drying, inimitable, waterproof, fireproof, incessant, incessant, etc. As a rule, adjectives on -e are used only in conjunction with not- and do not correlate with participles on -e, since the latter are not formed from intransitive verbs (compare: inextinguishable - adjective and non-extinguishing - participle).
The formation of adjectives from participles is due to a number of factors:
- the lexical meaning of the participle, depending on the context,
- the presence or absence of explanatory words, etc.
In different groups of participles, the development of qualitative meanings and the loss of verb in the formation of adjectives proceed unevenly. So, real participles are less able to form adjectives than passive participles.
Real past participles, especially reflexive participles (na-sya), are more persistent with respect to the preservation of verb and less often form adjectives.
The presence of the non- prefix particle in participles gives them a pronounced shade of possible quality and facilitates the formation of adjectives (a failed actor, an unsuccessful enterprise).
The qualitative meanings of the passive participles are especially intensively developed, and the participles in -нн, -нн, and -th more often form adjectives than the participles in -ннн, -imi.
The formation of adjectives from participles is accompanied by the transformation of the lexical meaning of the participle, while the tendency to the disintegration of the word into two independent homonyms is manifested to a greater or lesser extent (cf .: a bay formed by nature - an educated person).
The semantic transformation of a participle during the transition to an adjective is expressed in the loss of the meaning of a temporary sign by the participle. An adjective formed from a participle denotes a constant feature of an object (cf .: diffused fog - absent-minded schoolboy), and often acquires a certain qualitative and evaluative coloration, positive or negative (cf .: well-bred boy, dissolute boy). Depending on the syntactic conditions, adjectives formed from participles are often substantivated: Students thanked the teacher.
Literature
1. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. - M., 2006.
2. Kornilov V.A. Participles as a problem of grammar // grammatical semantics of a verb and a name in speech. - Kiev, 1988.
3. Russian grammar / ed. N.Yu. Shvedova et al. M., 1980.
4. Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: In 2 hours - Part 2: Morphology. Syntax / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2002
5. Modern Russian language / Ed. P.A. Lecant. - M., 2000
7. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. Modern Russian language: In 3 hours. - Part 2: Word formation. Morphology - M., 1987
Control questions on the topic
1. What points of view on the place of participles in the system of parts of speech are presented in modern science?
2. What are the verb characteristics of the participle?
3. What characteristics of an adjective does a participle have?
4. How are present participles formed?
5. How are the past participles formed?
6. What conditions are conducive to the process of adjectivation?
Sacrament Communion established by the Lord Himself on last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His arrest and crucifixion.
“And while they were eating, Jesus took the bread and, having blessed it, broke it and, distributing it to the disciples, said: take, eat: this is my body. And, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink from it all, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins "(Matt. 26, 26-28)," ... do this in remembrance of Me " (Luke 22, 19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek... “Thanksgiving”) there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and the creation, which existed before the Fall; this is our return to the lost paradise. We can say that in Communion we receive, as it were, the embryos of the future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. The mystical mystery of the Eucharist is rooted in the Savior's sacrifice on the Cross. Having crucified His Flesh on the Cross and shedding His Blood, the God-man Jesus brought the Sacrifice of Love for us to the Creator and restored the fallen human nature. Thus, the sacrament of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death is death trampling down, and giving them belly to those in the grave; and giving us an eternal belly .. "
The tasting of the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as the Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can contain this secret.
« Jesus said to them: Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you.
He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day.
For my flesh is truly food, and my blood is truly drink.
He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.
As the living Father sent Me, and I live because of the Father, so he who eats Me will live because of Me.
This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: he who eats this bread will live forever.
…………………………………………
Many of His disciples, hearing this, said: What strange words! who can listen to this?
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From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him ”(John 6: 53–58, 60, 66).
Rationalists try to "get around" the mystery, relegating mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive the inaccessible to their minds as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament "cannibalism." For others, this is a wild superstition, for someone an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in their essence. Indeed, it is not natural for a person to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore during Communion, the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. Nevertheless, the imperishable substance of Divine nature is hidden under the outer shell of perishable matter. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord reveals this veil of secrecy, and allows doubters to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to let those who partake see His Body and Blood in their true form. Both times it was the first communion; in one case, psychics sent a person to the Church out of their own considerations. Another reason for coming to the temple was a very superficial curiosity. After such a miraculous event, both became faithful children of the Orthodox Church.
How can we even approximately understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of the Sacrament? The nature of creation was created by the Creator, akin to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the holiness of created nature - its initial state of free union and submission to the Creator. The angelic worlds are in this state. However, nature our the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But man fell away from God at will, and he can also be reunited with Him only in free expression of will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a man - the Virgin Mary!). In the same time deification
inanimate, lacking free will, nature, God can naturally do, arbitrarily
... Thus, in the ordained Sacrament of the Sacrament, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the instituted moment of worship (and also at the request of a person!) Descends on the substance of bread and wine and proposes
them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now a person can accept these highest Gifts of Life only by showing his free will! The Lord gives Himself to all, but those who believe Him and love Him - the children of His Church - accept Him.
So, Communion is the gracious communion of the soul with the higher nature and, in it, with eternal life. Reducing this greatest mystery to the realm of the ordinary image, we can compare the Sacrament with the “nourishment” of the soul, which it should receive after its “birth” in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born with the flesh into the world only once, and then feeds until the end of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a "hungry" regime can put the soul on the brink of survival.
How is Communion in the Church?
To participate in the Eucharist, it is necessary to properly prepare. An encounter with God is an event that shocks the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude towards this event. There must be a sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Savior's Sacrifice and the awareness of our unworthiness of accepting this great Gift (we accept Him not as a deserved reward, but as a manifestation of the grace of a loving Father). There should be peace of mind: you need to sincerely forgive in your heart everyone who somehow “grieved us” (remembering the words of the prayer “Our Father”: “And leave our debts to us, as we leave our debts”) and try to reconcile with them as much as possible ; even more so, it concerns those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers determined by the Church and compiled by the Holy Fathers, which are called: "Follow-up to Holy Communion"; these prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all editions of Orthodox prayer books (collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact volume of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the celebration of the Sacrament of the Sacrament, it is necessary to read the "Thanksgiving Prayers for Holy Communion." Finally, preparing to receive into oneself - into one's flesh and into one's soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their greatness, must be cleansed in body and soul. Fasting and Confession serve this purpose.
Carnal fasting involves abstaining from eating fast food. The duration of fasting before Communion is, as a rule, up to three days. Immediately on the eve of Communion, one should refrain from marital relations and from midnight it is not allowed to eat any food (in fact, not to eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases significant deviations from these norms are possible; they should be discussed, again, individually.
Communion in the Church
The Sacrament of the Sacrament itself takes place in the Church at a divine service, which is called liturgy ... As a rule, the Liturgy is celebrated in the morning; the exact time of the beginning of the services and the days of their celebration should be found out directly in the temple to which you are going to go. Services usually begin between seven and ten o'clock in the morning; the duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of the sacraments, from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgy is served daily; in parish churches on Sundays and in church holidays... It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to be present at the service from its beginning (for this is a single spiritual act), and also on the eve of being at the evening service, which is a prayer preparation for the Liturgy and the Eucharist.
During the Liturgy, one must remain hopelessly in the church, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest comes out of the altar with the chalice and proclaims: "Come with the fear of God and faith." Then the partakers line up one by one in front of the pulpit (first the children and the infirm, then the men and behind them the women). The arms should be folded crosswise on the chest; you are not supposed to be baptized before the chalice. When the turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, say your name and open your mouth so that you can put a liar with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be thoroughly licked with his lips, and after the lips are wet with a cloth, kiss the edge of the bowl with reverence. Then, without touching the icons and without talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a "wash" - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, the mouth cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from themselves, for example, when sneezing). After the sacrament, you need to read (or listen to in Church) prayers of thanks and in the future carefully keep your soul from sins and passions.
Introduction
In my opinion, the participle is one of the most difficult parts of speech. It depends on the grammatical indicators of the verb. Four, and if we take into account the reflexive ones, then six participles are formed from transitive imperfective verbs. So, from "read" six participles are possible: reading, reading, readable and returnable: readable, readable.
V.I. Dahl, author of the famous dictionary: "The part of speech involved in the verb, in the form of an adjective." Here attention is paid not only to the content, but also to the form of the sacrament, since its " appearance"it really resembles an adjective: it changes in gender, numbers and cases, agrees with nouns and answers the question which one? Consequently, signs of both verbs and adjectives are embedded in participles. Ancient grammarians also noticed this duality of the participle, giving it the name" participle ", i.e. The combination in one word of the features of different parts of speech naturally makes these words richer in content, and therefore more economical, to which MV Lomonosov drew attention: “These verbal names serve to reduce the human words, containing the name and the verb power. This property of participles to contain "had the power of the verb" is widely used in written speech, especially in fiction... Pictures of nature, portrait characteristics, inner experiences of heroes are very often conveyed by writers through the sacraments. But in common colloquial speech, the participle is harsh. A.S. Pushkin wrote about this: "Communions ... are usually avoided in conversation. We do not say: a carriage galloping on a bridge; a servant sweeping a room; we say: which gallops, who sweeps, etc. - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turnover "
In my essay, I wanted to clarify the most difficult points in education, use, etc. participles. The main difficulty and frequent mistakes arise due to the fact that many people confuse participles with adjectives. By comparison and by examples, you can still learn from mistakes to write correctly and understand all the subtleties and depths of the great Russian language.
Participle
The participle is a hybrid verb-adjective form, which in the school tradition is considered as a special verb form. The participles combine the signs of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural sign of an object. Verb signs of participles:
1. The character of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);
2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3. The participle has two forms of collateral (in accordance with the two-collateral concept) - active and passive voice (for example: allowed - active voice, allowed - passive voice);
4. The sacrament has two temporal forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.
All verbal signs in participles are constant, variable signs are signs of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or definition.
The participles of the present tense are formed from the verb stem of the present tense with the help of the suffixes -usch - / - yusch, -asch / -ych- - real participles, suffixes -em-, -om-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, for the formation of real participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-hear-heard-ssh) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: bring-ti - brought-shi) When forming passive past participles, suffixes -нн- are attached to the verb stem, if the stem ends in a vowel, except / and / (for example: hang-up - hung-n), -enn, if the stem ends in a consonant or / and /, and in the latter case / and / falls out (for example: shoot-t-shot-shot, bring-ti - brought-en), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on and-, s-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew - sewn, rinse - washed, stab - stabbed, turn - turned). The initial form of the participle, like the adjective, is the masculine nominative singular.
A common feature of the use of participles is that they are part of the book speech. This is due to the history of the sacraments.
The main categories of participles refer to the elements of the literary language borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of u in the present participles: current, burning, which correspond to adjectives fluid, hot, which are ancient Russian participles by origin, and also in the presence of a number of participles before the solid consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions, there is e (o): who came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.
The connection of the participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his "Russian grammar" on several categories of participles explains that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. So, he writes: "The actual pledge of the time of the present participle ending in -schii is made from the verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; and they are not very decent from ordinary Russian ones, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, chomping." The same is noted by him regarding the passive participles of the present tense "From Russian verbs, which were not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, shaken, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear", and regarding the past participles of the active voice: "... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting. " At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the great relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they "rely more decently in rhetorical and poetic compositions than in simple calm, or in common speech."
At the present time, two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs, alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic instinct, about which he speaks so categorically, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including from neoplasms (vernalized, verbalized, verbalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but they are also productive for some types of verbs (contaminated, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).
But even now, firstly, the participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never occur in colloquial speech.
Standing apart are the short passive past participles (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and are used in dialects.
On the contrary, for different styles of book speech, the full participle is one of the most necessary tools, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the compressedness of speech, making it possible to replace clauses; compare: Enterprises that have fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that have fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule; Delegate elected by the general meeting and Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.
The participles in their meaning are close to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. The common difference between participles and adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary sign of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or by an action performed on this object (passive participle), while an adjective denotes a constant sign of an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly, are in motion, and flying seeds - seeds that have structural features, thanks to which they fly easily, are carried by the wind. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground.
