Find gerunds from the verb is. The participle in Russian. Syntactic role of gerunds
gerund- this is an invariable verb form, which, indicating an additional action, explains the main verb (predicate) in the sentence, for example: The brothers, bending down, enter the house(M. Stelmakh).
The participle is always associated with the same noun and the main verb, but, expressing an additional action (or an additional dynamic feature of an object), it acts in a sentence as a circumstance of time, reason, purpose or mode of action, for example: The guy came in and said hello(when?) Ill, Marina missed classes(why?); Trying NOT to make a reservation, the girl bites her lip(for what purpose?) Bouncing on potholes, the car rushes on(me to?).
In terms of their syntactic role in the sentence and the morphological sign of immutability, gerunds are close to adverbs. Participles, like adverbs, act as circumstances in a sentence.
The participles have the meaning of type and time.
The participles are not perfect look arise from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -uchy (-yuchy) from verbs of the first conjugation and -achi (-yachy)- from verbs of the second conjugation: ved (ut) - leading, chalk (yut) - grinding, watch (at) -stezhachy, move (Five) -walkers.
Present participles express an additional action that coincides with the main participle in the present or past tense. Compare, for example: From time to time Chernysh stopped to rest, holding on to the rock with his hands and feet.(O. Gonchar) A desperate blizzard is walking around the city, whistling, screaming wildly(M. Bazhan).
The gerund can also express an additional action, which coincides with the action of the future tense, for example: Outlining the literature, we will highlight the main provisions.
Past participles arise from the stem of the infinitive of perfective and imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes shea And -lice(if the stem ends in a vowel), for example: run (you) - running, drove (you) - visshy, put on (you) - vzuvavshy, shoes (you) - putting on, ude (you) - giving.
Past participles express an additional action; preceding the main or coincides with it, or the next action that occurs after the main. Compare, for example: The fish, having heard the will, froze, raising its fins to the very top of the water, and disappeared into the depths.(M. Stelmakh). A young man stands guard over the spill of the elements, putting binoculars to his eyes(O. Gonchar). He quickly left, closing the door behind him.
Participles can be associated with imperative verbal forms taken in a generalized personal sense or in relation to a specific person, as well as with the infinitive form. In such connections, the simultaneity of actions is expressed or an additional action precedes the main one. For example: Do not ask the ford, do not go into the water(Nar. Creativity) - Guys, - Kondrat Kalistratovich whispers - one jump here and, bending down, to the river. Take the second one a little further(Ostap Cherry) Performing jumps up, you need to monitor the correct breathing.
Separate gerunds may lose the sign of the verb (the ability to subjugate dependent words) and acquire the meaning of adverbs.
Most often they turn into adverbs (adverbialize) gerunds of the imperfect present tense, for example: People rejoiced when they got up(T. Shevchenko) ... He did not call and did not moan, he died standing(Yu. Yanovsky).
Creation of gerunds
1. Imperfect gerunds arise from the present tense with the help of suffixes -uchy (-yuchy) for AND conjugation and -achi (-yachy) for II conjugation.
2. Perfective gerunds arise from the past tense form of the masculine perfective by adding a suffix shi.
3. At the end of participles is always written -i.
4. Perfective gerunds indicate an action, previously called verbs in ways form.
|
verb |
Present tense basis |
Past tense form kind |
gerund |
|
lead |
vedut |
leading |
|
|
bounce |
bounce (ut) |
bouncing |
|
|
see |
you see |
seeing |
|
|
walk |
move-five |
walking |
|
|
put on shoes |
shod |
shoes |
|
|
overcome |
overcame |
overcoming |
Participial turnover
The participle together with the words dependent on it is called participle revolutions. For example: All winter the waters of the Dnieper rose, flooding the floodplains, lakes(A. Dovzhenko). Continuous stream, raising dust, loud dump trucks rush(A. Dovzhenko). If you don't sow, you won't reap(Nar. Creativity). Having steamed on milk, and it blows on the water (Nar. creation). Sweet arrow late color, sneaking, frost hurts(M. Rylsky).
The participle is a special form of the verb that denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions: what are you doing? having done what? as? when? why? and etc.
The grammatical meaning of the participle, its morphological features, syntactic role are determined by main feature this part of speech is to combine the meanings and signs of the verb and adverb.
Verb Features
- denotes an additional action to the main one;
- is formed from the verb, retaining its features;
- type (perfect and imperfect);
- Mary sat on her bed with her arms crossed Clinging to the bushes, we began to climb (M. Lermontov) Cross, cross - the verb and the gerund soy. in. (what to do? what to do?). To cling, clinging - a verb and a gerund participle of neses. in (what to do? what to do?) - recurrence (clinging - returning clinging - non-returning);
- the gerund is distributed by nouns, adverbs. pronouns (shining (how?) dazzlingly, clinging (for what?) to the bushes, seeing (who?) him)
- A gerund with dependent words forms a gerund
- Thus, the participle forms phrases: ger. + noun; ger. + places; ger. + adv.
Adverb signs
- simultaneously characterizes the main action, showing how? when? why? etc. it happens;
- does not change;
- the gerund refers to the verb-predicate (sat (what did you do? how?), concatenating);
- in a sentence there is only a circumstance:
- Returning, I found a doctor. (A circumstance of time).
- Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water (condition CONDITIONS)
How to find a gerund (participle)
- Formed from a verb.
- Has suffixes -a, -i, -v, -shi, -lice
- Indicates an additional action.
- Refers to the verb-predicate
- Answers questions by doing what? having done what? and questions of circumstance.
- It has dependent words, to which you can ask a question from the gerund (see. Participle turnover).
Morphological analysis of the participle
Parsing plan
- Part of speech. General grammatical meaning
- Morphological features: initial form (indefinite form of the verb); kind, return
- immutability
- Syntactic role
Sample parsing
Written analysis
Murmuring, the stream is still running behind the mill (A. S. Pushkin).
- Murmur - a special form of the verb - gerund (B: gerund), runs (what is doing? how?) - murmur - denotes an additional action.
- N. f. - murmur (B: not specified).
Nesov. view, immutable f. (does not change).
III. runs (how?) - murmur (a circumstance of the course of action).
Oral analysis
Murmur - a special form of the verb - gerund.
Firstly, it denotes an additional action to the main one (runs and murmurs), it is formed from the verb murmur. Initial form - murmur (B: not specified)
Secondly, it has morphological features: imperfect appearance, does not change.
Thirdly, in the sentence is the circumstance of the manner of action.
Formation of gerunds
Imperfect kind
They denote an unfinished additional action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb.
They are formed from the basis of the present tense of the verb using the suffix -а (-я):
reading - reading
flying - flying
being - will be
recognizing - recognizing (from verbs with the suffix -va- the gerund participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive)
From some verbs [they beat, tear, cherish, flow, etc.), gerunds are not formed.
perfect look
They denote a completed additional action, which, as a rule, is performed before the beginning of the action expressed by the verb.
They are formed from the stem of an indefinite form (past tense) using the suffixes -v, -shi, -lice:
- sad - to be sad
- bring - bring
- deceived - deceived
To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya
From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible (from the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the past tense):
- dry - dry
- dry - dry
- unlock - unlock
- unlocked - unlocked
From some verbs, participles are formed using the suffixes -а, (-я) (from the basis of the future tense):
- coming - will come
- read - will read
Not separated by commas (not separated)
Single participles that have passed into the category of adverbs (standing, sitting, joking, silently, lying down, slowly, etc.). Such a gerund does not mean an additional action: It is harmful to read lying down, you need to read while sitting.
Examples:
They walked slowly (that is, slowly).
He spoke excitedly (that is, excitedly).
The gerund does not denote an additional action, but only a sign of the action;
Set expressions, phraseological turns, which include gerunds (run headlong, work tirelessly, speak reluctantly, scream out of your mind, etc.). Such a turnover is replaced by one word.
He ran headlong (that is, quickly)
Morphological features
As a form of the verb, the gerund has some of its grammatical features. Participles are:
- perfect form - answer the question what did you do? (cancelling, cutting hair, thinking),
- imperfect form - answer the question what are you doing? (cutting, holding, admiring);
- transitive - combined with another word without a preposition (after reading a book, watching a movie),
- intransitive - combined with another word through a preposition (having reached the border, having swum to the shore);
- reflexive - end in the suffix -sya (washing, trying),
- irrevocable - without the suffix -s at the end (drawing, dreaming, omitting).
The participle, as a special form of the verb, is similar to participles and adverbs. Participles and participles have the same verb features - appearance, transitivity, reflexivity, the ability to control the case of nouns. Participles and adverbs can be close, even if they do not have common verb features. They can be written in the same way in sentences and thus cause difficulty in determining the part of speech. The main difference between the participle and the adverb is that the participle can be replaced by a verb, the adverb cannot. Compare two sentences. 1. Lying on the sofa, he dreamed of a future trip. 2. You won't get bread lying down. In the first sentence, lying is a gerund, has a dependent word couch, you can replace the verbs: dreamed when he was lying. In the second sentence, lying is an adverb, expresses a circumstance and does not have verbal signs, it cannot be replaced by a verb.
Syntactic role
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.
Entering the hall, I hid in the roofing of men and began my observations. In this offer gerund entering - the circumstance of time.
In the chest, smoking, a wound blackened (M. Yu. Lermontov). gerund fuming - a circumstance of the mode of action.
So I sat down by the fence and began to listen, trying not to miss a single word. gerund trying is a circumstance of purpose.
I burst out laughing when I saw this small figure under a huge shaggy hat. gerund seeing - the circumstance of the cause.
Participles, as invariable forms of the verb, are deprived of the opportunity to express morphologically temporary meanings. Participles are characterized only by the relative designation of time. An imperfect gerund denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate: Sitting and lying under the bushes, they smoke cigarettes (M. G.) - gerunds of "present tense"; The trams rang deafeningly, flying up to the square (Cover.) - the gerund of "past tense"; We will meet, greeting each other - the gerund of "future tense".
Perfect participles denote the time preceding the action of the verb-predicate: Having rested, he was about to leave (Fed.). The previous action can refer not only to the past tense, but also to the future: Having rested, he will leave. The specified relations in time between the gerund and the verb-predicate are the main ones. They may vary.
Imperfect gerunds, naming repeated actions with predicate verbs with the same meaning, can denote both previous and subsequent actions: Getting up (preceding action) at dawn, she went down to the kitchen and, together with the cook, prepared a snack for tea (M. G.) ; The Little Russian was choosing books from the suitcase, putting them (subsequent action) on the shelf by the stove (M. G.). Denoting the preceding action (1st sentence), the gerund usually precedes the verb; when denoting the subsequent action (2nd sentence), the gerund is placed after the verb.
The perfect participle, standing after the verb-predicate, can denote an action simultaneous with the action of the verb: Bazarov continued to lie, buried in the wall (T.), or the subsequent action, which is a consequence of the action expressed by the predicate; A horse fell under Ignatov, crushing his leg (L. T.), or an action that quickly follows the action of the verb-predicate, but does not follow from it: He bowed to him, touching the floor with his hand (M. G.).
Transition of gerunds into adverbs
The immutability of the gerund and its syntactic role (circumstance) are the basis on which the transition of gerunds into adverbs takes place. This transition is facilitated by the absence of dependent words in the participle: - Why are you silent? - I enjoy silently (P.). When moving into adverbs, the gerund participle loses the meaning of an additional, accompanying action, loses all verbal categories, i.e. meanings of type, time, pledge and management: Neither bread nor clothes are obtained lying down (D. Bed.). The participles (usually of an imperfect form), which have become adverbs, play the role of a circumstance and characterize the action from a qualitative point of view: You must attack immediately (Furm.).
The participles that have passed into adverbs can be part of phraseological combinations: through the sleeves, folded hands, etc. This also includes combinations: swarming swarming, pouring livmya, burning hot, etc., as well as adverbial-type turns: apparently; as a matter of fact, etc.
Adverb
The meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic role
Adverbs include invariable words denoting a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or another sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away, hastily took out a pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so insulting to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a state called by the word insulting. In the blue, dazzling blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds scattered by the wind of implausible whiteness (Shol.). - The adverb dazzlingly denotes a sign of the quality called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was visibly glad that he had dealt with the monument so soon (Schip.). - The adverb so denotes the sign of the sign, called the adverb soon. Two days later ... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, belted with a belt, in loose trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap ... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, walked sedately along the "Gora" (M. G.). - The adverb at the outlet denotes a sign of an object called the noun trousers.
The adverb, referring to the verb, adjective, adverb and noun, forms its connection with them by adjoining. Morphological features of adverbs:
1. Immutability (lack of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs in -o, -e, formed from quality adjectives (quickly - faster, colloquially faster, bolder - bolder, colloquially bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of the adjective. They differ syntactically: comparative adjective refers to a noun, for example: Now the forest is fragrant, the night shadow is more magnificent (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb is to the verb, for example: A shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, superlatives are used in -aisha, -eishe, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
2. The presence of special derivational suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (hostile, friendly), -i (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); suffixes of comparative and superlative degree (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -her (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, humblest), as well as subjective assessment suffixes - -onk (o), -enk (o), -ohonk (o), -onechk (o) (quietly, well, lightly, quietly), -ovat (o), -evat (o) (bad, dapper) . Suffixes of subjective evaluation are possible for qualitative adverbs.
3. Lexical and word-building correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; interspersed, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; to the left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying, clover); the most ancient adverbs by education, by origin associated with pronouns in modern Russian, act as non-derivatives (where where, here, there).
The main role of adverbs in a sentence is the designation of various circumstances. As a circumstantial word, the adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, completely swept away and carried away the dust (Shol.), although it can also refer to the definition and circumstance: Majordomo opened the door, in the old way low and narrow ( A.N. T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).
In addition to circumstances, the adverb can be an inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, opening his shirt loose (L.T.) - and the predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ... Scarlet lips, bulging eyes (S.-Sch.).
In the role of subject and object, the adverb acts only in case of substantiation. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I'm tired of your "tomorrows".
Adverb ranks by meaning
Depending on their meaning, adverbs are divided into two groups - attributive adverbs and circumstantial adverbs.
Definitive adverbs characterize an action or attribute in terms of its quality, quantity and method of performance.
Qualitative attributive adverbs denote the quality of an action or feature. For example: fun, loud, excited, unattractive, affectionate, bold, somehow, somehow, etc. He carefully kneaded the ear in his palms ... (Shol.); In the soft evening sky, the first, quiveringly twinkling star (Shol.) just lit up; The division commander behaved at first in a careless manner... (First).
Determinative quantitative adverbs denote the measure and degree of quality, the intensity of the action. For example: very, very, almost, barely, not at all, too much, too, a little, twice, three times, enough - Here you are cheeky with us, very even cheeky ... (Shol.).
Determinative adverbs of an image or mode of action characterize how an action is performed. For example: to smithereens, on foot, to the touch, swimming hand-to-hand, etc. Lopakhin crawled closer to the water ... (Shol.); Nikolai finished his porridge, washed and dried the bowler hat (Shol.).
An image or mode of action can be determined by comparison or assimilation; The wind pours in autumn, the leaves whisper in autumn (Ec.); [The guest] laughed and shouted out a ditty in a very rustic way (B. Paul). The designation of the mode of action is combined here with its qualitative characteristic.
Circumstantial adverbs serve as indicators of spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships. Adverbs of time indicate the time of an action. For example: yesterday, tomorrow, afternoon, night, summer, winter, sometimes, later, for the time being, earlier, etc. Only sometimes his eyes rested on green spills of millet untouched by fire and on thickets of corn and sunflowers ... (Shol.).
Adverbs of place indicate the location or direction of an action. For example: back, forward, up, down, here, ahead, from afar, everywhere, at home, nowhere, etc. There was not a drop of blood in his lime-white face, but he still moved forward ... (Shol.).
Adverbs of reason indicate the reason why an action is performed. For example: awake, blindly, rashly, foolishly, therefore, because of this, etc. He became angry with the clerk and drank three bottles of beer in a rush, which is why he died (P.).
Purpose adverbs indicate the purpose for which an action is performed. For example: why, then, out of spite, on purpose, etc. Why does the young arap love Desdemona like a moon, loves the darkness of the night? Then, that the wind, and the eagle, and the heart of the virgin have no law (P.).
Classes of adverbs by education
The correlation of adverbs with other parts of speech indicates their origin and method of formation.
Adverbs are correlative with names, pronouns and verbs. Replenishing at the expense of other parts of speech, adverbs do not lose their semantic connection with them. For example, adverbs formed from nouns are associated with subject meaning (ground, side, houses); adverbs formed from numerals - with the meaning of the number (twice, twice, two); adverbs formed from adjectives - with the meaning of quality (warm, beautiful, affectionate, gloomy); adverbs formed from verbs - with the meaning of action (lying, reluctantly, jokingly, immediately).
The process of formation of adverbs is long, and therefore the time of formation of adverbs does not coincide.
The group of pronominal adverbs stands out as the most archaic and has lost its morphological divisibility (for example: here, there, so, then).
Adverbs formed from nouns that have disappeared from the language are also early in education, and the morphological correlation with the names of these adverbs has not been lost (for example: to the ground, in a hurry, quietly, down the drain, smashed, with kondachka, with pantalik), as well as from old forms currently existing names (for example: right, right, left).
Other adverbs are later in their education (for example: to laugh, to death, to dust, on time, by eye).
The close grammatical connection of adverbs with other parts of speech determines the distinction between five lexical and morphological categories of adverbs:
1) adverbs correlative with pronouns;
2) adverbs correlative with nouns;
3) adverbs correlative with adjectives;
4) adverbs correlative with numerals;
5) adverbs correlative with verbs.
Ways of forming adverbs
The formation of adverbs took place and is taking place in various ways. The most typical of them are the following:
1) separation of one of the nominal forms from the system of inflection with its simultaneous rethinking on the basis of the new function of the word. For example, adverbs in summer, winter, afternoon, evening are forms of the instrumental case of the nominal declension, frozen as a result of being used as a circumstantial word with the verb (come in the summer, go to bed in the evening, work during the day) (cf. arrive in the early summer),
2) merging prepositions with different parts of speech while rethinking case forms and turning them (together with prepositions) into separate words, for example: sideways, ford, up, down, secretly; white, for a long time, hand-to-hand, outright, at random; in my opinion, in your opinion; six of us;
3) repetition of the word with the addition of the preposition-prefix na- to the form of the adverb, for example: dry-dry, firmly-firmly, soon-hurriedly; repetition of different case forms of the same word, for example: black-black, white-white, a long time ago; as well as the repetition of synonymous forms, for example: kind-healthy, unexpectedly;
4) rethinking of gerunds by losing aspectual and temporal and pledge meanings, for example: sitting, lying down, immediately, reluctantly, jokingly;
5) suffix formation of adverbs, for example, from the bases of adjectives and present participles of the active voice: wide, melodious, friendly, threatening, as well as from the bases of cardinal numbers: twice, thrice.
The participle in Russian grammar is qualified either as a special form of the verb (Lekant), or as a hybrid form (Peshkovsky, Vinogradov), combining the features of the verb and the adverb. Morphologically and syntactically, the participle is close to the adverb: the participle is morphologically invariable, refers to the predicate in the main clause and expresses adverbial meaning. On the obvious cases of the transition of frozen adverbial forms to the class of adverbs.
Semantically, the gerund remains within the framework of the verb: it retains the meaning of the action (and other verbal meanings), the control in the phrase characteristic of the original verb, and some verbal categories.
Like all other forms of the verb, in the Russian literary language the gerund participle retains the difference between the reflexive and irrevocable form, between the reflexive and irrevocable verbs with the help of the postfix -sya: returning - returning - returning; finding - being; creating - creating; whitening - whitening
The categories (both lexico-grammatical and grammatical) that the gerund has are usually expressed within the framework of the verbal stem: chitaj-ut - chitaj-a (NSV), read - read-in (SV); creating (act.) - creating (pass.).
Imperfect participles are formed :
From the basis of the present tense + suffixes -а-, -я-:
carry - carry, sing - sing, hurry - hurry
From a number of verbs with the help of suffixes -uchi-, -yuchi-:
being, playing
From the stem of the infinitive or past. temp. + suffixes -in-, -lice-:
to be - having been, to know - having known
The following imperfective verbs do not form gerunds :
1. Unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu-: go out - gas, wither - sluggish, get wet - wet.
2. Imperfect verbs, the basis of the present tense of which consists of consonants:
but). verbs with a monosyllabic stem with the suffix -a- in the infinitive: wait - wait, weave - weave;
b). verbs with a monosyllabic stem in -and-: beat - beat, drink - drink, pour - pour;
in). verbs with the infinitive stem on -a-, -i-, alternating with sonorants m, n: reap - reap (a / / n), reap - reap (a / / m), crumple - crumple (i / / n).
3. Verbs with the basis of the present tense in the back language g, k and the infinitive in -ch: oven - bake, guard - guard, shear - shear.
4. Verbs with alternating whistling s, s, st, x with hissing: knit - knit (s / / w), write - write (s / / w), whistle - whistle (st / / u), plow - plow ( x//w).
5. A number of individual verbs: climb, ride, take, call, prick, forge, etc.
Perfect participles are formed:
From the stem of the infinitive + suffixes -in-, -lice-, -shi-:
wake up - wake up, disappear - having disappeared
From the basis of the future tense + suffixes -а-, -я-:
notice - noticing, bring - bringing, see - seeing
Note:
1. Perfective gerunds are formed by adding the suffix -v- to the bases of the infinitive into a vowel: push - pushing, step - stepping, look - looking.
2. Perfect participles with the suffix -lice- are formed from the stem of the infinitive into a vowel, with the suffix -shi- - into a consonant: wipe - wiping, notice - noticing, think - thinking, bring - bringing.
(Gernal participles with suffixes -lice-, -shi- have colloquial coloring).
Reflexive verbs form gerunds only with suffixes -lice-: having washed, smiling, laughing.
Perfective gerunds can form parallel forms:
From unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu-:
chill - chill, chill
dry up - dry up, dry up
From verbs in -ere-:
lock up - lock up, lock up
3. Some perfective verbs form gerunds from the stem of the future tense with the help of suffixes -а-, -я-: read - read, forgive - saying goodbye, return - returning.
At the same time, parallel forms can also arise: they bring - they bring, they bring.
For verbs of the I conjugation, the forms with the suffixes -а-, -я- are more common: I will come - having come, I will bring - I will bring.
The gerund participles do not have a category of time . They can only express certain temporary meanings depending on the type of verb from which they are formed. The meaning of the tense of the participle acquires only in the context in relation to the form of the tense of the verb-predicate, therefore, the participles express only relative time.
Imperfect participles usually denote an action that is simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate.
Sometimes imperfective gerunds can denote a preceding or subsequent action.
Feeling the approach of the hunters, the cubs hid in the hole. (Previous)
The gendarmes ... tore off their hats, throwing them far away. (Subsequent)
Perfect participles most often designate the action they have named as preceding the action of the verb-predicate. - Having taken off your head, you don’t cry for your hair.
Being in postposition, perfective gerunds can express simultaneous or subsequent action. - He walked with his head bowed low. (Simultaneous.) I left the room, slamming the door loudly. (Subsequent.)
Participles, like verbs, have morphological categories:
but). type: tell - telling (NSV) *, tell - telling (ST); read - reading (NSV), read - reading (SV); to open - opening, opening (SV), to open - opening (NSV);
b). voice (germs retain the voice value of the generating verb):
According to the two-collateral theory, they correlate with the real voice: fulfill the entire plan - having completed the entire plan; sit in the lesson - sitting in the lesson; to please friends with their successes - to please friends with their successes; clean the apartment - cleaning the apartment;
According to the three-collateral theory, they correlate with the real and revocable pledge: telling a terrible story - telling a terrible story (Act. Z), washing in the morning - washing in the morning (Return Z);
Forms of the passive voice do not form gerunds, since they designate a procedural attribute of an object.
USING GENERAL PARTICIPLES IN SPEECH
Since the participle is a book form, its use often causes difficulties.
gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?
As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. There are gerunds perfect And imperfect kind. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.
Note.
A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.
The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.
Note.
Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.
Imperfect participles.
Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is used -but, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.
Notes.
- From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
- Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
An exception:
rush - rush - rush; - from verbs with the stem of the present tense in r, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
- from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
- from verbs with the suffix -nu-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
Perfect participles.
Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.
Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.
Notes.
- From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
- To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.
Notes.
- From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with a suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
- Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).
Morphological analysis of the participle.
I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2.
View.
3.
Immutability.
III. syntactic role.
