Methodology for the work of officers in the prevention of offenses on the basis of the use of alcoholic beverages by military personnel. Lecture on the topic of the place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation The role and place of military personnel in the successful conduct
At all times, success in battle was decided not by the most advanced technology, but by people. They control powerful equipment, and the solution of the assigned tasks ultimately depends on their military and fighting spirit, patriotism, and moral strength.
Therefore, the issues of educating military personnel of all categories, maintaining their high professional training and strong military discipline, constant readiness and ability to fulfill their duty to protect the interests of the Russian people were, are and will be the main content of educational work in the Armed Forces Russian Federation.
The object of educational influence in a military unit is the entire personnel, but special attention is paid to the education of the officer team, which forms the basis of the entire military team of the unit and contains huge educational opportunities.
opportunities.
In the history of the development of the Russian Armed Forces, great importance has always been attached to officer cadres. At different stages, in different historical conditions of our country, the issues of officer training were raised in different ways, but the understanding of one immutable truth was unchanged: officers are the basis of human
factor of the army, the foundation of the morale of the troops. Success in combat directly depends on the level of professional training of officer cadres, their readiness and ability to carry out the tasks assigned to them with full responsibility. Thousands of examples from the history of our army and navy confirm this. The basis of the regiment, brigade in social, professional and moral terms is always composed of
lyal officer team. The officer team has always acted as a highly organized group of professional military men, united by common goals and interests, joint socially useful activities, military discipline, mutual demands
diligence, responsibility, help. It is called upon to maintain the high combat readiness of the regiment (ship) in every possible way, and to effectively solve training and educational tasks. This circumstance predetermines the need for constant purposeful work with a team of officers in the interests of increasing its pedagogical potential. It is carried out on the basis of pedagogically reasoned influences of the organizational and substantive order, including a set of measures aimed at ensuring the comprehensive and harmonious development of the officer's personality and the unity of the officer team.
The functioning of the officer education system presupposes the close unity of all the components (directions) of education, the use of the maximum possible arsenal of forms and methods of work, the coordination of the efforts of all interacting subjects of the educational process in terms of time, events, etc.
In a regiment (on a ship), such activities are carried out in two main directions. The first of them involves the improvement of the personal qualities of an officer with a special military social status, the social significance of his activities, as well as as a leader and military specialist.
Officers, as leaders and participants in the educational process, have always been characterized by selfless devotion to the ideals of defense and service to the Fatherland, a democratic style of work, deep, comprehensive, professional preparedness, brilliant knowledge and masterful use of weapons and military equipment, high organizational skills, and a broad outlook. , the scale of thinking, a sense of the new, the ability to fully use the power
new intellectual potential in military professional activity.
The second direction is the rallying of the officer team, increasing the strength of its educational influence on the entire personnel of the regiment (ship).
Solidarity is an important characteristic of the officer corps, an indicator of its maturity and capability. It represents the ideological, socio-political, moral-ethical, psychological and organizational unity of officers. It is on the basis of the strong unity of the named components of the cohesion of the officer team that it is possible to implement effective educational measures in the interests of the combat readiness of the unit. And above all measures to
ensuring a healthy moral and psychological climate in the team, fostering a sense of pride in belonging to one's team, introducing and developing the traditions of the officer corps Russian army.
Consequently, the education of the officer team is the process of forming its qualitative characteristics, which are most
to a greater extent correspond to the needs of military affairs, combat readiness, improvement of the personal qualities of an officer in a team, the performance of his inherent functions in the field of educational work and public life parts.
The personal qualities of an officer are formed and developed directly while studying at a military educational institution, professional development and his further development as a commander, teacher and mentor of his subordinates occurs while serving in units (subdivisions). It is in the process
official activity reveals the officer's personality in many ways, his qualities, abilities and inclinations are manifested.
While serving in the army, an officer performs many tasks, one
However, the main content of its activities is reduced to the implementation of the following main functions: socio-political, organizational and managerial, military-pedagogical, military-special and administrative-economic.
One of the most important functions of an officer's activity is socio-political. The complexity of the implementation of this function is due to the following factors.
Firstly, Russian military construction is carried out in a complex and contradictory socio-political, socio-economic, national-demographic, informational, criminal and religious situation.
Secondly, the social portrait of the army has changed significantly in recent years. Among the young recruits coming
military service, the level of education dropped significantly. The physical health and mental state of conscripts deteriorated. Pacifist and anti-army sentiments increased. Religious and national factors, the problems of drunkenness and drug addiction among young people are becoming increasingly important. The personnel are seriously affected by the criminal situation in the country. The dynamics of crime in the Armed Forces correlates with the general direction of the development of crime in the country. intensifies
tendency of penetration of organized crime into the military environment.
Thirdly, the implementation of the socio-political function is of an acute contradictory nature. The main components of the contradictions are: a) the contradiction between the necessity, the duty of each officer to steadily implement the state's policy in the field of defense construction and the uncertainty, vagueness, lack of clear guidelines for this policy; b) the contradiction between the interest of the state in a strong, combat-ready army and the lack of decisive measures in creating such an army; c) the contradiction between the constitutional obligation of every citizen to defend the Fatherland and the deliberate destruction of the ideals of military service by conducting anti-army campaigns in the mass media; d) the contradiction between the need to staff the Armed Forces with the best representatives of the people and the decline in the prestige of the officer's service; e) the contradiction between the constitutional duties of an officer and social lack of rights, social insecurity, etc.
There are a number of contradictions that complicate the implementation of the socio-political function of the officer's activity, namely: between military duty and civil rights; between the need for an officer to have a formed scientific worldview and the conditions, ways of its formation; between officer duty, official duties and ensuring the democratic rights of the individual, etc.
At present, in units (subdivisions) it is necessary to sharply raise questions of the formation and development of a scientific worldview among officers, ideological conviction and political maturity, development
they have political culture, which in its most general form is considered as the unity of political consciousness and political action (behavior), as a comprehensive political awareness and the ability to defend one's political convictions in a reasoned and convincing manner.
Each officer is primarily a military leader, so the organizational and managerial function is of great importance in his professional activity. The content of this function includes organizing, planning, conducting training sessions and educational activities, streamlining, regulating various
activities of subordinates, setting tasks and their implementation, monitoring the execution of their orders, mobilizing subordinates to solve specific tasks, managing various social processes in subordinate units, leading military teams and individual military personnel, etc. The inconsistency of the implementation of this important function in the activities of an officer lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the processes of organizing the activities of units and units have become much more complicated, and on the other hand, new requirements are imposed on the managerial activities of officers. An attempt to solve new, complex problems with old approaches and methods does not always give a positive result. Therefore, the personality of a modern leader should be characterized by a high ideological and theoretical outlook and political maturity, strong moral principles, the ability to convince and lead people, competence, organization, efficiency, discipline, independence, the ability to create conditions for highly productive work of people, to establish in the collectives an atmosphere of creative search, intolerance for manifestations of rudeness, inattention to a person.
Officers carry out combat and public-state training, educational process, carry out individual work with subordinates. Here, a commander's success is not possible without the ability to study the personal characteristics of soldiers, their social, national and other characteristics, observe the principles of education and training, correctly use their methods and forms, and personal example. It is important for a commander to know how to plan combat and public-state training, independent work of his subordinates. A well-thought-out plan disciplines people and mobilizes them for high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to them.
At present, the importance of the all-round development, erudition and general culture of officers is increasing. The outstanding Russian commander M. V. Frunze emphasized that only the commander who would inspire respect with his knowledge and experience would be able to truly educate, train and discipline his subordinate unit. Only when the appropriate commander relies on knowledge can true discipline be achieved. When this knowledge is not available, then you can only rely on
compulsion. In modern conditions, this indication of M. V. Frunze is especially relevant.
Many officers - commanders of subdivisions, military collectives, today lack special knowledge in management theory, they sometimes have insufficiently formed organizational skills, the ability to effectively manage subordinates. Official authority in work with subordinates is preferred to the authority of the personality of the leader, exactingness towards subordinates is sometimes not combined with respect for the personal dignity of a serviceman and the manifestation of care for him. Rudeness, rudeness, arrogance are often allowed in relations with subordinates. For many leaders, words are at odds with deeds; there is no personal example in service, behavior, communication, etc. This causes serious harm to the authority of the officer in charge and undermines the moral foundations of the managerial activity of officer cadres. Formation and improvement
instilling in officers a managerial culture based on democratic and moral principles is the most important task in educational work with officers of units and ships.
The implementation of the military-pedagogical function in the activities of an officer occupies a special place. The organization, implementation of training and education of subordinates, in order to qualitatively solve the tasks of service activities, maintain combat readiness, strengthen military discipline, form the moral, political, combat and psychological qualities of military personnel, requires the officer to have special knowledge of pedagogy and psychology, methodological skills and abilities , pedagogical culture. Complexity and inconsistency pedagogical activity officer in a unit (unit) lies in the fact that, on the one hand, to the training and education of
military personnel are subject to high demands, and on the other hand, for the implementation of the tasks of training and education, not only are there not enough material resources, an educational base, but there are also no opportunities to organize the educational process in a quality manner. The reduction of personnel does not allow the deployment of full-fledged combat training activities, the personnel are busy with service, performing various household and other work. Household problems take away all the time, study remains only a good intention. Under these conditions, military personnel do not receive full-fledged combat training, training is carried out formally, and officers lose the qualifications of teachers and participants in the educational process, they
all interest in military pedagogical activity is lost. It cannot be allowed to continue like this. A whole generation of officers can grow up in the army who will have only a vague idea of real combat training.
The military special function in the activities of an officer involves the fulfillment of the tasks of a military specialist, knowledge of the theory and practice of military affairs, weapons and military equipment of his unit, unit, ship and potential enemy, his strengths and weaknesses. The inconsistency of the implementation of this function lies in the fact that every year there are changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of equipment and weapons. Less and less new equipment enters the troops, more and more remains old, which has served its due date. New complex equipment requires large material and financial costs, highly qualified specialists. Failure to comply with these requirements leads to accidents. The use of old equipment that has served its time also becomes a cause of accidents. Violation of the established rules for the operation of equipment and weapons is also associated with the qualifications of specialists, which is noticeably reduced due to the reduction in the training time for specialists, the material insecurity of their training. Flights, hikes, combat firing, driving equipment are carried out less and less.
In his activities, the officer also implements an administrative and economic function. The life of servicemen, food, clothing, accommodation, accommodation, the ecology of the military unit and camps of residence of members of the families of servicemen and many other issues are the subject of attention of officers. There are also many problems here, and it takes a lot of time, material and financial resources to solve them. The manifestation of concern for subordinates, their social security, knowledge of the needs, interests, problems of each serviceman, rendering assistance to them largely contribute to the qualitative solution of other very important problems related to the service.
To implement all of the above functions, it is not enough for an officer to be only a good commander or a specialist, an expert in military affairs, and be able to manage a unit. It is also necessary to be a person with a high moral potential, a model for subordinates. Concepts such as honesty, honor, modesty, simplicity, accessibility, respect, benevolence,
adherence to principles, conviction, justice, officer's duty must be filled for him with deep content. The high professionalism of an officer, combined with moral purity, is undoubtedly attractive to subordinates and causes them respect and desire to imitate.
A professional portrait of a modern officer in general can be schematically represented
The social portrait of an officer is very diverse, there is one part of the officers who have abandoned the ideals of military service and continue to serve, but do not show due interest in the service, many of them are ready to quit the army without hesitation. Not-
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Topic: 3 "The place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
Questions:
1. Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces
2. The tasks of the officer corps in information support of the reform process.
Literature:
1. The concept of building the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of 08/07/97
2. Defense Law.
3. Journals of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Landmark" No. 1 and No. 6, 1998.
Question 1 Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces
At the end of July of this year, the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin approved the Concept of building up the Armed Forces for the period up to 2005. From the moment of its signing, the practical stage of implementing this concept began.
Reforming the army and navy, optimizing their numbers, improving the structure and composition is supposed to be carried out in two stages.
First stage: 1997-2000. During this period of time, the tasks of the Armed Forces will be specified, their structure and composition will be streamlined, parallel, duplicating structures will be eliminated. Work in these areas is in full swing.
Second stage: 2001-2005. This is, first of all, the beginning of equipping the Armed Forces with new systems of weapons and equipment. The reorganization of the troops will be continued. At the second stage, a transition will be made to a three-service structure of the Armed Forces in terms of their areas of application: land, air and space, sea. Preparations will be made for a systematic increase in the quality parameters of troops and forces through the supply of the latest weapons and an increase in the level of operational and combat training, and an improvement in the command and control system of the Armed Forces.
Thus, the main goal of the reform is to create new army, which meets the requirements of modernity, the army, in which it will be honorable and prestigious to serve. An army capable of reliably defending the Fatherland.
In terms of its tasks, scope and complexity, military reform has no analogues in world practice. The main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces.
1. Optimization of the structure, combat composition and strength of the Armed Forces.
2. Qualitative improvement of the composition of the training and support of the officer corps.
3. Raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, indoctrination of troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline.
4. Raising the quality level of technical equipment of the troops.
5. Creation of economical, rational systems of manning, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.
6. Ensuring legal and social protection of servicemen and those discharged from military service, their families.
The reform of the Armed Forces proceeds in difficult conditions of formation new Russia. Financial and political crisis, which broke out in the country, left its mark on the construction of the army. Under these conditions, the role of officer cadres in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces has increased more than ever.
First of all, what is "information support". Literally according to the dictionary: "Information" is information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person. "Provide" means to supply something in the right amount.
The most important role in reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, along with financial, personnel and other measures, is assigned to its information support. Today, we should strive to ensure that information work becomes the concern of the entire officer corps. To do this, it is important for each officer to understand the relevance of this difficult work, its goals and objectives, and the specifics of its implementation. It is necessary to learn in the conditions of information freedom in society to effectively influence the consciousness and feelings of subordinates.
The events taking place in the world and the country convincingly testify to the growing role of information in human life and activity. However, it is also capable of negatively influencing people, collectives, and even state institutions. V last years, The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have fully felt this impact on themselves.
Of course, the "moral well-being" of soldiers in the flow of conflicting information depends on their level of upbringing, education, service and personal experience, many other components.
It is not news what contingent of conscripts, and often under contract, are now entering the Armed Forces. Set of different diseases including and mental disorders, up to 20% of recruits are underweight. What positive information can a person with an empty stomach carry. The difficult situation is with those entering military schools, and now institutes. We all, especially the teaching staff, know that the quality of education in schools is steadily declining.
Taking into account complete informational freedom, or, more simply, informational chaos, it is difficult to deny the fact that the life attitudes of people (especially unprepared people with little experience), their behavior is largely determined by the nature and content of the information they receive. That is why the purposeful work of subunit and unit commanders, their deputies for educational work, and all officers for information support of the tasks facing the Armed Forces is so necessary. The indifference of officer cadres to this problem can seriously affect the course of reforms in the army and navy.
Information support of the reform is understood as purposeful, integrated use by military command and control bodies, military media, officers of the means and methods of information impact on personnel and society in order to successfully solve the problems of reforming the Armed Forces.
The main goal is to help strengthen the convictions of soldiers in the need and importance of the ongoing reform of the army and navy, to form in each soldier a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the reform, to maintain high combat readiness, military discipline and law and order.
It is gratifying that information and educational work is becoming more and more a powerful factor in ensuring the combat readiness of troops, strengthening military discipline, a proven means of forming a state-patriotic position among military personnel, a sense of duty, professionalism and strict adherence to the best traditions of the Russian army and navy.
The most important condition for effective information support for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the purposeful, coordinated use of the information potential available in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
To accomplish this task, by decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Coordinating Council of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for information support for the reform of the Armed Forces was created.
A plan for information support of the reform has been adopted and is being implemented. It is aimed at explaining to the personnel the military policy of the state, the tasks military reform, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on reforming the Armed Forces, ensuring an objective communication to the Russian and foreign public of the content of practical measures of military reform in the Russian Federation; formation in society of a deep understanding of the activities of the country's leadership to strengthen the defense power of the state, increase the prestige of military service and the authority of the Armed Forces.
For this, there are:
- organization of prompt communication to the military and civilian media of decisions on military reform, as well as the positive experience of reforming troops and forces;
- information counteraction to attempts to discredit the idea and progress of the military reform;
- dissemination of positive experience in solving issues arising in the course of the military reform in the troops (forces) and other areas of work.
Undoubtedly, the main burden of information support for the reform directly in the troops (forces) falls on the officers of units and subunits. In carrying out this work, it is important to be able to use, first of all, classes in combat training, UCP, informing personnel, as well as other forms and methods of satisfying information requests from military personnel and civilian personnel.
Question 2 The tasks of the officers in information support of the reform process
In providing information for the reform process, it is extremely important to project the general tasks of the military reform onto the problems of a specific unit (unit). It is important to help people see the reform not only from above, but also from below. For this purpose, it is expedient to make maximum use, first of all, of combat training.
It is no secret that at present the combat training of troops is associated with well-known difficulties. Moreover, the responsibility of officers for its organization increases. In the course of combat training, all training material should be viewed through the prism of the problems of reforming the Armed Forces, and the plan, goals and expected results of the military reform should be explained to the personnel.
Public-state training is called upon to play a key role in providing information to the reform process. It has the most systemic organization, has a certain content depth, has great opportunities on the impact on the consciousness of personnel.
In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of 1993 No. 250, OCP classes are held with officers for at least 4-6 hours a month, with female military personnel - 2 hours a week, with other categories of military personnel - at least 3 hours a week. Training is also provided for civilian personnel.
In comparison with other types of information impact, the UCP has the most developed educational and methodological base, allows you to convincingly and thoroughly bring questions to the audience public policy, national history, law, etc.
It should be taken into account that many officers of the units (ships) are the leaders of the UCP groups. They are faced with the task of effectively using the opportunities of their studies for the purpose of in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the tasks and progress of military reform.
Plans for public-state training of personnel for 1998 academic year a block of topics directly devoted to military reform is provided. There are topics that highlight the experience of military reforms of the past. Of particular importance are topics that reflect today's problems of military reform in Russia. One cannot do without highlighting certain aspects of the reform in the study of other topics. Much here depends on the preparedness and methodological skill of the leaders of the classes.
Another effective form of information support for the reform process is informing personnel. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 235 of 1995, informing soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen serving on conscription is organized 2 times a week for 30 minutes; ensigns (midshipmen), cadets (listeners) of military educational institutions - once a week for 1 hour; officers - 2 times a month for 1 hour; civilian personnel, family members of military personnel - at least once a month.
Thus, informing, being an operational form, makes it possible to timely explain the measures taken by state bodies for military reform, the facts of the successful implementation of tasks within the framework, reforms in the troops (forces), and the relevant decisions of commanders and chiefs.
It is very important to hold common information days. Their competent and creative organization allows not only to highlight individual issues of reform, but also provides feedback. An experienced commanding officer gets the opportunity to study the mood of subordinate personnel, their attitude to specific measures in the framework of reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
From the point of view of information support for the military reform, military social work plays an important role. An important place in it is occupied by bringing to subordinates and explaining legal documents as more general, and directly related to the reform of the army and navy. It is especially valuable when an officer not only carries out this work himself, but also involves specialists from law enforcement agencies, representatives of the military leadership, state power, local administration. Of course, such work should be supported by an increase in the level of social protection of military personnel, observance of the principles of social justice in the unit (unit). To do everything possible to fulfill the assigned tasks, to solve the problems of subordinates - the primary task of the commander (chief) of any rank.
It is also important to use such forms as evenings of questions and answers, honoring the foremost workers in service and study, summing up the results of work to strengthen law and order and military discipline.
The effectiveness of the information support of the military reform will not be high enough without individual work with subordinates. It makes it possible to most accurately convey to each serviceman, worker and employee the reform strategy, as well as to set subordinates specific tasks arising from the general logic and goals of military reform.
Along with the listed forms, in the interests of information support, cultural and leisure work should be used. This includes themed evenings, oral magazines, amateur performances, quizzes and more. In a word, we are talking about those measures in which the troops have accumulated vast experience. The list of forms of information work would be incomplete without mentioning wall printing. All that remains is to introduce new ideas and fresh factual material into this work, to adjust it, figuratively speaking, to the pulse of the reform.
Improving the level and focus of informing various categories of military personnel, it is advisable to use the appropriate dates and anniversaries, primarily public holidays and the days of Russia's military glory. The latter are determined by the Federal Law "On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia" dated March 16, 1995.
In order to achieve a greater effect in the information support of the reform, one should not be confined within the framework of a unit (subdivision). The success of the reform largely depends on the attitude towards it not only of the personnel of the Armed Forces, but of the whole society. It is necessary to actively work with the local population, at sponsored enterprises, organizations and institutions.
Conducting information work, the officer must take into account the socio-political reality of today. One of its conditions is a multi-party society. This causes an ideological confrontation between parties and movements, and is the reason for different interpretations of the problems of reform in the media. A complete distortion of the facts is not ruled out. Counteracting such phenomena is one of the most important tasks of officers in the framework of information support for military reform. In this case, it is preferable to work "ahead of the curve", to prevent negative, harmful reform of information. The most effective means of prevention is the timely, systematic and objective informing the personnel of the unit (subdivision) about the events, facts, and problems of the progress of the reform. The more convincing the information, the less reason for the appearance of various conjectures.
Undoubtedly, speaking about the information support of the reform of the Armed Forces, it is impossible to foresee everything. However, the main thing in this work is creativity and foresight, initiative and perseverance.
Topic: 2 "The Constitution, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the defense of the country. The legal basis for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."
Questions:
1. Legal basis for organizing the defense of the Russian Federation. Responsibilities of public authorities and administration in the field of defense.
2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Literature:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1993
2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense".
3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On military duty and military service" dated February 11, 1993.
4. Military law. Textbook for military schools of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Edited by N.I. Kuznetsov. - M.: Publishing house "MORF Military University", 1996.
5. In the service of the Fatherland. A manual for public-state training. Under the editorship of Academician of the LEN RF, Major General Zolotarev V.A., Military Publishing House, M .: 1997.
6. Social and legal protection of military personnel. Collection of normative reports and sample documents. Edited by N.V. Sumenko. Publishing house "Printing yard", St. Petersburg, 1994.
7. Benefits, guarantees and compensation for military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, persons equated to them and members of their families.
8. Directory: Federal laws and other normative and legal acts. // Pchelintseva L.M., Pchelintsev S.V. Alpha publishing house. St. Petersburg, 1997
Question1. Legal bases of the organization of defense of the Russian Federation. Obligations of public authorities and administration in the field of defense
The defense of the country is one of the most important external functions of the state. The content of this function includes the implementation of a set of measures of an economic, political, social, scientific, technical, legal and military nature, ensuring the readiness and ability of the country to repel any military attacks, encroachments on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.
Public relations in the field of defense and military construction are regulated by norms that can be combined under the concept of “defense legislation”. Taking into account the significance and specifics of the actual military construction, from the content of this legal branch, one can single out “military legislation (law)”, which is the core of defense legislation (law). The norms of these legal branches are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993); Laws “On Defense” (1996), “On the Status of Servicemen” (1993), “On Military Duty and Military Service” (1993), “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” (1993), “On the State Defense Order” (1995) , “On the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation” (1995), etc.
Issues of organizing defense and military development are also regulated in the regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The most important, fundamental provisions on the organization of defense and military development are enshrined in the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Its norms stipulate the obligation of the state to ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory (Article 3). In Art. 59 of the Constitution establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Paragraph 2 of this article emphasizes that a citizen performs military service in accordance with federal law, and paragraph 3 establishes the right to replace military service with alternative civilian service if military service is contrary to the beliefs or religion of a citizen.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains norms that fix the constitutional foundations for the powers of the highest bodies of state power in the field of organizing defense and military development. So, in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the competence of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in this area; in Art. 102, 104, 105 - the competence of the Federation Council and the State Duma; in Art. 114 - the basis of the competence of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The fundamental principles of defense and military construction are also enshrined in the Laws “On Defense”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, as well as in the Military Doctrine. Russian state.
In the Law "On Defense" the first section is devoted to this, establishing the foundations and organization of defense. The law fixes the very concept of defense, thereby determining its content.
Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.
The Armed Forces play the leading role in the defense of the country. At the same time, according to the Law, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense troops are involved in defense.
Of particular importance for the organization of the country's defense and military development is such a document as the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.
The military doctrine is a system of views officially adopted in the state on the prevention of wars, armed conflicts, on military development, preparing the country for defense, organizing counteraction to threats to the military security of the state, using the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation to protect the vital interests of the state.
The current Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 2, 1993. In its content, this document is an integral part of the security concept of the Russian Federation. Its implementation is achieved through the implementation of coordinated measures of a political, economic, legal and military nature with the participation of all state authorities, public associations and citizens.
This document formulated the political foundations of military doctrine, military foundations, as well as military-technical and economic fundamentals. The political foundations include provisions establishing the attitude of the Russian Federation to armed conflicts, the use of the Armed Forces and other troops; determining the main sources of military danger; fixing the political principles and main directions of the socio-political provision of the military security of the Russian Federation; formulating the tasks of the state in the field of ensuring military security.
The powers of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in the field of defense and military development are enshrined in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in Art. 4 of the Federal Law "On Defense".
The President of the Russian Federation, being the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, determines the main directions of military policy and approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation; exercises leadership of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies.
Based on the provisions of Art. 87-88 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the event of aggression or an immediate threat of aggression against the Russian Federation, the outbreak of armed conflicts directed against the Russian Federation, the President announces general or partial mobilization, introduces martial law on the territory of the country or in its individual areas with an immediate report to the Federation Council and the State Duma, issues an order from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on the conduct of hostilities. It enacts normative legal acts of wartime and terminates them, forms and abolishes executive authorities for the period of wartime in accordance with the federal constitutional law on martial law.
The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with federal laws, makes a decision to involve the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose. This provision of the Law "On Defense" makes it possible to implement the task of preventing and suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and citizens.
The President approves the concept and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations, bodies. It also approves federal state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex, programs for nuclear and other special tests, and authorizes the conduct of these tests.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Defense”, the President of the Russian Federation approves a unified list of military posts to be filled by senior officers, the total number of posts to be filled by colonels (captains of the 1st rank), assigns the highest military ranks, appoints military personnel to military positions, for whom the state provides for the military ranks of senior officers, releases them from these positions and dismisses them from military service in the manner prescribed by federal law.
The President approves the structure and composition of the Armed Forces, military formations (up to and including unification) and bodies, as well as the number of military personnel. He makes decisions on the deployment and redeployment of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations from the unit and above.
The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, on military training (indicating the number and distribution), as well as on the dismissal from military service of citizens undergoing military service on conscription. It approves the maximum number of servicemen of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies for secondment to federal government bodies.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Defense” establish the powers of the highest legislative bodies in the field of defense.
The Federation Council considers:
- defense spending, established by the federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the federal budget;
- federal laws adopted by the Duma in the field of defense;
- approves decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons to perform tasks not for their intended purpose;
- resolves the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the country.
The State Duma is considering:
- defense spending established by federal laws on the federal budget;
- adopts federal laws in the field of defense, thereby regulating various aspects of the organization of defense and military development.
In addition to these powers, the Federation Council and the State Duma exercise parliamentary control in this area through their security and defense committees.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation “implements measures to ensure the defense of the country” (paragraph “e” of Article 114). This constitutional norm is specified in Art. 6 of the Law "On Defense", which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
Government:
- carries out measures to ensure defense and bears responsibility within the limits of its powers for the condition and provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;
- directs the activities on defense issues of the federal executive bodies subordinate to him.
- represents in State Duma proposals for defense spending in the federal budget.
- organizes the equipping of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies with weapons and military equipment according to their orders;
- organizes their provision with material resources, energy and other resources and services on their orders;
- organizes the development and implementation of state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex.
- organizes the development and implementation of plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and the country's economy to work in wartime conditions, as well as plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;
- supervises the mobilization training of executive authorities of local self-government and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and the population of the country.
In the field of military education, the Government of the Russian Federation makes decisions on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of military educational institutions of vocational education, military training faculties and military departments at educational institutions of higher professional education; approves the Regulations on military departments at these institutions.
Among the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, an important place is occupied by the organization of the development of a federal state program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes and the implementation of the program, as well as the development of plans for the deployment on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste.
An important place in the leadership of defense and military construction belongs to the Security Council of the Russian Federation, headed by the President. The Security Council is a constitutional body that prepares decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of security. The tasks and functions of the Security Council, its composition and formation procedure, work procedure and other issues are regulated by the Law “On Security” and the Regulations on the Security Council of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on July 10, 1996.
In addition to the highest executive authorities of the Russian Federation, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local self-government bodies are involved in organizing and ensuring defense and military development. The functions and responsibilities of these bodies are also enshrined in the Federal Law "On Defense", which emphasizes that they carry out this work in cooperation with military command and control bodies.
Organizing and ensuring the implementation of legislation in the field of defense, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments:
- participate in the development and provision of programs for the operational equipment of the territory and the preparation of communications for defense purposes;
- organize and ensure military registration, preparation of citizens for military service, conscription for military
service and mobilization;
- make reservations for the period of mobilization and in wartime;
- provide accounting and mobilization preparation of transport and other technical means for defense purposes;
- organize work on military-patriotic education;
- meet the needs material means, energy and other resources and services;
- provide social guarantees established in connection with military service, participation in hostilities;
- ensure the fulfillment of mobilization plans and tasks for the accumulation of state and mobilization reserves;
- participate in planning and provide measures for civil and territorial defense;
- ensure the fulfillment of the defense order.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities. However, in the field of defense, they are vested with separate state powers.
Question: 2 Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ..
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense. The Armed Forces consist of central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the services and branches of the Armed Forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the branches and branches of the armed forces.
A branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment. These are the Strategic Missile Forces, the Ground Forces. Air defense troops. Air Force, Navy.
A branch of service is understood to be a part of a branch of the Armed Forces that is distinguished by its main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training, and the ability to perform specific combat missions.
The ground forces include: rocket troops and artillery; motorized rifle; tank; airborne troops; air defense troops; special forces (engineering, chemical, radio engineering, communications, automobile, road, pipeline).
In the air defense forces - anti-aircraft missile; fighter aviation; radio troops.
The Air Force consists of long-range, front-line and military transport aviation.
The composition of the Navy includes: surface, submarine forces of the fleet; naval aviation; coastal troops; Marines; auxiliary fleet.
Other troops are also intended to solve the problems of the country's defense, which include: Border Troops of the Russian Federation; internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; Railway troops of the Russian Federation; troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information; civil defense troops.
The Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression, to defend the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation by armed means, and to carry out tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.
In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces and other troops may be used to counter internal sources military threats. To prevent and suppress internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of Russia that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and Russian citizens, mainly internal troops and internal troops are involved. They ensure the protection of public order and the maintenance of the legal regime of the state of emergency in the conflict area; carry out localization and blockade of conflict areas; stop armed clashes; carry out measures to disarm and liquidate armed formations and to seize weapons from the population in the conflict area, etc.
Separate formations of the Armed Forces and other troops may be involved in order to assist the internal affairs bodies and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in localizing and blocking the conflict area, stopping armed clashes and separating the opposing sides, as well as in protecting strategically important objects in the manner prescribed by current legislation.
The state border of the Russian Federation is guarded by the Border Troops. The Armed Forces may also be entrusted with the task of assisting in the protection of the State Border, assisting in the protection of sea lanes, important state facilities and economic zones, in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, and piracy. The forces and means of the Armed Forces and other troops may also be involved in rendering assistance to the population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
The involvement of the Armed Forces in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.
The use of the Armed Forces to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of and in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation and specified in these treaties and agreements. Part of the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint armed forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The Law "On Defense" for the first time formulated the legal basis for resolving issues related to the deployment of the Armed Forces. The deployment of associations, formations and military units is carried out in accordance with the tasks of defense and the socio-economic conditions of the places of deployment. The redeployment of military units and subunits within the territories transferred to the use of the Ministry of Defense is carried out by decision of the Minister of Defense, and from formations and above - by decision of the President of the Russian Federation.
Special issue "Officer of the Armed Forces in modern Russian society»
Kepel O.V.
THE ROLE OF OFFICERS IN MAINTAINING MILITARY DISCIPLINE: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS
The history of military construction shows that the main burden of ensuring discipline in the army was borne by command personnel, and, above all, officers. In this article, the author presents the results of a study of the activities of the officers in maintaining the discipline of the military personnel of the Russian army from 1874 to 1914.
Until the middle of the XIX century. the domestic officer corps was formed mainly at the expense of the nobility. Subsequently, in connection with the abolition of class restrictions, representatives of the raznochintsy joined it. Before World War I, the Russian career officers were all-class in origin. A common type of officer during this period was a hereditary military man (in many cases, a hereditary nobleman), wearing shoulder straps from the age of ten, who came to the school from the cadet corps and was brought up in the spirit of boundless devotion to the throne and fatherland.
The system of training officers in Russia fully met the requirements of the time, as a result of which, until the revolution of 1917, the attitude towards officers in Russian society, although shaken in late XIX century, remained quite honorable, and the quality of the officer corps was maintained at a level not inferior to the level of other professional groups that together form the cultural layer of the country.
Developed and introduced in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the system of education and upbringing contributed to the fact that the quality of training of the officers of the Russian army before the First World War was not inferior to the level of education in the armies of European states. The moral and psychological state of university graduates was also high. Olkhovsky, a former cadet of the Pavlovsk School, recalled: “After being promoted to officer, service in the regiment seemed quite easy to me ... I had to finish my studies, but not re-educate”2.
The entire ideological machine of the state, military legislation, traditions, environment contributed to the formation of a highly moral officer. Brought up in terms of knightly honor, the officers, like the apple of their eye, cherished the honor of their uniform, the honor of the regiment, their personal honor. The guardian of officer honor was in each regiment a court of honor.
The officers were brought up and brought up the army and navy in the consciousness that the army is not only the defender of the Fatherland from external enemies, but also the support of the tsarist system from internal enemies.
In connection with the reduction in the service life of the lower ranks, the role of officers in the training and education of subordinates is changing. At a time when a soldier served in the army for 25 years, the main job of an officer was to "die in the war." However, at the beginning of the 20th century, and especially after the Russo-Japanese War, officers became "hard-working." It took a lot of work to turn a semi-literate recruit into a mentally and physically developed and morally strong warrior in three years of soldier's service.
In the disciplinary practice of those years, commanders had at their disposal three main methods of restoring statutory order in entrusted subunits: the method of coercion based on an unconscious fear “before the arbitrariness of an individual chief”3; a method of coercion based on fear “before a known law”4, a method of persuasion based on morality and a conscious attitude to one's military duty.
The first method, which existed contrary to military legislation, was inherited from the serf era of Nicholas I. The supporters of this method of strengthening discipline were generals and officers - opponents of everything new and progressive. Contrary to the progressive principles of education enshrined in the statutes, they still proceeded from the fact that discipline in the army should be based on fear of punishment, and the main forms of strengthening it were considered arming, punishment cell, corporal punishment, etc.
However, since the late 80s - early 90s of the XIX century. the situation began to change. At the initiative of the Kiev military district, a movement began against this phenomenon. District Commander M.I. Dragomirov, in Order No. 319 dated October 27, 1889, noted: “In some parts they are fighting. Please remember that the Disciplinary Charter says what penalties can be imposed on the lower ranks, and which no one else has to impose. I recommend that hunters before manual reprisals familiarize themselves with the XXII volume of the Code of V.P. 1867, Art. 185, from which they will discover what
can expect in the future, if they allow themselves to continue, next to the disciplinary regulations, to compose their own”5.
Gradually, the "fist reprisals" began to stop, especially after 1904, when corporal punishment in the troops was finally abolished - simultaneously with the abolition of flogging by the verdicts of the volost courts. “Fist violence has become the wrong side of barracks life - hidden, condemned and persecuted. In any case, by the time great war assault, where it existed among us, was only a sick relic of an obsolete system and an obsolete custom.
The improvement of the legislative base of military discipline, the creation of a system of law enforcement agencies assumed the use of the method of coercion in the disciplinary practice of the Russian army, applied to those persons who violated "... the rules prescribed by military laws."
In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. thanks to the efforts of state and military bodies, the best representatives of the officer corps, the method of persuasion becomes the most important method of maintaining military discipline in the army. Military discipline is beginning to be strengthened through moral education military personnel, the formation of a conscious attitude to the performance of their official duty.
In the top leadership of the country and the army, the opinion prevailed that corporal punishment, and even more so illegal, is not the maintenance of discipline, but, on the contrary, is "an extremely relaxing element of it." Gradually, the “stick discipline” became a thing of the past and was replaced by a discipline based on legal awareness and morality.
In accordance with the legislation, officers could be subjected to both disciplinary sanctions related to the specifics of military service, and punishments under general criminal law on an equal basis with representatives of other groups of the population. By 1914, the following disciplinary sanctions could be imposed on officers: 1) remarks and reprimands, announced verbally or in an order; 2) comments and reprimands announced at a meeting of officers; 3) remarks and reprimands announced in the order; 4) house arrest or detention in a guardhouse for up to one month; 5) failure to honor officers and civil officials for vacancies or for length of service, until the approval of the authorities; removal from office or command of a unit.
In general, at this time, the officers as a whole were distinguished by high discipline. This is evidenced by objective statistics. The number of officers brought to trial was insignificant, especially if we take the ratio of the number of officers tried and their total number for the corresponding years. So in 1825-1850. one defendant accounted for an average of 213 officers. In 1881-1885. - for 222 officers, in 1886-1890. - by 326 and in 1891-1894. - for 411 officers. At the beginning of the XX century. it slightly increased: in 1910, 245 officers were on trial (0.6% of their total number), in 1911. - 317 (0.8%)8.
As is clear from the data, for decades the number of officers subjected to serious punishments (related to deprivation of liberty, exile) remained very small and usually did not exceed 2-3 dozen cases per year. Even short-term arrests with detention in a guardhouse or in prison departments amounted to several dozen cases.
Thus, it can be stated that in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the officer corps as a whole corresponded to the level of tasks facing it, it was assigned a decisive role in the process of strengthening military discipline. At the same time, there were a number of factors that reduced the effectiveness of officer work.
One of them was the insufficient material and financial support of the officers. Since the middle of the XIX century. “The maintenance of the officer was beggarly” (N. Obruchev), his spirit was constantly undermined by “daily everyday need and deprivation of his family” (A. Gerua). There was a catastrophic lack of money for life and needs corresponding to the high status of an officer and his hard work. So, second lieutenant of the Russian army on turn of XIX- XX centuries received only 600 rubles a year, i.е. much less than the wages of a skilled worker (3 rubles a day). The company commander received 1,200, and the battalion commander - 1,740 rubles a year9.
The disastrous financial situation of the middle officers had a negative impact on the moral climate in the officer environment, on the attitude of officers to the service, training and education of subordinates, the level of combat readiness of the troops, and the state of military discipline.
The fact that not everything was all right in the officer environment is also evidenced by the results of a survey of the opinions of high-level commanders (generals, from the head of the brigade and above) on the state of military discipline and law and order and
rah to strengthen it, carried out by the Committee on the education and organization of troops in 1907 10
Among the reasons negatively affecting the state of military discipline, the highest ranks of the army named the following: the decline in the prestige of officer service; a decrease in the intellectual, moral and business levels of officers; the lack of advancement among officers in the service, whence - general apathy; difficult material conditions of officers; impunity of the top bosses; the cowardice of some officers in "time of troubles"; the predilection of the authorities for some officers, love for serving and external servility, intolerance for people with an independent character; drunkenness among officers; the lowered morale of the officer corps; the problem of high turnover of staff officers in the regiments; a trend of "false pride of indiscipline" among young officers; aging of the officer corps; inequality of discipline requirements for junior officers and generals; flaws in the award system: a significant part of the awards in the Russo-Japanese War was incorrect, unfair, immoral, and their number was prohibitive; the lack of good combat experience among many top leaders, which subsequently helps commanders maintain the proper state of discipline and order, etc. Many senior military leaders rightly believed that the decline in discipline among the lower ranks during the period of the first Russian revolution was undoubtedly a direct consequence of the decline in discipline among officers.
The result of the influence of negative trends was the fact that the outflow of officers from the army consistently exceeded its replenishment. This led to a constant shortage of officers. So in 1897, 3,700 officers left the army, 3,415 entered, i.e. 7.71% less! This especially affected the combat units, where, in fact, the power of the army was formed. There was a mass departure from the army of young officers who did not see any prospects for their service. The calculations carried out by A. Gerua showed that only in the cavalry units for the period 1896 - 1906. 2,526 school graduates arrived at the service, and 1,169 (43.5%)11 left, and the bulk left precisely the combat units.
The leadership of the military department knew about these problems and tried to solve them. But as subsequent events showed, it was not possible to completely eliminate them.
An important role in the system of maintaining military discipline, along with officers, was played by non-commissioned officers. To train competent, disciplined and demanding non-commissioned officers, fireworks and watchmen, according to the leadership of the Military Department, meant in many respects to solve the complex tasks of training and educating army soldiers. “My long-term practice shows,” wrote A.F. Rediger, - that a non-commissioned officer should be a teacher of a soldier, therefore, he himself must firmly know the elementary information about the service, weapons that he must teach - he must be the first soldier. without good non-commissioned officers, we will get an army without teachers, and one can fear that an increase in the size of the army will be done at the expense of its quality.
Realizing that a good commander can be one who serves for a long time, the authorities and the army command took measures to keep non-commissioned officers in extended service. “For a non-commissioned officer, a long service is desirable; we can assume that after three years he is just
begins to be useful as a teacher and educator. The leadership of the Military Department, interested in a strong and well-trained non-commissioned officer cadre, demanded that military commanders pay due attention to the selection of junior commanders and the recruitment of their units14.
As a result measures taken at the end of the 19th century. the troops had about 10 thousand non-commissioned officers of extra-long service15. However, a comparison of the number of long-term servicemen in Russia and European armies was clearly not in our favor. So, in Germany there were about 12 per company, in France - 6, in the Austro-Hungarian army - 3, and in Russia there were only 2 non-commissioned officers for extra-long-term service16.
The subject of concern of the military authorities was the training of junior commanders, which was carried out in higher or regimental schools to prepare
non-commissioned officers.
In the troops, non-commissioned officers carried the main burden in the solitary training of a soldier, as well as in his upbringing, instilling service skills and discipline. Therefore, they played a major role in the army in the formation of a recruit and turning him into a soldier. The charter of the internal service of 1910 defined the status of a non-commissioned officer as follows: “With the current development of small arms combat, platoon non-commissioned officers, separated chiefs, must be valid
chiefs of the lower ranks subordinate to them. In the same place, the duties of the detached chief, platoon non-commissioned officer and sergeant major were described in some detail and thoroughly. Military regulations provided significant dis-
tciplinary powers to non-commissioned officers. In particular, the sergeant major could arrest a soldier for a period of one day.
The most numerous object of disciplinary influence of commanders of all degrees were the lower ranks. It was they who, first of all, determined the state of discipline in the troops.
Military reforms of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. led to a reduction in the term of active service on conscription, the abolition of corporal punishment, changed the psychology of an ordinary soldier, made higher demands on his military training and discipline.
Important Information about the features of the service of the lower ranks, we find in the memoirs of A.I. Denikin "The Old Army"19. Their study allows us to draw a number of conclusions about the quality of the draft contingent in the Russian army on the eve of the First World War.
First, the army during this period remained predominantly peasant. Before the war, the contingent of the lower ranks was 1,350 thousand, and the annual conscription was 450 thousand people.
Secondly, despite the measures taken earlier, there was a high percentage of illiterates among the recruits (in Germany in the years preceding the First World War, less than 1% of illiterate recruits were admitted, in France - 2-3, in Russia - about 45%), which forced "the commanding staff spend a lot of time and effort on the work that the neighbors did a school teacher."
Thirdly, the Russian soldier was exceptionally hardy, but distinguished by a complete lack of ideas about sports. "A strong man - horseshoe oppression - cannot pull himself up 5-6 steps up an inclined staircase: sweat rolls in hail, bursts at the seams" 4th term ", and helplessly and guiltily lowers a heavy body."
Fourthly, the conscript was distinguished by the complete absence of the qualities necessary for military service. “With few exceptions, young soldiers came to the barracks in the full sense of the word “raw”.
Fifthly, the political unreliability of the lower ranks was evident. “Reports of military censorship on soldier moods, cited excerpts from letters from the war contained very often signs of great observation and psychological analysis of ongoing events; and at the same time, vague signs of the impending - disturbing and dark. ".
Sixthly, military service, even after the reduction of terms to 3-4 years, was only a heavy duty for the bulk of the soldiers. The reason for this, in my opinion,
Thus, the analysis of the moral and business qualities of the military personnel of the Russian army in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. indicates that if the officer corps as a whole met the requirements of military discipline, then the moral and psychological state of the lower ranks left much to be desired. This caused certain difficulties in the course of the work of the officers in restoring order and organization in the troops. Nevertheless, at critical moments for the country, Russian soldiers, like officers, showed their best side. Historical materials convincingly indicate that in the shameful outcome of the war, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. there was no fault of the Russian soldiers, sailors and most of the officers. On the battlefields, they showed exceptional courage, self-sacrifice and heroism, loyalty to their military duty. The army remained loyal to the autocracy in the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. The crisis of autocracy in Russia, political agitation undermined the discipline of the lower ranks of the army, which, in the end, led it to decay.
The study of the level of moral and psychological state and discipline of officers and lower ranks in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the comprehension and critical processing of the historical experience of military education of military personnel made it possible to draw a number of lessons from it.
First lesson. The political leadership of the country must understand that only real change attitude towards a serviceman, respect for his personality and selfless service to the Fatherland, concern for his material well-being can raise the prestige of military service and strengthen law and order in the troops.
Lesson two. Historical experience teaches that the effectiveness of work to strengthen military discipline to a large extent depends on the presence in the Armed Forces of a coherent system of military command and control bodies and officials who are directly responsible for the state of organization and order in the troops. In this regard, the concern of the state for the formation, training and education of command personnel of the Armed Forces is of paramount importance for today. As soon as the leadership of the country and the army ceases to pay due attention to the problems of the officer corps,
pusa, this immediately affects the prestige of the officer service, and as a result, leads to serious failures in maintaining high military discipline.
Lesson three. The most important component of maintaining discipline is the military, spiritual and moral education of servicemen. Without a scientifically based ideology, without a single center of education, without a system of social and humanitarian training of commanders and chiefs, officer-educators, without using the multifaceted experience of religious and moral education, without organizing pre-conscription training of young people for military service, without constant research and scientific and educational work, this task impossible to solve.
Lesson four. Historical experience teaches and convinces again and again that maintaining strong military discipline and order requires an uncompromising struggle against the negative phenomena of army life (“hazing”, protectionism, aging officers, dismissal of young officers, etc.), constant work to raise prestige and attractiveness of military service.
1. A successful solution to the problem of strengthening military discipline must inevitably involve the corresponding development of the legislative framework. In the draft Disciplinary Charter, which is currently being developed, in the author’s opinion, it would be necessary to separate disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability in military activities, rework the system of disciplinary sanctions for contract servicemen, strengthen the disciplinary rights of junior commanders, and introduce the provision, again used in pre-revolutionary charters, on responsibility of subordinates for the execution of the criminal order of the commander.
2. The organization of work to strengthen military discipline presupposes the presence of well-trained junior commanders in the field. Given the possibility of creating a professional corps of contract sergeants in the near future, it would be advisable for the relevant department of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces to develop a special regulation on the institute of sergeants.
zhants (foremen) of the Armed Forces, taking into account the experience of selection, training and distribution of non-commissioned officers of the Russian army of the period under study.
3. Regimental military (military disciplinary) courts could become an important link in the system of military justice. The purpose of their introduction is to consider minor offenses.
A means of preventing and preventing gross disciplinary offenses. as prerequisites for the commission of crimes, could be the social disciplinary commissions created in military units.
4. In order to neutralize the causes of violations of military discipline and the conditions accompanying them, it is expedient for state and military bodies to use the spiritual and moral potential of religious confessions traditional for Russia.
5. In order to ensure a permanent impact on the consciousness, feelings and behavior of the officer corps, it seems important to return to the creation of officer courts of honor and officer meetings as places for leisure, communication, education of honor and dignity based on the spiritual and moral initiative of officers.
1 By 1912, the social composition of army officers was as follows: 53.6% of officers (in the infantry - 44.3%) came from nobles, 25.7% - from philistines and peasants, 13.6% - from honorary citizens, 3 .6% - from the clergy and 3.5% - from the merchants. See: Volkov S.V. Russian officers as a service class // Russian Military Collection. Moscow: Military University, 2000. Issue. 17. S. 521.
2 P.D. Olkhovsky. Military education // Russian military collection. Moscow: Military University, 1997. Issue. 13. S. 200.
3 See: A. Popov. The concept of military discipline // Military Collection. 1924. Book. 5. S. 144.
4 See: Ibid. S. 145.
6Denikin A.I. Old army. Paris, 1929. Vol. 1. P.123.
7 See: Disciplinary Charter. SPb., 1912.
8 See: Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1910, St. Petersburg, 1911, pp. 318-319; Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1911, St. Petersburg, 1912, pp. 428-429.
9 See: Smirnov A.A. Moral and psychological support of the activities of the Russian army in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: Dis. ... cand. ist. Sciences. M., 1997. S. 35.
10 See: RomanovN. N. The eternal problem of the Russian army // Nezavisimaya gazeta. 2001. No. 9.
11 See: GeruaA. To the knowledge of the army. SPb., 1907. S. 37.
12 Rediger A.F. Non-commissioned officer question in the main European armies. SPb., 1880. S. 10.
13 Ibid. S. 7.
14 RGVIA, f. 1, op. 2, d. 19, l. 26.
15 RGVIA, f. 868, op. 2, d. 163, l. 12rev.
16 See: A.F. Rediger. Manning and organization of the armed forces. SPb., 1914. S. 206.
17 See: V.N. Ostashkin. Cultural and leisure work in the Russian army in the second half of the 19th century:
Dis. .d-ra ist. Sciences. M., 1997. S. 220.
18 Charter of internal service in infantry troops. // Military collection. 1887. No. 10. S. 98.
19 See: A.I. Denikin. Decree. op. pp. 75-153.
The activities of each society most of all depend on its leaders. This psychological axiom prevails all the more in the army, where discipline reigns.
Some officers now serve for a long time, they educate, they are the source of knowledge, they are the highest commanders and they are the guarantee of victories and defeats.
The basis of the entire life and combat activity of the army should be its officers.
If the character of a nation declines, then the great feelings that inspire the warriors also decline: the material goods of the world come to the fore.
Happy are those nations where there is a consciousness that not everything can be bought with money, happy are those where there is an estate of knights who value iron and steel more than silver and gold.
Such a class always gives energy from the idea, the class of martyrs, which is not equal to the energy of interest, to the class from the philistines. The efforts of pseudo-philosophers and subject peoples who dream of independence will always be directed towards destroying the foundations of the army.
Finally, many civilians still do not like officers simply because of petty everyday reasons.
Thus, from various sides, both external and internal, they are trying to prevent, consciously and unconsciously, the development of the army and improve the composition of its officers.
And meanwhile, who does not know the axiom that for the state a lost campaign will always be more expensive than preparations for a victorious war. And who will dare to fight with us when they know our strength and readiness.
Even before the unfortunate Russo-Japanese War, it seemed that in the life of our army and its head - officers - there are many aspects where improvements are necessary and possible.
At the beginning of 1903, I published my work "Statistics of Generals" where, examining the conditions for the service of a higher command element, I tried to find ways to improve.
Although the book was written with great restraint and, it seemed to me, justly, nevertheless, troubles had to be endured. The bottom line was that some unknown person dared to look for new ways in the training of the officer corps and did not say that everything was fine.
It seemed to me that our army had deviated from the path indicated by the great commanders, the great connoisseurs of man. They began to educate her in a wrong way and teach her not what was needed for the war.
In it, the main attention was paid to the appearance, partly to the life of a soldier, but little attention was paid to the essence of the improvement of an officer.
Gone was the spiritual power, the great connection between fathers-commanders and their subordinate children. The ability to lead and manage, the ability to make everyone and everything go to death has ceased to be valued in practice. There was no need, and I did not want to look into the future. More attention was paid to the exact knowledge of forms, to the ability to manage the household, in a word, to the valor of a peaceful citizen and a good owner.
I repeat, a good composition of officers is the basis of a good combat activity of the army. The Russian army has never had better soldier material than at present, and yet it has only experienced defeat.
