3 creation of regiments of a new order. Creation of regiments of a foreign system. Military reform of Alexei Mikhailovich
In the 1650s, faced with the superior reiters of the Swedish king, the Russian army underwent significant reform. Hundreds of nobles were transferred to the Reitar system. The Swedish experience turned out to be especially useful in view of the similarities in the qualities of the Russian and Swedish cavalry: the "merinka" of the Russian children of the boyars, like the Scandinavian horses of the Swedes, lost to the thoroughbred Turkish horses of the Polish "hussaria", but the state had the opportunity to supply its reiter with firearms in abundance, and their regiments - by trained officers. The newly formed Reitars immediately distinguished themselves among the Russian cavalry in their training and equipment, attracting the attention of foreigners: “The cavalry sported many thoroughbred horses and good weapons. The warriors clearly performed all the movements, exactly observing the rows and the required steps and turns. When the right wing came in, the left one stood in place in perfect order, and vice versa. From the outside, this slender mass of warriors was a wonderful sight. "- wrote the Polish chronicler Vespasian Kochowski in 1660.
During the war, at least 100,000 people were recruited; of which by 1663 there were 50-60 thousand people in service in 55 soldiers' regiments; and in peacetime the number was reduced to 25-30 thousand. In 1681 there were 33 soldiers (61,000 people) and 25 dragoon and reitars (29,000 people) regiments. At the end of the 17th century, they accounted for more than half of all troops and at the beginning of the 18th century they were used to form the regular Russian army.
Russian hussars
First organization
A variant of the combat formation of an infantry regiment. "The doctrine and cunning of the military structure of infantry people", 1647
The first hussar companies in Russia appeared in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. They were originally completed by immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Hussar regiment of the Novgorod category of Prince Khovansky
By March 1661, three companies of hussars were formed, which headed the list of the first Novgorod regiment of the Reitar system. Unlike the Polish hussars in the Russian hussar company there were no "comrades" and "post", the company was commanded by a captain, a lieutenant and a warrant officer ("cornet"). Unlike the Reitar, the Novgorod hussars did not have corporals and ensigns, since they did not adhere to a linear system.
The first combat use of hussars took place in October 1660. Then Khovansky with a bold throw went to the rear of the Polish-Lithuanian army behind the Dnieper. By this he distracted the best part of her cavalry and upset the balance of forces that had been established on the Basa River after the battles of Charnetsky, Sapieha and Pac with the army of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, the Lithuanians were forced to hastily retreat from there to Shklov.
Brandt Y. "Hussar". Russian hussars were organized like Polish ones, only on flags and armor instead of crosses a golden two-headed eagle was depicted on a white field
This regiment became one of the most exemplary in the Novgorod regiment. During the retreat of the Russian army after the defeat at Kushliki, it was the hussars that Khovansky entrusted with the protection of the Tsar's banner. For 25 miles to Polotsk, near the crossing, the retreating army had to take another battle. "Hundred People" and the reiters of Khovansky guided the Lithuanians to the infantry deployed in the forest, and the attack of the Russian hussars ensured victory. The prince reported to Moscow: “And taught to be a fierce battle ... enemy men began to attack ... military foot men ... in order to tear them apart and beat them up, and ... foot people ... stood firm and did not give way to the enemy, fought, not sparing their heads; and we, having taken the hussar and what was with us of all the ranks of your military men, jumped on the Polish people ... and the Polish people were ripped off and helped the people on foot. And there was a fierce battle from 1 o'clock ... many Polish people were beaten and knocked down from the field, and retreated intact to Polotsk " .
Internal organization
In 1638, the system of command ranks looked like this:
- Senior Colonel (A. Leslie)
- Colonel
- Lieutenant colonel
- Major
- Captain
- Captain
- Lieutenant
- Regimental okolnichny
- Regimental columnist
- Ensign
- Sergeant or Pentecostal
- Shotgun Patrol
- Company Borrower or Company Quartermaster
- Ensign
- Corporal
- Drummer
- Trumpeters
The regiments of the new system were controlled in the Razryadny, Streletsky, Inozemnoye, Reitarsky orders and in the Order for the collection of military men.
Among one of the last commanders of foreign regiments, P. Gordon, an associate of Peter I, is worthy of mention.
Some regiments of the new order and their number
Pikemen of soldiers' regiments. 1653-54 g.
Reitar regiments
In two squadrons for 1659-1091 people.
Dragoon (horse and foot service) regiments
Soldier regiments
- Belgorod soldier regiment F.A.Fanbukovena (von Bukovena)
- Yablonsky soldier regiment J. Leslie
- Soldiers regiment J. Krafert
- Karpov soldier regiment J. Fanzager (von Sager)
In four regiments for 1659 - 4298 people
Armament
17th century infantry armor
The soldiers 'uniforms differed little from the Strelets' uniforms - they wore almost the same caftans made of colored latchina. The pikemen were armed with pikes - in the 50-60s they were purchased in Holland, and the length of the ash shaft was about 4.73 m. Half pikes were also used. Although later the pikemen, as a class, were abolished. The soldiers were armed with both imported and domestic swords. The epee was worn on a "sword belt". In addition, in the old fashioned way, they were equipped with baldles, since it was a very convenient and effective weapon. In the first half of the century, in addition, the weapons of the regiments of the new order included protazans and halberds. In the soldiers' regiments, armor was used, consisting of a cuirass and a plate skirt, sometimes with a necklace. At first they were imported, but soon they began to be produced in Russia. In the middle of the 17th century, the cost of such lat, produced at the Tula-Kashira factories, was 2 rubles, which was relatively small. The helmets used, marked "shishaki", are most likely morions and cabassets. However, in the second half of the century, when the regiments of the new system constituted the main part of all the armed forces, armor in the soldiers' and dragoon regiments was not used, except for the elective regiments. The soldiers were armed with squeaks or muskets. And since the 60s, grenade launchers have also appeared, throwing hand grenades weighing 0.5-2 kg.
The dragoons were armed with a squeak or a musket, less often with a carbine. They were supposed to perform the functions of both infantry and cavalry, but they practically did not fight on horseback. From cold weapons, they sometimes armed themselves with a sword or other bladed weapon, and also they were armed with dragoon spears, reeds and even spears.
Reitars were armed with a carbine and two pistols, as well as a saber (less often a sword or broadsword). The sabers of the Reitar, like the nobles and children of the boyars of the centenary service, had their own, and were not issued from the treasury.
The most expensive was the hussar armor. A description of the full hussar armor from the Armory has survived: “Battens with frames and with knee pads, in the face, three boards are attached with copper burdock nails, on the front board there is a double-headed eagle with coruna, the edge around all armor is worm-like velvet, fastened with burdock nails; an attachment and trimmed with worm-like velvet, including the upper ones over an iron cloak, in the face the underside attachments are sewn with gold spinning, at the front board there are two copper buckles, at the back one, the nails are all gilded; bracers in the face in length, four valleys across, rubbed, those bracers have three copper planks each, fastened on red velvet with gilded copper nails, velvet worm mittens, embroidered with herbs with spun gold, a scaly blued hat, on it there are ten eagles, brass pillows, they are knocked out with little horses, on them the valley is covered with worm-like velvet, fastened with copper burdock nails, gilded, a copper shelf, an iron nose, in the face above a gilded copper burdock "... This armor is still stored in the Armory, but with losses, the total weight of the armor is 28.3 kg.
If necessary, the hussars could also use Reitar armor. So, for example, Prince Khovansky did in 1661, when he did not have time to receive the hussar armor. As the prince wrote: “360 lats have been accepted into my regiment. Of this number, 91 lats were given by the hussar, for a while, for a while, as long as, according to your (royal) decree, the hussar armor will be sent to me, and the remaining 269 lats will be given to the regiment of Colonel Davyd Zybin to the reitarians ... And the hussar armor and shishaks will be sent to me in the regiment of July by On the 7th, we haven't been, and you can't be a hussar without armor and shishaks and without wristbands " .
On December 14, 1659, weapons were changed in the units operating on the territory of Ukraine. Berdysh were introduced in the dragoon and soldier regiments. The royal decree read: “... in the Saldats and Dragoons in all the regiments of the Saldats and Dragoons and in the rifle orders of the archers, he ordered to make a short peak, with a spear on both ends, instead of reeds, and long peaks in the Saldak regiments and in the rifle orders to make the same on consideration; and the rest of the Saldatehs and the archers ordered them to have swords. And he ordered the bardysh to be made in the regiment of dragoons and saldats instead of swords in every regiment of 300 people, and still be sufficient in swords. And in the streltsy orders, bardysh should be inflicted on 200 people, and it is enough to be in swords as before " .
In 1660, by decree of the king for "The soldier's formation of Mikolai Bodman's regiment to saldats for 1000 for 319 people" from the Pushkar order was allocated 8 "quick-firing cannons with a wedge" on light machines, "and under them there are 16 wheels on 2 wheels, 5 pounds of iron each ... adyn machine, 3 pounds each ...".
Banners of the regiments of the foreign system
Samples of dragoon, reitar and soldier banners for the Belgorod regiment of B.A.Repnin. 1665
Each company had its own banner. The first banners were made from silk fabrics. The size and type of the banner was determined by the captain at his will.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the dragoon banners were brought to a single model. The banners were edged with a border. A cross was sewn into the center from corner to corner. Two tails were sewn to the right side, ranging in length from 2 arshins 12 vershoks to 3 arshins.
Soldier's banners
Each soldier's regiment had a regimental banner (colonel), lieutenant colonel and company (according to the number of companies). All banners were made by order of the colonel from taffeta and dorog different colors... The length of the banner is 3 arshins, the width is 2½ arshins. A cross was sewn in the middle of the banner. All the banners in one regiment are the same. Only the colonel's banner was different - made of white taffeta. Soldier's banners never had a border. Painted shafts, the banner was nailed to the shaft. Cloth covers.
see also
Notes (edit)
- The charter was written in Holland by order of the Russian government. European engravings were used as illustrations, in particular, this one repeats a Dutch engraving of 1615
- IB Babulin "The campaign of the Belgorod regiment to Ukraine in the fall of 1658" // Edinor. Materials on military history of Eastern Europe the era of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, M., 2009, issue 1
- Kurbatov O. A. Moral and psychological aspects of the tactics of the Russian cavalry in the middle of the 17th century // Military-historical anthropology: Yearbook, 2003/2004: New scientific directions. - M., 2005 .-- S. 193-213
- Malov A.V.Moscow elective regiments of the soldier's system in the initial period of its history 1656-1671. M .: "Drevlehranilishche", 2006
- Kurbatov OA From the history of military reforms in Russia in the 2nd half of the 17th century. The reorganization of the cavalry on the materials of the Novgorod category of the 1650s - 1660s / Dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences, M., 2002, p. 114
In this article we will consider the history of the appearance of the so-called regiments of the "foreign system" and their state during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
The first attempt to create units in the Russian army trained according to the European military model was made by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky. By his order, in the summer of 1609, the Swedish "marshal" Christier Somme taught "field exercises according to the Dutch custom" Russian army, formed mainly from peasant militias. The warriors learned to operate in close formation, use firearms and pikes ("scraps"), and quickly build field fortifications. It was this army, interacting with parts of the Swedish corps of Jacob De la Gardie, was able to defeat the "Tushino" troops and unblock Moscow. Later, she was destroyed by the mediocre voivode Dmitry Ivanovich Shuisky, brother of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in the ill-fated battle of Klushinsky on June 24, 1610.
The European experience of organizing the armed forces in Russia was again turned to 20 years later, on the eve of a new war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1633, the Deulinsky truce expired. The Russian government did not want to put up with the loss of the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands, therefore, preparing for the resumption of the struggle, it tried to strengthen the army and strengthen the artillery. The target of the impending attack was Smolensk, which was a first-class fortress. It was impossible to seize it and other cities lost in the Time of Troubles, and then keep them, without defeating the strong Polish army, which had the best cavalry in Europe and good infantry, including hired (mostly German).
By the end of the 20s. XVII century. the government was able to restore the old military system, but the revived Russian army had insufficient experience, so the Russian command experienced well-founded doubts about the combat effectiveness of its armed forces. Of the 92,555 people who were in service in 1630, only about 20,000 could go on a campaign as part of a field army; the remaining 72.5 thousand people were in the city service. Then it was decided to prepare several soldier regiments trained in the techniques of conducting military operations in the western manner as a shock group. Sweden and Holland provided assistance in the preparation of the "new order" regiments. Colonels A. Leslie and G. van Damme, who were in the Russian service, were sent to these countries for the purchase of large consignments of weapons (muskets, pikes, swords), for the recruitment of officers and soldiers.
Colonel Alexander Leslie
In April 1630, letters were sent to Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Vologda, Novgorod and other cities about the recruitment of the homeless boyar children, who were ordered to be in "military training" in Moscow with foreign colonels. It was forbidden to "write to the service" those of them "for which there are estates." All those enrolled in the system were promised a salary of 5 rubles. a person a year and fodder money for an altyn a day. In addition, everyone received a breech pishchal, gunpowder, and lead. 2 regiments were organized, 1600 people in each. This letter marked the beginning of the recruitment and formation of regiments of the "new order".
Judging by the text of the letter, the government intended to create new regiments exclusively from the children of the boyars, who were unable to carry out regimental service (due to the meager financial situation), having formed the noble infantry of the new system, however, they did not show interest in the infantry service - by September they were only registered about 60 people. From Veliky Novgorod to the soldier's "teaching" were sent only 8 homeless boyar children. Therefore, the regiments were allowed to accept archer children, "willing free people", Cossacks, etc., as a result of which, by December 1631, the number of regiments was already 3323 people.
By this time, the composition of each soldier's regiment had been established in 1,600 privates and 176 initial people, as a rule, from foreigners of the "old" and "new departure". Both regiments were divided into 8 companies, headed by a colonel, a regimental great lieutenant (lieutenant colonel), a major (a watchman or a detachment) and five captains. Each company was supposed to be a lieutenant, a warrant officer, three sergeants (Pentecostals), a quartermaster (a station officer), a captenarmus (a rifle patrolman), six corporals (esaul), a healer, a trainer, two interpreters, three drummers and 200 rank-and-file soldiers, including squeakers (musketeers) and 80 spearmen (pikemen).
At the beginning of 1632, the number of soldiers' regiments increased to six. The government began to attract "free hunting people" to the soldiers, which yielded positive results: it was they who were staffed with the last soldier's regiments.
In the middle of 1632, the formation of the Reitarsky regiment began from the nobility and the children of the boyars. By December, the number of rank-and-file Reitars was 1,721. A dragoon company was organized as part of the regiment. So the total number of the regiment was about 2,400 people. In 1633 they were sent to war. Soon a separate dragoon regiment was formed, numbering 1600 people, of which 1440 are privates. It was divided into 12 mouths.
We have not received information about what and how the foreigners taught the first Russian soldiers, but it is known that during several months of intensive training they had to acquire the necessary skills in handling weapons and in combat service. The mention of the division of soldiers into squeakers and spearmen indicates that in battle the musketeer riflemen had to act separately from the columns of the pikemen. Using foreign officers for military "training", the government sought to train the lower command staff from among the Russian people.
The recruitment and training of the first four soldier regiments ended by August 1632, and already at the beginning of the war they took part in the campaign of the army of M. B. Shein to Smolensk; the last two regiments were sent there in June 1633. Unfortunately, it was not possible to capture the city. With the arrival of the main Polish army of King Vladislav IV to the site of battles, events took an unfavorable turn for Russia. Under the walls of Smolensk, two armies met, trained and armed according to the European model. The advantage turned out to be on the side of the Poles, whose army was reorganized a year before the events described.
By the end of the Smolensk War, there were already 10 regiments of the "new system", which constituted an impressive by European standards army with a total strength of at least 17 thousand people, which was almost equivalent to the Russian field army of the late 1620s.
Pikeman Infantry Regiment
Musketeer Infantry Regiment
After the end of the Smolensk War, the regiments of the "new system" were disbanded, as they turned out to be inadmissibly expensive for the country that had not yet recovered from the Troubles: their annual maintenance (September 1632 - October 1633) took about 430 thousand rubles, despite the fact that the income part of the budget of Russia even after half a century, in a much more prosperous 1681, amounted to no more than 2 million rubles. The foreign officer corps was also very expensive with its extremely inflated (simply colossal, which A.Z. Myshlaevsky was surprised at) monthly salaries a salary of 250-400 rubles. for the colonel and at 75-100 p. - for the captain (the latter, taking into account the drop in the value of the ruble at least twice, was actually equal to the annual (216 rubles) salary of the Peter's captain-foreigner in the state of 1711). These salaries, the excessiveness of which even Moscow nobles complained after the Smolensk war, ensured a quick but short-term influx of the "first wave" of foreign officers.
In addition, in the most military European tradition of the first half of the 17th century. these semi-regular regiments (of the "new order") were viewed primarily as mercenaries, assembled for the duration of hostilities and disbanded after their end, in connection with which at the end of the Smolensk war they were disbanded in Russia as well. The dismissal of unnecessary foreign officers, the revision from 1634 of the clearly inflated officer salary, a sharp (in some cases up to 10 times) reduction in officer salaries to bring them to moderate and realistic, the transfer from 1634 of the officer salary to peacetime rates, taking into account the real service (full salary - only to those who took part in hostilities, employed in garrison service - 2/3 of the full salary, not to active service - 1/3) contributed to the outflow of foreign officers and the reduction of regiments of the "new order". It is not entirely clear whether the government intended to retain them at least as personnel military structures for the deployment of regiments in the future (most likely, even here it was not clear).
Officers and soldiers who wished to return to Europe, having received their feed salary, left the country via Novgorod and Arkhangelsk. Only a part of them remained in Russia and were later used to deploy regiments in 1638 during the construction of the Belgorod line (V.V. Penskoy considers it possible to speak at this time about the existence of at least 2 dragoon and 3 soldier regiments of Colonels A. Krafert, V. Rosform, Lieutenant Colonel Y. Vyms and Major R. Kormikhel and the total number of their military formations with separate teams of 13.8 thousand people). Although according to the very meaning of the decree of the spring of 1638, which prescribed "for the current service to create the Saldat formation of 4000, the dragoon formation of 4000", it is clear that in fact (albeit with the use of the personnel of old formations - a new social stratum of the so-called "old soldiers") Three years after the war, new temporary military formations were created, caused by the specific threat of large-scale Tatar raids in a given period of time.
The set of new parts ended by the fall of 1638; a total of 5,055 dragoons and 8,658 soldiers were assembled on the southern border. Their service did not last long, the seasonality of the border guard was reflected on the shelves of the new system. On November 1, 1638, all soldiers and dragoons were dismissed to their homes and deprived of their salaries. Weapons, horses and "all military harness" they handed over to the "patrols" in Tula. According to the surviving "painting", the servicemen of A. Crafter's regiment left: 22 banners, 48 drums intact and punched, and 2 "left" drums, 13 protazans, 56 halberds, 4001 muskets "whole and damaged", 3060 bandelers, 4308 swords, 1674 saddles , 1316 bridles, 1330 Dargun hooks. Soldiers and dragoons of the V. Rosform regiment - 10 banners, 19 protazans, 11 halberds, 12 drums, 2442 muskets, 2074 swords, 2168 bandellers, 1862 swords and other ammunition.
In the spring of 1639, the "device" for dragoons and soldiers for service on the southern border was repeated. In September, people were again dismissed to their homes until spring. Similar calls for dragoons and soldiers for seasonal border service were carried out in subsequent years.
Annual sets of fodder and dacha dragoons and soldiers were not given for temporary service positive results... The maintenance of military men was expensive, apparently due to the need to pay all the costs of equipment for the service, the so-called "lifting". At the same time, in terms of their military training and experience of service, they stood below the archers and the children of the boyars. Random people were signed up for temporary service, who for several summer months did not receive the necessary knowledge and skills in military affairs, and the next year they could not appear at all to the service. The level of military training of subordinate people, collected in regiments for seasonal service, and then dismissed to their homes, was also low.
The government, without stopping devices for temporary service, switched to other methods of recruiting military men of the new system. First of all, the organization of the dragoon service has changed.
Continued in the second part-
Creation of regiments of the "new order"
The experience of armed struggle against the Polish and Swedish intervention indicated the need to create a trained infantry and cavalry troops. In 1630, the tsar sent letters to the largest cities of Russia about the recruitment of people for "military training", which marked the beginning of the formation of regiments of the "new order". These regiments were a fundamentally new military organization compared to the noble militia. The regiments) of the "new or foreign system" were essentially a permanent, but not yet regular army. Initially, they were recruited on the principles of voluntary, from "hunting people", and then compulsory recruitment of tributary people. This step in Russian military development had a truly reformatory character.
The soldiers' regiments were enrolled in the "homeless" children of boyars and Cossacks, and all sorts of "free and walking people were encouraged to join." Newly recruited warriors were given weapons and equipment at the expense of the treasury. They were also paid "the sovereign's salary". To support the soldiers, the government was forced to take foreign loans from England and Holland, guns, gunpowder and edged weapons. Purchased through the sale of grain abroad. Nevertheless, funds for the army were chronically lacking.
The Russian regiments of the "new order" received their baptism of fire in the war with the Poles for the return of Smolensk (1632-1634). Despite short term training, the shelves showed themselves well. However, foreign officers and soldiers in the course of hostilities often went over to the side of the Poles. The mercenaries were dear to the treasury of the Russian state, and their help turned out to be illusory.
The noble cavalry also did not show itself. The landowners, having learned that the Crimean Tatars attacked the southern outskirts of the state, began to leave the camp to protect their estates. Once again, in practice, the Russian government became convinced that a radical reorganization of the entire military system was necessary for military operations.
The Russian regiments of the new system - the participants of the Smolensk campaign of 1632-1634 - the states were disbanded to their homes, but they did not refuse to recruit these troops.
In 1648, together with the most educated boyars N.I. Odoevsky, clerk F.A.Griboyedov and others, Prince Volkonsky began to develop a set of basic laws - the Cathedral Code. It took the commission only two and a half months to create not only a new code of feudal law, but also a kind of disciplinary charter of the Russian army. Sobornoye Ulozhenie played a decisive role in the implementation of military reforms.
The most striking figure of the galaxy of converters Russia XVII century was A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, the son of the Pskov landowner. At the court of Tsar Michael, he performed important diplomatic duties, and was known as a military leader.
The educated and thoughtful diplomat Ordin-Nashchokin considered it necessary to adopt the advanced experience of the military development of Western European countries. He advocated an increase in the independence of the governors, who, in his opinion, should have personally made decisions and led their subordinates, and not wait "for every little thing" for a decree from the capital. But at the same time, great responsibility was also required from the military leaders. Ordin-Nashchokin's projects included making the army more combat-ready, by equipping it with datochnye, foot and horse, people, and organizing regular combat training. Consequently, already in the middle of the 17th century, Russian military thought had substantiated the idea of a regular army, complete with sets from all classes.
A significant part of A. L. Ordin-Nashchekin's proposals remained unfulfilled, to a greater extent, due to the limited financial and economic capabilities of the state.
Nevertheless, the transformation of the armed forces continued. The changes were carried out in the system of the highest military command. Along with the old orders, such as Razryadny, Streletsky, Pushkarsky, the formation of new management structures began. Recreated in 1613 as an order, the Armory was in charge of the manufacture of light firearms and edged weapons. It subsequently included temporary orders: Musketry (1654) and Barrel (1647-1666). From 1613 to 1643 the Cossack order functioned. In the years 1614-1623 there was a Panskiy order, which recruited foreigners for the Russian service. Since 1624, these functions were assigned to the Inozemsky order.
In 1633, the order of the Collection of tributary people was formed. His duties included recruiting from the peasants and the townspeople (1 person from 20-25 households) the contingent of military units intended for the construction and repair of notch lines. During the period of hostilities, they repaired roads and carried out convoy service. In 1654, the orders were transferred to the Razryadny and Reitarsky orders. The regiments of the "new order" began to be formed from the dacha people.
From 1637 to 1654, the order of the Assembly of Military People functioned, which formed the soldier (infantry) and dragoon (horse and foot service) regiments of the "new order". They were recruited from the population of border villages and cities by 1 person from 3-5 yards to carry out military service on the notch lines. The shelves were assembled in the spring, and in the fall they were dismissed. Soldiers and dragoons returned weapons and horses to the state. Their salaries were cut off. Temporary kits showed that the maintenance of military men is expensive for the treasury. In addition, untrained people came to the service, and for several months they could not acquire the necessary military skills. With this in mind, the government has taken a number of further steps. Beginning in 1642, peasants began to be recorded as dragoons, leaving the land for them and exempting them from duties. These "lodged dragoons" did not receive a salary, and at the same time were obliged to carry out border guards at their place of residence. This procedure for manning dragoons reduced the financial costs of their maintenance, and the constant protection of their own native places helped to increase their combat effectiveness. In the same way, starting in 1649, soldiers' regiments - "plowed soldiers" began to be completed. From peasants and posad households, out of three or four men in the family, one or two at the age of 20 to 50 were enlisted as soldiers. The newly recruited warriors underwent military training.
But this method of forming the regiments of the "new system" did not stand the test either. As long as the dragoons and soldiers were on duty at the place of residence, there were no particular problems. However, during the period of hostilities, the regiments of the "new system" had to leave the areas of residence. Soldiers and dragoons were detached from the economy for a long time. And, as a result of this, the peasants and the townspeople of the border towns were ruined and military service, not only for them, but also for their families, turned into an unbearable burden.
Certain difficulties arose in the Reitarsky (cavalry) order. Initially, the reitars were recruited exclusively from the nobility and the children of the boyars. Later, starting from the second half of the 17th century, the Reitarsky order began to form regiments of spearmen and hussars. They had the same rights as the Reiters. It was the noble cavalry of the "new order". Reiters received a salary for diligent service. The estates were also preserved for them. For failure to appear at the service ("not being"), the nobles were taken away from the estates, transferred to the soldiers' regiments.
The generally correct direction of military reform had its drawbacks. The discrepancy in recruitment, the order of service in the regiments of the "new order" - soldiers, reitars, dragoons - forced the tsar and the government to look for more perfect forms of organization of troops. This became especially acute in conditions when Russia was faced with complex tasks of armed struggle with Poland, Turkey, and the Crimean Tatars. First of all, it was required to change the order of recruiting soldiers' regiments, for which several recruits of tributary people were held. In 1658, one foot warrior was taken from 25 yards. The conscripts were bound by mutual responsibility: in the event of their evasion from service, guarantors were taken to the regiments. Enrollments of tributary people were also carried out in 1659 and 1660. For three gatherings, the army was replenished with 51 thousand soldiers, who were provided with weapons, ammunition and salaries at the expense of the state. These kits anticipated the recruiting system of recruiting.
It turned out to be more difficult to form the dragoon regiments. The dragoons were required to appear for service on horseback and with their weapons. The low-powered farms of the dragoons, despite the fact that they were exempted from taxes, losing their hands, fell into decay.
Reitar, spearmen and hussars, recruited from the nobility, the children of the boyars, as well as from the Cossacks and dacha people, turned out to be more than 20 thousand people. The state paid the reitars a higher salary than the soldiers.
In the second half of the 17th century, the regiments of the "new system" in the Russian army were finally established. Unlike the countries of Western Europe (with the exception of Sweden), in which mercenaries flourished, in Russia there was a system of compulsory military service for all social strata of the indigenous population. In wartime, all the warriors of the "new order" regiments received salaries, clothing and weapons. They remained on the maintenance of the state even after the end of hostilities, if not dismissed to their homes.
The regiments of the "new order" constituted a permanent armed force and had a clear military structure. The Dragoon regiments were trained to operate in horse and foot formations, the Dragoon had a lightweight musket or carbine and a sword. Reitars fought only on horseback. The Reitar regiments included small units of light cavalry - spearmen and hussars. Reitar was armed with a carbine, two pistols, a sword and armor. The spearmen were armed with spears and pistols. The hussar was armed with a spear smaller than that of a spearman, two pistols and armor. The foot army consisted of soldiers' regiments armed with muskets and berdyshs. Plate armor was sometimes used as a defensive weapon. The senior officers were armed with protazans, and the junior - with halberds.
The regiments of the "new order" were assigned artillery - from 6 to 20 guns per regiment. In general, there were up to 400 guns in the army, and up to 2500 guns in fortresses. In 1677, the "Pushkar Regiment" with 30 officers and 1261 gunners was formed in Russia. In artillery, obsolete guns (zattenny squeaky, mattresses) were replaced with more unified types and calibers of guns. In the second half of the 17th century, the artillery park of the Russian army was qualitatively renewed. The cannon masters improved the methods of casting cannons and cannonballs, laid the foundation for the production of regimental guns, mortars and howitzers of the same type in weight and caliber. There was a clear subdivision into siege and fortress artillery and a "regimental outfit" - field artillery assigned to the regiments,
The troops of the "new system" received a single organization. All regiments, both horse and foot, had 10 companies. Horse companies numbered 100 people each, and foot companies 160 people each. New ranks were introduced in the regiments: colonel, major, captain, captain, lieutenant. This determined a clear order of subordination of the commanding persons.
Exhausting wars throughout the restless 17th century, the weakening of the army and its inability to protect the state from enemy encroachments - all these reasons combined created the necessary conditions for the creation of another Russian army, which was initiated by the regiments of the new system.
Start
For the first time, we had to think about the creation of new troops in a difficult and turbulent period of our history - in the Time of Troubles, scorched by the terrible threat of foreign invasion. During this period of strife, foreign legionnaires were hired into militia units to fight it.It was then that Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, sincerely amazed by the well-coordinated competent actions of the Swedish infantry, staunchly repelling the attacks of the Polish hussars, decided to organize an army according to a foreign model - the Dutch and Swedish. The regiments of the new system, which consisted mainly of peasant militias, were assembled in Novgorod and numbered 18 thousand people. The Belgian Christier Somme taught them to competently use weapons, focusing on the tactics of fighting cavalry, in which a number of pikemen covered musketeers with squeaks - the main weapon of that time.
First successes
Even hastily trained, the regiments of the new order in September 1609 won several significant victories over the Poles: they broke the blockade of Moscow and returned several cities, throwing the invading troops back. But the Time of Troubles made adjustments to further events. After the poisoning of Skopin-Shuisky, the army dispersed.
Thus ended the successful trial organization of the regiments on a foreign model.
Second try
The strategic need for the return of Smolensk, given to the Poles, and the revival of a strong combat-ready army was another impetus for the creation of new regiments in 1630. By the end of 1631, Swedish and Dutch specialists, who began this difficult business, formed 2 regiments, each of which had 1600 people. Initially, it was planned to recruit the regiments from the children of homeless boyars, but they were not interested in the infantry service, and it was decided to accept the Cossacks and children of the archers into the army.
The command of the regiments was carried out mainly by foreign initial people. Each regiment, consisting of 8 companies, was under the command of a colonel, lieutenant colonel, major and five captains. The company had 200 soldiers, of whom 120 were musketeers and 80 were pikemen. grew rapidly: by the beginning of 1632 there were already 6 of them (9 thousand people).
From the middle of 1632, the creation of the first Reitarsky regiment of boyar and noble children began, the number of which increased to 1721 people by the end of the year.
A dragoon company was first organized in its composition, and soon a separate dragoon regiment was formed, consisting of 12 companies. The regiments of the new order in the period 1632-1634. represented the backbone of the army, 10 combat-ready units numbering 17 thousand people were created. They fought bravely, were brave and desperate, heroically showing themselves in battles with superior enemy forces, but Russia could not win the war. And at the end of hostilities, the regiments of the new system were disbanded. The second attempt to organize the troops was also only half successful.
Stage three
After several years, in 1638, the government resumed the formation of parts of a new model to protect the borders of southern Russia. The royalist and general, the Englishman Thomas Daleil, supervised the training of the troops stationed in the Novgorod category.
The formation of the regiments led to the compulsory recruitment of tributary people who served from spring to autumn, and dispersed to their homes for the winter. This practice did not justify itself: the insufficient level of education associated with long vacations affected. Therefore, in 1643-1648, some southern villages and villages were nationalized, and the peasants were recorded as dragoons.
Military reform of Alexei Mikhailovich
The middle of the 17th century in Russia was marked by an extremely important event for the country - according to the decree, a radical reform of the army began: the strengthening of the best parts of the old system - the elite Moscow local cavalry, Moscow archers and gunners, as well as the creation of combat units in the likeness of regiments that had already shown their military skill.
In the conditions of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. it was these formations that became the strong basis of the country's armed forces. The regiments of the new system under Alexei Mikhailovich are soldier and dragoon units, made up of dacha people recruited for lifelong service. A national duty was introduced.
Reitar regiments were formed not only from datovnye, but also from impoverished or homeless nobles, Cossack and Noblemen's hundreds in their entirety were transferred to the Reitar system. A strategically important move was the separation of horse lancers - hussars from the reitar. The Swedish experience in conducting combat operations and equipping a warrior was immensely useful, the similarity of the Russian and Swedish cavalry affected. The impeccable training and excellent equipment of the hussars favorably distinguished these formations among the Russian cavalry.
Pride of Russia
The shelves of the new order in the middle. 17th century were formed under the leadership of a well-trained officer corps.
During the war, at least one hundred thousand soldiers were recruited and trained, who proved the viability of the idea of creating such military formations. By the end of the century, the regiments of the new system are already the best part troops, which later formed the basis of the regular victorious Russian army.
The 17th century was especially rich in uprisings. This was due to the enslavement of the taxable population of the city and countryside, the intensification of feudal oppression, which led to an aggravation of class contradictions. To protect the existing state system from internal and external enemies and expand the territory of the state, armed forces were needed, which would be constantly under arms, were at full disposal supreme power, that is, fully supported by the state, and had a fairly high combat capability. A regular army was needed, on which the government could rely in its domestic and foreign policy. The government began to form such an army in the form of soldiers, dragoons and reitar regiments in the 30s of the 17th century. 3. Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state. - M., "Algorithm", 2004. - P. 90.
In 1633, the Deulinsky truce expired. The Russian government could not come to terms with the loss of the lands seized by the Commonwealth as a result of military intervention, and without waiting for the end of the armistice, began active preparations for a war to return the lands. The authorities understood all the difficulties of the struggle. Recovered with great difficulty after the intervention, the Russian army still lacked experience and was poorly adapted to waging a siege war. But the war had to start solely on their own. Attempts to conclude an alliance with the Swedes and Turks ended in failure. In the circumstances, the Russian government decided to reorganize its army. 9. Begunova A.I. The sabers are sharp, the horses are fast ... From the history of the Russian cavalry. - M., 1992 .-- S. 39.
In April 1630, letters were sent to the cities of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Vologda, Novgorod and others about the recruitment of the boyar's homeless children, who were instructed to be in the "military study" in Moscow by foreign colonels in the number of two regiments, each 1000 people each. All enrolled boyar children were promised a salary of 5 rubles. a person a year and fodder money for an altyn (3 kopecks) a day. In addition, everyone received a breech pishchal, gunpowder, and lead. This diploma laid the foundation for the recruitment and formation of regiments of the new system. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 230.
However, the attempt to form soldiers' regiments only from impoverished service people "in the homeland" failed. The total number of boyar children who enrolled in the soldier's service did not exceed 60 people. The authorities were also forced to admit free people of non-nobility origin to be enrolled as soldiers: Cossacks, Tatars and their relatives. By December 1631, there were already 3323 people in the regiments of Leslie and Tsetsner. Each regiment was divided into 8 companies, headed by a colonel, a regimental great lieutenant (lieutenant colonel), a major (watchman) and five captains. Under the command of the company captains were: a lieutenant, a warrant officer, 3 sergeants (Pentecostals), a quartermaster (okolnichny), a captenarmus (a watchman over a gun), 6 corporals (esaulov), a doctor, a podachi, 2 interpreters, 3 drummers and 200 ordinary soldiers, of which 120 squeakers (musketeers) and 80 spearmen. In the same place. - S. 231.
The matter was not limited to the call of Russian servicemen. In 1630, foreign officers and soldiers hired under Swedish mediation began to stay in Russia. They were received in Veliky Novgorod, Prince. V.R. Baryatinskaya, E. Samarin and clerk N. Spiridonov. At the beginning of 1632, shortly before the start of the Russian-Polish war, the number of soldiers' regiments was increased to six. Four of these regiments, fully manned by officers and privates, took part in the campaign against Smolensk; the fifth and sixth were sent to the army of M. B. Shein in June 1633. The Moscow government extended the successful experience of creating infantry regiments to the cavalry. From the middle of 1632, the formation of the first Reitarsky regiment began, the initial number of which was determined at 2000 people.
Service in the cavalry was more familiar and honorable for service people and, unlike soldier's regiments, impoverished nobles who were unable to get ready for a campaign on their own were willingly enrolled in the new Reitar regiment. By December 1632, it consisted of a 1721 allowance as an ordinary reitar of noblemen and boyar children. The command decided to increase the number of the regiment to 2,400 people, forming a special dragoon company in the Reitar unit. The process of quick recruitment of the regiment was facilitated by two circumstances. The attractiveness of the Reitar service was explained, in addition to the above reason, by its more generous payment - ordinary Reiters received 3 rubles a month. cash salary and 2 rubles. for the maintenance of combat horses. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 232-233.
The state used the experience in the formation of the first soldiers' regiments and in the formation of the cavalry. In the middle of 1632, the recruitment of the Reitarsky regiment of 2,000 men began. It was more successful than the recruitment of soldiers' regiments. The Reitarsky regiment consisted of 14 companies led by captains (except for the regimental initial people).
During the Smolensk War, the authorities also formed a dragoon regiment, two soldier regiments and a separate soldier company. All these regiments were staffed mainly by dacha people, who were recruited forcibly from a heavy population.
As a result, the government formed 10 regiments of the new order with a total strength of up to 17 thousand people. 6. History of the Russian Army and Navy: Volume I. - M., 1911. - P. 71.
In the Russian-Polish war of 1632-1634. the regiments of the new order justified their purpose, actively participating in the siege of Smolensk until the end of the war. From near Smolensk, only 2,567 people were released in the first six soldier regiments, which was about one quarter of the original number of the regiments. The advantages of the created regiments over the military men of the old system were so obvious that the authorities in the coming years resumed the organization of the regiments of the new system. After the end of the Smolensk War, the state's attention was focused on strengthening the southern border in order to defend against the Crimean Tatars and other southern nomads. 5. Kargalov V.V. Russian governors of the XVI - XVII centuries - M., 2005 .-- P. 130.
Starting from 1636-1637 large-scale construction of cities, ostrozhki and other border fortifications was unfolded, old notches were restored, and the defense of the border by military men was strengthened. During the implementation of these defensive measures, the government resumed the recruitment and formation of regiments of the new system. In 1637, in order to prepare for the war with the Crimea, the government announced in the cities that all people who were in the Smolensk war in the soldier, reitar and dragoon service were ready for service by the spring. Since that time, the second stage began in the organization of the regiments of the new order, which were intended for the border service. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 234.
In the spring of 1638, in the south, great work began to restore and strengthen the markings. To guard the southern border, the government decided to recruit 4,000 dragoons and the same number of soldiers. The dragoons were recruited in Moscow, and letters were sent to the cities about the device of the soldiers. All soldiers and dragoons were given a fodder salary. In addition, soldiers and dragoons received government weapons and ammunition.
The attempt to instrument the soldiers on these conditions was not successful: there were no free people who wanted to be in the soldier's service. Then the government turned to a more reliable source - the forced recruitment of tributary people (tributary soldiers). In the spring of 1639, the device was repeated for dragoons and soldiers for service on the southern border. In September, people were dismissed to their homes until spring. Similar devices and sets of dragoons and soldiers for the seasonal border service were carried out in subsequent years. The government began to become convinced that the annual instruments and kits of stern and supplementary dragoons and soldiers for temporary service did not give the expected results. The maintenance of military men was expensive, although in terms of their military training and experience of service, they stood below the archers and the children of the boyars. Random people signed up for temporary service, who for several summer months did not receive the necessary knowledge and skills in military affairs, and the next year they could not appear at all for service. The military discipline of these walking people, cut off from their social environment, was rather low. The level of military training of the subordinate people gathered for seasonal service was also low. Without stopping devices for temporary service, the state began to use other methods of recruiting military men of the new system. A new method of manning was carried out, first of all, in relation to dragoons. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 235-236.
In 1642-1648. the peasants of a number of villages and hamlets were taken away from the landlords and patrimonials to the treasury and recorded in the dragoon service. The peasants left their land plots. Russian initial people and weapons (dragoon carbines and swords) were sent to train the peasants. In addition to training, the dragoon peasants had to carry out a border guard service, to which they were ordered to appear with their horses and supplies. 3. Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state. - M., "Algorithm", 2004. - P. 96.
From the peasants of a number of southern border villages, the government created a new type of dragoon, different from the fodder dragoons. In terms of their financial position and type of service, the new dragoons were settled military people with the significant difference from the later settled troops that not military people were planted on the ground and turned into farmers, but vice versa: farmers became military people (settled dragoons). The emergence of settled dragoons is explained by the government's desire to improve the manning of dragoons and save on their maintenance. The settled dragoons constituted a more permanent military force and practically did not require any material costs from the government for their maintenance. For the border guard service, the settled dragoons, interested in protecting and defending their native places, represented a much more reliable armed force than the forage dragoons collected from different cities and temporarily sent to the southern cities. The disappearance of the dragoons from among the peasants is due to the fact that the government misused them. When the government began to send dragoons to serve in remote cities or include them in the marching army, the dragoon service became unbearable for the peasants.
In the distant service, the dragoons had to appear on horseback, with weapons and supplies for themselves and the horse for the entire duration of the service. Thus, the government equated dragoons in official duties with the regimental boyar children. And if the boyar children from their estates and monetary salary sometimes could not rise to the service due to poverty, then the dragoon-peasant from a small land allotment was all the more incapable of long-distance service. As a result of this service, the economy fell into decay, the dragoon lost its combat capability and fled from service. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 238-239.
Dragoons could replace both infantry and cavalry on the battlefield, which required special attention to their manning, training and maintenance. As for the recruitment of dragoons, it took place in different ways and from different sources; their training in military affairs was short-lived and could not give the dragoon an advantage over the soldiers and reitars, and the dragoons were financially provided worse than the soldiers. It should be noted that the weapons of the dragoons at first consisted of a long squeak or a heavy match musket, but it was difficult to handle such a weapon on horseback. Dragoons' conventional armament consisted of a musket and a sword. In addition, there were dragoon spears, which replaced swords. All these shortcomings in the recruitment, maintenance and use of dragoons led to the fact that dragoons by the 80s of the 17th century. disappeared from the Russian army, being transferred to the soldiers or to the city service. 10. Epiphany SK Armament of Russian troops in the XVI-XVII centuries. // Historical notes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. T.4. - M., 1938 .-- S. 115.
The government decided to use the experience of the formation of dragoon regiments in the south on the northwestern border by recruiting and forming soldiers' regiments. In 1649, a decree was passed on the construction of the town of Olonets and on the registration of peasants, bobs and their relatives in the soldier's service in all Zaonezhsky and Lop graveyards. They left them behind the peasants land, and instead of a monetary salary for the service, they were exempted from taxes. Each peasant household had to give one person to be a soldier. In six Zaonezhsky and three Lop graveyards, 7902 people were registered as soldiers, of which they formed two soldiers' regiments. Another center for the recruitment and formation of soldiers' regiments in the northwest was the Sumerian (Somerskaya) volost in the Starorussky district.
As a result of repeated recruitment of soldiers, the entire able-bodied population was taken, and only ruined peasants, incapable of service, remained in the graveyards. The peasants complained in their petitions that there was no one to carry out the guard service, that they were ruined by the attacks of the Swedes and were sitting without bread, since there was no one to cultivate the land. The peasants asked to return the last set of soldiers to the arable land. In October 1662, the government ordered not to take the peasants into soldiers anymore, and after the war released the peasants from the soldier's service. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 240-241.
During the war for the liberation of Ukraine, the soldier's service became a constant duty of the entire burdened population. In the northwestern cities, soldiers were recruited by compulsory recruitment from a certain number of courtyards or the number of a heavy population. The sizes of the sets varied: from 25 yards of one soldier or from three people of the adult male population to one soldier. In peacetime, some of the soldiers were temporarily released to their homes, some were left at the border and city services. The soldiers who were on permanent service were equalized by the government with the archers and other military men of the city service, that is, they gave an annual monetary and grain salary, or settled on the land. In the southern border towns, soldiers were recruited from the families of servicemen of cities and counties, that is, from the bulk of the population on the southern outskirts. These were the same dacha people, like those who were put into service in the northwestern cities and districts with a predominant settlement and peasant population.
Recruiting for military service in the northwestern and southern cities was a local event associated primarily with the defense of the borders, although during the war, soldiers from these cities were sent to the theater of operations. 6. History of the Russian army and navy: Volume I. - M., 1911. - S. 79-80.
Only in three collections were taken into the soldier's service tribute 51 thousand people, money from the transitional yards 25,830 rubles. and bread yielding 43423 quarters. In general, during the war with gentry Poland, national and local enrollments of tributary people gave at least 100 thousand people. Soldiers' regiments were formed from these people, called datochny and posad soldiers. Tribal people were taken on permanent (lifelong) service. The government also carried out nationwide recruitment of donated people to become soldiers later. These kits had everything specific traits later recruitment. 3. Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state. - M., "Algorithm", 2004. - P. 100.
army regiment Streletsky Cossack Smolensk war
The armament of the soldiers consisted of squeaks, later muskets with wicks and locks. 10. Epiphany SK Armament of Russian troops in the XVI-XVII centuries. // Historical notes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. T.4. - M., 1938. - P. 116. From edged weapons, the soldiers had swords, pikes, reeds. Swords were used mainly in the training of soldiers. Arming the soldiers with lances or canes probably depended on the presence of these types of weapons in the treasury. Along with this, there was a deliberate combination of lances (thrusting weapons) with berdyshs (cutting weapons) by equipping part of the regiment's soldiers with lances, part with berdysh. (8, p. 185) All weapons and ammunition for it were given to the soldiers by the state. In the soldiers' regiments there were several grenade launchers for the operation of hand grenades.
The management of the soldiers' regiments was concentrated in the Streletsky and Inozemsky orders. 10. Epiphany SK Armament of Russian troops in the XVI-XVII centuries. // Historical notes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. T.4. - M., 1938 .-- P. 117.
Until the middle of the 17th century. Reitars were recruited exclusively from noblemen and boyar children; it was the noble cavalry of the new order.
During the war with Polish gentry, the manning methods changed. In March 1654, it was indicated to the Reitarskiy order that only those boyar children who are helpless, haven’t been laid out and are not in the service can be enrolled in the Reitarskiy service.
It was forbidden to enroll service nobles and boyar children in reitars, since they had escaped from the regiments of the centenary service. Military needs forced to deviate from this rule. After the end of the war, the government began to clear the Reitar regiments of instrumental and heavy-duty people, transferring them to soldiers or to the city service. As a result of these measures to revise the composition of the reitar, systematically carried out by the government, the reitar regiments again turned into the noble cavalry of the new system. 6. History of the Russian army and navy: Volume I. - M., 1911. - S. 81-82.
The noblemen and boyar children transferred the shortcomings of the old local cavalry to the Reitar regiments. Not showing up and fleeing from duty was common. The government took the assignments from the reiter, took the estates and estates from the netchiks, transferred the reitar to the soldiers, and in case of malicious “absence” it took more severe punishment. So, in August 1679, by order of the governor of the Belgorod regiment, boyar IB Miloslavsky, Reiter Ivan Kazachkov was hanged for three escapes from the regiment so that others could "be discouraged" to run. In combat terms, the cavalry of the new system was below the soldiers' and dragoon regiments. 4. Kurbatov O.A. Essays on the development of the tactics of the Russian cavalry "centenary service" (mid-16th - mid-17th centuries). - M., 2008 .-- P. 60.
Reiters received local and monetary salaries for their service. Local and monetary salaries for them remained those that they received during the layout as noblemen and boyar children. For the correct performance of the service, lifters were assigned to the reiters. Among the Reitar (especially in the south), as well as among the dragoons, it was widespread to transfer part of their service and the corresponding amount of land to others. More often half of the service and land was transferred, less often a third. Persons who took half or a third of the service and land (half-way, third-party) had to replace the reiter in the service in a year or two for the land they received. The transfer of part of the service and the land to other persons led to two opposite results: the land was not empty, but the Reiter service suffered, since the Reiter appeared in the service a year later and instead put up a random person. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 243.
For local and monetary salaries, the reiters were obliged to perform regimental (marching or border) service on their horses and with their weapons. Weapons were sold to the Reitars from the treasury, sometimes they were given out free of charge. Reitarskaya "service" consisted of a carbine and a pair of pistols. From cold weapons, reitars had swords, more often sabers, from defensive weapons - armor. Reitars wore shishaks on their heads. 2. Viskovatov A.V. Historical description of the clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. T. 1. - SPb., 1902 .-- P. 190.
The second group of cavalry in the new order consisted of spearmen (pikemen). They stood out from the Reitar, but were closely associated with them. The spearmen's weapons were a spear and a pistol. Consequently, the spearmen were a fighting force only at close range, in hand-to-hand combat. Therefore, in battle, the spearmen acted in front of the cavalry armed with long-range firearms, that is, in front of the reitar and the hussar. 8. Dvurechensky OV Cold offensive weapons of the Moscow state (late 15th - early 17th centuries). - SPb., 2008 .-- P. 182.
The spearmen had the same rights as the reitar. They began to recruit into spearmen not only from the reitar, but also from the dragoons and from the noble niggaz (when registering the latter for the service). The lancer service was closely related to the reitar service. This was expressed in the fact that in the presence of independent regiments of spearmen, the spear "squadron" was available at the Reitar regiments, and at the same time the "squadron" reitar was part of the coffee shelf.
In total, by the beginning of the 80s, 2,213 spearmen were in service. 5. Kargalov V.V. Russian governors of the XVI - XVII centuries - M., 2005. - P. 132.
The cavalry of the new order included hussars. They appeared later than other categories of military men of the new system and were available only in the northwestern cities. There were no hussars in the south at all, where their functions were performed by spearmen. The hussars were armed with pikes and pistols. The hussar spears were smaller and were called hussar spears. 10. Epiphany SK Armament of Russian troops in the XVI-XVII centuries. // Historical notes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. T.4. - M., 1938 .-- S. 119.
The hussars differed from the reitar in their protective weapons. As cavalry of the lighter type, the hussars had lighter armor and, in addition, bracers. 2. Viskovatov A.V. Historical description of the clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. T. 1. - SPb., 1902 .-- S. 192.
The government, creating spearmen in the south and at the same time hussars in the northwest, and then, supplementing the latter with spearmen in the northwestern cities, apparently tested and compared the combat effectiveness of these types of troops. 1. Chernov A.V. Armed Forces of the Russian State in the 15th - 17th centuries - M., 1954 .-- S. 245.
Management of the cavalry of the new system was concentrated in a special Reitarsky order, which had existed since 1649. 9. Begunova A.I. The sabers are sharp, the horses are fast ... From the history of the Russian cavalry. - M., 1992 .-- S. 43.
After the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. some of the foreigners were released from service, and some were expelled from Russia. The state began to prohibit the entry of military foreigners into Russia. In some cases, it was allowed to hire only people "kind and subsistence" who came to the permanent service. 5. Kargalov V.V. Russian governors of the XVI - XVII centuries - M., 2005 .-- P. 134.
During the preparation and conduct of the war with Poland, the admission of foreigners to the service was slightly increased. The government demanded "patents", certificates of service, recommendations of kings and other dignitaries from the initial people who arrived at the service, and arranged tests for visiting foreigners: a test of the ability to own a weapon and the correct understanding of their duties. Most of the foreigners turned out to be uneducated in military affairs, many of them were illiterate and could not even sign their own language. In addition, some foreigners failed in the performance of their military duty: they fled from the battlefield, went over to the side of the enemy. Foreigners often came to Russia on instructions from their states for espionage purposes. In the same place. - S. 135.
Already during the Russian-Polish war of 1632-1634. Russian initial people are mentioned in the regiments of the new order. As part of the Reitar regiments in 1649. 200 of the best nobles were trained in military formation to take command positions. Russian initial people gradually won higher command positions. Initial Russian people gradually ousted foreigners from Russian service. In the years 1681-1682. foreigners who were in the Russian service accounted for 10-15% of all the initial people of the Russian army. 3. Volkov V.A. Wars and troops of the Moscow state. - M., "Algorithm", 2004. - P. 106.
The beginning of a new stage in the construction of the armed forces of the Russian state was the appearance of soldiers, dragoon and reitar regiments in the Russian army.
Thus, a regular army arose and began to form in Russia. The main advantage of the regiments of the new order over the military men of the centenary service was their best combat effectiveness.
