home > Well construction > The author of the work is the history of the Russian state. Research work of students "History of Karamzin" "N.М. Karamzin is a true patriot of his Fatherland. Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about a lot

The author of the work is the history of the Russian state. Research work of students "History of Karamzin" "N.М. Karamzin is a true patriot of his Fatherland. Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about a lot

History of Russian Goverment
Title page of the second edition. 1818

Genre :
Original language:
Original published:

"History of Russian Goverment"- a multivolume essay by N.M. Karamzin, describing Russian history from ancient times to the reign of Ivan the Terrible and the Time of Troubles. The work of N.M. Karamzin was not the first description of the history of Russia, but it was this work, thanks to the high literary merits and scientific scrupulousness of the author, that opened the history of Russia to the general educated public.

Karamzin wrote his "History" until the end of his life, but did not manage to finish it. The text of the manuscript of volume 12 breaks off at the chapter "Interregnum 1611-1612", although the author intended to bring the exposition to the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

Work on the "History"

One of the most popular writers of his time, nicknamed the "Russian Stern", Karamzin in 1804 retired from society to the Ostafyevo estate, where he devoted himself entirely to writing a work that was supposed to open national history for Russian society, which is past Ancient rome and France represented much better than their own. His initiative was supported by Emperor Alexander I himself, who, by decree of October 31, 1803, bestowed upon him the unprecedented title of Russian historiographer.

The first eight volumes were printed in 1817 and went on sale in February 1818. The three thousandth circulation, huge for that time, sold out faster than in a month, and a second edition was required, which was carried out in -1819 by I.V.Slenin. In 1821 a new ninth volume was published, and in 1824 the next two. During his work in the silence of the archives, Karamzin's worldview underwent a major shift towards conservatism:

Preserving the cult of virtue and feeling, he was imbued with patriotism and the cult of the state. He came to the conclusion that in order to be successful, the state must be strong, monarchical and autocratic. His new views were expressed in the note "On the ancient and new Russia"Filed in 1811 to Alexander's sister.

The author did not manage to finish the twelfth volume of his work, which was published almost three years after his death. Based on the drafts of Karamzin, the twelfth volume was prepared by K. S. Serbinovich and D. N. Bludov. At the beginning of 1829 Bludov published this last volume. Later in the same year, the second edition of the entire twelve-volume edition was published.

The author collected historical facts from ancient chronicles, many of which were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. For example, it was Karamzin who found and named the Ipatiev Chronicle. Numerous details and details, so as not to clutter up the coherent text of the story, Karamzin put in a special volume of notes. It was these notes that had the greatest scientific significance.

In the preface to his book, Karamzin describes the importance of history in general, its role in people's lives. He says that the history of Russia is no less exciting, important and interesting than the world history. The following is a list of sources that helped him to recreate the picture of historical events.

In terms of structure and syllable, the author calls Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire as one of the revered examples. Just as Gibbon, using the example of all the events described, illustrates the thesis that the decline of morals inevitably leads to the collapse of statehood, Karamzin, through all his work, carries out the innermost thought about the beneficence of a strong autocratic power for Russia.

In the first volume, Karamzin describes in detail the peoples who lived on the territory of modern Russia, including the origins of the Slavs, their conflict with the Varangians, the attitude of the Greeks to the tribes inhabiting the territory of future Russia. Then he talks about the origin of the first princes of Russia, their rule in line with the Norman theory. In subsequent volumes, the author describes in detail all important events Russian history up to 1612.

In his work, he acted more as a writer than a historian - describing historical facts, he took care of creating a new noble language for the conduct of historical narrative. For example, describing the first centuries of Russia, Karamzin said:

Great nations, like great men, have their infancy and should not be ashamed of it: our fatherland, weak, divided into small regions until 862, according to Nestor's reckoning, owes its greatness to the happy introduction of Monarchical power.

The monotonously rounded rhythmic cadences create a sense of continuity, but not the complexity of the story. Contemporaries loved this style. Some of the few critics did not like his pomp and sentimentality, but on the whole the whole era was fascinated by him and recognized him as the greatest achievement of Russian prose.

D. Mirsky

Meaning

The publication of the first volumes of the History made a stunning effect on contemporaries. The Pushkin generation read his work eagerly, discovering unknown pages of the past. The plots that he remembered were developed by writers and poets in works of art... For example, Pushkin drew material from his History for his tragedy Boris Godunov, which he dedicated to the memory of the historiographer. Later, Herzen assessed the importance of Karamzin's labor of life as follows:

The great creation of Karamzin, a monument erected by him for posterity - these are twelve volumes of Russian history. His story, on which he conscientiously worked for half his life. ... greatly contributed to the appeal of minds to the study of the fatherland.

Notes (edit)

Literature

Eidelman N. Ya. The last chronicler. - M .: Kniga, 1983 .-- 176 p. - 200,000 copies(region)
V.P. Kozlov"History of the Russian State" N. M. Karamzin in the assessments of his contemporaries / Otv. ed. Dr. East Sci. V. I. Buganov. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M .: Nauka, 1989 .-- 224 p. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland). - 30,000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-009482-X
Polevoy N.A. Review of the "History of the Russian State" N. M. Karamzin // Collection of materials on the history of historical science in the USSR (late 18th - first third of the 19th century): Textbook. manual for universities / Comp. A. E. Shiklo; Ed. I. D. Kovalchenko. - M .: Higher school, 1990 .-- S. 153-170. - 288 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-001608-0* in lane)

"History of the Russian State" is a fundamental research written by N.M. Karamzin. The undoubted hero of the work is the Russian national character taken in development. Chronicle information about the settlement of the Eastern Slavs. The reasons for the difference of peoples.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

"History of the Russian State" undoubtedly can be called fundamental research written by famous writer and historian N.M. Karamzin.

Love for the homeland, adherence to the truth of history, the desire to comprehend the event from the inside - these are the principles by which the author, according to him, was guided in his work.

The publication of "History" became a significant event in social and cultural life, noted by many contemporaries, and later by memoirists, publicists, scientists.

Thanks to the "History of the Russian State", the readership became aware of "The Word of Igor's Campaign", "The Teaching of Monomakh" and many others literary works ancient Russia... Despite this, already during the life of the writer, critical works appeared about his "History ...". The historical concept of Karamzin, who was a supporter of the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state, became official and supported state power... At a later time, "History ..." was assessed positively by A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Slavophiles, negatively - Decembrists, V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Created in the 19th century, this work is still of interest to both specialists and a wide range of readers.

This work became popular among readers and admirers of Karamzin as a writer due to its literary form and simple, but at the same time exciting narration

Analysis of the first volume of the "History of the Russian State"

In 1804, Karamzin began work on the "History of the Russian State", the compilation of which became his main occupation until the end of his life. In 1816 the first 8 volumes were published (the second edition was published in 1818-1819), in 1821 volume 9 was printed, in 1824 - 10 and 11 volumes 12 of "History ..." were never completed (after the death of Karamzin it was published D.N. Bludov).

The time of the writing of the First Volume of "History" refers to 1804-1805.

First of all, Karamzin's "History" is an epic creation that tells about the life of a country that has passed a difficult and glorious path. The undoubted hero of this work is the Russian national character, taken in development, formation, in all its endless originality, combining features that seem incompatible at first glance. The confrontation of details was possible in the narrative because hundreds of eyes are looking at us. Those who became air, light, earth, but lived, fought, suffered, died, won, leaving us a precious experience of their existence. Warriors, ploughmen, builders, princes, smerds, monks, priests, heroes, generals, diplomats, clerks, clerks, saints, sinners, holy fools, kalik-pedestrians, runners, inmates, merchant guests, shipbuilders, explorers - they are innumerable. Karamzin paid his own attention to each, showed deep insight when the conclusions of the latest historians and the data obtained from previously inaccessible sources fully confirm the conclusions drawn by the writer.

According to the researchers, “having thickened to the limit what was acquired in the annals, Karamzin was the first to give life to many subjects, images, aphorisms, and they entered into aesthetic use, becoming our permanent cultural heritage” E. Sturgeons. Three Lives of Karamzin. - M .: Sovremennik, 1985 .-- S. 262-263.

Let us analyze in detail the first volume of this beautiful work, which tells us about the ancient life of the Slavs (later its borders expanded to Vladimir, inclusive).

Like all previous Russian historians, Karamzin devoted the first chapter of his History to a story about the fate of the peoples who inhabited the present Russian state region before the founding of the Russian state. The chapter “On the peoples who have lived in Russia since ancient times - On the Slavs in general” describes the most ancient period of Russian history. According to the reports of Greek and Roman writers, he says, “the great part of Europe and Asia, now called Russia, was inhabited from time immemorial in its temperate climates, but by wild peoples, immersed in the depths of ignorance, who did not commemorate their existence with any of their own historical monuments” Karamzin N .M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955 .-- P. 21.

Mentioning the Scythians, Goths, Wends and Huns, Karamzin cites chronicles about the settlement of the Eastern Slavs and concludes about their origin: “... Baltic Sea ”Ibid. - S. 27. Linking the initial period of Russian history with the settlement of the Eastern Slavs and rejecting Schletser's assertions about the barbarity of the East Slavic tribes, Karamzin recognizes the “Norman theory” and believes that Rurik “founded the Russian monarchy” Ibid. - S. 76-77. ...

Having said about the settlement of the Slavs in Europe, from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic, from the Elbe to the Seas and Asia, Karamzin proceeds to settle the Slavic tribes in present-day Russia. Here the historiographer could no longer ignore the eternally controversial issue of the Volokhs, who ousted the Slavs from the Danube. The closest noteworthy researcher dealing with this issue was Tunman.

It must be said that the question of the Volokhs was solved by Karamzin more simply and, so to speak, more thoroughly than by later researchers, who take the Volokhs now for the Celts, now for the Romans; Karamzin is based on the testimonies of two chroniclers, Russian and Hungarian. The Russian chronicler says that the Hungarians, having come to the Danube region, drove out the Volokhs, who had previously captured the Slavic land here; The Hungarian chronicler confirms the Russian, saying that the Hungarians found the Volokhs on the Danube.

Further, recognizing as prudent the remarks of Metropolitan Platon about the legend of the journey of the Apostle Andrew, Karamzin not only cites this legend in confirmation of the presence of the Slavs in the north in the 1st century, but even refutes Tunman and Gutterer with it. Then Karamzin offers several fortune-telling that, perhaps, androphages, melanchlens, Herodotov's neurons, Getae belonged to the Slavic tribes.

Leaving the question unanswered: "Where and when did the Slavs come to Russia?", It describes how they lived in it long before the time in which our State was formed. It should be noted that here the guesses of later researchers are mixed with the legends recorded in the annals; to the question: "Where did the Slavs come to Russia from?" - the legend recorded in the chronicle answers; to the question: "When did they come?" - answers the guess of later researchers. Of course, it is impossible to put together the legend about the movement of the Slavs from the Danube as a result of the onslaught from the Volokhs with the opinions of later scientists that these Volokhs were Celts or the Troyan Romans, or that the neurons, melanchles and androphages were Slavs.

Denying the subordination of the Finnish and Latvian tribes to the Slavs during the Doryurik times, Karamzin indicates the reason why the Slavs in these times could not be conquerors; this is because they lived especially, on the knees, but this form of life, this curious expression - on the knees - is not explained. Generational life and civil strife not only prevented the Russian Slavs from being conquerors, but betrayed them as a sacrifice to external enemies - Avars, barracks and, finally, Varangians. Here the author dwells on the question: "Whom does Nestor call the Varangians?" In resolving this issue, Karamzin had to choose between different opinions, which appeared already in the 18th century; he chose the opinion of the Scandinavian origin, in favor of which both clear evidence of sources and the authorities of later writers spoke. history state Russian karamzin

The content of the third chapter is the physical and moral character of the ancient Slavs. The chapter begins by defining the reasons for the difference in peoples, and, according to Boltin, the main reason is indicated in the difference in climates. The Slavs were vigorous, strong, tireless thanks to the temperate and even cold climate of the countries inhabited by them. The moral qualities of the Slavic tribe are presented mainly from the bright side; it is not silent about the vices, but after that justifications are given: for example, the cruelty against the Greeks is explained by the revenge that the Slavs should have had towards the Greeks for the cruelties of the latter. When describing customs, the Western Slavs are spoken of in the same detail as the Eastern Slavs; and since there is much more information about the customs of the Western Slavs preserved in the sources, the presentation of the customs, social life, religion of the Western Slavs prevails over the description of the life of the Eastern Slavs, or Russians. Glades, Drevlyans, Radimichi with their way of life, as the initial Russian chronicler describes him, seem to disappear, and instead of them Winneta, Arkona, the picture of the election of a duke in Slavic Carinthia, remains in the reader's memory, especially since the descriptions of the life of the Western and Eastern Slavs are placed side by side as complementary to each other.

In the fourth chapter, Karamzin begins the story of the beginning of the Russian state. He was not the first to think about this event for a long time, trying to explain it: Miller, Shcherbatov, Boltin, Schlötser had already expressed their opinion regarding the motives for calling princes and its purpose. But the amazing thing here is that all these writers, allowing themselves different interpretations chronicle news, did not want to accept this news completely, did not want to recognize the motives and goals that were set by the chronicler, and invented their own, while one thing had to be done: either reject the news of the chronicler completely, or, having accepted it, accept completely, with all the motives and goals set out in it, and explain these motives and goals, as they are presented by the chronicler, according to the circumstances of the time, and not invent their own motives and goals instead of them. N.M. Karamzin and his "History of the Russian State" // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin. M .: Education, 1990 .-- S. 334.

According to Karamzin, the Vikings, being more educated than the Slavs and Finns, ruled the latter without oppression and violence; The Slavic boyars armed the people against the Varangians, expelled them, but did not know how to restore the ancient laws and plunged the fatherland into the abyss of the evils of civil strife. Then they remembered the profitable and late rule of the Norman and called upon the princes. It is clear that this opinion is much closer to the point, much more satisfactory than the opinion of previous writers.

It is also curious that Karamzin drew attention to the relationship between the religion of the two peoples, which the previous writers did not do; True, Tatishchev drew attention to this, but he made the Kiev idols of Vladimirov's time Varangian.

The fifth chapter is devoted to the reign of Oleg the ruler. This reign, about which a sufficient number of legends have been included in the chronicle, gives Karamzin the opportunity for the first time to show his view, his yardstick for evaluating persons and events. Oleg, blazing with the popularity of heroes, goes south with the aim of conquest; in Kiev, he cunningly kills Askold and Dir.

Of the Russian writers who preceded Karamzin, each offered his own explanation of the reasons why Oleg undertook a campaign to the south, to Kiev.

Karamzin says that Oleg undertook a campaign, "blazing with the popularity of heroes" Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955. - S. 85 ..

The sixth chapter - Igor's reign - presents no remarkable peculiarities; there is little difference between this chapter in volume I of the "Histories of the Russian State" and between the third chapter of the first volume of Prince Shcherbatov's "History of Russia" (excluding, of course, the syllable).

We saw Karamzin's review of Oleg, therefore, we have the right to expect the same about Igor: "Igor did not have Oleg's successes in the war with the Greeks; it seems that he did not have his great properties: he preserved the integrity of the Russian State, arranged by Oleg; retained his honor and her benefits in treaties with the Empire, was a pagan, but allowed the newly converted Russians to glorify the Christian God solemnly and, together with Oleg, left to his heirs an example of prudent tolerance, worthy of the most enlightened times "Ibid. - S. 91.

At the beginning of the seventh chapter, it is said about the activities of Princess Olga.

According to Karamzin, Olga, being gifted with an extraordinary mind, could be convinced of the holiness of Christian teaching, which she could get acquainted with in Kiev, and wished to be baptized, especially since she had already reached those years when a mortal feels the vanity of earthly greatness. Karamzin is silent about the reasons that made her go to Constantinople for baptism.

Regarding the war of Svyatoslav with the Greeks, Shcherbatov, placing next to the news of the Russian chronicler with the Byzantine news, is inclined in favor of the latter. Schlötser shares the opinion of Shcherbatov, comes to despair at the news of the chronicle about the war of Svyatoslav with the Greeks, does not want to agree that this news belonged to Nestor, and finds the only consolation in the hope that eventually lists will be found in which the case is told differently than in the lists , who have come down to us Eidelman N. The last chronicler. - M .: Kniga, 1983 .-- S. 140.

Karamzin follows Shcherbatov and Schlötser, but does not express himself decisively and thus comes closer to the first than to the second.

The eighth chapter, containing a story about the strife between the sons of Svyatoslav, does not present remarkable features

The ninth chapter tells the story of the reign of Vladimirov. This reign, relatively abundant in diverse events than all previous reigns, makes it possible for the first time to see the order that Karamzin, like previous writers, will follow in the distribution of events. This order is chronicle, chronological; events follow each other, as in the annals, over the years, and do not copulate, according to their homogeneity, according to the internal connection between them. But the incoherence of the chronicle was supposed to weigh on such an artist as Karamzin was: he tries to make it invisible in his "History" and for this he uses skillful external transitions between events that follow each other in the chronicle only in order of years.

The main event of Vladimirov's reign was a great religious change: the adoption of Christianity. The phenomena related to the religious activities of Vladimir, first as a pagan, then as a Christian, as an Equal-to-the-Apostles prince - these phenomena naturally stand out from among the others, forcing the historian to combine them by explaining the reason for the transition from one to another, and the necessary internal connection between them is revealed.

Karamzin arranges events in a chronicle, chronological order. First, it is said about the cunning of Vladimir regarding the Varangians, about jealousy of paganism, then about various wars, and here is a story about the adoption of Christianity. The news of the murder of two Christian Varangians is inserted between the news of the war with the Yatvingians and the Radimichs, and it is said that Vladimir ordered the casting of lots, while the chronicle does not say about the participation of the prince. In general, the story about this event is curious, because it shows Karamzin's view of the relation between the story of the historian and the story of the chronicler.

Between the news about the Pechenezh wars, there is a story about the feasts of Vladimir and his charity to the people, followed by the news about the vira. This news is divided into two parts, and the words relating to the second part are assigned to the first.

The tenth and last chapter of the first volume contains news about the state of ancient Russia from Rurik to the death of St. Vladimir.

Karamzin considered it necessary to dwell on the death of St. Vladimir, to survey the state of the newborn Russian society during paganism and under the first Christian prince. This review is very curious because it, albeit briefly, indicates all the most important social relations. First, the immensity of the Russian state region in the very first century of its existence is presented, although the reasons for such a rapid spread of the state region and the consequences of such a hugeness for the future are not mentioned. The meaning of the prince is indicated in the words of the tribes who called him: "We want a prince, so he owns and rules us according to the law." We have already said how this look differs Karamzin from all his predecessors, who represented the first princes in the form of border guards. The relations of the squad with the princes are indicated ... In our opinion, in the whole chapter too much meaning is given to the Norman element, which is completely separated from the native one. Regarding legislation, Karamzin thinks that the Varangians brought general civil laws to Russia, which began to dominate, supplanting the old Slavic customs. "The Varangians, the legislators of our ancestors," says Karamzin, "were their mentors in the art of war ... (The Slavs) borrowed the art of navigation from the Varangians." Thus, we see that the Varangian system was formed for the first time in the chapter under discussion; the initial period of Russian history is already Varangian here, although it has not yet been named so.

Karamzin also mentions the influence of the clergy; does not doubt that in the early days it decided not only ecclesiastical, but also many civil matters, but rejects the Vladimirov charter on the grounds that it contains the name of Patriarch Photius. Further, it is mentioned briefly about the ancient ruling authority, in more detail, more satisfactory - about trade, money, and the origin of leather money is explained and together the existence of silver coins is affirmed. The article about the successes of the mind speaks of the translation of Holy Scripture, the origin of the language of the book and folk; then comes a discussion of crafts and arts.

The chapter concludes with an article on morals, which, according to Karamzin, represent a mixture of barbarism with good nature. Here is repeated the idea of Boltin, expressed against Shcherbatov, that long-term enlightenment softens the hearts of people. In general, we should note that this entire chapter, as the first experience of a multifaceted survey of the newborn Russian society, is of great importance in our historical literature.

We can fully say that this work is a deep study of our history, history from ancient times.

This chapter is excellent as a skilful list of legends, a living story of events, although it should be noted that these events are taken completely separately, without indicating their connection with subsequent events. Knowing the tedious research on the same subject by the previous writers (Tatishchev, Shcherbatova), one cannot help but be surprised at the art with which Karamzin made the first chapter of his "History" easy to read by the ease of the story, the choice of details; one cannot but be surprised at the common sense with which he bypassed the fruitless rumors about the origin of peoples and popular names.

It can also be noted that the characters are the main content of the "History". Giving details, bringing together the opinions of contemporaries, Karamzin created portraits of the greatest figures and rulers: Prince Igor, Prince Oleg, Svyatoslav, Yaropolk, Prince Vladimir, and also described the manners and customs, the existence of ancient Russia.

Conclusion

In our opinion, the amusement of the story is in the constant concern of Karamzin, who knew how to penetrate the inner logic of events and observe the measure in detail.

In "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Mikhailovich put both colossal work and all the strength of his extraordinary talent as a writer.

"The history of the Russian state" - especially its chapter "on the state of Russia" - contributed to the growth of interest in the study of folk life, in what was then called "nationality."

For Karamzin, Russian history is not only names, events, dates and numbers, quotes from monuments of ancient writing, not only an explanation of the phenomena of the past, but also an image of the past. The criteria for the selection and grouping of historical facts are important for him; he attaches particular importance to the compositional and stylistic design of his work, its artistic expressiveness and effectiveness.

Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about many facts in the history of our Russia.

Bibliography

1. Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955.

2. Klyuchevsky V.O. N.M. Karamzin // Klyuchevsky V.O. Historical portraits. - M., 1991.

3. Sturgeon E. Three lives of Karamzin. - M .: Contemporary, 1985

4. Schmidt S.O. N.M. Karamzin and his "History of the Russian State" // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin. M .: Education, 1990 .-- S. 324-364

5. Eidelman N. The last chronicler. - M .: Kniga, 1983

Posted on Allbest.ru

Was "History of the Russian State" the first of its kind?

Of course not. In the middle of the 18th century, "Russian History" by Vasily Tatishchev was created (a caustic epigram - "Russian History from the most ancient times, by tireless labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev"). Attempts to write something similar were also undertaken by Prince Vasily Shcherbatov ("Russian History from Ancient Times"), Mikhail Lomonosov and many others.

Then why is Karamzin's work considered the main one?

Karamzin was called the "Columbus of Russian historiography", he was the first who spoke about this complex topic in an accessible language and, in fact, opened it to all readers. Serious scientific approach and literary text, and the consequence is the growth of national identity in the country.

« The first eight volumes of Karamzin's Russian History "were published."<...>The appearance of this book (and it should have been) made a lot of noise and made a strong impression, 3000 copies were sold in one month (which Karamzin himself did not expect at all) is the only example in our land", - wrote Alexander Pushkin. Not everyone accepted the work of Karamzin favorably. Future Decembrists, for example, accused the historian of excessive reverence for the royal power. The same Pushkin issued a caustic epigram (“ In his "History" elegance, simplicity / They prove to us without any predilection / The need for autocracy / And the delights of the whip"), And the journalist Nikolai Polevoy took up the creation of the" History of the Russian people ", which, however, did not have a small share of the success that went to Karamzin.

N. M. Karamzin Buy a book Add to favorites Add to favorites

Is "History ..." really a propaganda of autocracy?

Yes and no. Karamzin as a witness to the Great French revolution, I was really sure that only autocracy can become a guarantee of peace and prosperity for the country. Despite this, he writes with love about the republican free Novgorod and does not skimp on criticism of some of the great dukes, and in particular of the "conqueror" of Novgorod, Ivan the Terrible.

During his lifetime, Karamzin was called the main ideologue of the conservatives, but it was he who, in the "Note on Ancient and New Russia", pointed out the mistakes of the reign of Catherine II and Paul I, criticized the economic, educational and political systems. Yes, he sharply opposed the ministries, but argued for this by the increased bureaucracy and incompetence of officials.

What was unusual about the History of the Russian State?

Before Karamzin, no one dared to speak negatively about the monarch. But the tsarist historiographer (quite an official position of the writer) considered the flight of Kurbsky and other boyars to be natural and directly called the tsar a traitor: “ An amazing sight, forever memorable for the most distant offspring, for all peoples and rulers of the earth; striking proof of how tyranny humiliates the soul, blinds the mind with the ghosts of fear, kills the forces both in the sovereign and in the state! The Russians have not changed, but the tsar betrayed them!»

The fact is that the Romanovs considered themselves to be direct descendants of the Rurikovichs and put a lot of effort into “legalizing” this relationship. Therefore, the attack towards the first Russian dynasty could be regarded as an attack towards the present-day autocracy of Karamzin.

Is Karamzin a professional historian?

Fortunately, no. The concept of "scientific pop" did not exist then, so scientists with their complex treatises remained inaccessible even for readers-encyclopedists. Many people also call Karamzin the first writer, the “domestic Stern”. The "Letters of a Russian Traveler" brought him fame, and the story "Poor Liza" strengthened it.

Sentimentalism Karamzin had a great influence on the work of Zhukovsky and Pushkin. The writer laid the foundation for the reform of the Russian language, but at the height of his fame, after the publication of the story "Martha Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novgorod", he left literary salons and locked himself in his office, starting work on the "History of the Russian State."

12 volumes - is it a complete work?

No. The author worked on his main work from 1804 until his death in 1826, but even this time was not enough for him to finish such a colossal work. Each volume of "History ..." had many editions, Karamzin undertook alterations after the appearance of new documents, sometimes it happened to rewrite already finished volumes. As a result, he brought his story only to the interregnum of 1611-1612, although he dreamed of ending with the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

And the main question: is it worth reading "History ..." today?

Costs. If only because this is really one of the simplest and most understandable "textbooks" of history, even for a modern reader. Do not be intimidated by the myths about the "History of the Russian State", most of them dissipate already upon a superficial acquaintance. Moreover, during his work, Nikolai Karamzin studied many now lost sources, so that modern historians have to take his word for it.

Introduction

The History of the Russian State can undoubtedly be called a fundamental study written by the famous writer and historian N.M. Karamzin.

Love for the homeland, adherence to the truth of history, the desire to comprehend the event from the inside - these are the principles by which the author, according to him, was guided in his work.

The publication of "History" became a significant event in social and cultural life, noted by many contemporaries, and later by memoirists, publicists, scientists.

Thanks to the "History of the Russian State", the readership became aware of "The Word about Igor's Campaign", "The Teaching of Monomakh" and many other literary works of ancient Russia. Despite this, already during the life of the writer, critical works appeared about his "History ...". The historical concept of Karamzin, who was a supporter of the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state, became official and supported by the state authorities. At a later time, "History ..." was assessed positively by A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Slavophiles, negatively - Decembrists, V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Created in the 19th century, this work is still of interest to both specialists and a wide range of readers.

This work became popular among readers and admirers of Karamzin as a writer due to its literary form and simple, but at the same time exciting narration

Analysis of the first volume of the "History of the Russian State"

The time of the writing of the First Volume of "History" refers to 1804-1805.

Let us analyze in detail the first volume of this beautiful work, which tells us about the ancient life of the Slavs (later its borders expanded to Vladimir, inclusive).

In the fourth chapter, Karamzin begins the story of the beginning of the Russian state. He was not the first to think about this event for a long time, trying to explain it: Miller, Shcherbatov, Boltin, Schlötser had already expressed their opinion regarding the motives for calling princes and its purpose. But it is surprising here that all these writers, allowing themselves different interpretations of the chronicle news, did not want to accept this news completely, did not want to acknowledge the motives and goals set forth by the chronicler, and invented their own, while it was necessary to do something one thing: either to reject completely the news of the chronicler, or, having accepted it, to accept it completely, with all the motives and goals set forth in it, and to explain these motives and goals, as they are presented in the chronicler, according to the circumstances of the time, and not to invent their own motives instead of them, and goals Schmidt S.O. N.M. Karamzin and his "History of the Russian State" // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin. M .: Education, 1990 .-- S. 334.

Of the Russian writers who preceded Karamzin, each offered his own explanation of the reasons why Oleg undertook a campaign to the south, to Kiev.

Karamzin says that Oleg undertook a campaign, "blazing with the popularity of heroes" Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955. - S. 85 ..

At the beginning of the seventh chapter, it is said about the activities of Princess Olga.

Karamzin follows Shcherbatov and Schlötser, but does not express himself decisively and thus comes closer to the first than to the second.

The eighth chapter, containing a story about the strife between the sons of Svyatoslav, does not present remarkable features

The tenth and last chapter of the first volume contains news about the state of ancient Russia from Rurik to the death of St. Vladimir.

We can fully say that this work is a deep study of our history, history from ancient times.

Conclusion

In our opinion, the amusement of the story is in the constant concern of Karamzin, who knew how to penetrate the inner logic of events and observe the measure in detail.

In "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Mikhailovich put both colossal work and all the strength of his extraordinary talent as a writer.

"The history of the Russian state" - especially its chapter "on the state of Russia" - contributed to the growth of interest in the study of folk life, in what was then called "nationality."

Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about many facts in the history of our Russia.

Bibliography

1. Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955.

2. Klyuchevsky V.O. N.M. Karamzin // Klyuchevsky V.O. Historical portraits. - M., 1991.

3. Sturgeon E. Three lives of Karamzin. - M .: Contemporary, 1985

4. Schmidt S.O. N.M. Karamzin and his "History of the Russian State" // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin. M .: Education, 1990 .-- S. 324-364

5. Eidelman N. The last chronicler. - M .: Kniga, 1983

Collegiate YouTube

1 / 5
One of the most popular writers of his time, nicknamed the "Russian Stern", Karamzin in 1804 retired from society to the Ostafyevo estate, where he devoted himself entirely to writing a work that was supposed to open national history for Russian society, which the past of Ancient Rome and France represented much better than your own. His initiative was supported by Emperor Alexander I himself, who, by decree of October 31, 1803, bestowed upon him the official title of Russian historiographer.
The first edition of the "History of the Russian State" (8 volumes) by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826), which was financed by Alexander I himself, was printed simultaneously in several printing houses during -1817. All 8 volumes went on sale at the same time, on February 1, 1818. The three thousandth circulation, huge for that time, sold out faster than in a month, and a second edition was required, which was carried out in -1819 by I.V.Slenin. In 1821 a new ninth volume was published, and in 1824 the next two. During his work in the silence of the archives, Karamzin's worldview underwent a major shift towards conservatism:

Preserving the cult of virtue and feeling, he was imbued with patriotism and the cult of the state. He came to the conclusion that in order to be successful, the state must be strong, monarchical and autocratic. His new views were expressed in a note "On Ancient and New Russia", submitted in 1811 to Alexander's sister.

The author did not manage to finish the twelfth volume of his work, which was published almost three years after his death. Based on the drafts of Karamzin, the twelfth volume was prepared by K. S. Serbinovich and D. N. Bludov. At the beginning of 1829 Bludov published this last volume. Later in the same year, the second edition of the entire twelve-volume edition was published.

The author collected historical facts from ancient chronicles, many of which were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. For example, it was Karamzin who found and named the Ipatiev Chronicle. Numerous details and details, so as not to clutter up the coherent text of the story, Karamzin put in a special volume of notes. It was these notes that had the greatest scientific significance.
In the preface to his book, Karamzin describes the importance of history in general, its role in people's lives. He says that the history of Russia is no less exciting, important and interesting than the world history. The following is a list of sources that helped him to recreate the picture of historical events.
In terms of structure and syllable, the author calls Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire as one of the revered examples. Just as Gibbon, using the example of all the events described, illustrates the thesis that the decline of morals inevitably leads to the collapse of statehood, Karamzin, through all his work, carries out the innermost thought about the beneficence of a strong autocratic power for Russia.
In the first volume, Karamzin describes in detail the peoples who lived on the territory of modern Russia, including the origins of the Slavs, their conflict with the Varangians, the attitude of the Greeks to the tribes inhabiting the territory of future Russia. Then he talks about the origin of the first princes of Russia, their rule in line with the Norman theory. In subsequent volumes, the author describes in detail all the important events of Russian history up to 1612.
In his work, he acted more as a writer than a historian - describing historical facts, he was concerned about creating a new noble language for conducting historical narration. For example, describing the first centuries of Russia, Karamzin said:

Great nations, like great men, have their infancy and should not be ashamed of it: our fatherland, weak, divided into small regions until 862, according to Nestor's chronology, owes its greatness to the happy introduction of the Monarchical power.

The monotonously rounded rhythmic cadences create a sense of continuity, but not the complexity of the story. Contemporaries loved this style. Some of the few critics did not like his pomp and sentimentality, but on the whole the whole era was fascinated by him and recognized him as the greatest achievement of Russian prose.
D. Mirsky

Meaning

The publication of the first volumes of the History made a stunning effect on contemporaries. The Pushkin generation read his work eagerly, discovering unknown pages of the past. The stories that he remembered were developed by writers and poets into works of art. For example, Pushkin drew material from his History for his tragedy Boris Godunov, which he dedicated to the memory of the historiographer. Later, Herzen assessed the importance of Karamzin's labor of life as follows:

The great creation of Karamzin, a monument erected by him for posterity - these are twelve volumes of Russian history. His story, on which he conscientiously worked for half his life ... greatly contributed to the appeal of minds to the study of the fatherland.

Objections were raised by the statist picture of the world and the author's belief in the effectiveness of autocracy. Liberal-minded contemporaries complained that in his great work Karamzin followed the development of supreme power, gradually took the form of the autocracy of his day, and neglected the history of the Russian people itself. There is a well-known Pushkin epigram on Karamzin:

In the heat of controversy, journalist N.A. It was the picture of Russian history drawn by Karamzin that became canonical for a long time.
In Soviet times, The History of the Russian State was considered reactionary and was practically not published. The first perestroika editions, in abbreviations and on magazine pages, aroused the genuine interest of Soviet readers.

TV version

The TV Center TV channel has released a serial film of the same name. Each episode lasts approximately 4 minutes. The text of the story in it is largely based on the composition

Articles on topic:

ItemPhysic Full Mod - realistic physics in Minecraft Mod Realistic Item Drops - will make the dropped drop (item) more realistic, now it will not spin in the air, but will lie on the ground like a normal thrown object, in order to pick it up you will need to click on it.	How to drink "Duphaston" to induce menstruation Violation of the menstrual cycle is a common problem in gynecology. With a delay of just a couple of days, you should not resort to radical methods, because a number of factors can provoke it: from stress at work to a common cold. But if the absence of menstruation
Qualities for Success What qualities are needed to achieve success. Certain human qualities are required to be successful. Professional psychologist Nikolai Kozlov talks about ten qualities of a successful person. 1. The body is healthy and energetic. 2. Joyful	Creator and ruler of the golden horde The Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi, Turkic Ulu Ulus - "Great State") is a medieval state in Eurasia. Encyclopedic YouTube 1 / 5✪ What is the Golden Horde? ✪ Golden Horde. Video tutorial on the history of Russia Grade 6 ✪ Mongol invasion and Gold

Popular

2022-01-02 01:54:29	Muscular system development
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Cancer: signs and symptoms at an early stage of the disease Types of cancer screenings
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Lazy dumplings with cottage cheese
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Lazy cottage cheese dumplings
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Instructions for use and composition of Nise Nise tablets for adults
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Finding a number by a given value of its fraction presentation for a lesson in mathematics (grade 6) on the topic
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Carnation grenadine bridal bouquet sowing We plant seedlings in a permanent place
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Carnation Grenadine: features of reproduction, cultivation and care
2022-01-02 01:54:29	What blood test indicators show oncology (cancer) Conducting a blood test for tumor markers
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Day of the Kyrgyz Kalpak: how to wear a traditional headdress Kyrgyz headdress

New

2022-01-02 01:54:29	The main types of Kyrgyz male costume Kyrgyz hat
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Healthy and tasty salad
2022-01-02 01:54:29	The abduction of the general spygun
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Heart-shaped linden - this is not a "linden" for you!
2022-01-02 01:54:29	Molecular volume of oxygen
2022-01-02 01:54:29	What are the beneficial properties of sea water
02.01.2022	Diseases and pests of red currant Viral diseases of red currant
02.01.2022	Hericium yellow - description of the mushroom with a photo; benefits (useful properties), harm and contraindications; use in cooking and healing
27.12.2021	Illegal dismissal from work, where to go if you were fired illegally?
27.12.2021	Twin woman born in the year of the rabbit Why is the twin girl in the year of the cat sensitive?
27.12.2021	The state plans to recheck disabled pensioners
27.12.2021	Business Model Presentation: Farm Products

The author of the work is the history of the Russian state. Research work of students "History of Karamzin" "N.М. Karamzin is a true patriot of his Fatherland. Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about a lot

Work on the "History"

Meaning

Notes (edit)

Literature

Links

See what the "History of the Russian State" is in other dictionaries:

"History of the Russian State" is a fundamental research written by N.M. Karamzin. The undoubted hero of the work is the Russian national character taken in development. Chronicle information about the settlement of the Eastern Slavs. The reasons for the difference of peoples.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

Analysis of the first volume of the "History of the Russian State"

Conclusion

In our opinion, the amusement of the story is in the constant concern of Karamzin, who knew how to penetrate the inner logic of events and observe the measure in detail.

In "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Mikhailovich put both colossal work and all the strength of his extraordinary talent as a writer.

"The history of the Russian state" - especially its chapter "on the state of Russia" - contributed to the growth of interest in the study of folk life, in what was then called "nationality."

Probably, thanks to this, this work is so easy to read and makes you think about many facts in the history of our Russia.

Bibliography

1. Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. 1. - M., 1955.

2. Klyuchevsky V.O. N.M. Karamzin // Klyuchevsky V.O. Historical portraits. - M., 1991.

3. Sturgeon E. Three lives of Karamzin. - M .: Contemporary, 1985

4. Schmidt S.O. N.M. Karamzin and his "History of the Russian State" // Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state / Comp. A.I. Utkin. M .: Education, 1990 .-- S. 324-364

5. Eidelman N. The last chronicler. - M .: Kniga, 1983

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

Was "History of the Russian State" the first of its kind?

Then why is Karamzin's work considered the main one?

Is "History ..." really a propaganda of autocracy?

What was unusual about the History of the Russian State?

Is Karamzin a professional historian?

12 volumes - is it a complete work?

And the main question: is it worth reading "History ..." today?

Similar documents

Collegiate YouTube

Meaning

TV version