Fundamental studies. Fundamental research Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region
Introduction
Chapter I Review Literature
1.1.Anato-physiological features of children 14-15 years
1.2. Psychological qualities and property of volleyball player
1.3. Characteristics of the game in volleyball in terms of requirements for physical qualities
1.4. The concept of physical quality endurance
1.5. Basics of the methodology of endurance. Funds and training methods
1.5.1 Training tools
1.5.2 Training Methods
Chapter II Methods and Organization of Research
2.1. Research methods
2.2 Organization of research
conclusions
Bibliographic list
Introduction
It's hard to find a team today physical culturein which there would be no volleyball section. Properly organized volleyball classes are an excellent means of comprehensive physical development engaged and contribute to the solution of important educational tasks.
This is explained by the big emotionality of the game, as well as easy equipment: a small playground, ball and grid. A little time leaves to assimilate the essence and rules of the game. Also, volleyball classes are beneficial to the development of human coordination abilities, which is not unavailable in the modern world.
In modern conditions, the amount of activities carried out in probabilistic and unexpectedly emerging situations, which requires the response to the resourcefulness, the speed of the reaction, the ability to concentrate and switch the attention, spatial, temporary, dynamic accuracy of movements and their biomechanical rationality. All these qualities or abilities in the theory of physical education are associated with the concept of dexterity or coordination abilities - the ability of a person quickly, quickly, it is advisable, rationally to master new motor actions, successfully solve motor problems in changing conditions.
Thus, developing coordination of movements, we increase the level of working capacity and productivity. A well-coordinated person more accurately owns his body, which allows him to more accurately differentiate its efforts excluding extra, unnecessary movements, thereby making the given amount of work with a lower cost of the body's energy resources.
Currently, the problem of the development of coordination abilities in a growing number of children in violation of the activity of visual and auditory analyzers is, a search for the most effective means and methods is being founded.
The training process in volleyball is multifaceted and combines interrelated types of preparation: physical, technical, psychological, integral and game.
In the preparation process, the exercise system of a certain training impact is dominated: exercises, developing and improving physical qualities, technology, tactics, etc. Trainers on volleyball, as the rules experience certain difficulties in the quantitative and high-quality selection of exercises, including exercises for endurance development.
Chapter I. Review of Literature.
1.1 Anatomy-physiological features of children 14-15 years old.
Middle school age (teenage) covers children aged 14 to 15 years.
The responsibilities of the teacher (coach) include a very difficult task - managing the human body. Here the teacher needs to know the structure of the body and the function of the system of the human body. Insufficient accounting of the functionality of the body with large physical and emotional loads can lead not only to a decrease in sports results of engaged in, but also irreversibly disrupt their health. Special attention in this also requires work with children and adolescents.
The vertebrae in transition is characterized by a change in the body structures. One of the peculiarities is not a uniform development of the skeleton, with the rapid growth of the spine, there is a lag in the development of the thoracic crate, there is a disproportion in the development of muscles and bones, long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities, height is accelerated by calls. The adolescent vertebral pillar is very moving. Excessive muscle loads, accelerating the process of ossification, can slow down the growth of tubular bones in length.
At this age, the muscular system is developing rapidly. From the age of 14 there is a sharp jump in an increase in the total mass of the muscles, mainly due to an increase in muscle thickness. Muscular mass is particularly intensively growing in boys in 14-15 years old (Smirnov V.M.2002).
The heart grows intensively, growing organs and fabrics imposed reinforced requirements to it, its innervation increases. The growth of blood vessels lags behind the growth rates of the heart, so blood pressure increases, the rhythm of cardiac activity is disturbed, fatigue comes quickly. The blood flow is difficult, shortness of breath occurs, a feeling of compresses in the heart area appears. The morphological structure of the chest limits the movement of the ribs, because breathing is frequent and superficial, although the lungs grow and breathing is improved. The vital capacity of the lungs increases, the type of breathing is finally formed: the boys - the abdominal, in girls - chest.
Adolescents are most clearly manifested by no compliance between the growth of the body and the development of the pulmonary apparatus and the cardiovascular system, adolescents are not a peculiar feeling of not complete inhale.
In children against the background of morphological and functional immaturity of cardio-vascular systemAs well as the ongoing development of the central nervous system, it is especially noticeable to the incompleteness of the formation of mechanisms regulating and coordinating various functions of the heart and blood vessels. Therefore, the adaptive capabilities of the circulatory system in children of 14-15 years old with muscular activity is significantly less than in the youthful age. Their blood circulation system reacts to load less economically. Full morphological and functional perfection, the heart reaches only by 20 years.
The respiratory regime in children of middle school age is less effective than adults. In one respiratory cycle, the teenager consumes 14 ml of oxygen, while adult - 20 ml. Teenagers are less than adults are able to detain their breath and work in conditions of lack of oxygen. They are faster than adults, blood saturation is reduced by oxygen (Zimkin N.VT).
In the children of middle school age, individual coordination abilities are improved quite high (in the accuracy of the accuracy and per disturbance, in sports and gaming motor actions), power and high-speed-powerful abilities; Moderately increase speed abilities and endurance. Low rates are observed in the development of flexibility.
The growth and development of the body continues until 20-25 years. Energetic body growth in boys is observed in 14-15 years. Mostly growth in length is due to the limbs. Some angularity and awkward movements are the result of the unevenness of the development of muscles and bones, disproportionateness of the body and limbs. Structure bone tissue Children differs from its structure in adults less content of mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus salts) and a large content of soft cartilage tissue.
The big percentage of cartilage makes the bones of children more elastic due to the smaller occasion. Counties of children of elastic finishing adults. Greater flexibility and mobility in the joints helps children to master complex technique. In class with children and adolescents, it is important to give exercises that contribute to the strengthening of the muscles of the spinal column, the formation of proper posture. It should be noted that with the improper application of static efforts, monotony of movements, the spinal curvature is possible (Yermolaev Yu.A. 1989).
With the right selection of exercises, the development of bones occurs without deviations. At the age of 14-15 years, the process of instilling the sternum with ribs continues, he ends by 15-16 years. With a lot of light, the shape of the chest occurs. The process of inflation to the brushes ends by 13 years.
Free, squeezed movements associated with a large amplitude have a positive effect on the development of bone tissue in children. At this age, the use of walking, running, various jumps, grades contributes to the growth of bone tissue and improving the feeding conditions of the cartilage. It should also be carefully approaching various scraps, landings on solid soil (Zimkin N.V.).
Exercises requiring a large voltage, and static positions of the body (exercises in the stop) are extremely undesirable, as they can adversely affect not only the growth of bones, but also on blood circulation. Moderate, available exercises for children serve one of the means of strengthening bone tissue.
The strength of the muscles is growing unevenly. Muscles of children differ in structure, composition and functions from adult muscles. They contain less hemoglobin, less muscle fibers, poor protein, fats and inorganic salts. In children, muscles are attached to the bones further from the axes of the joints of the joints, which allows moving with less loss of force. Muscles are developing unevenly, first larger, then small. At this time, static exercises are harmful, especially a forceful nature. Power capabilities depend on the magnitude of the muscle mass. The speed of muscular abbreviations in humans changes independently muscular mass And often reaches a maximum of adolescents. Given this, more attention should be paid to the development of the speed and agility of a young volleyball player. In the middle school children, there is an intensive development of the masses of the muscles of the hands, back, shoulder belt, legs, accompanied by an increase in muscle strength (Zheleznyak Yu.D 1962).
It is necessary to pay special attention to the development of the muscles of the foot and lower legs for the proper formation of footpoints and the prevention of flatfoot, which is often occurring in children of middle school age.
Throughout the human life, the heart varies in magnitude, shape and even the position. During puberty in conditions of an increased tempo of physical development and actively occurring energy and plastic processes, especially greater requirements are made to the work of the heart. The number of abbreviations in children is more than adults. So, at age 7, 90-95 beats per minute, in 8-10 years -90, at 13-14 years 76-80. The slowdown of the pulse is accompanied by an increase in the volume of blood pushed. The maximum of heart rate during exercise classes has been observed already at 13-14 years. With age, there is a change in the amount of blood towards the reduction. In a teenager, 14 years old, the relative amount of blood is 9% of the body weight, and in adults 8%. The blood cycle occurs in children faster than adults. So, full passage The adults in adults are 22 sec., in 14 year old-18 seconds., 7-10 year old -16-17 sec.
Wide clearance of capillaries gives the possibility of blood in more quantities; From this tissue nutrition occurs faster, more intense, and oxidation processes are more active. Blood in children is richer with water and extractive substances, but poorest salts, the number of erythrocytes is greater than in adults, more phagocytes. With a significant development of the heart in 13-14 years, there is a relative decrease in its mass. The shock volume of blood is one and a half times less than in adults, but the minute volume is approaching the minute volume of adults by increasing the number of heart abbreviations (Fomin N.A. 1986).
However, under the influence of overwork, physical exercises, which gives too much load on the heart, and other adverse factors, such an increase in blood pressure can stabilize and remain for life. Properly used exercise favorably affect the cardiovascular system of adolescents. The gradual training is rewarding the muscular fibers of the heart, the elastic and contractile properties of the muscle. The heart muscle becomes more powerful, and the pulse slows down.
The high reactivity of the body to the lack of oxygen and the excess of carbon dioxide in the blood and their bad adaptability to the musculoskeletal activity with difficulty gas exchange require special attention when teaching children with free breathing agreed with movements.
1.2. Psychological qualities and personality properties.
The Volleyball game presents high demands on the psyche of the volleyball player: sensations, perceptions, attention, presentation, imagination, memory, thinking, emotions and volitional qualities. Most of the actions volleyball players are fulfilled based on visual perceptions. With a continuous flow of information on the complex of moving objects (ball, partner, rival, etc.) in the context of countering rivals, it is necessary to quickly and accurately perform game techniques. Therefore, special requirements are presented to a large field of view (Smirnov VM).
A volleyball player performs movements in a hard limit of time, which makes greater requirements for the maximum response rate. For volleyball typical non-standard, uncertainty of the upcoming action and a wide variety of ways to solve the same motor task. Most of the movements of volleyball players require visual and motor coordination, the thin differentiation of the muscular and motor sensations, the space and the time of perception of various movements ("the feeling of the ball", the "mesh feeling", the "feeling of the site", "sense of time").
The high speed of the ball, the rapid movements of players, fast and sudden shifts of game situations impose high requirements for volume, intensity, stability, distribution and switching attention.
Volleyball is a dynamic game that requires intense and intensive attention. Another important feature of attention is to switch, which manifests itself in a rapid transition from one activity to another or in changing the actions performed within one activity. Large requirements are presented to the allocation of attention to the successful implementation of several activities.
To achieve success in volleyball, the athlete must be able to control his emotions, actions, mental state at various states of the body, in conditions of fatigue, the actions of the rotational factors.
The negative condition often reaches the stage of affect or complete apathy, manifested in uncertainty, anxiety, thoughts on the consequences of unsuccessful implementation of a particular action, etc.
Voli efforts are an active manifestation of consciousness aimed at self-regulation and mobilizing the athlete's capabilities for successful overcoming difficulties in the game.
1.3. Characteristics of the game in volleyball.
The volleyball game has a number of features that have a specific impact on physical preparedness and development engaged. Briefly describe these features.
In volleyball, it is necessary to navigate in a rapidly changing setting. The player must, in the shortest possible intervals, analyze information not only about all actions on the site, but also to predict the likely direction of the ball, choose the most suitable reception, quickly and accurately perform it. A volleyball player can take such a ball if it has a fairly high preparedness, as well as good gaming thinking and the rate of processing received information.
A volleyball player must have the speed of gaming thinking, the ability to instantly navigate in the game setting. But, obviously, it does not guarantee playing success, if he does not have the speed of movements, dexterity, jumper, endurance and other physical qualities.
In volleyball there is no predetermined time in the competition. The duration of the game can fluctuate in large limits and the uncertainty of the game time makes volleyball players navigate in training in the most extreme case, i.e. Have a peculiar stock of physical qualities (Kleschkov Yu.N.1979g).
Features related to external conditions for conducting competitions. Directly or indirectly affect the level of sports achievements of volleyball players. Bad lighting of the playground, the reaction of the audience, the game outdoors or indoors and other external conditions that cause both positive and negative emotions. This makes requirements for a number of mental quality - concentration and concentration of attention, excerpt, activity in mutual assistance and mutual understanding with its team and at the same time puts additional requirements for the physical and psychological preparedness of volleyball players.
1.4. The concept of endurance.
"Endurance is called the body's ability to resist the adverse effects of the external or inner medium. This may be the stability of the body to ionizing radiation, temperature or pressure drops, emotional overloads, intoxication, the effects of pathogens of microorganisms and many other factors "
In physical education, the body's ability to deal with fatigue caused by muscle activity is understood in physical education. However, due to the fact that the types of physical exertion are very diverse, unequal and mechanisms of fatigue, and, therefore, the types of endurance to physical exertion are different. Therefore, it distinguishes the endurance is general and special.
Common endurance is called the ability to continue to perform work involving many muscle groups, and imposing high demands on cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Endurance towards certain activities chosen as a subject of specialization is called special. Such, there are as many types of special stamina, how many types of sports specialization.
In physical education, the terms of power, jump, static and other types of special endurance are consumed.
It is well known that endurance is a necessary prerequisite for the achievement of high results in any sport. The value of endurance exercises is great to preserve and promoting health, increasing the overall health of the body, training for work activities and the general physical development of a person (A. Furmanov).
The high level of endurance allows athletes to successfully cope with a large volume of training and competitive work. From representatives different species Sports the level of endurance of unequal. High rates of total endurance show runners, cyclists, skiers, swimmers, skaters specializing in long distances. Consequently, in the preparation of athletes of these specializations specific gravity Should take endurance exercises. "Athletes who train at short distances, weightlifters, gymnasts, playful and others in terms of general endurance are significantly inferior to athletes of the first group, but this does not mean that they do not need endurance." Endurance exercises are an effective means of functional training athletes of all sports.
Endurance exercises impose high demands on the work of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and contribute to improving and improving metabolic processes and coordinating the activities of various physiological systems of the body (Zokiorsky V.M 1976).
Much preparatory, auxiliary, special preparatory and competitive exercises, which, on the effects on the body, are divided into exercises of general (running, swimming, etc.), partial (squats, rotation, tilting, torso, etc.) and local exposure to the body are used as funds (multiple lifting and lowering hands, legs, etc.).
Exercises of partial and local exposure make it possible to selectively activate the activities of individual muscle groups that are lagging behind in their development, increase the power, speed-power and high-speed components of endurance.
"The high level of endurance is closely connected with the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of the body. The rational combination of various endurance exercises helps to increase the performance of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which manifests itself in increasing the maximum amounts of oxygen debt to 20-25 liters (instead of 5-6 liters of unemployed), maximum oxygen consumption (up to 80-20 ml / kg - min with 40-45 ml / kg-min at beginners), creatine phosphate and glycogen content in muscles, activating the intensity of glycolysis, increasing the activity of enzymes responsible for the body's energy supply, etc..
In the development of general endurance, continuous long-term remote operation is applied, performed with a uniform or variable speed, duration (depending on the features of the sport, the state of the training) at least 25-30 minutes at beginners and from 50 to 120 minutes and higher from more trained (running , swimming, rowing, etc.), and in ski racing, in cycling - even more (Fomin N.A).
When performing continuous long-term operation with a uniform pulse, the pulse ranges in the range of 150-170 in 1 min. When the pulse oscillation rate is running from a variable rate, from 140 to 180 per 1 min, i.e., it alternates with a lower speed at a certain distance at a higher speed. For example, 800 m at a rate of 4 m / s + 400 m at a speed of 5 m / s and for 30-60 minutes.
The method of interval work is based on re-performing the work of a certain duration and use of incomplete recreation intervals. Repeated operation after the previous one is performed by reducing the pulse up to 120-130 in 1 min.
The duration of one-time load depends on what physical quality athlete develops. Thus, with the development of high-speed endurance, the duration of a single load is from 15 ° C to 2 minutes; For the development of endurance among athletes specializing in short distances, up to 2-8 minutes; on average - up to 8-15 minutes.
To prepare an athlete to perform at competitive distances, in addition to interval, uniform and variable methods, competitive and control methods of training are used.
The means and methods of increasing aerobic and the anaerobic capabilities of the body are ambiguous, therefore it is advisable to consider ways to increase them separately (Yavalov AV.1984g).
In the development of endurance there are 4 stages:
The first is the upbringing of common endurance - carried out throughout the transitional and at the beginning of the preparatory period. The duration of the first stage is 2-3 months.
To the means promoting the development of general endurance in the first stage, it is possible to include long-term, cyclic exercises with low intensity (with pulse mode from 130-160 per 1 min): Running (better crosses), walking skiing, rowing, cycling, swimming and etc.
When performing these exercises, almost all body muscles are involved in operation, which contributes to increased metabolism, stimulating respiratory processes.
At the first stage, with the aim of education of common endurance, all athletes use prolonged running with different intensity, especially in rough terrain. With a prolonged running with moderate intensity, favorable conditions are created to increase not only the performance of cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, to improve neuro-humoral mechanisms for regulation, improving the systems of biochemical processes, but also the efficiency of the whole organism.
Training Methods:
1. Uniform - the passage of the training distance with a uniformly low speed, from classes to occupation, the duration of work increases;
2. Variable - continuous alternation of training operation of moderate or low intensity;
3. Cross - execution of training load (running, walking on skis) moderate or low intensity of rough terrain;
4. Mixed - alternation of slow run with walking. Usually used at first occupations from newbies.
At the first stage, from 2 to 3 years per week can be used to develop overall endurance.
At the second stage (duration of up to 2.5-3 months), the development of general endurance with the help of a sport in which the athlete specializes is specialized. In this case, the load of moderate intensity (with a pulse frequency is twice or slightly more compared to the state of rest) is performed daily and long. Along distance, the pulse frequency is kept on a relatively identical level. The increase in the heart rate while maintaining the speed of operation serves as a signal to stop the workout.
At this stage, unique, variable and cross-grade methods are also used in the large volume.
The method of gradual retracting is also used, in which the athlete at a constant speed first passes the gradually increasing, and then the reduced distance.
The duration of execution in a moderate pace of exercises of the elected sport for the development of endurance can be in a long distance running, sports walking - up to 20-50 km, in ski racing, rowing on kayak - up to 3-5 h, cycling-up to 100 - 150 km.
By the end of the second stage, when the rate of duration of work on endurance was reached, the speed can be slightly increased.
The third stage (duration of up to 1-2 months) is characterized by improving the anaerobic capabilities of the organism and the increase in the power and speed-power components of the endurance.
Exercises for endurance at the third stage are performed with more than at the second stage, speed.
In one lesson, all three workout methods can be combined: for example, running on the plain, uphill and under the mountain, etc. Training methods used at this stage: re-force (endurance exercises with high manifestation of endurance), speed-force (Exercises with increased manifestation of speed and strength), re-high-speed (re-execution with increased manifestation of speed).
The fourth stage (duration up to 4 months) is aimed at raising special endurance by exercises of the sport type, in which the athlete specializes, with intensity close to the competitive, competitive and exceeding it.
In cyclic sports (running, ski racing, cycling, swimming, etc.) The development of special endurance is carried out by re-passing the distance at a rate exceeding the competitive (on segments 200, 400, 1000 m, etc.), in the amount of this Exceeding can reach 60-100% or more.
With the development of special endurance in practice, the following training methods use:
1. Variable (interval); repeated with long segments; Variable - Styersky (continuous operation in the course of execution varies by intensity) for example, 40 times to 200 m at a speed of 68-70 С with pulse mode 170-180 in 1 min after 40-60 from a slow run (with pulse mode 120-130 V 1 min);
2. Repeated with long segments (on segments 1000, 1500 m, etc. up to 5-10 times);
3. Control (performing a load with competitive speed at a distance, 15-20% shorter; tempo (training at a distance exceeding a competitive 30-100%, i.e., performing longer work requiring the manifestation of will, patience, skills Fight with fatter); method "to failure", combined with the use of the tempo method (no more than 1-2 times a week).
Distinguish between general and special stamina.
Total endurance is the ability to do a long-term intensity to perform moderate intensity with the global functioning of the muscular system. In a different way, it is also called aerobic endurance. A person who can withstand a long run in moderate pace for a long time is capable of performing another work at the same pace (swimming, cycling, etc.). The main components of the overall endurance are the possibilities of an aerobic energy supply system. The main yield of aerobic productivity of the body is the maximum consumption of oxygen (IPC), which depends on the activity of blood circulation systems and respiration (heart rate, minute and impact volume of the heart, blood flow rate, lungs, maximum pulmonary ventilation, tissue recycling of oxygen, etc.) . The overall endurance plays a significant role in optimizing life, acts as an important component of physical health and, in turn, serves as a prerequisite for the development of special endurance.
Special endurance is an athlete's ability to effectively perform short-term specific effects of increased power or intensity in the framework of the competitive exercise in order to achieve advantage over the opponent. For the manifestation of these actions, special preparation is needed, and to measure special endurance in different types Sports need specific tests reflecting the essence of special endurance in specific sports or programs (Perlman M.R. 1969).
Special endurance depends on the possibilities of the neuromuscular apparatus, the speed of resources of intramuscular energy sources, from the technique of owning a motor action and the level of development of other motor abilities.
Special endurance is divided into the following types:
High-speed endurance - the ability of volleyball players to perform technical techniques and movement at high speed throughout the game without reducing efficiency. Muscular work for such a type of activity takes place in oxygen. The anaerobic process is dominant in energy supply.
Coordination endurance. It is manifested mainly in motion activities characterized by a variety of complex technical and tactical actions.
To raise endurance in volleyball, taking into account this type of physical activity inherent in this type, the duration of the main periods increases the intensity, reduce recreation intervals.
Jumping endurance is the ability to repeatedly perform jumping gaming actions with optimal muscle efforts without reducing the effectiveness of the equipment and the tactics of the game. This endurance is manifested in jumping to perform the striker and feed in the jump, setting the block and the execution of the second gear. Muscular work is local. The more local character bears the exercise, the muscular work passes in more anaerobic conditions. The ability to continue to work in without oxygen conditions is provided by both anaerobic capabilities and volitional preparation of the volleyball player.
Game endurance is the ability to play in a high pace without reducing the efficiency of performing technical techniques and tactical combinations throughout the game. It combines all types of endurance and special physical qualities.
High level of development of aerobic and anaerobic abilities of volleyball players is one of the main factors of maintaining high performance in the course of the game and the successful implementation of the entire arsenal of technical and tactical means of struggle.
1.5. Basics of the methodology of endurance.
1.5.1. Means of hardiness workout.
To solve problems of preparation of volleyball players, funds (exercises) are required, used by those or other methods, in various conditions of training media: main exercises (exercises for technical, tactical training and volleyball) and auxiliary
(generalizing and special exercises). Outdoor exercises are designed to develop common physical qualities, improvement of the functional base and motor skills. These exercises are grouped by belonging to other sports:
Exercises from gymnastics and acrobatics;
Exercises from athletics (rapidness of running, cross, throwing, jumping, etc.);
Weightlifting exercises;
Exercises on simulators;
Sports and mobile games, swimming, etc. Special exercises - applying (for mastering the basics of equipment, game tactics and their improvements) and preparatory (for the development of special physical qualities and the functionality of the body of athletes).
The main exercises can also be used to increase the overall and special efficiency of the body of volleyball players. By the nature of response physiological reactions, these exercises are divided into the following groups:
a) exercises predominantly aerobic effects
b) Exercises for the development of general endurance and speed-safety qualities.
c) exercises for the development of special endurance
The main indicator of aerobic productivity of the body is the maximum oxygen consumption (IPC), which depends on the activities of blood circulation and respiration systems (heart rate, minute and impact volume of the heart, blood flow rate, lungs, maximum pulmonary ventilation, tissue recycling of oxygen, etc.) (Laptev A.P. 1991).
Therefore, the development of common endurance is expressed primarily in increasing the performance of the heart and external respiratory systems. Highly developed aerobic capabilities are a good base for the development of special endurance. For the development of general endurance, a long-term impact of the load on the body of an athlete is needed. The most effective exercises in which a large number of muscle groups participate, whose work creates a "muscular" pump that promotes good blood circulation. These include sports games, cross-time running, skiing, swimming, etc. As a rule, the overall endurance of qualified volleyball players develops at the initial stages of preparation for the main competitions, and at the stages of special training and during the competition exercises for general endurance are used as reducing agents. .
Performing exercise for a long time without reducing performance characterizes the endurance of an athlete. Game load in volleyball, characterized mainly by high-speed-powerful endurance, i.e. Ability to perform movements for a long time with a certain force and speed. With a high physical and emotional load from a volleyball player, the development of common and special endurance is required. The development of special endurance largely depends on the overall endurance, characterized by a high level of activity of all functions and systems of the body of the body.
General endurance helps to successfully cope with long work at training classes and competitions, to recover faster. Special endurance allows you to fight fatigue, contributes to the effective use of technical techniques and tactical actions in school and competitions, ensures reliability of gaming skills.
1.5.2. Workout methods.
1. Variable method.Continuous alternation of running with medium and high speed with active recreation (jogging). The alternation of high-speed gear into the wall with a high ball and over themselves, serial jumps in full force with jumps through a rope with a small intensity, etc.
2. Repeated method. Re-execution of tasks with high speed and sufficient leisure intervals. For example, a series of reservation of the ball from the attacking strike, a series of blocking with frequency of immersion, re-running distance segments, etc.
3. Increase intensity while reducing duration. (The number of parties is reduced, but they are more intensive.) Increase the number of training programs, feeds, attacking strikes, blocking compared to game (for example, working with binding two balls, continuous alternation of impacts, etc.)
4. Reducing intensity with increasing duration. Increase the game time, an increase in the number of gaming actions compared to conventional conditions.
5. Power method performing a special exercise complex. Its involved in consistently perform exercises.
6. Interval method. The rest interval between the exercises, the gaming tasks at first large, then shrink. The goal is that players can perform a subsequent load with increased intensity.
To achieve a high level of special endurance of volleyball players, it is necessary to comprehensively improving high-speed, power, jumping and game endurance, as volleyball refers to sports requiring maximum manifestations of high-speed capabilities in various game situations throughout the game.
Developing rational methods for improving special endurance, it is necessary to provide for a certain part of training loads in conditions of hidden fatigue. It must be borne in mind that the means of forming special endurance should be focused on ensuring the maintenance of the specified modes of motor activity, and not to combat fatigue themselves (A.G.1983 Furmanov).
Based on this, the function of means of its increase should be based on the development of the ability to "drain" the feeling of fatigue by reducing the energy value of the work performed, while maintaining rational sports techniques and the desired speed movement mode. At the same time, it is appropriate to recall the words of the wonderful Russian physiologist N. E. Vvedensky that they get tired and extended not so much from the fact that they work a lot, and on what they work poorly (Mikhailov KV 1981).
High-speed endurance requires performing technical techniques and movements with high speed throughout the game. To improve high-speed endurance, repeated, interval and competitive methods are most effective. Mostly simulation and game exercises with the ball are used.
The duration of one repetition of the exercise series is 15-30 s, the intensity is maximum, the interval of rest between the repetitions is 1-2 minutes, the number of repetitions in one lesson is 4-6.
Muscular work for such a type of activity takes place in oxygen. The anaerobic process is dominant in energy supply. Therefore, to improve high-speed endurance, the exercises are selected on the speed, performed many times and for a longer time with the following dosages:
The duration of one series is 20-30 s;
The speed of movement is the maximum;
Rest between the series - 1-3 min; The number of series - 5-7.
For basic exercises (exercises on the technique and tactics of the game), the duration of one series and the number of series should be such that the structure of the technical reception is not disturbed (this situation is legitimate when improving jumping endurance). Dosage exercise:
Duration of one series -1-2 min;
The intensity is the maximum;
Rest between the series - 1-3 min;
The number of series in one workout - 5-8.
Jumping endurance is manifested in repeatedly performing jumping actions with maximum muscle efforts in attacking shocks, blocking, second transmissions.
When it is developed, repeated, interval, competitive and circular methods are used, the duration of repeating the series of jumps - 1-3 min (without a break of rest between jumps), the number of repetitions is 5-8, the interval of rest between them is 1-4 min.
Training tools: Luggage exercises with small burdens and without burden, imitation and main exercises (Complexes of jumping exercises in the section - Development of jumpers).
Strength endurance is most successfully improved using special exercises, allowing to impose increased requirements for muscles carrying the main burden in the gaming activities of volleyball players. These are exercises close to the external and internal structure with technical techniques. The main mode of operation of the muscles is the dynamic nature of the work - overcoming in combination with inferior.
Exercises are also used (in minor volume) performed in static mode. The magnitude of the burden is 40-60% of the available, tempo from moderate to close to the maximum. The duration of the execution of a separate exercise in the dynamic mode of muscle operation - to significant fatigue, in static mode - 10-30 s. The duration of the pause between the series of exercises 30-90 ° C, the number of repetitions usually does not exceed 10-12.
Intensification of gaming activities, volleyball players is due to the increase in the speed of attacks, improving the technical capabilities of players at maximum speed of action. Therefore, very important for athletes is the ability to play in a high pace without reducing the effectiveness of technical techniques. Gaming stamina characterizes all the physical qualities necessary for successful playing game. It is improved in the process of conducting games with a large number of parties (5-7) full compositions. Effective is to conduct games with reduced compositions (4x4, 3x3, 2x2), time games, as well as use in the process of playing exercises of various training influences when a certain account is reached or in breaks between the parties.
Heart Frequency (CSS)
In sports practice, heart rate (CSS) is often used as a criterion for estimating the load intensity. There is a linear relationship between the heart rate and training intensity.
In order for the stamina training to be maximally useful, it should be carried out with the intensity at which the entire oxygen-transport system is activated, that is, in the so-called anaerobic zone. With this intensity, no accumulation of lactic acid occurs.
Often, workouts for endurance (aerobic training) are performed by athletes at the pulse of about 180 shots per minute (UD / min). For many athletes, this pulse significantly exceeds the aerobo-anaerobic transit zone. The boundaries of the aerobic anaerobic transit zone are greatly varying from different people, but this zone is approximately between 140 and 180 ot / min (Yavallov A.V. 1984).
Oxygen system training
The best method of training the oxygen system is workouts for stamina, that is, the loads that are performed with a submaximal power for a relatively long time. During training for endurance (aerobic training), the accumulation of lactic acid does not occur. Aerobic workouts are performed at different levels of intensity. There are three types of training aimed at the development of endurance: intensive aerobic training, intermediate aerobic training and extensive aerobic training. Aerobic loads also include replacement training.
Intensive aerobic training
Intensive aerobic workouts are performed in the form of interval work and are divided into two types depending on the duration of working segments: workouts with short intervals and workouts with long intervals.
Intensive aerobic training with short intervals consists of a series of accelerations lasting 2-8 min. CSS during accelerations is about 90% CHSMAKS. During this training, the oxygen system is fully activated, and the intensity is at the level of the anaerobic threshold (CSSOTOTC) or slightly above it. A small increase in lactate indicators up to 5-6 mmol / l is permissible.
This training sector can be viewed as an intermediate link between aerobic and anaerobic workouts. The recovery time is 4-6 minutes, the number of repetitions is from 5 to 8. This training should not be carried out more often than two times a week.
Intensive aerobic training with long intervals includes a series of accelerations with a duration of 8-20 minutes. The acceleration intensity is approximately 3-4 mmol / l in terms of lactate indicator, or approximately 85-90% of CHSMAKS. An approximate recovery time is 5 minutes, the number of repetitions - from 4 to 5. The frequency of workouts is 1-2 times a week. This training is effective only with well-being athlete. If the athlete feels fatigue in the legs, he should stop training. When this species Training is performed with concomitant fatigue or insufficient recovery, the likelihood of the development of overall increases dramatically.
Intermediate aerobic training
Intermediate aerobic training is performed with medium intensity. Examples of such training include a long-term cyclist ride or a long jogging of the marathon. Dairy acid at this form of training does not accumulate. The energy supply is due to the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates. CSS is within 80-85% CHSMAKS. The duration of work depends on the duration of the competition to which the athlete is being prepared.
Extensive aerobic training
This type of training is a long continuous operation at CSS 70-80% of CHssmaks.
With such an intensity of the exercise, the maximum oxidation of fats occurs. Often intermediate and long-term workouts combine.
Such training is important because they train a fat exchange, increasing the disposal of fats, which allows the athlete during a long competition longer to maintain the pace due to carbohydrate savings.
Replacement training
Recovery is an integral part of the overall training process. Easy physical activity is often a more profitable recovery agent than passive rest. The intensity of the recovery training should be low - less than 70% of CHSMAKS.
With such a low intensity, it is impossible to hope for an improvement in aerobic abilities.
Bibliography
1. Buldakov L.C., Nikitin L.P. Six in defense - six in the attack: Volleyball at the Olympics. -M.: "Soviet Russia", 1979
2. Belyaev A.V., Savin M.V. Volleyball, M. "Sportacadempress", 2002.
3. Vorobev N.P. Sports games, M. "Enlightenment", 1973
4. Volleyball. Directory. - M.: "Physical Education and Sport", 1984.
5. Golomazov V.A. Volleyball at school. Manual for teacher. M.: "Enlightenment", 1976.
6. Yermolaev Yu.A. "Age Physiology", M., Science 1989.
7. Zheleznyak Yu.d. Basics of teaching volleyball for children 11-14 years old M. 1961.
8. Zheleznyak Yu.d. Formation of motor skills in young volleyball players. Diss. Kand.m. 1962
9. Zheleznyak Yu.D. 120 volleyball lessons. 1965
10. Zheleznyak Yu.d. Young volleyball player. - M.: "Physical Education and Sport", 1988.
11. Zheleznyak Yu.d., Kunyansky V.A. Volleyball: At the origins of skill / Ed. Yu.V. Petertseva. M.: Publisher "Fair-Press", 1998.
12. Jilov Yu.d., Kutsenko G.I., Basics of Medical Biological Knowledge. M. "Higher School" 2001
13. 3Acior V.M. Education of physical qualities (textbook). M.: FIS, 1987.
14. 3Aciorsky V.M., physical qualities athlete. M. "Physical Culture and Sport" 1979
15. 3YMKIN N.V., Human Physiology - M., Science, 1987.
16. Yvoylov A.V., Volleyball. Minsk "Running School", 1985
17. Yavlylov A.V. "Volleyball for all", - Moscow: Physical education and Sport, 1987.
18.Klechev Yu.N., Ayrapetyanz L.R., Paukin B.ji. Volleyball. T. 1995
1.2 Age Features of children 15-16 years
Rational planning of physical culture, the correct use of funds and methods for the development of physical qualities throughout the training is possible only subject to knowledge of the anatomy-physiological characteristics of a growing children's body.
The age of 15-16 years is characterized by intensive growth and increasing body size. Long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities grow rapidly, growth is accelerated into the height of the vertebrae.
The adolescent vertebral pillar is very moving. Excessive muscle loads, accelerating the process of ossification, can slow down the growth of tubular bones in length.
At this age, the muscular system is developing rapidly. From the age of 13 there is a sharp jump in an increase in the total mass of the muscles, mainly due to the increase in muscle thickness of muscle fibers.
In adolescents against the background of the morphological and functional immaturity of the cardiovascular system, as well as the ongoing development of the central nervous system, the incompleteness of the formation of mechanisms regulating and coordinating various functions of the heart and vessels is particularly noticeable.
During puberty, adolescents have the highest pace of development of the respiratory system. The respiratory regime in children of middle school age is less effective than adults. In one respiratory cycle, the teenager consumes 14 ml of oxygen, while adult - 20 ml.
Teenagers are less than adults are able to detain their breath and work in conditions of lack of oxygen. They are faster than adults, blood saturation is reduced by oxygen.
As noted by E.A. Bondarevsky, adolescence is a period of continuing motor improvement of motor qualities, great opportunities In the development of motor qualities.
In children of 15-16 years, some high rates are improved by individual coordination abilities (in thumbnails at the accuracy and on the range, in sports and gaming motor actions), power and high-speed-force abilities; Moderately increase speed abilities and endurance. Low rates are observed in the development of flexibility.
15-16 years old - the most favorable person for the development of human security. The highest rates increase the indicators of the strength of large muscles, torso, hips, tibia, feet. Relative indicators during this time are improved in male people by about 200%, and in female people - only 150%.
The most favorable periods of the development of force in boys and young men are considered to be age from 13 - 14 years to 17 - 18 years, and girls and girls from 11 - 12 to 15 - 16 years old, which in a large extent corresponds to the proportion of muscle mass in the total mass of the body ( By 10-11 years, it is approximately 23%, 15-16 years - 33%, and by 17 - 18 - 45%).
True, during this time, the total mass of the body increases, therefore the increase in relative strength is not so pronounced, especially in girls. In this regard, the most significant rates of increasing the relative strength of various muscle groups are observed in the younger school age, especially in children from 9 to 11 years.
Indicators of the development of force qualities are determined not only by age and sexual peculiarities, but strongly fluctuate quite in large limits depending on individual differences Children, the nature of the motor activity, the occupation of specific sports and other circumstances.
Table 1 presents indicators of the growth rates of various physical qualities in adolescents 15-16 years.
Table 1. The growth rates of various physical qualities in children of senior school age (%) (I.V. Belsky)
As in any other age, in adolescent, it is necessary to carefully monitor the dosage of the load when performing exercises aimed at the development of power qualities. Table 2 and 3 present indicators for the rates of force of force in children of senior school age and load volumes in accordance with the types of power qualities.
Table 2 The growth rates of power quality in adolescents 15-16 years
The material presented in Table 3 allows you to formulate the main tasks of the development of security in adolescents 15-16 years.
1. As part of the basic physical education, it is necessary to ensure the harmonic development of all muscle groups of the musculoskeletal system. This task is solved by selectively directed by force exercises. The volume and maintenance of power exercises are important. They must ensure the proportional development of various muscle groups. Externally, this is expressed in the appropriate form of physique and posture. The internal effect of the use of power exercises is to ensure high levels of vital functions of the body and motor activity. Skeletal muscles are not only organs of movement, but also peculiar peripheral hearts actively helping blood circulation, especially venous. Special attention should be paid to the most important muscle groups: the muscles of the abdominal press, the body, the lumbar region, neck, shoulder belt, legs and hands.
Table 3 Load volumes in accordance with the types of force in adolescents 15-16 years
2. Different development of power qualities in unity with the development of vital motor actions (skills and skills). This task implies the development of the power qualities of all major species.
3. Creation of conditions and capabilities (bases) for further improvement of power qualities within the framework of a specific sport or in terms of professional-applied physical training. The solution to this task allows you to satisfy personal interest in the development of force, taking into account motor gifts, the sport and the chosen profession.
Thus, in the 15-16th age, the academic development of the student's body occurs, which is reflected in intensive growth and increasing body size, in the development of the muscular and respiratory system. During this period, motor and powerful abilities of children are improved, motor quality develops. Education of force can be carried out in the process of general physical training (to strengthen and maintain health, improving the forms of the physique, the development of the strength of all groups of human muscles) and special physical training (upbringing the various power qualities of those muscle groups that are of great importance when performing major competitive exercises) . Each of these areas has its specific installation on the development of strength and tasks that must be solved based on this installation. Based on this, we select certain means and methods of education.
Influence of basketball classes on physical fitness and mental state of girls 13-15 years
Effect of recreation gymnastics on the musculoskeletal system of children 7-9 years
Age from 7 to 9 years old corresponds to years of study in primary classes, so it is customary to be called younger school age. This age is relatively calm and uniform physical development. Increase growth and weight ...
The impact of training activities in health groups for swimming on changes in functional indicators in people is 25-60 years
During the development of the body from birth to an adult condition, the possibilities of functional systems increase, and reaches peak values \u200b\u200bof 20-25 years ...
Education of volitional qualities through physical culture and sports
The development of arbitrary movements makes it possible the first reasonable, actually the volitional action of a child aimed at doing any desire to achieve the goal. Already the first aimed at a certain object ...
Education of personal physical culture junior schoolchildren
The younger school age is characterized by a relatively uniform development of the musculoskeletal system, but its intensity of individual dimensional signs is different. So, the length of the body increases in this period to greater extent ...
Research of physical education of preschoolers
The first years - from birth to the child's receipt to school - have an inseparable importance in a person's life. During this period, a function of health is laid, a variety of abilities begin to develop, formulate moral qualities ...
Methodology for artistic gymnastics
5 - 7 years is the age of intensive growth and the development of all functions and systems of the body of children. High Motor Activity and Significant Motor Function Development ...
Methodology for the development of rhythmicity at dancers 10-11 years
The leading role in the development of the motor function of children belongs to the CNS. At the same time, the role of cortical braking, which at this age regulates instinctive and emotional reactions ...
Methods of improving the power and speed-powerful abilities of novice boxers
When planning a sports training and building tasks, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of adolescents. The development of the body includes both gradual quantitative changes (an increase in the number of cells in the process of growth) ...
Features of the physical training of young men 16-17 years old engaged in billiards
In the course of individual development, the greatest increase in absolute force in girls - adolescents is observed in 12-14 years. This is the most favorable age for its development. Maximum forces are achieved in 18-20 years ...
Development of flexibility in dancers 7-9 years at the stage of primary sports specialization
Mobility in the joints is developing unevenly in different age periods. In children of junior and middle school age, active mobility increases in the joints, in the future it decreases ...
Development of the coordination abilities of girls 7-9 years in sports aerobics
Physiologists E.A. Yugova, T.F. Turov and others collected a large actual material that characterizes the age development of children aged 7-11, characterized as the younger school age ...
Specifications of children's selection of 7-8 years in sports swimming
Age from 6-7 to 9-10 years is defined as the younger school age, due to the important external circumstance in the life of a child - to school admission ...
Formation of coordination abilities in children 9-11 years in the process of volleyball training
Children's age 9-11 years old belongs to the period of the second childhood (prepperant) and is favorable for the development of almost all physical qualities and coordination abilities ...
Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region
Moscow State Regional University
Course work in athletics
Development of the rapid and power capabilities of children 12-14 years
Performed student
faculty of physical culture
Medvedeva A.A.
Moscow
Introduction
Chapter 1
1.1 Anatomy-physiological features of adolescents aged 12-14 years
1.2 Methods of selection of children for jogging
1.3 Means for the development of speed-force qualities
Methods for the development of speed-force qualities
Introduction
Speed \u200b\u200bcharacteristics of movements and actions are combined under the general name - rapidity. In the most common features, it characterizes the ability of a person to perform actions into a minimum time cut for these conditions. In accordance with modern ideas, the speed is understood as a specific human motor ability to emergency motor reactions and high speed of movements performed in the absence of significant external resistance, complex coordination of muscles, and not requiring large energy. 3, p. 15.
The physiological mechanism of the manifestation of the speed associated primarily with the speed characteristics of nerve processes is represented as a multifunctional property of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral neuromuscular apparatus (NMMA).
There are several elementary forms of speed:
1. The speed of simple and complex motor reactions.
2. The speed of a single movement.
3. The speed of complex (multi-lane) movement associated with changing the position of the body in space or switching from one action to another.
4. The frequency of unloaded movements.
The allocated forms of the manifestation of speed relatively independent of each other and are poorly related to the level of general physical fitness. At the same time, in everyday life, sports and professional activities related to the performance of physical exertion, people have to face other forms of speed. This, first, all, movement of a person with a maximum speed, various jumping exercises associated with the movement of their own body, martial arts and sports games.
Such, complex, forms of manifestation of speed, is customary to be called high-speed abilities of a person.
For their effective manifestation, besides the high characteristics of nerve processes, another sufficient level of high-speed-powering of the propulsion system, the power of the anaerobic energy supply systems, as well as the perfection of the motor skills of the exercises and actions.
The main means of developing various forms of speed are exercises that require rapid motor reactions, high speed and frequency of movement.
However, with all that all such exercises are aimed at developing speed, there are still significant methodical features of the development of various forms.
Purpose of the study- Examine funds and methods for the development of high-speed-force abilities in children 12-14 years.
Tasks
1. Consider the anatomical and physiological features of young athlets
2. Consider the method of selecting children for jogging.
3. Examine funds and methods for the development of high-speed-force abilities in children of senior school age.
An object - Speed-powerful abilities of high school students.
Subject of research - means and methods of development of high-speed-force abilities.
1.1 Anatomy-physiological features of adolescents aged 12-14 years
In working with young athletes, it is necessary to take into account the anatomy-physiological features of the children's body, which are important indicators.
In the process of growth and development, the body's body in all functional systems undergoes constant changes. For example, the maximum growth rates in girls in 11-12 years old, boys - at 13-14 years old, 6-7 cm. in year. The maximum increase in muscle mass is celebrated in girls aged 13, boys are 14 years old, 4-5 kg. in year. By 14-15 years, the development of the muscular-bound apparatus reaches a high level, and the tissue differentiation in skeletal muscles is not very different from the muscles of adults 1.
Simultaneously with an increase in muscle mass, there is an intensive increase in muscle strength, which, however, is somewhat lagging behind the growth of body weight. The activities of the genital and endocrine glands are activated, puberty begins, which makes its adjustments to the processes of growth and development. However, in a functionality, the child's body is not yet steady, often exposed to diseases and breakdowns.
At the age of 11-15 years, a clearer ratio of various parts of the body is determined, the type of physique, which are determined in the choice of sports specialization. Scientists have proven that the type of physique and sports achievements are closely interrelated. At the same time, the type of physique is genetically determined and almost does not affect training 2.
Not only the size of the body (growth and weight), but also the ratio of body parts, constitutional peculiarities of adolescents affect sports achievements in athletics.
Observed in the last 120-150 years in different countries Acceleration of growth rates, an increase in total body sizes from generation to generation, the earlier dates of the onset of puberty were called "acceleration". The term "acceleration" means an increase in total body sizes, accelerating the growth rates and development from representatives of the simultial population compared to the peers of the previous generation.
The increase in long and tapping sizes is currently noted during the period of perinatal development, and children are born with larger body sizes. Especially noticeable increase in the length and mass of the body of children is celebrated in some European countries and the United States. .
An epochal shift and acceleration imposed a print and a modern sport. Accelerating the growth and development of children and adolescents, as well as an increase in body sizes in children and adults, there are also athletes. Modern football players, swimmers, fencers, volleyball players have a greater value of total body sizes than representatives of these sports at the beginning of the 20th century.
The current system of training athletes currently regulates the age of specialized sessions by individual sports, the scale and number of competitions during the year. The programs for the Sports Schools are given the timing of the start of classes with certain types of sports, in accordance with which, from 7 years, it is permitted by curious skating, swimming, tennis, sports and rhythmic gymnastics; with 8 years-acrobatics, jumping into water, slalom; with 9 years biathlon, ski bore, sailing, ski jumps with springboard, wrestling; from 10 years old - academic rowing, volleyball, basketball, fencing, speed skating; from 11 years - hockey, modern pentathlon, athletics; with 12 years in boxing, cycling; With 13 years-weightlifting. Some coaches in figure skating, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, swimming, skating sports in our country and abroad are considered appropriate on the basis of their own experience to start training 2-3 years earlier than the above time.
Initial sports specialization and in-depth training in most sports in modern young athletes, as a rule, accounts for age of 13-15 years, in which most boys and girls have sexual maturation.
Young athletes 12-16 years old and the same passport age with various pace of puberty are significantly distinguished by the level of morphofunctional indicators, and the nature of physical development, the level of manifestation of motor qualities (speed, endurance, force), features of adaptive blood circulation reactions and external respiration in them More related to individual peculiarities of growth and development than with passport age. However, the existing age borders and the stages of the preparation of young athletes (preliminary training, primary sports specialization, in-depth training in favorite sport, sports improvement) are based on only passport age and do not take into account individual characteristics of growth and development 3.
Unfortunately, the phenomenon of acceleration does not always have a positive effect on the functional possibilities of the children's body. There is evidence that the accelerated children, the growth and development of the heart is lagging behind the body growth. As a result, its normal activity is violated, the prerequisites for the development of cardiovascular diseases are created ..
One of the questions, especially those engaged in the researchers now, is what the role of acceleration in the evolution of man? Hereditary or unearthly changes underlie this phenomenon? It is still difficult to answer these questions, but the scientific data of recent years witness is to reduce the tempo of the physical development of children and adolescents. Obviously, the acceleration is a temporary phenomenon, and it is associated with the modification variability of a number of morphofunctional signs of shifts of the external respiratory function.
Thus, in non-harmonically accelerated children, the features of the functional lability of the homeostatic background and the homeostatic regulation of adaptive cardiorespiratory reactions prevail. Therefore, early specialized training with the use of significant physical exertion in terms of the volume and intensity of physical exertion without taking into account the individual characteristics of the body can lead to pre-metology, and often pathological disorders (overralling, overvoltage, violations heart Rhythm etc.). Obviously, when examining young athletes, it is necessary to take into account the above manifestations of individual accelerations before making an opinion on the state of health, the peculiarities of the physical development and the functionality of the studied persons. The doctor should not forget that the individuals are not always with a high somatometric indicators are ahead of peers in growth and development rates, and individuals with low rates are lagging behind. Therefore, in the program of sports and medical research athletes it is advisable to include an assessment of biological age. In modern sport, it empirically developed two directions in the preparation of young athletes. One of them pursues the goal of achieving high sports results at an early age, the second achievement of high sports results during the morphofunctional maturity of an athlete. Trainers - Representatives of the first direction use the methodology of forced training of young athletes, focusing the direction of the training process on the predominant improvement of the "leading system" or qualities. Obviously, this trend arose due to the fact that in each population there are children who are leading peers at the rate of growth and the development of the body and, in connection with this, capable of transferring significant training loads in terms of volume and intensity and show high sports results. The second approach to the high-grade athletes system is based on the ideas that the achievement of higher results requires the voltage of all physical and mental forces and cannot be planned to previously achieve morphofunctional maturity. From the standpoint of sports medicine, such a sports training system is more justified, in which the nature planning, volume and intensity of physical exertion is based on the morphofunctional maturity of livelihood systems. Although, with a similar approach to a high-end athlete training system, more time is spent on the preliminary and initial stages of sports specialization and high results are planned at an older age, but it provides the basic principle of a system of physical education, according to which physical culture and sports should first be used for Proper physical development, health promotion and increasing the functionality of children and adolescents.
Individual features of the growth and development of young athletes, taking into account the influence of acceleration on modern sports, must be taken into account during the selection. Selection of children able without harm to health for 6-10 years to transfer significant psycho-emotional and physical exertion and in 15-19 years old to show sports results of international class, is an important element modern system Education of the reserve of sports of higher achievements 4. It is known that this system provides for the allocation of the main stages and the directivity of the training process, the choice of funds and methods of technical, functional and psychological training depending on the age, gender and individual morphofunctional features of children and adolescents. Therefore, medical recommendations in the selection of children to educate the sports reserve must have a description of the tasks and content of each stage of a multi-year training process.
1.2. Methodology and organization of the selection of young light letters
A special role in the long-term training system and the achievement of high sports indicators belongs to the selection of talented young athletes. The selection and sports orientation of young athletes are a complex and long-term pro-process, in which four stages can be distinguished:
1. In the initial training group of the SDUSS;
2. Recalling practicing groups: Spring-Tereg
3. Collection for in-depth specialization
4. Collection in national teams.
In sports practice, the following criteria for boron were allocated
Morphofunctional indicators (anthropometric signs, biological age);
level of physical qualities: forces, speed, endurance, dexterity, flexibility;
coordination abilities and ability to trainee complex exercises;
the level of moral and volitional (psychological) qualities;
state of leading functional systems;
genetic factors.
Each of the four highlighted steps has its own particular and duration.
For classes in initial training groups, everyone is usually invited. Experience and research have shown that the selection of initial training groups, as well as after one year of occupation, does not give the necessary effect. Only after 1.5-2 years of versatile preliminary preparation, the effectiveness of the selection is increasing. Therefore, the selection for intensity in the training groups of the SDUSS and the initial sub-cooking of young athletes is a single, interconnection process.
At the same time, to 10- 12 for years, it is successfully possible to predict such important to achieve success in certain types of athletics, as growth and its physical performance. In the subsequent puberty, the correlation between these indicators is significantly reduced, and the prediction efficiency falls.
Throughout the initial preparation stage, 2-4 times a year, tests should be carried out (running by 60, 800 m, triple leap from the place, throwing the kernel from below with two hands, throwing a hockey ball), despite the fact that some expert athletes It is estimated that already on the 1st or 2nd year of study can be accurately focused on certain types of athletics.
Other control exercises can be used selectively.
Young athletes from the first months of classes in a sports school take part in competitions. However, it should be borne in mind that the definition of prospects dealing only on sports results at this age is not effective enough. Statistical data show that only 10% of 13-year-old young athletes, which were included in the lists of the best of this age, remain
to the junior period in the lists of leading athletes.
Therefore, it is precisely the amount of tests of tests, physical development, technical preparedness and other factors should be decisive in determining the prospects of young athletes.
In the 13-14 years, the initial preparation stage ends, and the main task now the coach and the teacher is to determine the prospects for athletes to occupy a sprint run. Analysis of tests of tests and control exercises that characterize versatile physical fitness, sports results engaged in all-around and in certain species, the growth rate of them in 2-3 years, the dynamics of morphological and functional indicators - all this together with the intuition of the coach helps to correctly determine the direction of the initial specialization of young Attrets. At this stage, some common tests that are connected with a selected group of species of athletics are preserved, and specific control exercises are included. By the end of the stage, the teacher's coach should accurately determine the future narrow specialization of the athlette. The main criteria are sports results, the inclination of the athlete itself, as well as the dynamics of the growth of indicators in tests, control exercises and morphological and functional indicators of athletes. By the end of the stage, the most promising practitioners perform a standing ratio of 1 sports discharge.
The young athletes of 13-17 years have good indicators of the growth rate of the results in control exercises characterizing the level of physical qualities, the following are considered: the spinning jogging (30-60 m) - 9.5-11.0%, in jump tests - 18.0- 20.0, in thrifty tests - 22.5-25.0, in power (bench lying, squatting) -45.0-47.0, in 300 m - 10.5-
At the stage of sports improvement, the selection of promising athletes continues for further improvement in certain types of athletics in order to recruit national teams of sports schools, cities and regions. At the last stage of selection in national teams
republics, DPOs, departments, the countries in the main criteria are the level of sports results of young athlets, as well as their stability, while the higher the rank of the national team, the higher the sports requirements. At the highest stages of selection, new criteria associated with the high moral qualities of Russian athletes are added to the national teams of Russia.
One of the additional indicators of the selection of young sprinters for specialization in a separate distance at the stage of sports improvement may be an indicator of force-sensitivity of nerve processes, or a gradient of power (V. D. Nebylitsyn, 1966). This indicator, expressed in relative units, is equal to the runners on Loo, 200 m, 110, 100 m C / b 1.2-1.6, for runners by 400 m and 400 m C / b - 1.5-1, 7.
To determine the prospects for short distances, a biopsy method can be used to determine the ratio of fast (anaerobic), slow (aerobic) and intermediate muscle fibers. If the muscular tissue of the runner consists of two-thirds of certain fibers, then such an athlete is considered promising to improve the corresponding distances.
1.3 Means for the development of speed-force qualities
The speed of the speed is the exercises are performed with the limit or velocity velocity (i.e., approximate exercises). They can be divided into three main groups -
1. Exercises aimerically affecting individual components of high-speed abilities: a) the speed of the reaction; b) the speed of performing individual movements; c) improving the frequency of movements; d) improvement of start speed; e) high-speed endurance; e) the speed of completing consecutive motion actions as a whole (for example, running, swimming, ball values).
2. Exercises of a comprehensive (versatile) impact on all the main components of high-speed abilities (for example, sports and mobile games, relay, martial arts, etc.).
3. Exercises of conjugate effects: a) on high-speed and all other abilities (high-speed and power, high-speed and coordination, high-speed and endurance); b) at speed skills and improving motor actions (in running, swimming, sports games, etc.).
In sports practice, the same exercises are used to develop the speed of individual movements as for the development of explosion, but without burdening or with such burdens, which does not reduce the speed of movement. In addition, exercises are used that are performed with incomplete scope, with a maximum speed and with a sharp stopping of movements, as well as starts and spurs.
For the development of frequency of movements, the cyclic exercises under conditions contributing to the increase in the tempo of the movement; Running under the slope of the motorcycle, with a traction device;
fast movements of legs and hands performed at a high pace due to the reduction in the scope, and then gradually his uve-looping; Exercises for increasing the speed of relaxation of the climbing groups after their reduction.
For the development of high-speed capabilities in their complex youth, three groups of exercises are used: exercises that are used to develop the speed of the reaction; exercise, which are used to develop the speed of individual movements, including for movement on various short segments (from 10 to 100 m); Exercises characterized by an explosion character.
Exercises:
1. Running with acceleration by 50-80 m in 3/4 intensity from the maximum.
2. Running with acceleration and jogging by inertia (60-80 m).
3. Running with a high thigh lifting and swearing leggings on the track (30-40 m).
4. Semyon running with a swap layout (30-40 m).
5. Running with the relief of the hip back and throwing the shin (40-50 m).
6. Running with jumping steps (30-60 m).
7. Hands with hands (like movements during running).
8. Perform 3, 4 and 6th exercises at an elevated pace and go to normal running.
9. Running at 10-20 meters from the start: 3-5 times x 2-4 series (Start and starting running time).
10. Running at 40-60 meters from the start: 3-4 times x 1-2 series with arbitrary rest until the restoration of breathing (the transition from the starting run to the run along the distance and the development of maximum speed).
11. Running "With the go" for 20-30 m from a 20-30 meter runway: 2-4 times x 1-2 series with rest before recovery (the development of maximum running speed).
12. Repeated running of 80-100 m at a speed of 90-95% of the limit: 5-6 times x 1-2 series after 3-8 minutes of rest before recovery (development of high-speed endurance and improving the running technique).
13. Repeated running and 150-200 m at a speed of 85-95% of the limit: 2-4 times with rest 8-12 minutes (improvement of technology and high-speed endurance).
14. Repeated run 150-300 m extremely quickly: 1-2 times with rest before recovery (improvement of high-speed endurance and running techniques).
1.4 Methods for the development of speed-force abilities
methods of strictly regulated exercise;
competitive method;
game method.
Methods of strictly regulated exerciseinclude: a) methods of re-performing actions with installation to maximum speed; b) Methods for variation (alternating) exercises with varying speed and accelerations according to a given program in specially created conditions.
When using the method of variative exercise, the alternate movement with high intensity (for 4-5 s) and movement with less intensity - first increase the speed, then support it and slow down the speed. This is repeated several times in a row.
Competitive methodit is used in the form of various training competitions (axes, relay, handides - equalizing competitions) and final competitions. The effectiveness of this method is very high, since athletes of various preparedness are given the opportunity to fight with each other on equal bases, with an emotional lift, showing maximum volitional efforts.
Game methodit provides for a variety of exercises with the highest possible speed in the conditions of mobile and sports games. In this case, the exercises are performed very emotionally, without excessive stresses. In addition, this method provides a wide variability of actions that prevent the formation of a "high-speed barrier".
1 Akrusenko A.V., Larina O.A., Qataryan T.V. Psychology of development and age psychology. Lecture notes. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - with. 57.
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Developed material "Methodical features of education of the strengths of young football players 14-15 years"
1.1 Physiological features of young men 14-15 years
At the age of 14 years, the growth of the body is sharply accelerated, some discoordination of movements appear, fast fatigue, impassable, new character traits appear. Body length increases by 5-6 cm per year, but some have already slowed down (and some ends at all) And it clearly prevails growth in width. The higher the level of physical development and the degree of puberty at this age, the higher the blood pressure. It is often noted systolic pressure more than 140 mm Hg. Art. - The so-called youth hypertension. In most cases, it is passing in nature.
During this period, the energy growth of bone tissue occurs.
By 14-15, the microstructure of the main elements of the supporting apparatus is still not stabilized, as the processes of ossification and anatomical rearrangement of bone tissue continues.
Each muscle or muscle group develops in its own way. The highest growth rates have the muscles of the legs smaller - the muscles of the hands. The growth of the muscles of the extensors is ahead of the development of the muscles of flexors.
By 13-15 years, maximum flexibility is achieved. Functional muscle ripening is completed and the rapid development of muscle strength begins.
At the age of 14-15 years there are favorable conditions for use special Tools Enhance muscle strength.
The greatest increase in the forces of individual muscles occurs between 14 to 17 years. At the age of 15, the average rate of 90-100 kg.
This period is marked by the highest margin of speed young football players, however, due to insufficient endurance, they still cannot maintain it at a high level and are fattened much faster and to a greater extent than football players other age groups.
In the period of 12-15 years, it is possible to increase the speed of running mainly as a result of the development of high-speed power Qualities and muscle strength.
At the age of 14-15 years, there is a decrease in the growth rate performance. This is due to the fact that all organism systems are growing. Changes in the cardiac system, respiratory and other systems occur. There is a lag behind the functional systems from morphological (Height Weight).
Although methodik physical training with football players 15 years of age gradually approaching methodology Work with adults football players, and the bone-muscular system in adolescents at 15-17 years old have enough strengthened in order to withstand intense and long-term physical exertion, nevertheless, it is very important within a reasonable diversion of the conditions, funds and training methodsto the organism of the young footballer learned to differentiate (to distinguish) the slightest changes in conditions and answer them the finest device.
Intensive loads should be used carefully and with sufficient pauses for recovery.
This is very important because there is a manifestation of increased fatigue from physical exertion, significant emotional excitability, irritability. A slowdown growth rate of sports mastery is possible.
Special This concerns periods after the game, since young football players In 14-16 years, functional shifts are largely expressed than after training.
For the development and consolidation of motor functions, there are optimal periods.
It is in these periods that certain functions, skills and skills are most easily fixed. If these deadlines are missed, then the skills are formed with difficulty, by longer exercises, and have low strength.
This is one of these periods when there is a favorable opportunity to improve motor abilities
In 14-15 years, the age development of coordination and movements is mainly ends.
Analyzers, including motor and vestibular achieve a high level of development at this age, therefore, quite perfect dynamic stereotypes can be formed in the motor analyzer.
Enharged differentiation ability. Motor functions are significantly improved. analyzer: The muscular feeling is aggravated and the movement is refined.
Motor skills are beginning to be automated, which is very important to study the technique and tactics of the game, since the consciousness of the players is exempt from constant control over the execution of techniques and switches to solving tactical tasks. There is a favorable opportunity to improve motor abilitieswhich during this period are developing most intensively.
Systematic exercises need to help improve the maximum frequency of movements and perform a lot of exercises with a response to a moving object.
Special Attention must be given education Initiatives and independence. Since young people themselves have to solve a variety of issues of collective tactics in a complex setting of competitive struggle. The players require greater activity, independence, higher responsibility when performing the tasks of the coach, for improving the effectiveness of the workout itself.
1.2 Concept O. power abilitiesTheir classification
Power abilities - This is a complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity, which is based on the concept "force". Distinguish itself power abilities and their connection with other physical abilities(speed force, force dexterity, power endurance).
Muscular power as a characteristic of human physical abilities is ability overcome external resistance or counteract him due to muscle stresses.
One of the most significant moments that determine muscle strength is the mode of operation of the muscles. In the process of performing motor actions, muscles can show strength:
- with a decrease in its length (overcoming, i.e., the myometrical regime, for example, the bench rods lying on the horizontal bench medium or widespread graft);
- with its elongation (inferior, i.e., plyometric mode, for example, squatting with a barbell on shoulders or chest);
- without a change in length (holding, i.e. isometric mode, for example, holding diluted hands with dumbbells in the slope forward for 4-6 p.);
- with change and length, and muscle tension (mixed, i.e. auxotonic mode, for example, lifting force to focus on rings, lowering in the end of the hand to the sides ( "cross") and hold in "cross").
The first two modes are characteristic of the dynamic, third - for static, fourth - for the statominational work of the muscles. These muscle operating modes are indicated by the terms "Dynamic power" and "Static Force". The greatest values \u200b\u200bof force are manifested with the inferior operation of the muscles, sometimes 2 times superior is the isometric indicators.
In any mode of muscle operation, the force can be shifted slowly and quickly. This is the nature of their work.
In accordance with these modes and the nature of muscle activity power abilities a person is divided into two views:
1) actually forcewhich are manifested in static conditions and slow movements;
2) high-speed forceshown when performing rapid movements of overcoming and inferior character or with quick switching from inferior to overcoming work.
Actually power abilities a person can manifest themselves when held for a certain time of limit burdens with maximum muscle tension (static work character) or when moving large weights. In the latter case, the speed is practically no meaning, and the accompanying efforts achieve the maximum value (the nature of the work on sports terminology is slow, dynamic, "Zhamova"). In accordance with the nature of the work, the muscular power can be static and slow dynamic.
To specific species power abilities include forceful endurance and power agility:
1. Power stamina is the ability resist the fatigue caused by the relatively long muscle stresses of considerable magnitude. Depending on the operation mode, static and dynamic powerful endurance. Dynamic power endurance is characteristic of cyclic and acyclic activities, and static power Endurance is typical for activities related to the holding of the operating voltage in a specific posture. For example, at the end of the hands on the parties on the rings or holding a hand, a static endurance is manifested when shooting from a pistol, and with repeated push-ups in the stop lying, squatting with a barbell, the weight of which is 20-50% of the maximum power Man's capabilities, dynamic endurance affects.
2. Power Dexterity is manifested where there is a shift nature of the muscles, changing and unforeseen situations of activity (rugby, struggle, hockey with the ball, etc.). It can be defined as " ability To accurately differentiate muscle efforts of various values \u200b\u200bin conditions of unforeseen situations and mixed modes of muscle performance. "
In practice physical education There are also absolute and relative muscle strength of a person.
Absolute force characterizes power The potential of man and is measured by the magnitude of the maximum arbitrary muscular effort in isometric mode without limiting time or limit weight of the raised cargo.
The relative force is estimated by the ratio of the magnitude of the absolute force to its own weight of the body, i.e. the amount of force per 1 kg of its own body weight. This indicator is convenient for level comparison. power Prepared people of different weights.
Development and manifestation power abilities Depends on many factors:
1. First of all, from the influence of the magnitude of the physiological diameter muscle: What is thicker, with other things being equal conditions, muscles can develop greater effort. Under the working hypertrophy of muscle in muscle fibers, the amount and dimensions of myofibrils increase and the concentration of sarcoplasmic proteins increases. At the same time, the external volume of muscles may increase slightly, since, firstly, the density of laying myofibrils in muscle fiber increases, and secondly, the thickness of the leather layer over the trained muscles is reduced.
2. The power of a person depends on the composition of muscle fibers. Distinguish "Slow and "Fast" Muscular fibers. The first develops less muscular voltage force, and at a rate of three times less than "Fast" fibers. The second type of fiber carries out the main and powerful reductions. Power Training with a lot of weight burdens and a small number of repetitions mobilizes a significant number. "Fast" muscle fibers, while classes with a slight weight and more repetitions activate as "Fast", so I. "Slow" fibers. In various body muscles percentage "Slow" and "Fast" The fibers of unequal, and very different from different people. Therefore, from a genetic point of view, they have different potential capabilities to power work.
3. A significant role in manifestation power Man's capabilities plays regulation of muscle stresses from the CNS. The magnitude of the muscular strength at the same time connected:
- with the frequency of effector impulsations sent to the muscle from the motionitrons of the front horns of the spinal cord;
- degree of synchronization (simultaneity) reductions of individual motor units;
- Procedure and number of motor units included in the work.
Listed factors characterize intramuscular coordination. However, on the manifestation power abilities Also consistency in the work of muscles of synergists and antagonists engaged in the opposite directions also affects (muscular coordination).
4. The maximum force that a person can show depends on the mechanical motion features. To them relate: starting position (or posture, lever shoulder length and change the angle of muscle thrust associated with a change when moving the length and shoulder of power, and therefore the main point of the thrust force; change the muscle function depending on the initial position; muscle condition before reducing (pre-stretched muscle is reduced strongly and fast).
5. Force Opportunities depend on age and sex involved, as well as on the overall mode of life, the nature of their motor activity and the conditions of the external environment. The greatest increase in the indicators of absolute force occurs in adolescents and young men in 13-14 and 16-18 years, girls and girls in 10-11 and 16-17 years. And the highest rates increase the indicators of the strength of the major muscles of the body of the body and legs. Relative Power Indicators special Significant pace are increasing in children 9-11 and 16-17 years. Power rates in boys in all age groups are higher than girls. The individual pace of development depend on the actual period of puberty. All this must be taken into account in method of force training.
In the manifestation of muscular strength there is a famous daily periodicals: its performance reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bbetween 15-16 hours. It was noted that in January and February, muscle power increases slower than in September and October, which, apparently, is explained by the large consumption of the fall of vitamins and the action of ultraviolet rays. Best conditions for muscle activities - at a temperature of +20 ° C.
1.3 funds I. methods for educating the power abilities of young football players
The main means of preparation football players 15-16 years are exercise, which are motor actions selected and used methodically Proper to implement the task.
Based football features and preparation tasksAll fixed assets can be divided into specific, i.e. exercises with the ball, and nonspecific, i.e. exercises without a ball.
Specific exercises used in training football playersconsist of two group: Competitive and special.
Competitive exercises are a totality of motor actions that make up the subject of the game in football and performed in full compliance with the Rules of Competitions football. They are characterized by a comprehensive manifestation of basic physical qualities, using the entire totality of technical techniques in a constant and sudden change of tactical situations. In form to competitive exercises include official, control, comrade, bilateral and other games, as well as games for mini football.
Special exercises are motor actions consisting of elements of competitive exercises and their options. They are intended mainly for technical and tactical improvement and development of special physical qualities.
Special exercises include individual and group exercises with the ball (blows, stops, maintenance, interaction in pairs, topics, as well as playing exercises.
The advantage of special exercises is that they make it possible to dose the impact more purposefully and efficiently than competitive.
Nonspecific exercises include two groups: Common-Manufacturing and special-traized.
General Manufacturing Exercises - Motor Actions, which are mainly a means of general training footballer. With their help solve problems of comprehensive physical education, selective impact on the development of basic physical qualities, improving the coordination abilities, motor skills and skills.
Special preparatory exercises are motor actions that have a significant similarity with special exercises in the form, structure and nature of physical and mental qualities.
For the development of muscle strength, exercises with burdens that have impact on the two most important for young football players muscle group: Muscles of foot, shin and hips; Muscles torso and shoulder belt:
- for the development of the first muscle group, good "Exercises powerful character, when performing which force is striving, "to the maximum mainly due to the increase in muscle contraction rate; As a means here is used for short distances, various jumps and jumping exercises, exercises with burdens and special exercises with the ball;
- The second muscle group develops with the help of overall exercises with burdens and without them. In 13-16 years, MX voltage is unacceptable when working with gravities. Therefore, when determining the optimal weight of burdens, it is necessary to take into account not MX possibilities, but its own weight of the young footballer; In addition to exercises with burdens, it is advisable to use steam and group exercises with resistance, shell gymnastics, mobile games; At the stage of specialization when education of power abilities high-speed-power Exercises should prevail over actually power;
Exercises, contributing to upbringing muscle power torso and shoulder belt:
- without objects: in the sitting position, with his hands leaning behind, - "bicycle"; In the sitting position, legs together and slightly raised, hands on the sides, bending and straightening the legs, do not omit them, as well as circular movements of the legs; In the stop position lying the transition to the focus crushing the impetus to both legs and return to its original position; Spring movements leaps back apart - together; in the position lying on the back, hands on the sides palms down, legs together - lifting legs perpendicular to the floor and lowering them to the right and left;
- with partner: "swing" (Spridesy slopes of the body forward "mill" (Turns of the body, not bending legs, "pump" (Alternate squats from the position standing face to each other (Foot apart, right or left in front) and overlooking the palms in the palm of the partner alternate flexion and extension of hands with overcoming partner resistance; standing back to each other and holding hands into the castle, do deep spring squats; standing close back to each other and holding hands into the castle, alternately bend forward to the horizontal position; Sitting the feet apart and rubbed the feet in the feet of the partner, holding hands, bend forward and backward;
- with stuffing balls (1-1,5 kg): in the position "The main rack (nod apart, the ball on the elongated hands" raise the ball up and lower, bending and flexing your hands in the elbow joints; slopes and turns of the body, throwing the ball back, up and side; throwing and catching the ball; catching ball After taking up with a preliminary prime, a gray, jump;
- with printed balls in parach: standing back to each other, go apart, pass the ball on the side, by "Eight", above head and between legs (round); Standing face to each other, strongly push the ball from the chest alternately and downwards; The same of the provisions "Cap", tilt forward "and "Lightly bouncing"; Sitting face to each other and holding the ball on the arms stretched up, lie on the back, straighten and pass the ball to the partner; Lying on the stomach, lift the ball up, flexing (partner keeps legs); The transfer of the ball with a throw from the bottom from the position of the tilt forward, throwing both hands on the head back after tilt forward, the same, but with the transfer of the ball between the legs;
- with a barbell: raising chest; squeezing lying on the back; squats with a barbell on the shoulders.
Exercises, contributing foot musclesshin, hips:
- without objects: Drinkings on the spot alternately on each leg with the appropriate transfer of the severity of the body; Jumping ahead and toward one leg with a landing to another; jumping forward-up on one leg during running; jumping up on site shower both legs (Foot apart, together, one in front); Jumping from a height of 40-60 cm on both legs with subsequent jerks for 10-15 m or with a jump forward - to the side; Long jumps and height; "Russian dance" (squatted squatting, throwing a thumb, then right leg); "Frog jumping" (Springs, forward in the critic; knees to dilute, arms between the legs are based on the ground; "Hare Jump" (jump from the squat, leaning hands about the ground. Landing, first touch the earth with his hands); "Pumpman" (leap leg apart, cotton hands about hips - leap legs together, cotton hands over head);
- with stuffing balls (1-1,5 kg): jumping - on one leg through the ball (four each); on both legs through the ball with turns of 90 and 180 degrees; through the printed balls located in 1.2-1.5 m one from the other; push one leg with landing to another; push both legs, throwing the ball, squeezed between legs, back-up, back-up jumping;
- on gymnastics benches: jumping - on the bench and back on both legs, standing face to bench; standing sideways to the bench; From the rack of the leg apart (Bench between legs) In place and with progress along benches: via a bench and back, standing face to bench, standing sideways to a bench, with progress along the bench on both legs and from foot on foot;
- with overcoming the strip of obstacles from gymnastic stampeople: running through 3-6 benches mounted in 1-1.5 m one of the other, overcoming benches with a jump on both legs, on one leg with an intermediate step without it;
- With barriers: jumping through 3-6 barriers installed in 1-1.5 m one from the other, the impetus to one leg, without a distance; jumping through the barriers set in 1-3 m one from the other, the impetus to both legs (with container and without a distance); jumping feet apart, bent them;
- strikes on the ball: foot on force and accuracy from different positions in the training wall, trampoline and in the gate; on the range; Head in a jump. Selection of the ball in the podka and the impetus (according to the rules).
In practice physical parenting quantity- force Opportunities are estimated by two methods:
- with measuring devices - dynamometers, dynamographers, strain gauges silo-measuring devices;
- with the help of special control exercises, power tests.
Modern measuring devices make it possible to measure the power of almost all muscle groups in standard tasks (flexion and extension of body segments, as well as in static and dynamic efforts. (Measuring the strength of an athlete in motion).
In mass practice to assess the level of development power Qualities are most often used special control exercises. (tests). Their execution does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment. To determine the maximum strength, use simple exercise techniques, for example, the bench rods lying, squatting with a barbell. The result in these exercises in a very low degree depends on the level of technical skills. The maximum force is determined by the greatest weight that can raise (test).
Evaluation criteria power abilities Serve the number of pull-ups, pushups, time of holding a certain position of the body, the range of grades (throws, jumps.
Methods of education of power qualities from football players
The effectiveness of any pedagogical means depends in many respects method of its application. Method is a way Achievement of the goal, a certain way ordered activities.
Maintenance methods sports training football players 15-16 years can be divided into three groups: Practical, verbal, visual.
Wonderful methods:
1. Methods Reports of theoretical I. methodical information.
2. Methods Operational management.
3. Methods current correction and evaluation of execution.
4. Methods of self-study and self-education.
Visual methods:
1. Methods Direct demonstration (Natural Show).
2. Methods indirect demonstration (visual benefits, orientation methods, photo, movie, video demonstration, urgent information).
Practical methods are divided:
1. on methods of exercise:
– methods learning and improvement process (holistic exercise, dissected exercise, electoral impacts, conjugate effects);
– methods Load and recreation regulation (uniform, variable, repeated, interval, circuit training).
2. Game method.
3. Competitive method.
An analysis of scientific and methodical literature has shown that the issue of studying the ageal features of the motor function, the development of physical qualities in young athletes is devoted to a lot of work.
The motor functionality is understood as a combination of physical qualities, motor skills and skills of children, adolescents and adults. At the same time, the motor function refers to the number of complex physiological phenomena, providing countering the conditions of the external environment.
The fact that the most intensive improvement of the motor function is engaged to 13-14 years old, testifying the work of many authors. The development of the motor analyzer of children is subject to the patterns of age-related development, which occurs over a number of years. From 7 to 14 years old, there is an active development of the motor function of children and adolescents, which by 13-14 years old reaches high levels. Further development of the function of the motor analyzer flows less intensively. Consequently, by 13-14 years, the morphological and functional maturation of the human motor analyzer is mainly completed.
The formation of a motor function in children is determined not so much maturation of the musculoskeletal system, how much degree of maturity of higher traffic regulation centers. In the period between 7-11 years, the coordination of arbitrary exercises in children is significantly improved. The movements become more diverse and more accurate, the smoothness and harmony are acquired. Children of this age master the ability to dose their efforts, subjugate the movement of a certain rhythm, in time to slow down and do without unnecessary concomitant movements. Increasing the regulatory role of the cerebral cortex creates favorable prerequisites for focused impact.
In children of 12-13 years old engaged in sports, there is more intensive development of the body. Therefore, functional restructuring at this age create favorable prerequisites for the development of motor qualities.
Physical (motor) qualities, it is customary to call individual qualitative sides of the human motor capabilities. According to many scientists, the structural foundations of the development of physical qualities are associated with progressive morphological and biochemical changes in the musculoser, in the central and peripheral nervous system, internal organs. Consequently, the level of physical quality development is directly dependent on the consistency of somatic and vegetative functions.
Physical qualities are experiencing in their development a different effect of genetic factors (some more, others). The speed of movements, muscular power and especially endurance are exposed to strong control from the genotype.
A number of studies indicate that children's age is an important stage Perennial physical education favorable to start sports training.
"The way to a big sport begins early. Classes Selected Sports Sports (in Elements and Options) are already organized with the most young children, and not only for mastering the equipment, but also for the specific impact on the development and formation of their body, other exercises are also applied at the same time. To ensure comprehensive physical development together with a specific training.
In children and adolescents systematically engaged in sports, unlike their peers, which are limited to classes in the lessons of physical culture, the development of physical qualities is more harmonious and at a much higher level. Indicators of the development of motor function in children 12-14 years old engaged in sports may vary in the range from 5% to 25%, depending on the use of various physical education tools.
Studies of many authors have shown that adolescents who regularly engaged in sports, the increase in the development of physical qualities for three years is twice the average increments characteristic of students who are not systematically engaged in systematically sports.
The most intensively physical qualities are developing in the age period of 10-13 years. According to V. P. Filina, in all cases where students except lessons are engaged in sports sections when the volume of their motor regime reaches 1.5-2 hours a day, physical qualities develop significantly more active.
Based on these scientific and methodological literature, the development of physical qualities in school-age children has its own age features:
1. The development of various physical qualities is not at the same time.
2. The value of annual growths of non-etinakov in different age periods, as well as for boys and girls, is distinguished by relative values \u200b\u200bwhen comparing motor quality growth.
3. In most children of junior and middle school age, the figures of physical qualities are different in their level: for example, the level of power static endurance, as a rule, does not coincide with the level of development of dynamic endurance.
And now for each physical quality separately:
Development of the security qualities of schoolchildren
One of the main physical abilities of a person is muscular power, which can be determined as the ability to overcome external resistance or counteract it through muscle efforts.
A large number of studies are devoted to the age development of the strength of individual muscle groups in children of medium and older school age. It has been established that the active growth rate of the strength of the strength of the brush and the formation of force is observed in senior school age. This makes it possible to increase in this period the amount of force training.
Similar conclusions are made by researchers and when studying the strength of flexors and extensors of the lower and upper limbs in students of different ages and gender. It has been established that the age-related development of various muscle groups occurs unevenly and individually: each of them in the process of ontogenesis goes its own way of development. So, for the bends of the brush, as for the other muscle groups, is characterized by a constant increase with the age of an absolute indicator of force. In the girls 8--15 years, a significant increase was found from 9 to 10 years old on the strength of the muscles of the brush and back, from 10 to 11 - for all three muscle groups, from 11 to 12 - on the strength of the muscles of the back and legs, from 12 to 13 - on the strength of the muscles of the brush and back.
In addition to the considerable age-related features of the development of force, the dynamic force is equally important, in particular one of its varieties - a speed-powerful ability, i.e. the ability to exhibit large values \u200b\u200bof force in a short period of time, which is characteristic, for example, for high-speed-power Exercises: jumps, grades, etc.
All researchers note the progressive, but uneven, depending age and gender, a change in high-speed-powerful ability. Thus, the results of the jump up from the place in girls are continuously improved until 12--14 years, then some of their stabilization and even deterioration.
Boys have an average annual indicators of this ability over the years, reaching their maximum in 15-77 years. Significant explosive power growths were recorded in girls 8--10, 11-14 years old, the boys - 11 - 12 and 13-15 years old.
Perennial studies of domestic professionals made it possible to determine the age features of the development of high-speed-force abilities in students of different levels of physical development.
Development of high-speed students
The speed is a complex of the functional properties of a person, by the advantage of determining the speed characteristics of movements, as well as the time of the motor reaction.
The hidden time of the motor reaction in the movement of the brush already in the 9-11-year-old age becomes close to the indicators of adults. By 13-74 years, schoolchildren achieve the same in the movements of the shoulder, hips, legs and feet. From 7 to 16 years, the pace of movements increases one and a half times. However, this increase from age to age is uneven. The most significant increase is celebrated in 7--9 years. In 10--11 years, the annual increase in the frequency of movements is somewhat reduced (0.1--0.2 traffic per second), in 12--13 years, it increases again, and at the 14--16-year annual growth slows down: boys do 0.1--0.2 Movement per second, and girls completely stop at 14-15 years and is insignificant at the age of 16. Small differences in the fields in the maximum frequency of movements in all the joints of the limbs are noted. At the age of 7--10 years, the boys the flow of movements are higher than girls, and aged 13-74 years old in girls.
No less important for the practice of physical education compared with the names of the manifestation of speed has the speed of holistic motor acts. In many of these movements performed with maximum speeds, there are periods of rapid growth periods, its maximum of its development, reduce it. The increase in the maximum speed in the starting runs does not depend on age and gender and falls on the 5--6 second second run since the start, with the benefits of the 6th second. The maximum speed achieved on the 5th or 6th second increases with age. At schoolgits of secondary physical development, high-speed abilities from 8 to 15 years increase by 1.3 times, and from 15 to 17 years old, their decrease is observed.
Schoolchildren's endurance development
In the theory and methods, endurance in the general sense is the ability to resist fatigue in any activity, and the criterion is the time during which a person is able to maintain the specified intensity of activity.
The total endurance in boys of younger school age undergo intensive development. At middle age, its slowdown is noted, and in the older - a new increase. In girls from 8 to 13--14 years, this indicator rises steadily, and after 14 years it decreases sharply. The energetic increase in endurance to dynamic muscular stresses is marked with boys and girls 8--11 years.
Endurance to the static efforts of various muscle groups also undergo age-related changes. Most researchers have the highest increase in the time of maintaining static effort by the brush flexors observed in the younger school age. So, the static endurance of the brush in boys 8--11 years increases by 75.5%, 11-14 years - by 11.4%, and in 14--17 years - by 10.4%. Moreover, in younger aged Significant differences are observed within the age groups. In the remaining ages, reliable differences in the overwhelming majority occur in 2--3.
A pronounced increase in static endurance of the muscles of the brush in girls is 8--15 years old also takes place from 8 to 10 years. Then endurance to 15 years decreases to the level of girls is 8 years old.
The endurance to the static efforts of the muscles of the forearm and the torso in boys is noticeably growing from 8 to 17 years. The most significant increase in the endurance of these muscular groups is celebrated in children of younger school age.
In the nature of the age-related change in the static endurance of the body's extensors there are certain features. Thus, at the age of 14 years, there is a decrease in static endurance compared to the corresponding indicator at 13 years of age. Significant differences are detected within groups of the younger (8--9, 9-10, 10-11 years) and middle ages (11 --12, 12--13 years). At the older age, reliable differences between neighboring ages were found. They are observed in 2--3 years. The latter indicates that the endurance of the body of the body in the boys is more susceptible to change in the younger age than in the older.
Of the three ages, the smallest endurance increase falls on the average school age: from 8 to 11 years, endurance increases by 76.5%, from 11 to 14 years old - by 32.9%, from 14 to 17 years - on 63.1% .
The peculiar movement of the natural development of the static endurance of the elegant of the body and the legs was recorded in girls 8-- 15 years. The endurance of the leg muscles changes little from 8 to 14 years and significantly increases by 15 years.
Muscle endurance to static efforts can also be determined by changing the time during which children of different ages can hold the main gymnastic postures - "Vis" and "emphasis." Muscle endurance when performing these poses increases with age. From 7 to 17 years old, the endurance of girls is much smaller than the endurance of boys. The maximum time when holding the "Vis" posture, the boys were noted at the age of 14 (4 min 30 s), and girls at 11 years old (4 minutes 35 s).
The holding time of the POD "Emphasis" increases in boys to 16 years, and girls under 14 years old, after this age growth slows down.
Age changes in the development of endurance to high-speed-force efforts in children of junior and middle school age show that with age, the most rapid growth rate is observed from 9 to 10 years. Boys have an increase in indicators from 8 to 10 years old and from 10 to 11 years.
Schoolchildren's flexibility development
Under the flexibility, the morphofunctional properties of the musculoskeletal system, determining the degree of mobility of its links. There are active and passive flexibility.
Data analysis shows that an increase in the indicators of the total mobility of the spinal column under the bending movements in boys and girls 7--17 years occurs unevenly. For boys, it is quite significantly aged from 7 to 10 years, in 11-13 years, the increase in the mobility of the spinal column slows down, from 14 years the more active increase reaches large values \u200b\u200bin 15 years. In 16--17 years, the mobility of the spine decreases, dropping to the level, which was observed at 9 years.
In girls, during the period from 7 to 14 years, the indicators of the mobility of the spinal column increase with active movements, but the growth occurs unevenly. At the age of 10 and 14 years old, the greatest increase in the mobility of the spinal column (34 °). The highest indicators of the mobility of the spinal column in 14-year-old girls. However, in the future, by 17 years, the indicators decrease, becoming even lower than that of 11 years. The data comparison showed that girls 7--17 years old the mobility of the spinal column with active and passive movements is significantly higher than that of the boys of the same age.
At the age of 7--11 years old, the annual increase in the indicators of active flexion of the straightened leg is on average equals 2.7 °, passive --3.5 °. At the age of 12 and 15 years, the increase in the active flexion of the leg is only 6 °, and passive flexion indicators remain unchanged. In 16-77 years, the amount of leg flexion is significantly reduced.
Girls have a uniform increase in these indicators up to 12 years, and at an older age, the flexion of the leg is reduced.
Continuous, but uneven growth of mobility in the joints of the shoulder belt in schoolchildren occurs to 12-- 13 years of age.
During this age period, the mobility with the active flexor-extensive movements of the hands in the boys increases by 21 °, in girls - by 9 °, with passive flexion-extension movements - by 17 ° and 14 °, respectively. In girls, at all ages, the total mobility in the joints of the shoulder belt is more pronounced.
According to features age-related changes The mobility of the joints B. V. Sergeev shares them into two groups.
In the first group, a characteristic increase in mobility indicators to 14--15 years, with their subsequent decrease, the vertebral pillar and the hip joint were included. In the second group - shoulder joint. Its distinctive feature is an increase in mobility to 11-13 years, after which the indicators are held at the same level and decrease in 16-17 years.
Despite the differences in the growth indicators of the mobility of various joints, the author notes the overall pattern of its development. So, at the age of 7--11 years, an intensive increase in mobility in all joints occurs. At 12-- 15 years, mobility reaches a constant value, and at 16-- 17 years, mobility in all studied joints decreases.
Education of dexterity
Among physical abilities, the dexterity occupies a special position due to the diverse relationships with the rest of the physical abilities. The generally accepted wording indicates that the dexterity can be determined: firstly, as the ability to quickly master new movements (the ability to quickly learn) and, secondly, as the ability to quickly rebuild motion activities in accordance with a suddenly changing environment.
One of the manifestations of dexterity is the accuracy of the spatial orientation from schoolchildren when standing and walking with eyes closed, jumping in length from a place, throwing into target.
The amplitude of the fluctuations of the body with a naturally comfortable standing on the horizontal surface decreases in children under 12; From 8 to 10 and from 11 to 12 years, this decrease is reliable, and only with 12 years of change in the magnitude of the displacement of the general center of gravity (ODC) are not statistically reliable.
Despite the fact that the child begins to go to the end of the first or beginning of the second year of life, improving the ability to correctly navigate in space lasts for many years and only at 12 years old reaches indicators close to adult indicators. From 7 to 12 years, this improvement is statistically reliable. Walking reaches the greatest rectinence in 13-year-old schoolchildren.
The greatest intensive development of the dynamic equilibrium function occurs in children of 7--10 years. So, up to 10 years old per year, the magnitude of the deviations from the line decreases by 10.2 cm, and after 10 years - by 3.7 cm.
The accuracy of throwing in the vertical goal is also significantly rising with age. For boys, it reaches the greatest value in 14-75 years, girls at 13 years old.
In addition to the study of spatial accuracy when performing some major movements (in walking, jumping, throwing), there are data in the literature, characterizing the accuracy of motor orientation in schoolchildren with elementary movements of the hands. The accuracy of the predetermined muscle voltage in children from 5 to 10 years is small. It rises only from 11 to 16 years. In the younger school age, the mistake in the reproduction of the voltage is 23--30%, and in the older - 15--21% of the initial value.
Summarize:
The study of the age-related development of the physical abilities of schoolchildren is devoted to many studies of foreign authors. There are some patterns of development of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, dexterity in children and adolescents.
The results of theoretical analysis make it possible to conclude that on average and older school age (from 13-74 to 16-77 years), during the period of the most intensive increase in the maximum force, the volume of means of training impact should also increase, which is largely It helps to increase the level of this physical ability.
In raising speed, it is necessary to increase the amount of funds aimed at improving the latent period at an average school age of 10--12 years. At the age of 10--13 years it is effectively brought up by another of the forms of speed - the speed of movement. Under the influence of training facilities, the frequency of movements changes upwards at the age of 9--12 years.
Endurance is most appropriate to bring up aged 12-3-13 to 14--15 years. Girls are inferior to boys in the development of endurance, and than older age, the differences are more.
The most reliable analysis of muscle tension is the youthful age group of 15--17 years, which determines the increased opportunities for the improvement of dexterity.
As for the upbringing of flexibility, it should be noted here that the means of exposure must be distributed differentiate. So, to educate the mobility of the spine when extending the boys in the boys, the most effective age is 7--14 years, and when flexing - 7--10 years. In girls, sensitive periods are respectively distributed in the ages of 7-12 and 14 years.
