What is the Volga region and where is it. The Volga region is What is the Volga region? Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga economic region of Russia
Volga region
Upper Volga landscape
The relief is flat, lowlands and hilly plains prevail. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July + 22 ° - + 25 ° С; winters are rather cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10 ° - −15 ° С. Average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions), steppe (Saratov and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and dry winds during the warm half-year (from April to October).
Volga economic region
The area of the territory is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities, 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volgo-Vyatka region (Central Russia), in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River.
Volga Federal District
Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory Russian Federation... The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 581 people. (21.3% of the population of Russia). The majority of the population are city dwellers. For example, in the Samara region this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the all-Russian indicator (about 73%).
Notes (edit)
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what "Volga region" is in other dictionaries:
1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. The uplifted right bank (from the Volga uplift) and the low left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region) are distinguished. 2) In the natural relation to the Volga region, they sometimes include ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
POVOLZHE, territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within the Volga region, a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a low-lying left bank are distinguished, the so-called. Trans-Volga region. In the natural relation to the Volga region, sometimes they include ... ... Russian history
Ex., Number of synonyms: 1 territory (20) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Geogr. region in the bass. R. Volga, subdivided into Verkh. (to Kazan), Wednesday. (Kazan - Saratov) and Nizh. (below Saratov) Volga region. On the right bank of the Volga Upland, on the left bank of the terraced lower bank. Trans-Volga region. Dictionary of modern geographical ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. The raised right bank (with the Volga Upland) and the low-lying left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region) are distinguished. 2) In a natural relation to ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga or located close to it and economically gravitating towards it. Within P., there is a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland (See. Volga ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Volga region- Volga region, I (to Volga) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Volga region- Volga region, territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within the boundaries of P. there are a relatively elevated right bank from the Volga Upland and a low-lying left bank, the so-called Trans-Volga region. In a natural relation to P., sometimes they also include ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
Volga region- POVÓLZHE, includes the Tatar, Kalmyk ASSRAvn Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd (until 1961 - Stalingrad), Astrakhan regions. During the pre-war years. five-year plans (1929–40), a powerful industrial base was created in P. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia
Train number 133А / 133Г "Volga region" ... Wikipedia
Adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. Within the Volga region, a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and the left bank - the so-called. Trans-Volga region. In a natural relation to the Volga region, the regions located in the upper reaches of the Volga are sometimes also referred to.
Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Russia.
The following areas of the Volga region are distinguished:
- Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka)- Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
- Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to the southern edge of the Samarskaya Luka [ ]) - Chuvashia, Republic of Mari El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
- Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [ ] to the Caspian Sea)- the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region.
After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the Zhigulevskaya HPP above Samara is usually considered the border between the middle and lower Volga.
The relief is flat, lowlands and hilly plains prevail. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July + 22 ° - + 25 ° С; winters are rather cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10 ° - −15 ° С. Average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partly), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partly) and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and dry winds during the warm half-year (from April to October).
Volga Federal District
It includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region) and the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan). Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the population of Russia). The majority of the population are city dwellers. For example, in the Samara region this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the all-Russian indicator (about 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Association of Volga Cities
On October 27, 1998, in the city of Samara, the first General Meeting of the heads of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary was held, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of the Volga Region cities. This event gave a start in life to a qualitatively new structure of interaction municipalities- Association of the cities of the Volga region (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov.At present, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of which are:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
Write a review about the article "Volga region"
Notes (edit)
An excerpt characterizing the Volga region
- You will be forced to dance, as you danced under Suvorov (on vous fera danser [you will be forced to dance]), - said Dolokhov.- Qu "est ce qu" il chante? [What is he singing there?] - said one Frenchman.
- De l "histoire ancienne, [ Ancient history,] - said another, guessing that it was about previous wars. - L "Empereur va lui faire voir a votre Souvara, comme aux autres ... [The Emperor will show your Suvara, just like others ...]
“Bonaparte…” Dolokhov began, but the Frenchman interrupted him.
- No Bonaparte. There is an emperor! Sacre nom ... [Damn it ...] he shouted angrily.
- Damn it, take your emperor!
And Dolokhov swore in Russian, roughly, like a soldier, and, throwing up his gun, walked away.
“Come on, Ivan Lukich,” he said to the company commander.
“That's the way it’s French,” said the soldiers in chains. - Well, you, Sidorov!
Sidorov winked and, addressing the French, began often, often babbling incomprehensible words:
“Kari, mala, tafa, safi, muter, helmet,” he muttered, trying to give expressive intonations to his voice.
- Go Go go! ha ha ha ha ha! Wow! Wow! - there was a roar of such healthy and cheerful laughter between the soldiers, which involuntarily communicated to the French through the chain, that after that it seemed necessary to unload the guns, detonate the charges and disperse as soon as possible for everyone to their homes.
But the guns remained loaded, the loopholes in the houses and fortifications looked ahead just as menacingly and, just as before, facing each other remained, removed from the limbs of the cannon.
Having traveled the entire line of troops from the right to the left flank, Prince Andrey climbed to the battery from which, according to the officer's headquarters, the entire field was visible. Here he dismounted from his horse and stopped at the outermost of the four guns removed from the limbs. Ahead of the guns walked a sentry artilleryman, who was stretched out in front of the officer, but at a sign made to him, resumed his uniform, dull walk. Behind the guns were the limbs, and behind the hitching posts and the fires of the gunners. To the left, not far from the extreme gun, was a new wicker hut, from which the animated officers' voices could be heard.
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire disposition of the Russian troops and most of the enemy was revealed. Directly opposite the battery, on the horizon of the opposite hillock, was the village of Shengraben; to the left and to the right could be discerned in three places, among the smoke of their fires, the masses of French troops, of which, obviously, most of them were in the village itself and beyond the mountain. To the left of the village, in the smoke, it looked like something similar to a battery, but it was impossible to see it well with the naked eye. Our right flank was located on a rather steep hill, which dominated the position of the French. Our infantry was positioned along it, and dragoons were visible at the very edge. In the center, where the Tushin battery was located, from which Prince Andrey was examining the position, there was the most gentle and straight descent and ascent to the stream that separated us from Shengraben. To the left, our troops adjoined the forest, where the fires of our infantry, chopping wood, were smoking. The French line was wider than ours, and it was clear that the French could easily bypass us on both sides. Behind our position was a steep and deep ravine, along which it was difficult for artillery and cavalry to retreat. Prince Andrey, leaning on the cannon and taking out his wallet, drew for himself a plan for the disposition of the troops. In two places he put notes in pencil, intending to communicate them to Bagration. He intended, firstly, to concentrate all the artillery in the center and, secondly, to transfer the cavalry back to the other side of the ravine. Prince Andrew, constantly being with the commander-in-chief, watching the movements of the masses and general orders and constantly engaging in historical descriptions of battles, and in this upcoming matter, he involuntarily understood the future course of hostilities only in general terms. He imagined only the following major accidents: “If the enemy leads an attack on the right flank,” he said to himself, “the Kiev grenadier and Podolsk jaegers will have to hold their positions until the reserves of the center come close to them. In this case, the dragoons can hit the flank and overturn them. In the event of an attack on the center, we set up a central battery on this hill and, under its cover, pull together the left flank and retreat to the ravine in echelons, "he reasoned with himself ...
All the time that he was on the battery at the gun, he, as often happens, without ceasing, heard the sounds of the voices of the officers speaking in the booth, but did not understand a single word of what they said. Suddenly the sound of voices from the booth struck him with such a soulful tone that he involuntarily began to listen.
- No, my dear, - said a pleasant voice, as if familiar to Prince Andrey, - I say that if it was possible to know what will happen after death, then none of us would be afraid of death. So that, my dear.
Another, younger voice interrupted him.
- Yes, be afraid, do not be afraid, all the same - you will not pass.
- And you're still afraid! Eh you, learned people, - said the third manly voice, interrupting both. - Then you, artillerymen, are very learned because you can take everything with you, and vodka and snacks.
And the owner of the courageous voice, apparently an infantry officer, laughed.
“And you're still afraid,” the first familiar voice continued. - Afraid of the unknown, that's what. Say what you like, that the soul will go to heaven ... after all, we know that there is no sky, but there is only one sphere.
Again a courageous voice interrupted the artilleryman.
- Well, treat the herbalist to yours, Tushin, - he said.
“Ah, this is the same captain who stood at the storekeeper without boots,” thought Prince Andrey, gladly recognizing his pleasant philosophizing voice.
- A grass-root can be, - said Tushin, - but all the same to comprehend the future life ...
He didn't finish. At this time a whistle was heard in the air; nearer, nearer, faster and more audible, more audible and faster, and the core, as if not having finished everything that was needed, exploding splashes with superhuman force, splashed into the ground not far from the booth. The earth seemed to gasp from a terrible blow.
Middle Volga region occupies the southern part of the Volga Federal District: the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. It is an economically developed and densely populated area. The subdistrict has a favorable geographical and transport position, a developed network of railways, public roads with hard surface and water transport.
The main branches of specialization of the Volga region are mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry), oil and oil refining industry, gas and chemical industry... The region produces synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers.
Natural resource potential
The territory of the Middle Volga region stretches along both banks of the Volga. The Volga region has significant reserves of mineral raw materials. The main minerals are oil and gas. The largest deposits are located in Tatarstan: Romashkinskoe, Almetyevskoe, Elabuzhskoe, Bavlinskoe. Pervomayskoye and others. There are oil resources in the Samara (Mukhanovskoye field) and Saratov regions. The main gas fields are located in the Saratov region - Kurdyumo-Elshanskoye and Stepanovskoye.
Population and workforce
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy
The structure of the economy is formed by intersectoral complexes. Among them, the leading role belongs to the machine-building complex, which employs a large share of labor resources and which ranks first in the Volga region in terms of production. Transport engineering stands out especially, and of its subsectors - the automotive industry. The large automobile complex KamAZ in the Nizhnekamsk region of Tatarstan (its center is the city of Naberezhnye Chelny) includes a group of factories.
The KamAZ group of companies includes 96 enterprises, including OJSC Tuimazinsky concrete truck plant, OJSC NEFAZ (Neftekamsk) and OJSC Avtotracep-KAMAZ (Stavropol).
The center of the automotive industry is the city of Togliatti (Samara region), where JSC AVTOVAZ is located, which produces passenger cars.
Small class trucks and four-wheel drive minibuses are produced by the automobile plant OJSC "UAZ" located in Ulyanovsk.
The enterprises belonging to the SOLLERS group of companies (SOLLERS-Elabuga, SOLLERS-Naberezhnye Chelny, OJSC Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant, OJSC Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, etc.) manufacture Fiat Ducato cars, ISUZU trucks. off-road vehicles SsangYong.
Car service plants are located in the cities of Samara. Engels. The trolleybus plant is located in Engels (ZAO Trolza).
Samara (Aviation Plant JSC "Aviakor", which produces Tu-154 aircraft, space rockets and devices), Saratov (production of Yak-42 aircraft).
Precision Engineering Centers - Kazan. Penza, Ulyanovsk. Agricultural engineering plants operate in Saratov, Syzran, Kamenka (Penza region). In terms of the variety of engineering products, the Volga region is second only to the Central Region.
An oil and gas chemical complex was formed in the region. Refineries are located in Samara. Saratov regions. Petrochemical centers - Novokuibyshevsk (Samara region) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan).
The district's electric power resources are produced by Zhigulevskaya, Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya hydroelectric power plants. There are also thermal power plants in the region: Karmanovskaya GRES, Zaikinskaya GRES, a number of large thermal power plants.
In the agro-industrial complex of the Volga region, there are branches of market specialization of the food industry - flour and cereals, butter, meat and fish.
Transport and economic links
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, electricity, cement, tractors, cars, airplanes, machines and mechanisms, fish, grain, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity freight traffic.
Railway transport plays the main role. The Volga region is crossed by highways: Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Syzran - Samara - Chelyabinsk; Rtishchevo - Saratov - Uralsk (connects the Volga region with Ukraine and Kazakhstan); Inza - Ulyanovsk - Melekes - Ufa; meridional road Sviyazhsk - Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Ilovlya.
Other types of transport are developed in the region: river, automobile, aviation, pipeline. Oil pipelines and gas pipelines connect the Volga region with many regions of the country and with foreign countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Regional differences
The Nizhnekamsk industrial complex is being formed on the territory of the Samara region and Tatarstan. Unlike other TPKs, it occupies a relatively small area - 5 thousand km 2, is distinguished by an advantageous geographical position, the navigable Kama flows through its territory, passes Railway Aktash - Minnibaevo - Round Pole, giving access to the highway
Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. Transport links of Nizhnekamsk TP K are complemented by oil pipelines from Almetyevsk.
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of Russia, which is confirmed by many statistical indicators (volume of industrial production, gross regional product per capita, etc.).
On the territory of the Elabuga region of the Republic of Tatarstan, a SEZ of industrial production type "Alabuga" was created to assist the development of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation as a whole by creating the most favorable conditions for the implementation of investment projects in the field of industrial production by Russian and international companies. The industrial and production focus of the SEZ includes the production of auto components, the full cycle of automobile production, the chemical and petrochemical industry, manufacturing industry, pharmaceutical production, aircraft production, furniture production and much more.
Branches of specialization of the Saratov region - mechanical engineering, light and food industry... The largest Balakovo NPP is located in the region.
Main problems and development prospects
On the coast of the Volga and its tributaries, numerous enterprises of the oil and gas chemical complex are located, which leads to irreversible degradation of the ecological system.
In order to preserve the natural and economic potential of the region, the federal target program “Improvement of the ecological situation on the Volga River and its tributaries, restoration and prevention of degradation of natural complexes of the Volga basin for the period up to 2010” was adopted (the “Revival of the Volga” program).
The environmental situation in the Volga River basin remains unfavorable, the goals set when the program was approved have not been achieved. By the Government Decree "On the completion of the implementation of certain subprograms included in the FTP" Ecology and Natural resources Russia (2002-2010) "implementation of the" Revival of the Volga "program was completed in 2004.
Economy and economy of the Middle Volga region
This area occupies the southern part of the Volga Federal District: the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. It is an economically developed and densely populated area. The subdistrict has a favorable geographical and transport position, a developed network of railways, public roads with hard surface and water transport.
The main industries of the Volga region are mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry), oil and oil refining industries, gas and chemical industries. The region produces synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers.
Natural resource potential. The territory of the Middle Volga region stretches along the banks of the Volga. The Volga region has significant reserves of mineral raw materials. The main minerals are oil and gas. The largest deposits are located in Tatarstan: Romayitkinskoye, Almetyevskoye, Yelabuzhskoye, Bavlinskoye. Pervomayskoye and others. There are oil resources in the Samara (Mukhanovskoye field) and Saratov regions. The main gas fields are located in the Saratov region - Kurdyumo-Elshanskoye and Stepanovskoye.
The areas of specialization of the district can be considered the fuel industry, including oil production and refining, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, glass and porcelain-faience and flour-grinding industries.
The Kashpirovskoe oil shale deposit is located near Syzran.
Population. The most densely populated areas of the Volga valley are in the Samara, Ulyanovsk regions and in Tatarstan.
The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its variegated ethnic composition. With a predominantly Russian population, a significant specific gravity the structure of the population is occupied by Tatars, Kalmyks.
The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of Tatarstan. The population of Kazan and Samara exceeds one million inhabitants.
The labor resources of the Volga region are highly qualified, which is determined by the specialization of the regions. In industrial centers, scientific research of both fundamental and applied nature is developed.
Household. The economic complex of the Middle Volga region began to take shape in the pre-revolutionary years, and this development was largely due to the Volga, on the way of which large transshipment and trade points arose.
The existing intersectoral complexes are distinguished in the structure of the economy. Among them, the leading role belongs to the machine-building complex, which employs a large share of labor resources and which ranks first in the Volga region in terms of production. Transport engineering stands out especially, and of its subsectors - the automotive industry. The large automobile complex "KamAZ" in the Nizhnekamsk region of Tatarstan includes a group of factories. Center - Naberezhnye Chelny.
The center of the automotive industry is Togliatti (Samara Region), where AvtoVAZ, which produces passenger cars, is located. Automobile plant "Auto-UAZ" is located in Ulyanovsk - manufacturer trucks small class, four-wheel drive minibuses. Car service factories are located in
Samara, Engels. The trolleybus plant is located in Engels. A complex for the production of passenger cars "Oka" has been built in Yelabuga.
Large centers of aircraft construction are Samara (the Aviakor aircraft plant, which produces Tu-154 aircraft, space rockets and spacecraft), Saratov (the production of Yak-42 aircraft).
Precision engineering centers - Kazan, Penza, Ulyanovsk. Agricultural engineering plants operate in Saratov, Syzran, Kamenka (Penza region). In terms of the variety of engineering products, the Volga region is second only to the Central Region.
A petrochemical complex was formed in the area. Oil refineries are located in the Samara and Saratov regions. Petrochemical centers - Novokuibyshevsk (Samara region) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan).
The district's electric power industry is represented by hydroelectric power plants operating in the united system: Samara, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk. There are also thermal power plants in the region: Karmanovskaya GRES, Zaikinskaya GRES, a number of large thermal power plants.
The market specialization of the Volga region is the production of building materials, especially cement. In the Volga towns and suburbs, sawmilling and woodworking industries have long been developed.
Light industry is developing in the Volga region: the largest fur factory is located in Kazan, and enterprises of the woolen industry are located in Ulyanovsk and Penza.
The agro-industrial complex is of all-Russian importance. The region has a leading position in Russia for the production of grain, including a valuable grain crop - wheat, as well as rice, melons and gourds, vegetables, mustard, meat. The Volga region is also a producer of sunflower, milk, wool. Agriculture is characterized by high efficiency, which is associated with very favorable natural conditions. The main reserve for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the deepening of its specialization, taking into account the ecological situation.
In the agro-industrial complex of the Volga region, there are branches of market specialization of the food industry - flour and cereals, butter, meat and fish.
Transport... The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, electricity, cement, tractors, cars, airplanes, machines and mechanisms, fish, grain, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network, which provides high-capacity freight traffic.
Railway transport plays the main role. The Volga region is crossed by highways: Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Syzran - Samara - Chelyabinsk; Rtishchevo - Saratov - Uralsk (connects the Volga region with Ukraine and Kazakhstan); Inza - Ulyanovsk - Melekes - Ufa; meridian road: Sviyazhsk - Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Ilovlya. Other types of transport are developed in the region: river, automobile, aviation, pipeline. Oil and gas pipelines connect the Volga region with many regions of the country and with foreign countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Regional differences. The Nizhnekamsk industrial complex is being formed on the territory of the Samara region and Tatarstan. Unlike other TPKs, it occupies a relatively small area - 5 thousand km 2. TPK is distinguished by its advantageous geographical position, the navigable Kama flows through its territory, the Aktash - Minnibaevo - Krugloye Pole railway passes through its territory, giving access to the Moscow -
Ulyanovsk - Ufa. Transport links of Nizhnekamsk TPK are complemented by oil pipelines from Almetyevsk.
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of Russia, which is confirmed by many statistical indicators (volume of industrial production, gross regional product per capita, etc.).
Machine building, light industry, food industry and agriculture are developed in the Penza and Ulyanovsk regions. Ulyanovsk is a large industrial center, the city has an automobile plant, a plant of heavy machine tools, and a developed electrical industry. Penza is the center of mechanical engineering, the factories of which produce computers, clocks, and technological equipment.
The Saratov region is sometimes referred to as the Lower Volga region, the branches of specialization are mechanical engineering, light and food industries. The largest Balakovo NPP is located in the region.
Main problems and development prospects. Environmental problems are manifested in the disturbance of land by mining, secondary soil salinization. Large environmental damage was caused by industrial emissions and transport of water and fish resources in the region.
Numerous enterprises of the oil and gas chemical complex are located on the coast of the Volga and its tributaries, which leads to irreversible degradation of the ecological system.
In order to preserve the natural and economic potential of the region, a federal target program “Improvement of the ecological situation on the Volga River and its tributaries, restoration and prevention of degradation of natural complexes of the Volga basin for the period up to 2010” (the “Revival of the Volga” program) was adopted.
Welcome!
You are on the home page Encyclopedias of Nizhny Novgorod- the central reference resource of the region, published with the support of public organizations in Nizhny Novgorod.
At the moment, the Encyclopedia is a description of regional life and the surrounding outside world from the point of view of the Nizhny Novgorod residents themselves. Here you can freely publish informational, commercial and personal materials, create convenient links of the form and contribute your opinion to most of the existing texts. The editorial staff of the Encyclopedia pays special attention to authoritative sources - reports of influential, informed and successful people from Nizhny Novgorod.
We invite you to enter more Nizhny Novgorod information into the Encyclopedia, become an expert, and, possibly, one of the administrators.
Principles of the Encyclopedia:
2. Unlike Wikipedia, in the Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia there can be information and an article about any, even the smallest Nizhny Novgorod phenomenon. In addition, pseudoscience, neutrality and the like are not required.
3. Simplicity of presentation and natural human language are the basis of our style and are encouraged in every possible way when helping to convey the truth. The articles of the encyclopedia are intended to be understandable and to be of practical use.
4. Different and mutually exclusive points of view are allowed. You can create different articles about the same phenomenon. For example - the state of affairs on paper, in reality, in the popular presentation, from the point of view of a certain group of people.
5. The reasoned vernacular always takes precedence over the administrative and clerical style.
Read the basics
We invite you to write articles about the Nizhny Novgorod phenomena in which you, in your opinion, understand.
Project status
The Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia is a completely independent project. ENN is funded and supported exclusively by individuals and is developed by activists, on a non-profit basis.
Official contacts
Non-profit organization " Open Nizhny Novgorod Encyclopedia» (self-proclaimed organization)
This term has other meanings, see Volga region (meanings).
Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga river, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga(cm.
Volga Federal District). The Volga region is often understood as a more or less definite strip along its own course of the Volga, without large tributaries (for example, the inhabitants of the Kama region never considered themselves to be Volzhans). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the above view. Within the Volga region (Volga region), a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and the left bank - Zavolzhye are distinguished. In the natural relation to the Volga (Volga) regions, the regions located in the upper reaches of the Volga are sometimes also referred to.
Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Russia.
Regions
In the TSB, the Volga economic region is allocated during the economic zoning of the European part of the USSR, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk ASSR; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar ASSR are usually attributed to the Middle Volga region, the rest of the regions and the Kalmyk ASSR - to the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:
Povolzhsky ethno-burial: Volzhans.
There is also a division of the Volga river basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.
Nature
The relief is flat, lowlands and hilly plains prevail. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July + 22 ° - + 25 ° С; winters are rather cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10 ° - −15 ° С. Average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially.)
Volga Federal District
It includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan), the South Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30 241 583 (21.4% of the RF); the basis is made up of the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region> 80%, RF (about 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the district is stretched from the south-west to the north-east for 1000 km and is located in different natural areas: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions... Population - 7.5 million people. (2010).
Volga economic region
Located on the lower Volga. The area of the Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volgo-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River. The center of the Volga economic region is located in Samara.
Association of Volga Cities
On October 27, 1998, in the city of Samara, the first General Meeting of the heads of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary was held, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of the Volga Region cities. This event gave a start in life to a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of the Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov.At present, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of which are:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
Notes (edit)
Lower Volga region
The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.
The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main branches of specialization are the oil-extracting and oil-refining industry, the gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main area for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important areas for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, vegetable and melon crops, a major supplier of wool, meat, fish.
Natural resource potential
The natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga valley, which turns into the Caspian lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation of a large industry in the Volga basin that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture, which uses large amounts of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed away into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power plants has a negative impact on the river and creates an ecological disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia.
On the territory of the region there are oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas-industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland in the lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; these lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, magnesium salts.
Population and workforce
The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its variegated ethnic composition. A significant share in the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia is occupied by Kalmyks - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is typical for Kalmykia, here is the smallest proportion of people living in cities.
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy
Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.
Refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.
The power industry of the region is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power plant and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed machine-building complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant and OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.
The vast resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which provides 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemicals.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fisheries concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar-balych association, a number of large fish processing plants, a marine base, a fishing fleet ("Kasprybholodflot"), leading expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon fish and a net knitting factory.
In agricultural production, the branches of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable and melon crops, sunflowers, and sheep breeding.
Transport and economic links
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetables and melons, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity freight traffic.
River, rail and pipeline transport is well developed in the region.
Regional differences
Lower Volga region includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, regions and Kalmykia. The lower Volga region is a subdistrict of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is the most important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle breeding and sheep breeding, as well as the production of rice, vegetable and melon crops and fisheries.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where the largest share in the diversified complex belongs to mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries.
Main problems and development prospects
The degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant pasture cattle breeding, is one of the main environmental problems in the region. Environmental damage was caused by industrial emissions and transport of water and fish resources in the region. The solution to the problem is carried out with the help of the targeted federal program "Caspian", the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.
One of the main tasks is to align the levels of social economic development the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which has been provided with a number of tax and financing benefits. The development prospects of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular, on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.
On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the federal target program "South of Russia" has been implemented, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas of economic activity of the region: transport, agro-industrial, tourist and recreational and sanatorium complexes; infrastructure, social development.
Geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as in the Republic of Kalmykia, is carried out by OOO LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz. Prospects for economic development include prospecting and exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
5.4. Volga Federal District
Administrative-territorial composition:
Republics - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvash.
Perm Territory. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions.
Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. Population - 30.2 million people.
Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod
The Volga Federal District is located on the territory belonging to three economic regions. The district unites the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region and part of the Ural economic region (Fig.
What cities are included in the Volga region?
Fig. 5.5. Administrative-territorial composition
The main integration factor uniting all regions of the Volga region is the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the area, its development, the development of the economy was directly related to the use of this waterway(which already in Soviet times, along with the previous access to the Caspian Sea, received access to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White seas).
The Volga Federal District is distinguished in the country by the production of products of the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (including the automotive industry), the electric power industry and other industries.
About 23% of the manufacturing industries of the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (tab.
Table 5.7
Share of economic indicators
Volga Federal District in the all-Russian
| Economic indicators | Specific gravity,% |
| Gross regional product | 15,8 |
| Fixed assets in the economy | 17,1 |
| Mining | 16,6 |
| Manufacturing industries | 22,8 |
| Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 19,7 |
| Products and services Agriculture | 25,5 |
| Building | 15,8 |
| Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings | 20,2 |
| Retail turnover | 17,9 |
| Receipt of tax payments and fees to the budgetary system of Russia | 14,7 |
| Fixed capital investments | 16,2 |
| Export | 11.9 |
| Import | 5,5 |
The specialization of industrial production is determined based on the localization factor in Table 5.8.
The Volga Federal District specializes in manufacturing, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production of vehicles and equipment.
Table 5.8
Industrial production specialization
Volga Federal District
| Views economic activity | Share of the type of economic activity in industrial production,% | Localization factor | |
| countries | constituencies | ||
| Section C Mining | 21,8 | 17,1 | 0,784 |
| Subsection CA Extraction of fuel and energy minerals | 19,3 | 16,2 | 0,839 |
| Subsection CB Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy | 2,5 | 0,9 | 0,360 |
| Section D Manufacturing | 67,8 | 73,2 | 1,080 |
| Subsection DA Production food products including drinks and tobacco | 10,4 | 7,6 | 0,731 |
| Subsection DB Textile and clothing production | 0,7 | 0,6 | 0,857 |
| Subdivision DC Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear | 0,1 | 0,1 | 1,000 |
| Subsection DD Woodworking and woodworking | 1,1 | 0,7 | 0,636 |
| Subsection DE Pulp and paper industry; publishing and printing activities | 2,4 | 1,5 | 0,625 |
| Subsection DG Chemical production | 4,6 | 8,9 | 1,935 |
| Subsection DH Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | 1,7 | 2,7 | 1,588 |
| Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 4,1 | 3,3 | 0,805 |
| Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products | 14,3 | 8,2 | 0,573 |
| Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment | 4,0 | 4,1 | 1,025 |
| Subdivision DM Manufacture of vehicles and equipment | 6,2 | 14,3 | 2,306 |
| Subsection DN Other production | 1,8 | 1,8 | 1,000 |
| Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 10,4 | 9,7 | 0,933 |
| Total | — |
According to the peculiarities of the distribution of productive forces, the district is divided into three component parts: the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region, and the regions of the Urals.
In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Permyatsky autonomous region and the Perm region into the new subject of the Federation of the Perm Territory.
The Perm Territory received its official status in 2005 after the election of legislative and executive bodies of power and the consolidation of budgets. In the periodicals, this process was repeatedly called the beginning of the all-Russian process of unification and consolidation of the subjects of the federation.
Previous3456789101112131415161718Next
SEE MORE:
Introduction 1
Composition of the Volga region 2
EGP region 2
Natural conditions 3
Population 3
Farm 5
Ecological problems of the region and ways to solve them 16
Big Volga problem 17
District development prospects 19
Appendix 21
Literature 22
INTRODUCTION
Russia is the largest region in all of Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, therefore regional analysis its economic regions has a special meaning. Moreover, Russia differs in a number of features even in comparison with the republics of the near abroad.
The country has enormous resources and a large domestic market. The development of the territory took place asymmetrically, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are represented, there are great contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels.
Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in their specialization of the economy in the territorial division of labor. The economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence of various combinations of natural, economic and social conditions.
All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place in the interdistrict division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked with the tasks of the economically justified location of industrial and agricultural production sectors throughout the country.
COMPOSITION OF THE POVOLZH DISTRICT
It is very difficult to accurately delineate the territories belonging to the Volga region. The Volga region can only be called the territories adjacent directly to the Volga. But most often the Volga region is understood as the regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower reaches: the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. The total area is about 536 thousand km².
The EGP of this area is extremely beneficial. In the west, the Volga region borders on the highly developed Volgo-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasian economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (rail and road) contributes to the establishment of wide inter-regional industrial ties in the Volga region. The Volga region is more open to the west and east, i.e. towards the main direction of the country's economic ties, therefore, the overwhelming part of cargo transportation goes through this territory.
The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas fields, the use of pipelines passing through this region (and starting in it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline) also confirms the profitability of the region's EGP.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for the residence of the population and housekeeping. The region is rich in land (arable land is about 1/5 of Russian) and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are destructive for crops.
The area is rich in minerals. Here oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, raw materials for the production of building materials are mined. Until the discovery of oil fields in Siberia, the Volga region held the first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Although the region currently ranks second in the production of this type of raw material after the West Siberian one, the oil reserves in the Volga region are severely depleted. Therefore, its share in oil production in Russia is only 11% and is constantly decreasing. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas - in the Saratov and Volgograd regions. Development prospects gas industry associated with the large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world reserves).
POPULATION
Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and developed regions of Russia. The population is 16.9 million people, i.e. the district has significant labor resources. The Volga population is growing quite rapidly, but mainly not due to high natural increase (1.2 people), but due to significant migration of the population. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km², but it is distributed unevenly. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km², and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km²).
Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians are sharply dominated in the structure of the population (70%).
The share of Tatars (16%), Chuvashes and Mari is also significant.
Middle Volga region
The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (among them Russians are about 40%), about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians is more than 30%).
Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural area. Only 14% of the population lived in cities. Now it is one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and urban-type settlements. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals national republics and large industrial cities. There are 90 cities in the Volga region, among them there are three millionaire cities - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. At the same time, almost all large cities (with the exception of Penza) are located on the Volga banks. The largest city in the Volga region - Samara - is located in Samarskaya Luka. Together with the nearby towns and villages, it forms a large industrial hub.
FARM
The most important condition for the sustainable and comprehensive development of the Volga region is the significant economic, scientific and technical potential created recently.
In terms of the total gross industrial and agricultural production in 1995, the region ranked fourth in Russia (after the Central, Ural and West Siberian). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross industrial and agricultural output of Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain its leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and will restore its lost positions, taking its former stable position after the Central and Ural regions.
At the present stage of economic development, the national economic complex of the Volga region has complex structure... Despite the fact that industry prevails in it, agriculture is also one of the main branches of the regional economy. In the aggregate gross product, industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22%, and other sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.
The material basis for their development is primarily mineral and raw materials and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, fish resources of the Caspian and Volga. At the same time, the region's raw materials balance includes imported metals and materials from the timber and woodworking industries.
A characteristic feature of the industrial production of the region is a close connection, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemistry.
The basis territorial organization The Volga region comprises a number of intersectoral complexes - fuel and energy, machine-building, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.
The main industries of specialization of the region's industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power industry, food industry, as well as industries of building materials (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of industry in the republics and regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and average regional.
Machine-building complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the entire industrial production of the region. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. Mechanical engineering works primarily on rolled metal products from the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by its own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites various machine-building industries. The Volga machine building produces a wide range of machines and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.
A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of airplanes and helicopters, trucks and cars, trolley buses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).
But the automotive industry stands out especially in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the "automobile workshop" of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, it is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex makes it possible to organize wide cooperation ties.
In the Volga region, 71% of Russian cars and 17% of trucks are manufactured. Among the engineering centers, the largest are:
Samara (machine-tool industry, bearing production, aircraft construction, production of automotive and tractor equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.);
Saratov (machine tools, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);
Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);
Togliatti (a complex of VAZ enterprises - the leading one in the country's automotive industry).
The important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation).
The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.
LITERATURE
"Geography. Population and Economy of Russia ", V.Ya. Rum, V.P. Dronov. Bustard, 1998
"Preparing for the exam in geography", I.I. Barinov, V. Ya. Rum, V.P. Dronov. Iris, 1998
"Economic Geography of Russia", I.A.
Rodionova. "Moscow Lyceum", 1998
"Economic Geography of Russia", uch. ed. IN AND. Vidyapina. Infra-M, 1999
