How the natural resources of the Pacific are used. Pacific Ocean. The organic world, natural resources, environmental problems. Mining and fishing areas
Date: 01.04.2017
The Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the richness of the organic world due to its location in almost all geographic zones. Only the fauna of the ocean has about 110 thousand species , 4 times more than in other oceans. In phytoplankton, almost 380 kinds... The number of species and biomass of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean is 50% of the world indicators.
V shelf zone a variety of crustaceans, echinoderms, molluscs, fucus, kelp algae.
The organic world of different latitudes of the ocean is different.
So, for tropical latitudes Significant development of coral reefs is characteristic, the fish fauna is represented by 2000 species.
V temperate latitudes there are almost 800 species of fish, in the north there are many mammals (sperm whale, several species of minke whales, fur seals), as well as shrimps, cephalopods, crabs, etc. The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is rich in endemics and giants.
Among endemic mammals seals, sea otters, sea lions.
Among giants - mussels, clams and oysters that live in the north of the ocean.
Energy and recreational resources.
Active Human use of the natural resources of the Pacific Ocean is the cause of many environmental problems:
Water pollution with oil products;
Water pollution with synthetic solutions, household waste;
Destruction of certain species of plants and animals;
Water pollution with radioactive waste;
Water pollution by industrial and agricultural waste
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Climate and properties water masses Atlantic Ocean... Research history
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The largest of the Earth's oceans. It is the deepest and warmest ocean in the surface layer. The highest wind waves and the most destructive tropical hurricanes are formed here. It ranks first in the number of islands and is distinguished by a variety of natural conditions.
The Pacific Ocean covers more than 30% of the Earth's surface with its waters and surpasses all continents in area. It stretches for 16,000 km from north to south, and more than 19,000 km from west to east. The Pacific Ocean washes the shores of all continents, except. The outskirts of the continents surrounding the ocean are distinguished by their presence, volcanism and strong (Pacific Ring of Fire).
They stretch for 11,700 km. Unlike other oceans, they do not occupy a middle position, but are strongly shifted to the southeast, where the boundaries of the lithospheric ones pass.
The Pacific Ocean floor is characterized by free-standing volcanic uplifts and whole chains of seamounts. The tops of many underwater ridges and uplifts form islands, of which there are more than 10 thousand in the ocean, their total area is 36 million km2.
The largest of the islands are Hawaiian. At the bottom there are many volcanic mountains called guyots. They have flat peaks crowned with coral structures. Guyots, due to the subsidence of the earth's crust, are submerged to a depth of 2-2.5 km, and around some small coral islands - atolls - are formed. Numerous islands in the central part of the ocean are united under the general name Oceania.
Diverse and varies from to in the north and south. The widest part of the ocean is located in hot zones. Therefore, the average water temperature in the surface layer is 2 ° C higher than in and. The average salinity of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean - 34.5% o - is lower than in other oceans, since more fresh water than evaporates.
In the Pacific Ocean, as in the Atlantic Ocean, there are two gyres of currents - in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Pacific Ocean is the richest in the number of species of living organisms and their total mass. In general, the Pacific Ocean is home to 100 thousand species of animals, which is 3-4 times more than in other oceans. The most abundant life is in the shelf zone. With distance from the coasts and with increasing depth, it becomes poorer. The richest is the organic world of the inter-island Bolshoi seas, where there are more than 800 species of coastal algae and 50 thousand species of animals. Corals are widespread in the shallow waters of this area, as well as to the northeast of the area.
Coastal areas are rich in fish, especially where warm and cold currents interact or cold deep waters rise to the surface. There are many mammals in the ocean (sperm whales, striped whales, seals, sea lions, sea otters, walruses) and invertebrates (crabs, shrimps, oysters, scallops, molluscs).
Natural wealth and economic development
Almost half of the world's fish are caught in the Pacific Ocean. One of the most fish-producing areas is the coast of Peru and Northern Chile. The main commercial fish here is anchovy, the abundance of which provides cold and rise to the surface of cold deep waters.
Fields are being developed in the coastal areas, among the countries - leaders in subsea oil production -
The world's oceans are a huge amount of water and the earth's crust beneath it; its area is much larger than the land area. Such a territory has a huge reserve of resources that are actively used by humans. What resources is the ocean rich in and how do they help people?
Aquatic
The volume of the World Ocean is 1370 million square meters. km. This is 96% of the entire hydrosphere of the Earth. Despite the fact that sea water is not suitable for drinking, it is used in production and on the farm. In addition, desalination plants have been developed that can turn sea water into drinking water. In the Arctic Ocean, except sea water, there is a huge supply of fresh water in the form of glaciers.
Rice. 1. The most important resource of the World Ocean is water
Mineral
The ocean water itself and the earth's crust beneath it are rich in all kinds of minerals. The following species are found in the water:
- magnesium;
- potassium;
- bromine;
In total, ocean water contains about 75 chemical elements... Oil and natural gas are extracted from the shelf. In total, 30 oil and gas production basins have been developed in the World Ocean. The largest deposits are located in the Persian Gulf of the Indian Ocean. Iron and manganese ores have been found in deep-water areas. Most of them are mined now in the Pacific Ocean. Rock ore is mined in Japan and Great Britain, and sulfur is mined in the USA. Placers of gold and diamonds are located off the coast of Africa, amber is mined on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Rice. 2. There are amber deposits off the coast of the Baltic Sea
In the waters of the oceans there is a huge amount of uranium and deuterium. There is an active development of ways to extract these elements from water, as uranium reserves on land are disappearing.
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Mineral resources are non-renewable. The constant development of deposits and the search for new ones leads to significant ecological disturbances in the system of the World Ocean.
Energy
The ability of water to ebb and flow provides energy resources. Thermal and mechanical energy is generated with the help of water energy. The following countries have the greatest potential:
- Australia;
- Canada;
- England;
- France;
- Argentina;
- Russia.
The height of the tides here can reach 15 meters, which means that the power of water energy is much greater.
Rice. 3. Thanks to tidal energy, hydroelectric power plants operate
Biological
The biological resources of the World Ocean include plants and animals that live in its waters. They are quite diverse - about 140 thousand species of biological objects are found here. The biomass of the World Ocean is 35 billion tons.
The most common type of fishing is fishing. With the help of fish and seafood, mankind provides itself with protein, fatty acids, microelements. Microscopic organisms are used to make animal feed. Algae are used in various types of production - chemical, food, pharmaceutical.
The largest catch of fish is observed in the shelf zone of the oceans. The richest in this regard is the Pacific Ocean, as the largest and most climatically favorable. In second place is the Atlantic Ocean. The natural resources of the Pacific Ocean are the most subject to destruction. There are many communication routes, as a result of which the ocean waters are heavily polluted.
Today, there are plantations in the seas on which some organisms are hatched. Pearl oysters are bred in Japan, in European countries- mussels. This kind of fishing is called mariculture.
Recreational
The resources of the World Ocean are also recreational. These include those parts of the ocean that are used for recreation, entertainment, scientific excursions. It is impossible to assess all the recreational opportunities of the World Ocean in full. For recreation, they use almost all the coasts of the ocean, with the exception of the Arctic.
What have we learned?
The oceans are a collection of various resources. This is a huge supply of water, minerals and minerals. Tidal energy is used to run power plants. In addition to practical use ocean, there is also an opportunity for recreation and entertainment - recreational resources. In short, the World Ocean is the future of humanity.
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The Pacific Basin is one of the richest oil zones in the world, with vast fields located off the coast of Alaska, California and China. The Pacific Ocean is also an important source of geothermal energy, which is especially important for the New Zealand economy. Wind power has also proven to be suitable for storing electricity in many of the Pacific islands. Fishing in the Pacific is one of the most developed industries due to the fact that this ocean contains the richest flora and fauna in the world, especially fueled by the cold streams of water along the coast South America... Birds that hunt fish produce one of the region's most important resources - their excrement accumulates year after year to create guano, one of the richest fertilizers in the world. The island of Nauru had huge reserves of phosphate created over thousands of years by seabirds, making it the smallest and probably richest state in the world with the highest per capita income for a short period of time. The Pacific has long been one of the world's top pearl sources. Although natural pearls are still harvested by divers, most Pacific pearls are now cultured in specially processed oysters.
133. Physical and geographical regionalization of the Pacific Ocean. Usually the Pacific Ocean is divided into two regions - North and South, bordering on the equator. Some specialists prefer to draw the boundary along the equatorial countercurrent axis, i.e. approximately 5 ° N latitude. Previously, the Pacific Ocean was often subdivided into three parts: northern, central and southern, the boundaries between which were the Northern and Southern tropics. Separate areas of the ocean located between islands or land protrusions have their own names. The largest areas of the Pacific Basin include the Bering Sea in the north; the Gulf of Alaska in the northeast; the bays of California and Tehuantepec in the east, off the coast of Mexico; Fonseca Bay off the coast of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and slightly to the south - the Gulf of Panama. There are only a few small bays off the west coast of South America, such as Guayaquil off the coast of Ecuador. southwestern parts In the Pacific Ocean, numerous large islands separate from the main water area by many inter-island seas, such as the Tasman Sea southeast of Australia and the Coral Sea off its northeastern coast; The Arafura Sea and Carpentaria Bay north of Australia; the Banda Sea to the north of Timor Island; the Flores Sea to the north of the island of the same name; The Java Sea to the north of Java; The Gulf of Thailand between the peninsulas of Malacca and Indochina; Bakbo Bay (Tonkin) off the coast of Vietnam and China; Makassar Strait between the islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi; the Molucca and Sulawesi seas, respectively, to the east and north of the Sulawesi island; finally, the Philippine Sea to the east of the Philippine Islands. A special area in the southwest of the northern half of the Pacific Ocean is the Sulu Sea within the southwestern part of the Philippine archipelago, where there are also many small bays, bays and semi-enclosed seas (for example, seas Sibuyan, Mindanao, Visayan, Manila Bay, Lamon and Leyte Bays). The East China and Yellow Seas are located off the eastern coast of China; the latter forms two bays in the north: Bohaiwan and West Korean. The Japanese Islands are separated from the Korea Peninsula by the Korea Strait. In the same northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, several more seas are distinguished: the Inland Sea of Japan among the southern Japanese islands; The Sea of Japan to the west of them; to the north - the Sea of Okhotsk, connected with the Sea of Japan by the Tatar Strait. Farther north, immediately south of the Chukotka Peninsula, is the Gulf of Anadyr. The greatest difficulties are caused by the boundary between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Malay Archipelago. None of the proposed boundaries could satisfy botanists, zoologists, geologists and oceanologists at the same time. Some scholars consider the so-called. the Wallace Line through the Makassar Strait. Others propose to draw the border through the Gulf of Thailand, the southern part of the South China Sea and the Java Sea.
134. Geographical location, size, boundaries, configuration of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is located around the North Pole and is bounded by the shores of Eurasia and North America. Its area is 14.75 million km 2, the average depth is 1225 m, the maximum depth is 5527 m, the volume of water is 18.07 million km 3 (according to some sources - 16.7 million km 3). The Arctic Ocean differs from other oceans in a number of specific properties: geographic location in the circumpolar region; negative radiation balance in the winter half of the year; the total annual heat flux with a negative sign, as a result of which the temperature at the surface is lower than at depth; the presence of ice cover; a small annual amount of precipitation over the ocean, which, however, exceeds evaporation; the presence of a significant shelf area, climatic unity, etc. A specific feature of the Arctic Ocean is its great isolation. For a considerable extent, it is surrounded by land and has a limited connection with the World Ocean. Only in the west does the Arctic Ocean join the Atlantic. But even between them at the bottom there are uplifts - rapids that impede deep water exchange between the oceans. In the east, the narrow (82 km) and shallow (40-50 m depth) Bering Strait makes water exchange with the Pacific Ocean even more difficult. According to the most common point of view, the Arctic Ocean can be divided along the Lomonosov Ridge into two parts - the Eurasian (eastern sector) and Amerasian (western sector). The ocean has 10 seas, most of which are located in the eastern sector - off the coast of Eurasia. There are many large islands and archipelagos in the ocean area: Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Novosibirsk, Franz Josef Land, etc.
Mineral resources of the Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific Ocean floor hides rich deposits of various minerals. On the shelves of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil Gulf
), Australia (Bass Strait) and New Zealand produce oil and gas. According to existing estimates, the subsoil of the Pacific Ocean contains up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the World Ocean. The largest producer of tin concentrates in the world is Malaysia, and Australia is the largest producer of zircon, ilmenite and others. The ocean is rich in iron-manganese nodules, with total reserves on the surface up to 7‣‣‣1012 tons. The most extensive reserves are observed in the northern deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the South and Peruvian basins. In terms of the main ore elements, ocean nodules contain 7.1‣‣‣1010 tons of manganese, 2.3‣‣‣109 tons of nickel, 1.5‣‣‣109 tons of copper, 1‣‣‣109 tons of cobalt. found rich deep-sea gas hydrate deposits: in the Oregon Basin, Kuril ridge and the Sakhalin shelf in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Nankai trench in the Sea of Japan and around the coast of Japan, in the Peruvian depression. In 2013, Japan intends to begin pilot drilling to extract natural gas from methane hydrate fields at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Tokyo.
Red clays are widespread in the Pacific Ocean, especially in the northern hemisphere. This is due to the great depth of the ocean basins. In the Pacific Ocean, there are two belts (southern and northern) of siliceous diatomaceous oozes, as well as a well-defined equatorial belt of siliceous radiolarian deposits. Vast areas of the bottom of the southwest of the ocean are occupied by coral-algal biogenic deposits. Foraminiferal silts are widespread to the south of the equator. There are several fields of pteropod deposits in the Coral Sea
In the northern deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the South and Peruvian basins, extensive fields of ferromanganese nodules are observed.
Many peoples inhabiting the Pacific shores and islands, for a long time, sailed on the ocean, mastered its riches. The beginning of the penetration of Europeans into the Pacific Ocean coincided with the era of the great geographical discoveries. F. Magellan's ships crossed the vast expanse of water from east to west in a few months of sailing. All this time, the sea was surprisingly calm, which gave Magellan the reason to call it the Pacific Ocean. Much information about the nature of the ocean was obtained during the voyages of J. Cook. Russian expeditions led by I.F.Kruzenshtern, M.P. Lazarev, V.M. In the same XIX century. complex research was carried out by S.O. Makarov on the ship "Vityaz". Regular scientific flights since 1949 ᴦ. made by Soviet expeditionary ships. A special international organization is engaged in the study of the Pacific Ocean.
In the waters of the Pacific Ocean, more than half of the living matter of the entire World Ocean Earth. This applies to both plants and animals. The organic world as a whole is distinguished by species richness, antiquity and a high degree of endemism.
The fauna, numbering in total up to 100 thousand species, is characterized by mammals, living mainly in temperate and high latitudes. The representative of toothed whales, the sperm whale, is widespread, and several species of striped whales are among the toothless whales. Their fishing is strictly limited. Separate genera of the family of eared seals (sea lions) and fur seals are found in the south and north of the ocean. Northern seals are valuable fur-bearing animals, the fishing of which is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sea lions (from eared seals) and a walrus, which has a circumpolar range, but is now on the verge of extinction.
Very rich fauna fish... In tropical waters, there are at least 2000 species, in the northwestern seas - about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's fish catch. The main fishing areas are the northern and central parts of the ocean. The main commercial families are salmon, herring, cod, anchovies, etc.
The predominant mass of living organisms inhabiting the Pacific Ocean (as well as other parts of the World Ocean) falls on invertebrates that live at different levels of ocean waters and at the bottom of shallow waters: these are protozoa, coelenterates, arthropods (crabs, shrimps), molluscs (oysters, squids, octopuses), echinoderms, etc.
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Οʜᴎ serve as food for mammals, fish, seabirds, but also constitute an essential component of marine fisheries and are objects of aquaculture.
Pacific Ocean thanks to high temperatures its surface waters in tropical latitudes are especially rich different kinds coral, incl. with a calcareous skeleton. None of the oceans has such an abundance and variety of coral structures. different types, as in the Quiet.
The basis plankton are unicellular representatives of the animal and plant world. The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean contains almost 380 species.
The greatest richness of the organic world is typical for areas where the so-called upwelling(the rise to the surface of deep waters rich in minerals) or mixing of waters with different temperatures occurs, which creates favorable conditions for the nutrition and development of phyto- and zooplankton, which feed on fish and other animals of the nekton. In the Pacific Ocean, upwelling areas are concentrated off the coast of Peru and in divergence zones in subtropical latitudes, where there are areas of intensive fishing and other industries.
Amundsen Sea is located off the coast of Antarctica.
Banda, an inter-island Pacific sea in Indonesia.
Bellingshausen sea is located off the coast of Antarctica
The Bering Sea is the largest and deepest among the seas of Russia
The Inland Sea of Japan (Seto-Naikai) is located inside the straits between the islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Japan).
The East China Sea (Donghai) is a semi-enclosed Pacific Ocean, between the coast of East Asia (China) and the Ryukyu and Kyushu Islands (Japan).
The Yellow Sea is bounded from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea by a conditional border, which runs from the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula to Jezhudo Island and further to the coast slightly north of the mouth of the Yangtze River.
Coral Sea, a semi-enclosed Pacific Ocean off the coast of Australia.
Mindanao, an inter-island sea in the southern Philippine archipelago.
The Moluccan Sea is an inter-island sea of the Pacific Ocean, in the Malay Archipelago, between the islands of Mindanao, Sulawesi, Sula, Moluccas and Talaud. Area 274 thousand sq. km, maximum depth 4970 m.
The New Guinea Sea lies northeast of New Guinea Island.
The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the largest and deepest seas in Russia.
The Ross Sea is located off the coast of Antarctica.
Seram is an inter-island sea in the Malay Archipelago.
The Solomon Sea is bounded by the New Guinea Islands.
Sulawesi (Celebes Sea) is located between the islands of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Mindanao, Sangihe and the Sulu archipelago.
The Tasman Sea is located between Australia and the island of Tasmania.
Fiji is located between the islands of Fiji, New Caledonia, Norfolk, Kermadec and New Zealand.
The Philippine Sea is located between the islands of Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines in the west, the underwater ridges and the Izu Islands
FLORES is located between Sulawesi in the north, Sumba and Flores in the south.
South China Sea, in the west of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Southeast Asia, between the Indochina Peninsula.
JAWAN SEA, in the western Pacific Ocean, between the islands of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan.
The Sea of Japan lies between the continent of Eurasia and the Korea Peninsula, the Sakhalin and Japanese islands, separating it from other Pacific seas and the ocean itself.
Biological resources of the Pacific. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Biological resources of the Pacific." 2017, 2018.
