Who wrote about Vinopuha. Everything, everything, everything about Winnie the Pooh. History of a fairy tale. Stolen good name and empty fame
Although the versions differ from each other, they are united by one thing - the friendship of the boy and the bear. This was the reason for writing a fairy tale.
Anyone who has ever read a book about Vinnie or watched a cartoon knows that the bear does not like honey. In fact, this is not true. Real Winnipeg didn't like honey, but just loved condensed milk. Growing up, Christopher told how he constantly treated her with condensed milk.
No one knows why the author added Pooh to the name of Winnie. Opinions vary. Some say that the bear got this nickname thanks to a swan named Pooh, who lived with Milnov's friends. Others were convinced that it was all thanks to the pen that the author wrote. The company that released the pen which the author wrote the work was called Swan Pen, which in translation sounds like "Swan Pen".
Forest life
Milne have not lived in London all their lives. In 1925, the whole family successfully moved to an estate near the town of Hartfield. The estate was located near Ashdown Forest, which became a favorite vacation spot for the whole family.
The emergence of Winnie the Pooh
Differing from other stories, shrouded in mysteries and myths, the story of the emergence of Winnie the Pooh himself is simple and understandable. Christopher Robin had a toy teddy bear, which was nicknamed Winnie the Pooh. The child also had other toys that later became prototypes for the characters. Among them were: a piglet, whose tail was really torn off, a tiger cub and a kangaroo with a kangaroo. Milne had already invented the owl and the rabbit himself.
Conclusion
Although the story of Winnie the Pooh himself sometimes seems a little gloomy, the fairy tale itself has been loved by many generations. The story of friendship between a little boy and a bear cub with sawdust in their heads stuck in the hearts of millions of children around the world, and, perhaps, also survives us.
When Christopher Robin was 4 years old, he and his father first came to the zoo, where the boy met a bear. After this event, the teddy bear given to Christopher for his first birthday was also named Vinnie. In the future, the bear was Christopher's constant companion: "every child has a favorite toy, and especially a child who grows up alone in the family needs it."
The Winnie the Pooh books were created by Milne from oral stories and games with Christopher Robin; oral origin is characteristic of many other famous literary tales. “Actually, I didn't invent anything, I just had to write it down,” Milne later said.
Name
Character
Winnie the Pooh, aka D.P. (Piglet's Friend), P.K. (Rabbit's Friend), O.P. (Pole Discoverer), W.I.-I. (Comforter Eeyore) and N.H. (Tailfinder) - naive, good-natured and modest Bear with Very Little Brains; in the translation of Zakhoder Vinnie repeatedly says that there is sawdust in his head, although in the original (the word pulp) this is mentioned only once. Pooh's favorite things are poetry writing and honey. Pooh is "frightened by long words", he is forgetful, but often brilliant ideas come to his head. The character of Pooh, suffering from "lack of reason", but at the same time "the great naive sage", some researchers attribute to the archetypes of world literature. So, Boris Zakhoder compares him with the images of Don Quixote and Schweik. Liliana Lungina thinks Pooh resembles Dickensian Mr. Pickwick. His traits are love for food, interest in the weather, umbrella, "unselfish wanderlust." She sees in him "a child who knows nothing, but wants to know everything." In English literature, the Scarecrow Wise from the story "The Wizard of Oz" by Lyman Baum is also close to him.
In Pooh, several images are combined at once - a teddy bear, a lively bear cub and the formidable Bear, which he wants to seem. Pooh's character is independent and at the same time depends on the character of Christopher Robin. Pooh is what the little owner wants to see him.
Pooh is central to all twenty stories. In a number of initial stories (the story with the burrow, the search for Buka, the capture of the Heffalump), Pooh falls into one or another "Desperate situation" and often gets out of it only with the help of Christopher Robin. In the future, comic features in the image of Pooh recede into the background before the "heroic" ones. Very often, a plot twist in a story is one or another unexpected decision of Pooh. The culmination of the image of Pooh the hero falls on chapter 9 of the first book, when Pooh, proposing to use Christopher Robin's umbrella as a vehicle ("We will float on your umbrella"), saves Piglet from the inevitable death; the entire tenth chapter is devoted to the great feast in honor of Pooh. In the second book, the compositional feat of Pooh corresponds to the Great Feat of Piglet, who rescues the heroes trapped in a collapsed tree where the Owl lived.
In addition, Pooh is the creator, the main poet of the Wonderful Forest. He constantly composes poetry from the noise in his head. About his inspiration, he says: "After all, Poetry, Chants are not things that you find when you want, they are things that find you." Thanks to the image of Pooh, another character, Poetry, enters the fairy tale, and the text takes on a new dimension.
Cycle "Winnie the Pooh"
In total, Alan Milne wrote two prose books with the participation of the bear: "Winnie-the-Pooh" (1926) and "The House at Pooh Corner" (1928) ("The House at Pooh Corner"). Both books were dedicated to "Her". The collections of poems "When We Were Very Young" (1924) and "Now We Are Six" (1927) also contain several poems about a teddy bear, although the first of they are not yet called by name. In the preface to the first book of prose, Milne calls the collection "another book about Christopher Robin."
Among Christopher Robin's toys were also Piglet, which the neighbors gave the boy, Eeyore donkey, donated by his parents, Kanga with Little Roo in a bag, and Tigger, also presented to his son by his parents, especially for the development of bedtime stories. In stories, these characters appear in that order. Owl and Rabbit Milne invented himself; in the first illustrations by Ernest Shepard, they do not look like toys, but like real animals. Rabbit says to Owl: “Only you and I have brains. The rest have sawdust. " During the game, all these characters received individual habits, habits and manner of speaking. Milne's creation of the animal world was influenced by Kenneth Graham's novel The Wind in the Willows, which he admired and previously illustrated by Shepard, and possibly a latent controversy with Kipling's The Jungle Book.
Prose books constitute a dilogy, but each of these Milne's books contains 10 stories with their own plots, which exist almost independently of each other:
- First book - Winnie-the-pooh:
- We Are Introduced to Winnie-the-Pooh and Some Bees and the Stories Begin(... in which we meet Winnie the Pooh and several bees).
- Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets Into a Tight Place(... in which Winnie the Pooh went to visit, and got into a desperate situation).
- Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle(... in which Pooh and Piglet went hunting and almost caught Buka).
- Eeyore Loses A Tail and Pooh Finds One(... in which Eeyore loses its tail, and Pooh finds).
- Piglet meets a heffalump(... in which Piglet meets the Heffalump).
- Eeyore Has A Birthday And Gets Two Presents(... in which Eeyore had a birthday, and Piglet almost flew to the moon).
- Kanga And Baby Roo Come To The Forest And Piglet Has A Bath(... in which Kanga and Little Roo appear in the forest, and Piglet takes a bath).
- Christopher Robin Leads An Expotition To The North Pole(... in which Christopher Robin organizes an "expedition" to the North Pole).
- Piglet Is Entirely Surrounded By Water(... in which Piglet is completely surrounded by water).
- Christopher Robin Gives Pooh A Party and We Say Goodbye(... in which Christopher Robin arranges a solemn Pyrgora and we say Goodbye to All, All, All).
- Second book - The House at Pooh Corner:
- A House Is Built At Pooh Corner For Eeyore(... in which for Eeyore they build a house on the Pooh Edge).
- Tigger Comes to the forest and Has Breakfast(... in which the Tiger comes to the forest and has breakfast).
- A Search is Organdized, and Piglet Nearly Meets the Heffalump Again(... in which the search is organized, and Piglet again almost got caught by the Heffalump).
- It Is Shown That Tiggers Don’t Climb Trees(... in which it is revealed that Tigers do not climb trees).
- Rabbit Has a Busy Day, and We Learn What Christopher Robin Does in the Mornings(... in which the Rabbit is very busy, and we first meet Spotted Schasvirnus).
- Pooh Invents a New Game and Eeyore Joins In(... in which Pooh invents a new game, and Eeyore is included in it).
- Tigger is unbounced(... in which the Tiger is tamed).
- Piglet Does a Very Grand Thing(... in which Piglet performs a great feat).
- Eeyore Finds the Wolery and Owl Moves Into It(... in which Eeyore finds an accomplice, and the Owl moves).
- Christopher Robin and Pooh Come to an Enchanted Place, and We Leave Them There(... in which we leave Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh in an enchanted place).
In the wake of the great success of the books about Pooh, a whole series of publications have appeared: Stories about Christopher Robin, "A book to read about Christopher Robin", "Birthday stories about Christopher Robin", "Primer of Christopher Robin" and a number of picture books. These editions did not contain new works, but included reprints from previous books.
World of work
The books about Pooh are set in the Hundred Acre Wood (Zakhoder's translation is the Wonderful Forest). The prototype is believed to be Ashdown Forest, near the Cochford farm in East Sussex purchased by the Milnes in 1925. In the stories, Six Pines and a brook where the North Pole was found, as well as the vegetation mentioned in the text, including the thorny gorse (English gorse-bush, in Zakhoder's translation - thistle), are also represented as Real. Little Christopher Robin climbs into the hollows of trees and plays with Pooh there, and many of the characters in the books live in hollows. Much of the action takes place in such dwellings or on the branches of trees.
Pooh's best friend is Piglet. Other characters:
The action takes place simultaneously in three plans - this is the world of toys in the nursery, the world of animals “on their own territory” in the Hundred Acre Forest, and the world of characters in the stories of a father to his son (this is most clearly shown at the very beginning). In the future, the narrator disappears from the narrative (small dialogues between father and son appear at the end of the sixth and tenth chapters), and the fairy-tale world begins its own existence, growing from chapter to chapter. The similarity of the space and the world of the characters of "Winnie the Pooh" with the classical antique and medieval epics was noted. The characters' promising epic endeavors (travel, exploits, hunting, games) turn out to be comically insignificant, while the real events take place during the inner world heroes (help in trouble, hospitality, friendship).
The book recreates the atmosphere of universal love and care, a "normal", protected childhood, without pretensions to solving adult problems, which largely contributed to the later popularity of this book in the USSR, including influencing the decision of Boris Zakhoder to translate this book. Winnie the Pooh reflects the family life of the British middle class of the 1920s, later resurrected by Christopher Robin in his memoirs to understand the context in which the tale arose.
Language
Milne's books are imbued with numerous puns and other types of language play, they typically play around and distort "adult" words (clearly shown in the scene of the dialogue between Owl and Pooh), expressions borrowed from advertisements, educational texts, etc. (numerous specific examples are collected in A.I. Poltoratsky's commentary). Sophisticated playing with phraseology, linguistic ambiguity (sometimes more than two meanings of a word) is not always available to the children's audience, but is highly appreciated by adults.
Typical methods of Milne's dilogy include the method of “meaningful emptiness” and playing with various fictions: in “Contradiction” (preface to the second part) it is stated that the forthcoming events were dreamed of by the reader; "Great thoughts about nothing" come to Pooh's mind, Rabbit replies that there is "no one at all" at home, Piglet describes the Heffalump - "a big thing, like a huge nothing." Such games are also designed for an adult audience.
Both books are full of poems put into the mouth of Pooh; these poems are written in the English tradition of children's absurd poetry - nonsense, continuing the experience of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll. Samuel Marshak, the first translator of Milne's children's poems, in a letter to Galina Zinchenko, called Milne “the last<…>direct heir to Edward Lear. "
Place in Milne's work
The cycle about Winnie the Pooh overshadowed all the rather diverse and popular at one time adult work of Milne: “he cut off the way back to 'adult' literature for himself. All his attempts to escape from the clutches of the toy bear were unsuccessful. " Milne himself was very upset by such a combination of circumstances, did not consider himself a children's writer and claimed that he writes for children with the same responsibility as for adults.
Philosophy
These works in English influenced the book Winnie the Pooh and the Philosophy of Everyday Language by the semiotics and philosopher V. P. Rudnev. Milne's text is dissected in this book using structuralism, Bakhtin's ideas, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and a number of other ideas of the 1920s, including psychoanalysis. According to Rudnev, "aesthetic and philosophical ideas are always in the air ... EP appeared in the period of the most powerful flourishing of prose of the 20th century, which could not but affect the structure of this work, could, so to speak, cast its rays on it." This book also contains a complete translation of both of Milne's books on Pooh (see above under New Translations).
Publications
The first chapter of Winnie the Pooh was published on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1925, in the London Evening News, and the sixth, in August 1928, in Royal Magazine. The first separate edition was published on October 14, 1926 in London. The general cycle has no name, but is usually called "Winnie the Pooh", after the first book.
All four of these books have been illustrated by Ernest Shepard, cartoonist and Alan Milne's Punch magazine colleague. Shepard's graphic illustrations are closely related to the internal logic of the narrative and in many ways supplement the text, which, for example, does not say that Heffalump is like an elephant; Shepard is often referred to as Milne's "co-author." Sometimes Shepard's illustrations correspond to the meaningful arrangement of the text on the page. The boy was sketched directly from Christopher Robin, and the image of the boy - in a loose blouse over short pants - repeats Christopher's actual clothes - became fashionable.
In 1983, edited and annotated by the English philologist A. I. Poltoratsky in Moscow, the Raduga publishing house published in one volume all four prose and poetic books about Pooh and, in their appendix, Milne's six essays. The foreword to the book was written by the Soviet literary critic D. M. Urnov: this work contained one of the first serious analyzes of the text of the Milnov cycle in Russia. Poltoratsky's (initiator of the publication) interest in Winnie-the-Pooh was aroused by students of the Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics (OSiPL) of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, who offered to parse the English text of Winnie the Pooh during a special course.
Continuation
In 2009, a sequel to the books about Winnie the Pooh "Return to the Enchanted Forest" was published in the UK, approved by the organization Pooh Properties Trust... The author, David Benedictus, strove to emulate the style and composition of the original. The illustrations for the book are also focused on preserving Shepard's style. Return to the Enchanted Forest has been translated into several languages.
Abroad
Books about Winnie the Pooh, despite the difficulties with translation into other languages, have been repeatedly published abroad. Most translations do not convey the "female" semantics of the name Winnie, however, in the 1986 translation of Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska into Polish, the bear bears a female name Fredzia Phi-Phi(while he is still masculine). But this translation did not gain universal recognition, and in Poland the translation of the 1930s by Irena Tuwim is considered a classic, where the name of the bear is unambiguously masculine - Kubuś Puchatek... In the Russian translation of Rudnev and Mikhailova, the name Winnie is used in the original spelling; according to the intention of the translators, this should hint at the gender ambiguity of this name.
Just like the original name (with the article in the middle), translated, for example, niderl. Winnie de Poeh, esper. Winnie la Pu and Yiddish װיני-דער-פּו ( Vini-der-Poo), almost the same - lat. Winnie ille Pu. Sometimes the bear is called one of his two names. For example, "Pooh Bear" (German Pu der Bär, Czech Medvídek Pú, Bulgarian Mecho Pooh, "Pu a-Dov" (Hebrew פו הדוב)) or Winnie Bear (French Winnie l ' ourson); the mentioned Polish name Kubuś Puchatek belongs to the same category. There are also names where there are no original names, for example, Hung. Micimackó, dates. Peter Plys, Norwegian Ole Brumm or Teddy Bear in the original edition of Zakhoder's translation (1958).
In German, Czech, Latin and Esperanto, the name Pooh is rendered as Pu, according to the English pronunciation. Nevertheless, thanks to Zakhoder, a natural-sounding name very successfully entered the Russian (and then Ukrainian, Ukrainian, Ukrainian Vinny-Pooh) tradition. Fluff(playing with Slavic words fluff, plump evident in the Polish name too Puchatek). In the Belarusian translation of Vital Voronov - Belor. Vinya-Pykh, the second part of the name is translated as "Pykh", which is consonant with Belarusian words puff(arrogance and pride) and puffy .
In the USSR and Russia
For the first time, the Russian translation of "Winnie the Pooh" was published in the magazine "Murzilka", No. 1 for 1939, in which two chapters were published: "About Winnie Poo the bear and the bees" and "How Winnie Poo went to visit and got into trouble ”translated by A. Koltynina and O. Galanina. The name of the author was not indicated, the subtitle was "An English Tale". This translation uses the names Winnie-Poo, Piglet and Christopher Robin. The illustrator of the first publication was the graphic artist Aleksey Laptev, the chapter in No. 9 for 1939 was illustrated by Mikhail Khrapkovsky.
The first complete translation of Winnie the Pooh in the USSR was published in 1958 in Lithuania (lit. Mikė Pūkuotukas) by 20-year-old Lithuanian writer Virgilijus Čepaitis, who used the Polish translation by Irena Tuvim. Subsequently, Chepaitis, having become acquainted with the English original, substantially revised his translation, which was then republished several times in Lithuania.
In the same year, Boris Vladimirovich Zakhoder got acquainted with the book. The acquaintance began with an encyclopedic article. This is how he himself told about it:
Our meeting took place in the library, where I was looking through the English children's encyclopedia. It was love at first sight: I saw a picture of a cute teddy bear, read a few poetic quotes - and rushed to look for a book. So came one of the happiest moments of my life: the days of working on Pooh.
In No. 8 of the Murzilka magazine for 1958, one of the chapters in the retelling of Boris Zakhoder was published: "How Mishka-Plyukh went to visit and got into a desperate situation." The Detgiz publishing house rejected the manuscript of the book (it was considered "American"), but on July 13, 1960, Winnie the Pooh and All the Others was signed for publication by the new Detsky Mir publishing house. Circulation of 215 thousand copies with illustrations by Alisa Poret. The artist also illustrated a number of subsequent publications for the Malysh publishing house. Along with small black-and-white pictures, Poret also created multi-figured colored compositions ("Salvation of Little Ru", "Saveshnik", etc.), as well as the first map of the Hundred Acre Forest in Russian. Over time, the title of the book was established - "Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All". In 1965, the book, which had already become popular, was also published in "Detgiz". In the imprint of the first few editions, the author erroneously indicated "Arthur Milne". Although in 1957 the publishing house "Iskusstvo" already published one book by Alan Alexander Milne ("Mr. Pym passes by"), and during the life of the author, his poems were published in the translation of Samuel Marshak. In 1967, the Russian Winnie the Pooh was published by the American publishing house Dutton, where most of the books about Pooh were published and in the building of which Christopher Robin's toys were kept at that time.
Winnie the Pooh Song (from Chapter 13)
Winnie the Pooh lives well in the world!
That is why he sings these Songs aloud!
And no matter what he's doing
If he doesn't get fat,
But he won't get fat,
On the contrary,
by-
hu-
kids!
Boris Zakhoder
The composition and composition of the original in the retelling of Zakhoder were not fully observed. In the 1960 edition, only 18 chapters are present, the tenth from the first book and the third from the second are omitted (more precisely, the ninth chapter has been reduced to a few paragraphs added at the end of the ninth). Only in 1990, on the 30th anniversary of the Russian Winnie the Pooh, Zakhoder translated both missing chapters. The third chapter of the second book was published separately in Tram magazine, in the February 1990 issue. Both chapters were included in the final edition of Zaater's translation as part of the collection "Winnie the Pooh and Much More", which was published in the same year and was subsequently reprinted several times. In this edition, as in the first, there are no prefaces and dedications, although the division into two books ("Winnie the Pooh" and "House on the Pooh Edge") has been restored, and the continuous numbering of chapters has been changed to a separate one for each book. The fragment at the end of the ninth chapter about the holiday in honor of Winnie the Pooh, now actually duplicating the text of the tenth chapter, is preserved in the full text. The very fact of the existence of a more complete version of Zaater's translation is comparatively little known; the text has already managed to enter culture in an abbreviated form.
Zakhoder always emphasized that his book was not a translation, but retelling, the fruit of co-creation and "re-creation" of Milne in Russian. Indeed, its text does not always literally follow the original. A number of finds that Milne does not have (for example, the various names of Pooh's songs - Shumelka, Chrychalka, Vopilka, Nozzle, Puffer, or Piglet's question: “Does Heffalump love piglets? And as does he love them? ”) fits well into the context of the work. Does not have a complete parallel in Milne and is widely used uppercase letters(Unknown Who, Rabbit's Relatives and Friends), frequent personification of inanimate objects (Pooh approaches the “familiar puddle”), more “fairytale” vocabulary, not to mention the few hidden references to Soviet reality. Korney Chukovsky perceived the style of Zaater's Pooh ambiguously: “His translation of Winnie the Pooh will be a success, although the translation style is shaky (in the English fairy tale, father, a piglet, etc.)”. ().
At the same time, a number of researchers, including E. G. Etkind, classify this work as a translation. Zakhoder's text also preserves the language play and humor of the original, “the intonation and spirit of the original” and conveys many important details “with pinpoint accuracy”. The advantages of translation also include the absence of excessive Russification of the fairy tale world, and the observance of the paradoxical English mentality.
The book retelling by Zakhoder from the 1960s-1970s was extremely popular not only as a child's reading, but also among adults, including the scientific intelligentsia. In the post-Soviet period, the tradition of Zaater's "Winnie the Pooh" presence in the stable circle of family reading continues.
Some translations of Winnie the Pooh into the languages of the peoples of the USSR were made from the first, abridged version of the retelling of Boris Zakhoder, and not from the English original: Georgian (1988), Armenian (1981), one of the Ukrainian versions (A. Kostetsky).
Viktor Chizhikov participated in illustrating Soviet publications. More than 200 color illustrations, splash screens and hand-drawn titles for "Winnie the Pooh" belong to Boris Diodorov. B. Diodorov and G. Kalinovsky are the authors of black and white illustrations and color inserts in the 1969 edition of Children's Literature; a cycle of colored illustrations by Diodorov was created in 1986-1989 and appeared in several editions. The first edition of the Ukrainian translation by Leonid Solonko was illustrated by Valentin Chernukha.
In the 1990s - 2000s, new series of illustrations continue to appear in Russia: Evgenia Antonenkova; Boris Diodorov continued his cycle of illustrations for the extended edition of Zakhoder's translation.
The 1990s saw the creation of new translations of Winnie the Pooh into Russian. Zakhoder's retelling is no longer the only one. Viktor Weber's translation became the most famous alternative to Zaater's one and was published several times by the EKSMO publishing house; in addition, it was printed parallel to the original in a bilingual commented edition published in 2001 by the Raduga publishing house. In Weber's version, the division into two parts is preserved, as well as prefaces and poetic dedications in each of them, all 20 chapters are fully translated. Nevertheless, according to a number of critics, L. Bruni), this translation is not as valuable from an artistic point of view as Zaater's one, and in a number of places it too literally conveys the original, neglecting the language game; the translator consistently strives to avoid Zakhoder's decisions, even where they are undeniable. The translations of poetry (made not by Weber, but by Natalia Rein) were also criticized. Weber has Piglet - Piglet, Heffalump - Proboscis, and Tiger - Tiger.
There was a transformation of the names of the characters in the translations of Disney cartoons, although this has nothing to do with the translation of Milne's text. Since the names Piglet, Tigra, Eeyore were invented by Zakhoder, these names were changed to others (Hryunya, Tigrulya, Ushastik).
In 1996, the publishing house "Moimpex" published a parallel English text, "for the convenience of learning languages", a translation by T. Vorogushin and L. Lisitskaya, which, according to A. Borisenko, "fully meets" the task of an interlinear translation, but, according to M Eliferova, "is full of unmotivated deviations from the original, as well as such errors against Russian stylistics, which are not justified by reference to the tasks of the interlinear translation." The names are the same as those of Zakhoder, but the Owl, in accordance with the original, was made by a male character, which looks like a mistake in Russian with this name.
Screen adaptations
USA
In 1929, Milne sold the merchandising right for Winnie the Pooh to American producer Stephen Schlesinger. During this period were released, in particular, several records-performances based on the books of Milne, very popular in the United States [ ]. In 1961, these rights were purchased from Schlesinger's widow by Disney Studios [ ]. The Disney company also acquired the copyright for Shepard's drawings, and his image of a teddy bear is called "Classic Pooh". Based on the plot of some chapters of the first book, the studio released short-length cartoons ( Winnie the pooh and the honey tree, Winnie the Pooh and a day of worries, Winnie the Pooh, and with him the Tiger! and ). In Disney films and publications, the character's name, unlike Milne's books, is written without hyphens ( Winnie the pooh), which may reflect American punctuation as opposed to British punctuation. Since the 1970s, the Disney studio has been releasing cartoons based on newly invented plots that are no longer associated with Milne's books. Many fans of Milne's works believe that the plots and style of Disney films have little to do with the spirit of the books about Vinnie. The Milnov family, in particular, Christopher Robin, spoke sharply negatively about Disney products.
The American researcher of creativity Milna Paola Connoli states: “The characters of the fairy tale,“ promoted ”, parodied and modified in commercial production, have become a cultural myth, but a myth that is very far from the author. Especially this process of alienation intensified after the death of Milne. " The appearance of the cartoon characters, in general, goes back to Shepard's illustrations, but the drawing is simplified, and some catchy features are exaggerated. Winnie the Pooh Shepard wears a short red blouse only in winter (looking for Buka), while Disney's one wears it all year round.
The second cartoon about Winnie the Pooh called Winnie the pooh and the blustery day won the Oscar for Best Animated Short Film in 1968. In total, in the 1960s, the Disney company released 4 short films about Winnie the Pooh :( Winnie the pooh and the honey tree, Winnie the Pooh and a day of worries, Winnie the Pooh, and with him the Tiger! and Winnie the Pooh and a holiday for Eeyore), as well as a television puppet show ( Welcome to Pukhova edge).
A distinctive feature of the Americanization of the plot was the appearance in the feature film "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (1977), which includes, along with new scenes, three previously released short cartoons, a new character named Gopher (in Russian translations he is referred to as the Gopher). The fact is that the gopher animal is found only in North America. The appearance of the Gopher has become programmatic - he exclaims: "Of course, I am not in the book!"
The copyright for the image of Winnie the Pooh and his friends is one of the most profitable in the world, at least as far as literary characters are concerned. The Disney company now makes $ 1 billion a year from the sale of videos and other Pooh-related products - the same as from the famous images of Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto created by Disney itself. According to the results of a survey of the population of Hong Kong in 2004, Winnie was the favorite character of Disney cartoons of all time. In 2005, similar sociological results were obtained at
And the story behind the book about the adventures of a teddy bear Winnie the Pooh is far from simple. The bear has many prototypes, and its very birth was probably a complete surprise and maybe even a prank for its creator.Winnie the Pooh's dad (the writer who wrote the book), Scotsman Alan Alexander Milne, was the son of a school teacher. Having received an excellent education, he worked for Punch magazine as an assistant editor. In 1913 Milne married Dorothy Daphne de Selincot, from which one son, Christopher, was born.
Alan Alexander Milne was quite an "adult" writer and wrote serious books. He dreamed of earning the fame of the great author of detective stories, wrote plays and short stories. But ... on December 24, 1925, on Christmas Eve, the first chapter of Pooh "in which we first meet Winnie the Pooh and the Bees" was published in the London evening newspaper and broadcast by the BBC.
And for many years now, the Milnovskie books have been recognized classics of children's bookshelves and Disney cartoons.
The irony of fate is that Milne was convinced that he did not write children's prose or children's poetry. He spoke to the child within each of us.
By the way, he never read his stories about fluff to his son, Christopher Robin, although he recognized the defining role of his wife, Dorothy, and his son in writing and the very fact of the appearance of "Winnie the Pooh". 
Alan Alexander Milne with his son Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh 1920s 
Christopher Robin with his mother Dorothy Milne
Christopher Robin's room, Winnie on the bed, 1920s 
The history of the creation of this book is indeed full of mysteries and contradictions.
The path is traced from the front-line favorite of the soldiers, the bear Winnipeg (among other things, the predatory Baribal), who came to Great Britain during the First World War as a living mascot (mascot) of the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps from Canada, from the vicinity of the city of Winnipeg.
It was decided to leave the beast at the London Zoo until the end of the war.
Londoners fell in love with the bear, and the military did not object to not taking her out of the zoo after the war.
Until the end of days (she died on May 12, 1934), the bear was on the allowance of the veterinary corps, about which in 1919 the corresponding inscription was made on her cage. 
In 1924, Alan Milne first came to the zoo with his four-year-old son Christopher Robin, who really became friends with Winnie, even gave her sweet milk. Three years earlier, Milne had bought Harrods from a department store and gave his son an Alpha Farnell teddy bear (see photo) for his first birthday. After the owner met Vinnie, this bear was named after his beloved bear. The boy even came up with a new name for him - Winnie Pooh.
The word Pooh went to the former Teddy from the swan, whom Christopher Robin met when the whole family went to his Vacation home at Catchford Farm in Sussex. By the way, this is next to the same forest, which is now known throughout the world as the Hundred Acre Forest.
Why Pooh? Because "because if you call him and the swan does not come (which they love to do), you can pretend that Pooh just said ...". The teddy bear was about two feet tall, had a light coloration, and had frequent drooping eyes.
Christopher Robin's real toys were also Piglet, Eeyore without a tail, Kang, Roo and Tiger. The Owl and the Rabbit were invented by Milne himself. 
The toys that Christopher Robin played are kept in the New York Public Library.
In 1996, Milne's beloved teddy bear was sold in London at Bonham's auction house to an unknown buyer for £ 4,600.
The very first person in the world who was lucky enough to see Winnie the Pooh was a young then artist, cartoonist of the magazine "Punch" Ernest Sheppard. It was he who first illustrated "Winnie the Pooh". Initially, the teddy bear and his friends were black and white, and then they became colored. And the teddy bear of his son posed for Ernest Sheppard, not Pooh at all, but Growler (or Grunt). 
Artist Ernest Howard Shepard (1879-1976) who illustrated the book. 1976 
Shepard's Christmas Card, Sotheby "s. 2008 
First American edition at Sotheby's 2008 auction
In total, two books about Winnie the Pooh were written: Winnie-the-Pooh (the first separate edition was published on October 14, 1926 by the London publishing house Methuen & Co) and The House at Pooh Corner (House at Pooh Corner, 1928). In addition, Milne's two collections of children's poetry, When We Were Very Young (When we were very young) and Now We Are Six (We are now six), have several poems about Winnie the Pooh. 
Alan Alexander Milne, 1948
When Milne died, no one doubted that he had discovered the secret of immortality. And this is not 15 minutes of fame, this is real immortality, which, contrary to his own expectations, was brought to him not by plays and short stories, but little bear with sawdust in my head.
Christopher wrote to his friend Peter (actor): “My father understood nothing about the specifics of the book market, knew nothing about the specifics of sales, he never wrote books for children. He knew about me, he knew about himself and the Garrick Club (writing -artistic club of London) - and he simply did not pay attention to everything else ... Except, perhaps, life itself. " 
Adult Christopher Robin with his fiancée 1948.
Winnie the Pooh worldwide sales since 1924 until 1956 exceeded 7 million.
By 1996, about 20 million copies had been sold, with Muffin alone. This does not include publishers in the United States, Canada, and non-English speaking countries.
In 1961, the Disney company acquired the rights to Winnie the Pooh. Walt Disney has slightly modified the famous illustrations by artist Shepard that accompanied Milne's books and released a series of cartoons about Winnie the Pooh. According to Forbes magazine, Winnie the Pooh is the second most profitable character in the world, second only to Mickey Mouse. Winnie the Pooh generates $ 5.6 billion in revenue every year.
On April 11, 2006, the Winnie the Pooh star was unveiled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
At the same time, Milne's granddaughter, who lives in England, Claire Milne, is trying to get the bear cub back. Rather, the rights to it. So far unsuccessful. 
In 1960, Winnie the Pooh was brilliantly translated into Russian by Boris Zakhoder and published with illustrations by Alisa Poret. 
The bear gained even greater popularity among Soviet children and adults after the release of three 10-minute cartoons based on the book at the Soyuzmultfilm studio. True, the bear turned out to be completely different from Milnovsky. However, this did not stop him from becoming everyone's favorite. What are only his chants, yells, and sawdust. 
Winnie the Pooh - main character two prose books by the English writer Alan Alexander Milne. The stories about "a bear with sawdust in his head", written for his only son Christopher, have found worldwide success. Ironically, it was the wonderful bear cub, beloved by the whole world, that overshadowed almost all the works of the English playwright, already well-known at that time ...
Alan Alexander Milne was quite an adult writer and wrote serious books. He dreamed of earning the fame of the great author of detective stories, wrote plays and short stories. But ... on December 24, 1925, on Christmas Eve, the first chapter of Pooh "in which we first meet Winnie the Pooh and the Bees" was published in the London evening newspaper and broadcast on the BBC radio.
Both prose books about Winnie the Pooh are dedicated to "Her" - Milne's wife and Christopher Robin's mother Dorothy de Selincourt; these dedications are written in verse.
Winnie the Pooh: a trip to Russia
The wonderful teddy bear Winnie the Pooh very soon after his birth became very popular and began to travel all over the world. Books about his adventures have been published in many languages of the world, including Russian.
The first translation of works about Winnie the Pooh into Russian was published in 1958 in Lithuania. However, the best and most famous translation is the one made by the writer Boris Vladimirovich Zakhoder.
In the same 1958, the writer was looking through an English children's encyclopedia in the library and quite by accident came across an image of a cute bear cub.
The writer liked this bear cub, named Winnie-the-Pooh, so much that he rushed to look for a book about him and began to work on translating it into Russian. The first edition of the book in Russian was signed for publication on July 13, 1960. 215,000 copies were printed.
Illustration for the book about Winnie the Pooh, E.H. Shepard. Russian Winnie the Pooh
At first the book was called "Winnie the Pooh and All the Others", but then it got the name "Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All". The book immediately became very popular and was printed again in 1965. And in 1967 Winnie the Pooh was published in Russian by the American publishing house Dutton, which published most of the books about Pooh.
Boris Zakhoder always emphasized that his book is not a literal translation of Alan Milne's book, but is a retelling, a "comprehension" of the book in Russian. The text of the Russian Winnie the Pooh does not always literally follow the original.
The tenth chapter from the first book of Milne and the third chapter from the second are omitted. And only in 1990, when Winnie the Pooh turned 30 in Russian, Zakhoder translated the missing chapters. However, the Russian Winnie the Pooh has already managed to enter children's literature in an "abbreviated" form.
Screen adaptation of Winnie the Pooh
Since the 1960s, this book has become extremely popular not only among children, but also with their parents, as a wonderful book for family reading. Therefore, the adventures of friends were filmed.
Director Fyodor Khitruk created three animated films about Winnie the Pooh at the Soyuzmultfilm studio:
- In 1969 - Winnie the Pooh
- In 1971 - Winnie the Pooh goes to visit
- In 1972 - Winnie the Pooh and the Day of Troubles
The script for these cartoons was written by Khitruk in collaboration with Zakhoder. Unfortunately, the relationship between them was difficult, and only three episodes were released, although it was originally planned to release an animated series throughout the book.
Some episodes, songs and phrases are missing in the book (for example, the famous song "Where Are We Going with Piglet"), as they were composed and written specifically for cartoons.
For the dubbing of the cartoons, actors of the first magnitude were involved: Evgeny Leonov (Winnie the Pooh), Iya Savvina (Piglet), Erast Garin (Donkey Eeyore). The cartoon cycle made the adventures of friends even more popular.
Differences between the original Winnie and the Russian version:
Names
The meaning of the names of the heroes in the original and in our translation is interesting. So, Winnie-the-Pooh became Winnie the Pooh, and Piglet became Piglet.
♦ Original name the main character - Winnie-the-Pooh - should literally translate as Winnie-Fu, but this option can hardly be considered euphonious. The Russian word "fluff" is similar in spelling with the English pooh - that is, the usual transliteration, in addition, it was with this pooh that Christopher Robin called swans to himself, and fluff is associated with them. By the way, everyone remembers that Winnie the Pooh has sawdust in his head, although in the original Winnie is a bear with very small brains.
♦ The English word piglet, which became proper in Milne's book, means piglet. It is this meaning that should be considered the closest in meaning, but for a Soviet child, and now for a Russian one, this character is known in literary translation as Piglet.
♦ Donkey Eeyore in Russian translation became Eeyore. By the way, this is a literal translation - Eeyore sounds like "io", and this is the sound that donkeys make.
♦ Owl - Owl - and remained an owl, like Rabbit - Rabbit and in fact Tigger - Tigger.
Owl
Despite the fact that the name of this character has practically remained the same - Owl is indeed translated into Russian as an owl, the hero himself has undergone significant changes in the Russian version. Milne came up with a masculine character, that is, in Russia it would be worth calling him either the Owl (which, of course, is far from the original), the Owl or even the Owlet. In our country - primarily thanks to the translation of Boris Zakhoder - this is a female character. By the way, Owl Milna is far from the smartest hero of the book - she likes to use Clever words, but at the same time not very literate, and the Owl Zakhoder - and the Soviet cartoon directed by Khitruk - is a smart elderly lady who resembles a school teacher.
"By the outsider V."
The famous plaque with the inscription "Intruder V.", which hangs next to the entrance to Piglet's house, is also worthy of our attention.
In the Russian version with the inscription there are no questions - it means "no unauthorized entry", however, Piglet himself explained it as follows: Outsiders V. is the name of his grandfather - Outsiders Willie or William Outsiders, and the plate is of value to his family.
In the original, the situation is much more interesting. The English phrase Trespassers W. is an abbreviated version of Trespassers Will be prosecuted, which literally means "Those who invaded this territory will be prosecuted" (which is completely replaced by the traditional one - "No unauthorized entry").
According to some reports, Milne may have deliberately included this phrase in his text so that the children, after reading this episode, would ask their parents to tell them about this expression and, first of all, the words trespasser and trespass.
Heffalump
Scary and terrible Heffalump is a fictional hero of the stories about Winnie the Pooh. In English, the word heffalump is used, which is similar in sound and spelling to another English word- actually used in the language - elephant, which means "elephant". By the way, this is how the elephant is usually depicted. In the Russian translation, the chapter dedicated to this character - ... in which a search is organdized, and Piglet meets the Heffalump again (the chapter in which the search is organized, and Piglet meets the Heffalump again), did not appear immediately - Zakhoder translated it only in 1990.
Cartoon
The original version and the Soviet cartoon by Khitruk are very different.
♦ First, Christopher Robin is absent from the cartoon.
♦ Secondly, the Soviet Winnie the Pooh looks more like a real bear, while Winnie Milna is a toy. He also looks like a child's toy in the Disney cartoon. In addition, our Winnie the Pooh does not wear clothes, and the original one sometimes does not wear a blouse.
♦ Thirdly, there are no such characters as Tigra, Kanga and Little Roo.
♦ Fourth, the loss of the tail of Eeyore and its miraculous finding associated with birthday are found only in the cartoon. In the book, these two events are completely unrelated to each other - two separate stories.
Winnie the Pooh Songs
The famous songs of Winnie the Pooh - "I am a cloud, a cloud, a cloud, and not a bear at all" - are more colorful in the Russian version. First of all, due to their name. What in English is simply called song - "song", in Russian is called "song-puffer", "grumbling", "noisemaker".
The appearance of Kengi in the original version of the work is a real shock for the characters. The reason for this is the fact that all the characters who act in the book at that time are masculine, and Kanga is feminine. That is why the invasion of the girl's boy world becomes a big problem for the rest. In the Russian version, this effect does not work, since our Owl is also feminine.
♦ Christopher Robin's real toys were also Piglet, Eeyore without a tail, Kang, Roo and Tiger. The Owl and the Rabbit were invented by Milne himself.
♦ The toys that Christopher Robin played are kept in the New York Public Library.
♦ In 1996, Milne's favorite teddy bear was sold in London at Bonham's home auction to an unknown buyer for £ 4,600.
♦ The very first person in the world who was lucky enough to see Winnie the Pooh was a young then artist, cartoonist of the Punch magazine, Ernest Sheppard. It was he who first illustrated "Winnie the Pooh".
♦ Initially, the teddy bear and his friends were black and white, and then they became colored. And the teddy bear of his son posed for Ernest Sheppard, not Pooh at all, but Growler (or Grunt).
♦ When Milne died, no one doubted that he had discovered the secret of immortality. And this is not 15 minutes of fame, this is real immortality, which, contrary to his own expectations, was brought to him not by plays and short stories, but by a little bear with sawdust in his head.
♦ Worldwide sales of Winnie the Pooh since 1924. until 1956 exceeded 7 million.
♦ By 1996, about 20 million copies had been sold, with Muffin alone. This does not include publishers in the United States, Canada, and non-English speaking countries.
According to Forbes magazine, Winnie the Pooh is the second most profitable character in the world, second only to Mickey Mouse. Winnie the Pooh generates $ 5.6 billion in revenue every year.
♦ At the same time, Milne's granddaughter, who lives in England, Claire Milne, is trying to get her cub back. Rather, the rights to it. So far unsuccessful.
