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Cases of detachment of secondary members of the proposal. Separation of minor members of the proposal. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic separation or clarification

What are standalone members of a proposal? What are they? When do members of a proposal stand apart, and when do they not? In this article, we will understand what stand-alone members of a proposal are, into which categories they are subdivided, and also what are the rules of stand-off.

The concept of detached members of the proposal

So, let's start, as it should be in such cases, with the definition. Separate members of a sentence are such minor members that stand out in intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire "independence" within the entire phrase.

How standalone members of the proposal stand out?

Highlighting during oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation there is somewhat different. To highlight the isolated members of the sentence, commas are used in the text.

Comparison of detached members with non-detached members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of detached members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, increases and stylistic expressiveness... It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.

What can be distinguished in Russian?

Of all the members of the proposal, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members of the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why Isolation Needed?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, a fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated minor members of the proposal have more weight and more independence. Let us note right away that segregations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Then we will try to understand each of these categories, give specific examples for each group.

Refinement isolation

First of all, let's figure out what the separate clarifying terms of the sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to concretize, clarify. They are inextricably linked by syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are the qualifying members of the proposal segregated?

1. Separate qualifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights. ” In this case, the turnover “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is highlighted with commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: "There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal and those that clearly did not belong to him."

2. Circumstances that are relevant are isolated. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions as well as adverbs. For example:

• "It took only a second - and somewhere close, an explosion thundered, right behind him."
• "Once upon a time, here, in a quiet, little-known village, life was flowing." Third example: "It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago."

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third, the nature of the time. Often, the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.

3. Clarifications are isolated that are attached using the words “or”, “that is,” “exactly”. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. It was rumored that he was either a wizard, or a magician, or a superman. "
• "It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision."
• "A lot said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells."

4. Clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, not even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• "The victory has become a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this."
• "Another second - the detachment went to the breakthrough, and he included."
• "Many countries receive Russian tourists with great joy, in particular, Turkey is doing this now."

Separating add-ons

The types of stand-alone members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “apart from”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in this use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Isolation occurs depending on what the semantic load is, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• "He felt more or less stable already, except that his leg hurt a little more."
• "In addition to the rain promised on the eve, the sky was lit up with branches of purple lightning, for a moment leaving their bright mark on the retina."
• "Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something with household chores."
• “On top of all this, there was another significant flaw in the product that decisively deterred them from buying.”
• "And everything was fine, except, of course, some points."

Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead,” then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing else.”

Separation of circumstances

Separate members of a sentence are called, as we found out earlier, minor members, distinguished by intonation and using punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what will be discussed further.

1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by the adverbial turnover. Example: "Together they, hiding and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them." Explanation: here "holding your breath and holding your breath" - homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. A circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single adverb. Example: "He left without turning around, although he understood what he had done now." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single participle. There is also an exception to this. A single adverb is not isolated if it merges with the adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood in thought.”
3. Usually two adverbial participles connected by the conjunction “and” (like two single adverbial participles) are separated as one revolution. Example: "I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my path." Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbs. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, no comma is placed between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually, in comparative phrases, words like “exactly”, “if”, “how” are used. There are some exceptions in the isolation of comparative turns, they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative turns refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk a lot about this in this article. Example: "The head ached, as if something massive had been walked over it."

There is such a concept in the Russian syntax - optional. This means "at the discretion of the author." So, the circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the preposition may or may not be present. But most of all cases are when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks”, “in spite of”, “in spite of”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “in order to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   "Thanks to the free time, he was able to solve almost all of his problems."
   "Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic."
   “Despite the threats, he didn’t change his policy a bit.”
   - "In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed on time."
   - "Depending on what decision will be made, it will have a different fate."
   “In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby put them in different corners.”
   - "Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to solve something quickly, but thoughtfully."

2. If there is a clarification of the place, time. Example: "And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished."

How can isolated circumstances be found in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with adverbs, as well as single adverbs. Comparative turns are no worse visible, which, as you remember, are also isolated circumstances along with specifying the place and time, the way of the person's action. There is a questionnaire called the "Test" Separate members of the proposal ". It usually gives tasks for finding pegments. There is a task, according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by the adverbial turnover. It is logical that there will be not one participle, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by specifying the place and time.

Pegging characteristics

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be conditionally divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are the most common punctuation marks. But it is possible that isolation will be carried out using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in Russian

Isolation often allows you to endow a particular fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a kind of emphasis is placed on some facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to get attention to these fragments, they play some special role in a given situation. This can add some clarification as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test "Detached members of the proposal"

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize it, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among students of secondary educational institutions. Next there will be an assignment to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and then an explanation for those who answered the assignment incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. What numbers correctly denote ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which overflowed on sunlight(2) and went somewhere further ”.

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial turns. The participle is one example of a stand-alone definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means that a comma is not put between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all following cases a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to correctly place the commas. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered together (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and a heavy downpour”.

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone addition. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered in one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by the participle phrase. There will be no segregation at the place of the pass (3). But between "clouds" and "predicting" is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, no comma is needed between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated with branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder rumbled (6) foreshadowing bad weather”.

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Explanation: Gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminating with branches of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by the adverbial phrase. It will separate from two sides. “Foreshadowing bad weather” is a participle at the end of a sentence. He separates from one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So what did we find out in the course of this article?

• First, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done with the aim of endowing the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used when speaking.
• Thirdly, the isolated members of the proposal can only be secondary.

Separate members of the proposal, the table of which will be presented below, may have the goal of clarifying the time and course of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turns. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.

One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

Segregation - this is the semantic and intonational highlighting of the members of the sentence in order to give them a well-known semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence.

In oral speech, they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing, they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks.

Different members of the proposal stand apart for different reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence stand apart because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they approach the predicate. In other cases, they stand apart because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify a member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.

The following main groups are distinguished detached members:

1.Detached minor members of that have the meaning of an additional message complementing the main one expressed by the main members; such isolated minor members are easily transformed into a predicate (of the same sentence or a separate sentence): Poplars, covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma (A. Chekhov). Wed: Poplar trees were covered dew and filled the air with a delicate scent. Or: [Poplars, (which were covered dew), filled the air with a delicate aroma].

2. Clarifying and explanatory detached members: Now, after the flood, it was a river of six fathoms ... (A. Chekhov).

3.Connecting detached members of the proposal: Little peasants sell me oats, but it's too bad (A. Chekhov).

4.Comparative turnover: On the opposite bank, like gigantic sentries, stood mighty cedars (V. Arseniev).

Standalone Sentence Members With Additional Message Value

This group includes the following minor members of the proposal:

1) detached circumstances expressed by adverbs and adverbs, as well as nouns with derivative prepositions: Mists, swirling and wriggling, slid along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks (M. Lermontov); In the morning, despite the bad weather, the destroyers withdrew and moved on (V. Arseniev);

2) detached agreed definitions: I often found notes in my room, short and disturbing. (A. Chekhov);

3) detached inconsistent definitions: The doctor, sword in hand, ran into the bedroom (Yu. Tynyanov); An apple orchard, covered with sunspots, went down the slope of the hill (K. Paustovsky);

4) detached applications: I had a cast iron kettle with me- my only joy in travels across the Caucasus (M. Lermontov).

All sentences containing such phrases have one thing in common: being messages, they seem to contain in their composition an "additional message", and therefore are easily paraphrased in difficult sentence(or in two independent phrases), and in one of the sentences the predicate is a separate turnover of the "original" phrase. Wed: Mists slid over the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks, they swirled and twisted; I had a cast-iron kettle with me, which was my only joy in my travels in the Caucasus. etc.

Pegging conditions

In order to understand why some minor members of the sentence stand apart, while others do not, why in some cases segregation mandatory, and in others optional, it is necessary to take into account the conditions segregation.

Pegging conditions - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonational highlighting of the members of the sentence.

The most common and most prerequisite for the opportunity segregation is the lack of a close connection of the minor member with the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that segregation admit only "optional" members of the sentence - those that are not necessary in the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the proposal that are associated with the transfer of the main, and not additional content, are not subject to isolation. For example, definitions are not isolated, without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance: Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the deaf and distant side (A. Pushkin). Additions, most often acting as a mandatory member of a sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.

Thus, the conditions segregation- this is all that contributes to the weakening of the connection with the main word and the strengthening of the semantic significance of the secondary member itself.

On segregation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.

Syntactic conditions:

1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There are usual (forward) and unusual (reverse) word order. So, in the direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the defined word, and the inconsistent one - after the defined word, an additional action called a gerunds - after the main one, indicated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in a sentence, then it thereby stands out, especially emphasizes - its semantic significance is enhanced. Therefore, for example, among the agreed definitions, those that stand after defined word, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds - standing front predicate. Wed: He ran without stopping and He ran without stopping.

2. The distant position of the minor member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the minor member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope (M. Sholokhov). This separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.

3. The volume of a separate member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than uncommon ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Cf .: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest (S. Marshak) and I didn’t spare my strength to get a full bucket (S. Marshak).

4. A special semantic load, unusual for a given secondary member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the secondary member), when the secondary member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence. For example, an agreed definition is isolated, even before the word being defined (direct word order), if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around(the participle before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has adverbial (causal) meaning).

Morphological conditions segregation:

Sometimes segregation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or an official word of a certain lexico-grammatical category, i.e. segregation in this case it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the minor term.

Gerous participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as definitions, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate minor members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was going to seal it up, the headman (V. Korolenko) entered, apparently angry. In this sentence, a single (non-proliferated) consensus definition angry, standing in front of the noun being defined is isolated, since the introductory word refers to it apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).

Almost always (except for some special cases), circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbial phrases are isolated.

The short forms of adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), preserving the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes them segregation mandatory, regardless of location: The air fluctuates, transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, handsome, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (A. Pushkin); At the usual hour she was awakened, she got up by candlelight (A. Pushkin).

Comparative union, as a rule, requires the intonation highlighting of the turnover: The stuffy air is motionless, like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).

Semantic pegging conditions:

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more concrete, the more definite the meaning of the word, the less it needs to be spread, the weaker the connections with it of the secondary members, which therefore easily stand apart.

For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” the usual definitions, one cannot say: I am attentive, he is angry(cf .: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always set apart: A he, rebellious, asks for storms ... (M. Lermontov).

If the word being defined is a proper name or refers to terms of kinship (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother and so on), then this can also help to isolate the definition: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveika, in an old cap without a visor, squinting, smiling at something (M. Gorky).

On the contrary: with nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, deed etc.), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement, for example:

This delusion is inherent even l people are smart and educated; Things happened funny, touching and tragic (V. Astafiev)- the definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not the additional) message.

§1. Isolation. General concept

Segregation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the proposal are isolated. Typically, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-segregated members, the peg-off clauses are more independent.

Segregations are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: A boy who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on a suitcase shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
3. Standalone addition: I didn't hear anything except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Definitions and circumstances are most often isolated. The isolated members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed
• uncoordinated

The child, asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed stand-alone definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent stand-alone definition)

Agreed definition

An agreed stand-alone definition is expressed:

• participle phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and content, fell asleep quickly.

Note:

A single consensus definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He was well fed and fell asleep quickly.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed in nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper nouns. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, was unusually beautiful.

An inconsistent stand-alone definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If the inconsistent definition refers to the defined word, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap was looking around all the time.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

• single definition: agitated girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, agitated by the news, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the defined word, only if the defined word is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single stand-alone definition after the definite word expressed by a pronoun)

Agitated, she could not sleep.

(single stand-alone definition before the defined word, pronounced pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not sleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is possible in a position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and comes after it:

The girl, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the defined word expressed by a noun)

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then a common definition can be in a position both after and before the defined word:

Alarmed by the news, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

The definitions preceding the defined word are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both widespread and single definitions, standing immediately before the noun being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the identifying phrase is easily replaced clause reasons with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if clause of assignment with the union although.
To check the existence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of a qualifying phrase with a turnover with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional value of reason)

Even when she was ill, the mother went to work.

(additional value of the assignment)

Thus, various factors are important for pegging:

1) what, what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional circumstantial meanings.

§3. Standalone applications

Application is a special kind of definition, noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden... The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Teddy bear, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He, an excellent doctor, helped me a lot.

An excellent doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, heals our whole family.

A single uncirculated application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, a baby, and immediately smiled.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Bear, the son of a neighbor, a desperate tomboy.

An application, expressed by a proper name, is isolated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not have conceived an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

App with union how separates if the shade of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single attachments after the word being defined, which are not highlighted during pronunciation intonationally, are not isolated, since merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Standalone applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted with a pause.

Soon New Year- a favorite holiday for children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with. Include-exclude or override values ​​are passed to them. For example:

No one, except Ivan, knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Separation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: how, as if, exactly, as if, what, how, rather than and others, if they matter:

• comparisons: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
• assimilations: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with the union as well:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1.are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured down from the bucket.

2.the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or a noun in the T.p .:

We walk in a circle.

(We walk(how?) as in a circle... You can replace noun. in T.p .: circle)

3) turnover with the union how expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from how is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate qualifying members of the proposal

Clarifying terms refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? and others. Most often, the clarification is transmitted by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying terms can refer to an addition, a definition, or the main members of a proposal. Clarifying terms stand out, standing out in oral speech intonationally, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:

We sat up late into the night.

Below, in the valley in front of us, a stream was rustling.

The qualifying term is usually placed after the qualifying term. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying terms can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the task of the exam C1, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, for example:

It was clean and beautiful throughout, especially in the living room.

Test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic separation or refinement?

2. Is it true that only the minor members of the proposal stand apart?

3. What can be the stand-alone definitions?

   • common and uncommon
   • agreed and inconsistent

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed in participle?

5. In what case are the definitions before the defined word isolated?

   • if additional circumstance is expressed
   • if additional circumstance is not expressed

6. Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate additions?

   • oh, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
   • except, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate the adverbs and adverbs?

9. Is it necessary to isolate the circumstances with the preposition in spite of?

In contact with

Separation of minor members

Punctuation in a sentence with detached members

Segregation- this is the selection of any structures with two characters (commas or dashes). Precisely by two signs - this differentiation differs from separation, for example, homogeneous members where the sign is not double.

Secondary members differ from "primary" (subject and predicate) in that they are not included in the grammatical base. That is, without them, the sentence as a unit of communication can exist. Usually, the distinction between the main and secondary members of the sentence does not cause difficulties. However, there are cases when a seemingly "completely secondary" term turns out to be in reality a part of the predicate or subject, since without it the sentence is uninformative, meaningless.

The planes are ready to take off.

Telepathy is an unsolved and alluring phenomenon.

Basics of type The planes are or Telepathy is a phenomenon do not allow you to understand what the speaker wanted to say, therefore it is necessary to expand the composition of the predicate. In this case, there are no minor members in the proposal, and there is simply nothing to apply the rules for separating them.

So, if we managed to separate the basis of the sentence from the minor members, then the next task is to determine which of the minor members we have: definition(or a variation of it - an application), addition or circumstance... There are typical ways of expressing minor members: definition is usually an adjective or participle, addition- noun, circumstance - adverb. However, not always one part of speech acts only in a single syntactic role.

For example, a noun can be a definition ( plaid dress, house around the corner), and addition (letter to sister), and circumstance ( writing to the village).

Members of the proposal are reliably identified only on the following issues:

definition: what? whose?

application: which one? (expressed by a noun)

addition: who? what? and other questions of indirect cases

circumstance: where? where? when? why? for what purpose? despite what? as? how? in what degree? to others

Why is reliability here? Then, in order to precisely select the necessary rule: for a circumstance - the rule of isolating precisely the circumstances (and not additions, for example).

Considering that the isolation of additions is optional in most cases, let us dwell on the rules for the isolation of the remaining minor members.

Definitions can be agreed (red dress flying birds) and inconsistent (dress - what? - in polka dots, man - what? - in Hat). Inconsistent definitions are optionally isolated, the absence of a sign, as a rule, does not qualify as an error. For consistent definitions, the rule is more stringent. It is difficult to imagine a text, for example, an essay, in which there would be no separate definitions. Therefore, knowledge of this rule is absolutely essential.





1. To resolve the issue, to isolate or not, two factors (or conditions) are most relevant:

1) the position of the definition in relation to the defined word;

2) how the definition and the word being defined are expressed.

After the defined words are separated:

a) common definitions;

b) single homogeneous definitions.

Compare: The dawn, which broke out in the east, was covered with clouds. The dawn that broke out in the east was clouded over with clouds. The world, sunny and fragrant, surrounded us. A sunny and fragrant world surrounded us.

Notice how the punctuation changes depending on the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined.

2. Always (ie regardless of the position) stand apart:

a) definitions related to the personal pronoun;

b) definitions "torn off" from the word being defined (there are other members of the sentence between them);

c) definitions that have additional meaning, for example, reasons (you can ask a question from the predicate verb why?)

Excited by the experiences of the day I haven't slept for a long time. Them, exhausted I didn't even want to talk. Narrow and transparent, hatches in the sky for a month. Blinded by the gloom, the old man stood motionless for a long time. (why?)

Segregation- this is semantic and intonational highlighting of the members of the sentence in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence.

In oral speech, they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing, they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks.

Different members of the proposal stand apart for different reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence stand apart because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they approach the predicate. In other cases, they stand apart because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify a member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.

All isolated members are divided into two groups: detached members with the meaning of an additional predicate and detached members with qualification value .

I. The meaning of an additional predicate can have separate definitions, applications and circumstances.

It is easy to replace these members of a sentence with a predicate.

Compare: 1) The sea, which had calmed down during the night, was now barely splashing in the rocks. - The sea calmed down overnight and now it was barely splashing in the rocks; 2) Excellent mechanic, he easily corrected the malfunction in the motor. - He easily eliminated the malfunction in the motor, since he was an excellent mechanic; 3) After passing several stations without stopping, the train stopped only in Lyubertsy. - Train drove several stations without stopping and stopped only in Lyubertsy.

Separate definitions are expressed by participial phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words.

For example: Books, read as a child, are remembered all my life; And the forest, silent, dark, stretched for many miles around(Bunin) ; I've lived my life full of surprises (Paustovsky) ; Kolya, in her new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(Turgenev).

Separate circumstances can be expressed by adverbial participles, single adverbial participles, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks, despite, for the reason and etc.

For example: Large drops of rain crashed on the ground turning into dust and the smallest splashes (Soloukhin); Despite the weather, we decided to perform(Obruchev).

Standalone add-ons most often expressed by nouns with prepositions excluding, other than, over, excluding, including and etc.

For example: Except wild birds and beasts, not a single soul appeared near the monastery(Chekhov).

All separate members of the proposal can also be expressed by comparative turnovers with unions as, as if, as if, as if and etc.

For example: You walk through dry pine forests like on a deep expensive carpet; The room was flooded with steady light as if from a kerosene lamp (Paustovsky).

II. The clarification value can have different separate members of the sentence. that concretize the preceding refined members. A term of a sentence that, being after its syntactic analogue, will narrow the concept being conveyed or limit it in some respect, will be considered as refining.

In other words, the specifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The specifying members are the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.

For example: From South, from the steppe ridge warm and wet snow fell on the raid; Razmetnov on the second day, in the evening, ran to Davydov(Sholokhov). These sentences specify the circumstances of place and time (the most common cases).

The connecting structures are isolated, which contain additional remarks. or clarifications entered in the middle or at the end of a sentence. Such constructions are usually attached with the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover, and(meaning "and moreover"), yes, yes and, and indeed and etc.

For example: It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky); There is a lot of nobility in people, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women (A. Ostrovsky); And Rudin started talking about pride, and spoke very efficiently (Turgenev); What is there to do to a sculptor, and even a bad one?(Turgenev); Already in the Caucasus, I learned and not from the captain that he was badly wounded four times ...(L. Tolstoy); There was only one road and, moreover, wide and furnished with landmarks so it was impossible to get lost(Korolenko); Let these people and many others will remember what happened. It seemed that everything including forests and fields, moves to the west, but it is impossible to go and drive to the east(Kazakevich)

Pegging conditions

In order to understand why some minor members of the sentence stand apart , while others do not, why in some cases segregation mandatory, and in others optional, it is necessary to take into account the conditions segregation .

Pegging conditions- these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonational highlighting of the members of the sentence.

The most common and most prerequisite for the opportunity segregation is the lack of a close connection of the minor member with the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that isolation is allowed only by "optional" members of the sentence - those that are not necessary for the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the proposal that are associated with the transfer of the main, and not additional content, are not subject to isolation.

For example, definitions are not isolated, without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance: Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me on the sidelines deaf and distant (A. Pushkin). Additions, most often acting as a mandatory member of a sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.

Thus, segregation conditions- this is all that contributes to the weakening of the connection with the main word and the strengthening of the semantic significance of the secondary member itself.

On segregation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.

Syntactic conditions:

1. Word order:

There are usual (forward) and unusual (reverse) word order (inversion). So, in the direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the defined word, and the inconsistent one - after the defined word, an additional action called a gerunds - after the main one, indicated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in a sentence, then it thereby stands out, especially emphasizes - its semantic significance is enhanced.

Therefore, among the agreed definitions, those that stand after the word being defined are usually isolated, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds, those that stand in front of the predicate.

For example: He, do not stop, ran and He ran do not stop.

2. Distant position of the minor member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the minor member of the sentence from the main word) .

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire infantry lay down on a bare slope(M. Sholokhov).

This separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.

3. The volume of the isolated member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than uncommon) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members .

For example: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest(S. Marshak) and I spared no effort to fill a bucket full(S. Marshak).

, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence.

For example, an agreed definition is isolated, even before the word being defined (direct word order), if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: AND emaciated by effort and hardship, the old man went to bed(the participle before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has adverbial (causal) meaning).

Morphological conditions of isolation

Sometimes segregation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or an official word of a certain lexico-grammatical category in the selected member of the sentence, i.e. segregation in this case it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the minor term.

Gerous participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as definitions, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate minor members.

For example: When the letter was ready and I was going to seal it, I entered, apparently angry, headman(V. Korolenko). In this sentence, the single (non-widespread) agreed definition of angry, standing in front of the noun being defined, is isolated, since the introductory word apparently refers to it (which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).

Almost always (except for certain special cases) the circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbial phrases are isolated.

The short forms of adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), preserving the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes them segregation a must, regardless of location.

For example: The air vibrates transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom(A. Pushkin); At the usual hour awakened, she got up by candlelight(A. Pushkin).

Comparative Union, how as a rule, it requires intonation highlighting of the turnover: The stuffy air is still like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).

Semantic isolation conditions

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more concrete, the more definite the meaning of the word, the less it needs to be extended, the weaker the connections with it of the secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.

For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” the usual definitions, one cannot say: I am attentive, he is angry(compare: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated.

For example: And he, rebellious, asks for a storm ...(M. Lermontov).

If the word being defined is a proper name or refers to terms of kinship (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother and the like), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition.

For example: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveika, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(M. Gorky).

On the contrary: with nouns that are too general in meaning ( person, thing, expression, deed and the like), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of an utterance.

For example: This delusion is common even for humans. smart and educated; Things happened funny, touching and tragic (V. Astafiev) - the definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.

Thus, detached minor members with an additional message value have :

semantic signs: bring additional meaning to the sentence and, in terms of their semantic role in the sentence, approach the predicate, the subordinate clause;

grammatical features: are only minor members of the proposal (separate definitions, circumstances and additions);

intonation signs: pronounced with a special excretory intonation (intonation of isolation);

punctuation signs: in the letter are separated on both sides with commas.