Orientation methods. Extreme local orientation. Way. Sun orientation
After reading this article, you will become familiar with the concept of orienteering. What such a concept implies, what are its methods and types, the history of orienteering - we will touch on all this in our story. First of all, you need to decide on a key term. Let's talk about such a concept as orienteering. Each of us knows what such a concept exists. And many can even explain it: this is the ability to correctly determine the cardinal points, as well as to imagine the location of settlements and the direction of roads to the place where you are. You can always find your way if you know about the location of the four cardinal points. These are south (S), north (N), west (W), and east (E). Now let's talk in more detail about such a concept as orienteering.
What is terrain orientation
This is a very broad concept. You can navigate by compass, map, sun, stars, clocks, natural phenomena and signs, as well as various prompts. For example, if you look out the window in the morning and see people walking with umbrellas, you will know that it is raining outside. If you notice snow, you will dress warmer. This is, so to speak, "everyday" orientation.
What is orientation, what is it for? It is one of the most important conditions for ensuring human life, as well as necessary for the successful solution of the assigned tasks. Using for or a map is easy. However, sometimes it is necessary to act without having a compass or a map with you. Therefore, you should know other ways of orienting yourself on the ground.
When preparing for a hike, you need to pay special attention to instilling the appropriate skills, methods, rules and techniques that will help you do without using a compass and a map.
Sun orientation
You may know that the places of its rising and setting differ depending on the time of year. The sun rises in the southeast in winter and sets in the southwest. In summer, it rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest. In autumn and spring, the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. It must be remembered that at noon it is always facing south, regardless of the season. The shortest shadow from objects is observed at 13 o'clock. At this time, its direction from objects located vertically points to the north. If the Sun is obscured by clouds, you can put a knife on your fingernail. A shadow will appear, at least a small one, and it will be clear where it is.
By the sun and clock
The hour hand should be directed towards the Sun. The angle that forms between 1 (13 o'clock) and the direction of the hour hand must be halved using an imaginary line. She will show you the direction: in the back - north, in front - south. It must be remembered that the left corner should be divided until 13 o'clock and the right one - in the afternoon.
Along the North Star
There are many ways to navigate the terrain. One of the most famous is for the Polar Star. This star is always in the north. In order to find it, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major. This constellation resembles a bucket, which is formed from 7 stars, quite bright. Further, through the 2 extreme right stars, you should mentally draw a line. It is necessary to postpone the distance between them, multiplied by five. At the end of the line, we will find the North Star. It is located at the tail of Ursa Minor, another constellation. If we face this star, we will be facing north.
By the moon
In order to be well oriented on the terrain, it is necessary to remember that the Moon in the first quarter at 20 o'clock is visible in the south, in the west it is located at 2 o'clock in the morning. If it comes about the last quarter, then in the east the moon will be at 2 am, and in the south - at 8 am. The sides of the horizon at night with a full moon are determined in the same way as by the sun and the clock. In this case, the Moon is used instead of the Sun. It must be remembered that when it is complete, it is opposed to the Sun. In other words, it is located against him.
Snow melting orientation method
We continue to talk about what orientation is in geography. We have not yet described all of its methods. This article only talks about the main ones. One of the most common ways is to navigate by melting snow. The south side of all objects is known to be hotter than the north. This means that the melting of snow is also faster on this side. This is clearly noticeable in early spring, as well as in winter, during thaws, on the snow adhering to the stones, holes in the trees, the slopes of ravines.
By the shadow
At noon, the shadow is as short as possible, and its direction points to the north. In order not to wait for its appearance, you can proceed as follows. It is necessary to stick a stick into the ground, the length of which is about 1 m. Next, you need to mark the end of its shadow. Then you should wait about 10-15 minutes, then repeat the procedure. From the first to the second position of the shadow, you need to draw a line, and then extend it beyond the second mark by about one step. With the toe of your left foot, stand opposite the 1st mark, and place the toe of your right foot at the end of the line you drew. You are now facing north.
By buildings
A certain type of buildings is oriented strictly to the cardinal points. These include churches, synagogues, mosques. Chapels and altars of Lutheran and peasant churches are always facing east, and the bell towers of these buildings - to the west. You can also navigate by the dome of the Orthodox Church, or rather, by the cross on it. The edge of its lower crossbar, which is lowered, faces south, and raised to the north. On the western side are the altars of Catholic churches. The doors of Muslim mosques and synagogues face approximately to the north.
Usually, the exit from the yurts is made to the south. In villages, houses have more windows on the south side. Another important feature is that on the south side, the color on the walls of buildings fades more and takes on a withered color.
Clearing in the forest
It is possible to determine the cardinal points in the tracts of the cultivated forest along the glades. They are usually cut along the east-west and north-south lines. You can also navigate by the inscriptions of the numbers of the quarters, which are made on the pillars placed at the intersection of glades. Numbers are placed at the top of each such pillar and on each of the 4 faces. North shows the edge between the two faces with the smallest numbers.
without watch
If you have lost or broken your watch, local time can be found with relative accuracy using a compass. For this, orientation in azimuth is used. What it is? It is necessary to measure the azimuth of the Sun. After you determine it, you need to divide the resulting value by 15. This is the amount by which the Sun rotates in an hour. The final number will indicate the time. For example, the azimuth of the Sun is 180 °. Therefore, the time is 12 hours.
Orienteering
Surely you are familiar with the phrase "orienteering". the sport is based on the fact that the participants must pass the control points located on the ground with the help of a compass and a sports map. As a rule, the results are determined by the time spent on passing the distance (sometimes a penalty time is taken into account). The method of calculating the number of points that the participants scored can also be used.
Today, competitions in this sport are held in various groups. They can be both in skill level and in age. The length of the distance and its difficulty are determined by the difficulty of the terrain and the age group. At the same time, the route (distance) should be unknown to all participants, and also contain certain difficulties that must be overcome, having good physical shape and the ability to navigate.
Orienteering history
Since ancient times, people have known what orientation on the ground is. It is known that even then they used the skills and abilities associated with it. However, a review of historical facts usually begins with military competitions that were held in the northern states of Europe. It is believed that orienteering as a sport began in the late 19th century. It was then that the first competitions were organized between a number of military garrisons in Norway, Sweden, and Great Britain. On October 31, 1897, the first mass competitions among citizens were held. So, a lot of people learned about what orientation is, a definition of which every schoolchild can give in our time. However, the real birth of this sport took place in 1918. It was then that Major E. Killander from Stockholm decided to use the environment countryside Sweden to organize During the competitions he devised, the runners not only ran, but also had to choose their own routes using a compass and a map.
Orienteering as a sport had spread to Switzerland, Hungary and the USSR by 1934. National championships for women and men began to be held annually in Sweden, Finland and Norway by the beginning of World War II. In 1960, the Open International Competition took place in the Stockholm area. They were attended by representatives of 7 countries. This sport is very popular today. There are several of them for jogging, skiing, cycling, trail orienteering, etc. For each of them, competitions are held.
Now you can also talk about what orientation is. Tourism, sports, and survival in extreme conditions combine this concept. Orientation allows you to find your way from anywhere on the planet in unfamiliar terrain. Knowing its basics, you will not be afraid to get lost in the forest or anywhere else.
Section 5. Orienteering on the ground
§ 1.5.1. The essence and methods of orientation
Terrain orientation includes determining one's location relative to the sides of the horizon and prominent terrain objects (landmarks), maintaining a given or selected direction of movement and understanding the position of landmarks, lines, friendly troops, enemy troops, engineering structures and other objects on the terrain.
Orientation methods. Depending on the nature of the task being performed, orientation can be carried out on the spot from separate points (for example, from observation points during reconnaissance) or in motion (on the march, in the offensive, etc.). In both cases, the main method is to orientate on a topographic map using a compass.
Reliable maintenance of the route in difficult conditions and in poor visibility is most successfully carried out on a topographic map with use of data issued by navigation equipment (coordinator and course plotter). A generally available way to maintain the direction of movement at night, as well as on terrain with rare landmarks, is to move along the azimuths prepared in advance on the map. In some cases, orientation (determining the direction of movement) can be done without a map (using a compass, landmarks, celestial bodies, signs of local objects).
When navigating the terrain during reconnaissance, topographic and then tactical orienteering is performed first.
Topographic orientation includes the determination of the sides of the horizon, the point of its standing, the position of the surrounding terrain objects. With topographic orientation, they first show the direction to the north for some object and their location relative to the nearest and well-defined landmark. Then they name the necessary landmarks and other terrain objects, indicate the directions to them and the approximate distances. Directions to landmarks are indicated relative to their position (directly, to the right, to the left) or along the sides of the horizon. The order of indication of landmarks: from right to left, starting from the right flank. Example of a report on orienteering: " The direction to the north is the mound. We are located on the northern outskirts of Timonovka; on the right, 5 km - Semenovka; straight ahead, 4 km - dark grove; further, 10 km - Ivanovka settlement; more to the left, 2 km - height 125.6».
Tactical orientation consists in determining and showing on the ground the location and nature of the actions of enemy troops and their subunits by a certain time.
§ 1.5.2. Orientation without a map
Orientation without a map consists in determining the sides of the horizon (directions to the north, east, south, west) and its location in the terrain relative to landmarks and takes place in a limited area.
Landmarks are clearly visible local objects and relief details, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of targets and other objects.
Landmarks are chosen as evenly as possible along the front and in depth. The selected landmarks are numbered from right to left along the lines and from themselves towards the enemy. In addition to the number, each landmark is usually given a conventional name corresponding to its outward signs, for example, " Dry wood», « House with a red roof" etc.
Horizon sides and how to define them
It must be remembered that if you stand facing north, then on the right hand there will be east, on the left - west, respectively, south - behind ... To determine the sides of the horizon, the following methods can be recommended:
- by compass;
- by the Sun and analog clock;
- by the Sun and digital clock;
- with the help of improvised means;
- on local facilities;
- along the Polar Star;
- on the moon.
Let's consider in more detail these methods determining the sides of the horizon, as well as the recommended sequence of their development during training sessions.
Determining the sides of the horizon using a compass ... A magnetic compass is a device that allows you to determine the sides of the horizon, as well as measure angles in degrees on the ground. The principle of operation of the compass is that the magnetized arrow on the hinge rotates along the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field and is constantly held by them in one direction. The most common are the various variants of the Adrianov compass and the artillery compass.
Rice. 5.1 Adrianov's compass
1 - cover with stands for sighting; 2 - limb; 3 - readout indicator; 4 - magnetic needle; 5 - brake
Adrianov's compass(Figure 5.1) allows you to measure angles in degrees and divisions of a protractor. A dial with two scales serves to read the angles. Degrees are signed at 15 ° (graduation 3 °) clockwise, goniometer divisions - at 5-00 (graduation 0-50). The dial is read using a pointer mounted on the inner wall of the compass cover against the front sight. The north end of the magnetic needle, the counting and division indicator on the dial, corresponding to 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 °, are covered with a glow-in-the-dark composition. There is a mechanism that slows down the movement of the arrow.
Rice. 5.2 Artillery compass
1 - compass housing; 2 - rotating body of the limb; 3 - limb; 4 - compass cover with mirror "a", cutout for sighting "b" and latch "c"; 5 - magnetic needle; 6 - protrusion of the brake lever arrows
Artillery compass(Fig.5.2) thanks to some improvements it is more convenient to use than Adrianov's compass. Its body is rectangular, which allows you to accurately position the compass along the lines of the map and draw directions. The compass cover with a mirrored surface allows you to observe the position of the magnetic needle and at the same time sight the object. The magnetic needle more steadily fixes the direction of the magnetic meridian; its braking is carried out by closing the lid. The scale division price is 1-00, their signatures are given at 5-00 clockwise.
Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and analog clock ... This rather convenient and accurate method of determining the sides of the horizon is used if the Sun is visible, or it is determined through the clouds.
An analog watch is held in a horizontal plane and rotated until the hour hand aligns with the direction to the Sun, the position of the minute hand is not taken into account. The angle between the hour hand and the number “1” of the watch dial is halved. A line dividing this angle in half will indicate the direction to the south (Figure 5.3). It is important to remember that before one o'clock in the afternoon, the angle not passed by the hour hand is divided in half, and after one o'clock, the angle that it has already passed.
Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock ... This method of determining the sides of the horizon is used when the sun's light is sufficient for objects to cast a shadow.
On a horizontal surface (on the ground), a circle with a diameter of 25-30 cm is drawn with a point in the center. Then, from the outer side of the circle from the side of the Sun, a small weight (for example, a bunch of keys) is suspended on a string or string so that the shadow from the string passes through the center of the drawn circle. Further, through the point of intersection of the shadow from the rope with the solar side of the circle and the center of the circle, a radius is drawn, denoting the hour hand of an imaginary clock. The digital clock specifies the actual time, according to which the divisions of the imaginary dial are drawn in the circle.
Further, as on an analog clock, the angle between one o'clock and the drawn hour hand is divided in half (until one o'clock, the angle not passed by the hour hand is halved, and after one o'clock, the angle that it has already passed). The resulting direction is south (Figure 5.4).
Rice. 5.4 Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock
Determination of the sides of the horizon using improvised means ... The situation is complicated when it is impossible to determine exactly where the Sun is on a cloudy day. However, in this case, there are ways to quite accurately determine the sides of the horizon.
Rice. 5.5 Determining the sides of the horizon using a float and a needle
A flat round float with a diameter of 15-20 mm and a thickness of 5-6 mm is made from a bark or a piece of wood. A shallow diametrical cut is made on the float, in which it is necessary to carefully lay a needle to lower the float onto the existing water surface (any puddle; water poured into a plastic or wooden container; a small depression in the ground, lined with a plastic bag and filled with water from a flask, etc.) ). Under the influence of terrestrial magnetism, the needle will necessarily turn and, swinging between east and west, it will be located with its tip to the north, and its ear to the south, that is, along the magnetic lines of force of the Earth (Figure 5.5).
If a needle is not available, a thin steel nail or steel wire can replace it. But in this case it is important to remember that the needle turns with its tip to the north due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing technology - the so-called "broach". For a piece of wire or a nail, the direction of the broach is unknown, so it is not clear which end points to the north and which to the south. Therefore, for alignment, it is necessary once near a noticeable landmark (anthill, annual rings, etc.) to do the same operations as with a needle, then mark the end of the wire or nail that will turn to the north. Interesting fact: even an automatic ramrod on a float of the appropriate size can play the role of a compass needle - the ramrod will always turn to the north with a thread (only true for AKs produced before 1984).
Determining the sides of the horizon from local features ... The sides of the horizon can be determined by local objects, but it must be remembered that the error in this case can be 15-20 °.
- Forest anthills are one of the most reliable indicators of the sides of the horizon - they are usually located at the roots of a tree with a dense crown that protects them from rain and always on the southern side of this tree. In addition, the southern side of the anthill is always flatter than the northern one.
- The next, though not as reliable indicator as an anthill, is moss on rocks and trees. Moss, avoiding direct sunlight, grows on the shady northern sides of rocks and trees. Using this method, one must be careful: since there is no direct sunlight in a dense forest, the moss grows around the entire surface of the tree - at its roots and above. The same goes for stones. Accordingly, this method works well only on freestanding trees or stones. Or, as a last resort, in open woodlands.
- The sides of the horizon can be determined by the annual rings of trees. To do this, you can find a free-standing stump or cut a small, free-standing tree with a diameter of 70-80 mm. Having carefully cleaned the cut, we will see that the core, that is, the center of the concentric annual rings, is displaced relative to the geometric center of the stump, and it is necessarily displaced to the north. Drawing a straight line through the geometric center of the stump and the center of the concentric annual rings, we get the direction to the north.
- The bark of most trees is coarser on the north side, thinner, more elastic (lighter on the birch) - on the south.
- In pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the northern side rises higher along the trunk.
- On the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tile and slate roofs are earlier and more abundantly covered with lichens and fungi.
- On coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side.
- In spring, the grass cover is more developed on the northern outskirts of meadows, warmed by the sun's rays, in the hot period of summer - on the southern, darkened ones.
- Berries and fruits acquire the color of maturity earlier (turn red, yellow) from the south side.
- In summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be felt by touch.
- Snow melts more quickly on the southern sides of the snowdrifts, as a result of which serrations form in the snow - thorns directed to the south.
- In the mountains, oak often grows on the southern slopes.
- Forest paths are usually oriented north-south or west-east.
- Altars Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran pickaxes face east, while the main entrances are located on the west side.
- The altars of Catholic churches (churches) are facing west.
- The raised end of the lower crossbar of the cross of the churches faces north.
- Kumirni (pagan chapels with idols) face south.
- On Christian graves, the gravestone or cross stands at the feet, that is, on the east side, since the grave itself is oriented from east to west.
Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Polar Star ... Let us recall the remarkable property of the Polar Star - it is practically stationary during the daily rotation of the starry sky and, accordingly, is very convenient for orientation - the direction towards it practically coincides with the direction to the north (the deviation from the north point does not exceed 3 °).
To find this star in the sky, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major, which consists of seven fairly noticeable stars, located so that if you connect them with an imaginary line, a bucket will be drawn.
If you mentally continue the line of the front wall of the bucket, about 5 distances equal to the length of this wall, then it will abut against the Polar Star (Figure 5.6).
Being in the mountains, or in the forest, the bucket can not be seen if it is in this moment time will be under the North Star. In this case, another noticeable constellation will help - the Constellation of Cassiopeia. This constellation is formed by six enough bright stars and represents the Russian letter "Z", when located to the right of the North Star, and the wrong letter "M", if it is located above the North Star.
Rice. 5.6 Finding the North Star in the sky
To find the North Star, it is necessary to mentally draw from the top of the large triangle of the constellation the median (i.e., the straight line connecting the apex of the triangle with the middle of the opposite side) to its base, which, as it continues, will rest against the North Star (Figure 5.6).
Determining the sides of the horizon by the moon ... The sides of the horizon are determined on a cloudy night, when it is not possible to find the North Star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in different phases (table 5.1)
The table shows that it is most convenient to determine the sides of the horizon at a full moon. In this phase, the Moon is at any time on the side opposite to the Sun.
Table 5.1
§ 1.5.3. Azimuth movement
Movement in azimuths is a method of maintaining the intended path (route) from one point (landmark) to another according to known azimuths and distances. Azimuth movement is used at night, as well as in the forest, desert, tundra and in other conditions that make it difficult to navigate the map.
Determining the direction on the ground at a given azimuth by Adrianov's compass ... By rotating the compass cover, the pointer is set to the reading corresponding to the value of the given azimuth. Then, releasing the magnetic needle, turn the compass so that the zero stroke of the dial is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. At the same time, they face in the desired direction and, raising the compass to about shoulder level, sight along the line of the slot-front sight and in this direction notice some landmark on the ground. This direction will correspond to the given azimuth.
Determination of direction on the ground at a given azimuth with an AK artillery compass ... The cover of the compass is set at an angle of 45 ° and by rotating the dial, the given reading is aligned with the pointer at the slot of the cover. The compass is raised to eye level and, observing in the mirror of the cover, it is turned until the zero stroke of the dial is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. In this position of the compass, they sight through the slot and notice any landmark. The direction to the landmark will correspond to the given azimuth.
Measurement of the magnetic bearing with the Adrianov compass ... Having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass to bring the zero stroke under the northern end of the arrow. Without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the ring, direct the sighting device with the front sight towards the object to which you want to measure the azimuth. The aiming of the front sight on an object is achieved by repeatedly transferring the sight from the sighting device to the object and vice versa; for this purpose, the compass should not be raised to eye level, since in this case the arrow may move away from the zero line of the limb and the accuracy of the azimuth measurement will sharply decrease. Aligning the sight line of the slot-front sight with the direction to the object, remove the count from the front sight pointer. This will be the azimuth of the direction to the subject. The average error in measuring the azimuth with the Adrianov compass is 2-3 °.
Measurement of the magnetic bearing with the AK artillery compass ... Putting the compass cover at approximately 45 degrees, sight the object. Then, without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the dial, observing in the mirror, the zero stroke of the dial is brought to the northern end of the magnetic needle and the pointer is read off. The average error in measuring the azimuth with the AK artillery compass is about 0-25.
Preparing data for movement in azimuths ... On the map, a route is planned with clear landmarks at turns and the directional angle and length of each straight-line section of the route are measured. Directional angles are converted into magnetic azimuths, and distances - into a couple of steps, if the movement will be performed on foot, or into speedometer readings when marching in cars. Data for movement in azimuths is drawn up on the map, and if there is no map on the way, then make up a route scheme (Figure 5.7) or a table (Table 5.2).
Rice. 5.7 Route scheme for movement in azimuths
| Landmark number and name | Magnetic azimuth, degrees | Distance | |
| in meters | in pairs of steps | ||
| 1 - separate yard | - | - | - |
| 2 - the place where the road enters the forest | 15 | 1557 | 1038 |
| 3 - intersection of glades | 330 | 645 | 430 |
| 4 - pit at the clearing | 356 | 1020 | 680 |
| 5 - forester's house | 94 | 705 | 470 |
Table 5.2
The order of movement in azimuths ... At the initial (first) landmark, using a compass, the direction of movement to the second landmark is determined by azimuth. In this direction, they notice any remote landmark (auxiliary) and begin to move. Having reached the designated landmark, again using the compass, they outline the direction of movement to the next intermediate landmark and so continue to move until the exit to the second landmark.
In the same order, but in a different azimuth, they continue to move from the second reference point to the third, etc. On the way, taking into account the distance traveled, they look for landmarks on the turns of the route and thereby control the correctness of the movement.
To make it easier to maintain the direction, celestial bodies and various signs should be used: the straightness of a walking column or its own track when skiing, the direction of ripples in the sand and sastruga in the snow (sastruga is a long and narrow snow bank swept by the wind), the direction of the wind, etc. By the heavenly bodies, you can confidently maintain the direction of movement, refining it with the compass about every 15 minutes.
The accuracy of reaching the landmark depends on the accuracy of determining the direction of movement and measuring the distance. The deviation from the route due to the error in determining the direction by the compass usually does not exceed 5% of the distance traveled. If the direction of travel is specified by the compass often enough, then the deviation from the route will be about 3% of the distance traveled.
Obstacle avoidance ... If there are obstacles on the route, then on the map they outline the bypass paths and prepare the necessary data for this - azimuths and distances. Obstacles that were not taken into account when preparing the data for movement are bypassed in one of the following ways.
The first way applies when the obstacle is visible to the end. In the direction of movement, mark a landmark on the opposite side of the obstacle. Then they go around the obstacle, find the noticed landmark and continue to move from it in the same direction; the width of the obstacle is estimated by eye and added to the distance traveled to the obstacle.
Second way... An obstacle, the opposite side of which is not visible, is bypassed in directions that form a rectangle or parallelogram, the azimuths and lengths of the sides of which are determined on the ground. An example of such a workaround is shown in Figure 5.8. From point A walk along the obstacle in the chosen direction (in the example - in azimuth 280 °). Having passed to the end of the obstacle (to the point V) and having measured the obtained distance (200 pairs of steps), they continue to move along the given azimuth (in the example, azimuth 45 °) to the point WITH... From point WITH go to the main route in the reverse azimuth of the direction AB(in the example - in azimuth 100 °, since the reverse azimuth is equal to the direct ± 180 °), measuring in this direction 200 pairs of steps (distance CD , equal AB). Here is the line length Sun added to the distance traveled from point number 2 to point A, and continue to move to point number 3.
§ 1.5.4. Map orientation
Orientation on the spot includes orientation of the map, identification of landmarks, determination of a standing point, comparison of the map with the terrain.
Orientation of the map - giving it, by rotating in the horizontal plane, such a position in which the northern side of the frame will face north, and the lines and directions on the map are parallel to the corresponding lines and directions on the ground. The map is oriented by compass, terrain line or direction to a landmark.
Compass orientation of the map ... The technique is used mainly on terrain difficult to navigate (in a forest, desert, etc.). Under these conditions, the compass is used to determine the direction to the north, and then the map is turned with the upper side of the frame in this direction. The compass map can be oriented more accurately taking into account the magnetic declination. In this case, the compass with the unlocked magnetic needle is installed on one of the vertical lines of the map coordinate grid so that the line passing through the 0 and 180 ° scale marks (or the corresponding edge of the AK compass) coincides with the map line. Then the map is rotated so that the northern end of the magnetic arrow deviates from the 0 ° stroke by the direction correction value indicated in the lower left corner of the given map sheet. An example of orienting a map using a compass is shown in Figure 5.9.
Rice. 5.9 Compass orientation of the map
Orientation of the map along the terrain line ... The map is turned so that the line of the conventional sign of a local object, for example, a road, coincides with the direction of the local object itself, and the images of all objects located to the right and left of it are on the same sides as on the ground (Figure 5.10).
Rice. 5.10 Orientation of the map along the terrain line
Orientation of the map by direction to landmark ... The technique is used when the standing point is known and the landmark indicated on the map is visible from it. The map is turned so that the direction "point of position - landmark" coincides with the corresponding direction on the ground. For a more accurate orientation of the map, a ruler is applied to these points and it is sighted on the landmark.
Identification of landmarks - the most crucial stage of orienteering on the map, since the point of standing can only be determined by landmarks, common for the map and the terrain.
Identification of landmarks begins with the largest, prominent objects in the area, and those that are relatively rare in a given area. When finding objects observed on the ground on the map, their relative position and position relative to the sides of the horizon are taken into account. The correctness of the identification of landmarks is checked by the surrounding elements of the terrain.
In cases where it is not possible to identify landmarks common to the map and the terrain, you should move so that other landmarks are visible, and try to identify these landmarks on the map.
Determination of the standing point on the map is carried out by eye according to the nearest landmarks, by measuring distances, according to the measured distance and direction, and by resection. When choosing a method, the nature of the terrain, visibility conditions, the availability of time, as well as the accuracy with which it is desirable to determine the standing point are taken into account.
Determination of the standing point on the map by eye based on the nearest landmarks, it is recommended to determine the standing point on medium-rugged terrain, when the point is near the terrain object shown on the map. To do this, the map is oriented, two or three nearest landmarks are identified on it, and the distance to them is determined by eye. At certain distances to landmarks, taking into account the directions, they outline a standing point on the map. The accuracy of determining the position on the map in this way depends mainly on the distances to landmarks: than these the greater the distance, the less reliably the point of standing is determined. When positioned from landmarks at a distance of up to 500 m, the standing point with sufficient experience is determined with an average error of about 20% of the average range to landmarks.
Determination of the standing point on the map by measuring the distance ... The method is used mainly when driving on the road or along a linear contour, mainly in a closed area or in poor visibility conditions. The essence of the method: measure the distance (for example, in steps) from a landmark located by the road or any other linear landmark to the determined standing point; then this distance is plotted on the map along the road (linear landmark) in the corresponding direction. The accuracy of determining the standing point by this method depends mainly on the magnitude of the error in measuring the distance on the ground.
Determination of the standing point on the map by direction and distance ... The method is used when only one landmark is identified. In this case, the map is oriented using a compass, taking into account the magnetic declination. Then a ruler is applied to the landmark on the map, with sighting it is directed to the same landmark on the ground and a line is drawn (Figure 5.11- a). You can also viz with a pencil set vertically (Fig. 5.11- b).
Rice. 5.11 Sighting techniques:
a - along the ruler;
b - on a pencil
To do this, the oriented map must be in a horizontal position at about chin level. The pencil is placed vertically on the image of the landmark on the map, sighting through it to the landmark and, without changing the position of the eye and the map, slowly move the pencil towards you. On the drawn line of sight from the landmark image, the distance is set aside, which is previously measured in steps, binoculars, a rangefinder, or assessed by eye. Under the same conditions, the standing point can be determined by another technique (Figure 5.12).
Rice. 5.12 Determination of a standing point by direction and distance
At the point of standing, measure the magnetic azimuth with a compass to a reference point. Then this azimuth is converted to the opposite (add or subtract 180 °), and the last - in the directional angle, along which a direction is drawn from the reference point on the map and the measured distance is plotted in this direction. The resulting point will be the desired standing point.
Example . Given a magnetic azimuth to a reference point (geodetic point) 30 °, a distance of 1500 m, a correction to the magnetic azimuth when going to the directional angle + 12 °. Determine the standing point. Solution... The reverse azimuth is 210 ° (30 ° + 180 °), the directional angle is 222 ° (210 ° + 12 °); the necessary constructions are shown in Figure 5.12.
The average error in determining the standing point by distance and direction is about 5% of the distance from the standing point to the reference point when measuring the distance in steps, and the azimuth - with a compass.
Determination of the standing point on the map by resection in one direction ... This method is used when being on the road (or other linear object), from which only one landmark is visible, located to the side of it. The map is oriented as accurately as possible and sighted to the landmark. The intersection of the hairline and the road will be the desired standing point. The standing point under the same conditions can be determined by the following method: measure the magnetic azimuth to the landmark, translate it to the opposite, and the latter are converted into a directional angle. By the value of the directional angle, draw the direction from the landmark to the intersection with the road.
The average error in determining the standing point by this method with careful execution of techniques is about 10% of the range at an angle of intersection from 30 to 60 ° and from 120 to 150 ° and about 5% at an angle of intersection from 60 ° to 120 °.
Determination of a standing point on the map by resection in three (two) directions ... This method is used mainly in open areas, poor in landmarks, when three (in extreme cases, two) landmarks are identified. Whenever possible, landmarks should be used that are closer to the standing point so that the directions from the landmarks at the standing point intersect at angles within 30-150 °.
Rice. 5.13 Determination of the station point by resection
The map is carefully oriented using a compass, a ruler is applied to the symbol of one of the landmarks on the map and directed to the same landmark on the ground, then draw a line towards themselves (Figure 5.13). Without confusing the orientation of the map, in the same way they draw directions to the second and third landmarks. The intersection of three directions usually forms a triangle, the center of which will be the standing point. In two directions, the standing point is determined less accurately, and most importantly, without control.
Under the same conditions, when it is difficult to work with the map (it is raining, etc.), the station point can be determined by the magnetic azimuths measured from the station point to the landmarks. Magnetic azimuths are converted into reverse, and the latter into directional angles, and directions are drawn along them on the map from the corresponding landmarks.
The average error in determining the standing point by resection along three landmarks is about 15% of the average distance to landmarks.
Comparison of the map with the terrain - the final stage of topographic orientation. At this stage, the terrain is studied, its changes that have occurred since the creation of the map are identified, the position on the terrain of the objects shown on the map is clarified.
To find an object visible on the terrain on the map, mentally or along a ruler draw a line from the point of standing to the terrain object and in the direction of this line find a conventional sign of the object being searched for or make sure that the object is not shown on the map. For a more accurate determination of the direction to the object, measure the magnetic azimuth to it using a compass, calculate the directional angle of this direction and draw a direction on the map from its value.
To solve the inverse problem, i.e. to identify on the ground the object indicated on the map, mentally or with the help of a ruler, sight along the line connecting the standing point and the conventional sign of the object, and in this direction, taking into account the distance to the desired object, they look for it on the ground.
Orientation on the map in motion ... Depending on the nature of the terrain, when navigating in motion, as a rule, a map of 1: 100000 or 1: 200000 scale is used. The main task of orientation in motion is to maintain a given or planned route on the map. Orientation in motion is carried out continuously in order to constantly know your location on the map, which is determined visually by comparing the map with the terrain. For this, a map is preliminarily prepared, and on the way they adhere to a certain order.
§ 1.5.5. Creating a raster map
To create a raster map, we will use the SASPlanet program.
Initially, you need to find the area of interest by scrolling the map. Do not pay attention to the highlighted rectangle - this is a trace of the previous search (it will disappear when you start a new search).
Having selected the area of interest of the required scale, you must click on the "rectangle selection".
Rice. 5.14 Search for a site
Move the mouse pointer to the map field (upper left corner) and click once with the left button (this is how one of the corners of the rectangle is set); move the mouse pointer down diagonally of the screen without pressing a key; having outlined the required rectangle, click the left mouse button; The Select Area Operations dialog box appears.
Rice. 5.20 Specifying the name of the map
Press the "Start" button, wait for the end of saving a piece of the map, exit the SASPlanet program.
Rice. 5.21 Starting the save process
Rice. 5.22 Conservation process
Despite the ubiquity in last years All kinds of GPS-navigators, old, reliable, time-tested methods of orientation on the terrain should always be in the arsenal of any self-respecting tourist.
For orientation on the terrain you need to correctly determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon and particularly prominent objects (landmarks) and accurately maintain the selected direction of movement to the specified object.
Orientation in space
- By card;
- By compass
- According to folk signs
Map orientation
The card will be a faithful assistant only the tourist who knows how to “read” it, that is, knows all the symbols for various objects and landmarks, understands scaling, knows how to determine the cardinal points by it (usually north is always on top, south below, east on the right, west on the left). Naturally, you need to take care of this before you get into an unfamiliar area with a map. For orientation on the map, it is necessary to "tie" the objects depicted on it to real objects on the ground.
It is best for this to find on the ground one of the sufficiently long landmarks (a road, a clearing in the forest, a river bank, a power line, etc.), go to it, find it on the map, and by rotating the map relative to the cardinal points, achieve the coincidence of the direction a real landmark with the one shown on the map. In this case, smaller objects: hills, ravines, groves, freestanding trees or buildings located on the ground to the right or left of the selected main landmark there should also be on the map... Then, by the relative position of nearby landmarks and the visually determined, or measured in steps, the distance between them, you can determine your location on the map. After that, you can start laying a route diagram to the selected point of movement and determining its length, necessary turns and main landmarks.Greatly facilitates terrain orientation the presence of a compass, which allows you to immediately determine the sides of the horizon and not deviate from the direction of the selected route while driving. Especially the compass is indispensable in the conditions of the terrain that are scarce for perceptible landmarks, for example, in the desert, tundra, dense forest, or in conditions of poor visibility.
You just need to take into account that the compass will not give accurate readings near power lines, iron objects, some electronic devices, in places of ore anomalies. In these cases, the compass readings should, if possible, be supplemented with local orientation data.
Compass orientation
For it, you need to position it horizontally and wait for the arrow to stop wobbling, after which it will point to the north. With a card, it must be positioned with the upper side of the frame in the direction of the north so that the vertical line of the coordinate grid coincides with the axis of the compass arrow. After that, it is carried out standard location on the map and a route is laid for further movement in azimuth (the angle between the direction of the compass arrow and the direction of movement we need).
Orientation according to local characteristics and folk signs
In the absence of a compass, the direction of the sides of the horizon will help determine a large number, namely:
- By the sun, The moon and the stars(for example, polar Star always points to the north and in cloudless weather at night it completely replaces the compass);
- By plants(for example, mosses and lichens develop on the damp northern sides of trees, stumps, boulders; grass grows better from the south from detached objects, and from the north it remains fresh longer in hot weather; glades in the forest are always cut strictly from north to south and from west to east);
- By animals(for example, steppe bees always nest on the southern side of walls or large stones, anthills are located south of the nearest stumps, trees and bushes, and the southern side of anthills is always flatter);
- By relief, soil moisture, snow melting;
- By buildings(for example, the altars of Orthodox churches always face east, and the upward-looking edge of the lower crossbar of the crosses on domes always points to the north; on old buildings on the north side, there are often moss and lichen growths on the walls or roofs, the soil near them is damp or snowy does not melt longer).
From the video, you will learn how to apply orienteering signs in practice. Particular attention should be paid to orienteering by the clock.
In conclusion, it can be noted that over many centuries of its existence, mankind has developed many ways to navigate the terrain, as the primary condition for human survival in an unfamiliar or sparsely populated area.
And subject to the person's preliminary acquaintance with this science, there is every chance, subject to composure and sober mind, to get out of any extreme situation associated with a loss of orientation in space in an unfamiliar and unpopulated area.
Any experienced tourist probably has some of his own, developed by personal hiking practice, ways of orienting on the terrain. I think everyone will be interested to learn about such exclusive methods from the readers of the site who have experience of hiking and traveling across the vast expanses of our beautiful planet!
Nowadays, all kinds of gadgets, GPS-navigators and other technical benefits of civilization have firmly entered life. modern man... But, unfortunately, sometimes they break down, are discharged, in general, they can let their owner down at the most inopportune moment. Therefore, any tourist should know the time-tested.
Orientation on the ground is the identification of its dislocation relative to the cardinal points and any landmarks, which, as a rule, are taken as a reference point. As well as determining and maintaining the direction of movement to a given destination.
There are 4 ways to orient yourself on the ground. In the first case, a geographic map is applied. Also, a compass can be used to determine the sides of the light. Few know, but the heavenly bodies can also help determine the location. Finally, natural objects and signs can provide clues.
What is this skill for?
Orienteering on the ground Is one of the most important skills that can really save more than one human life. Orientation can be done using a compass and a map. It's not very difficult. But, unfortunately, there are situations in which they are not available. Therefore, it is also extremely important to be able to navigate by the stars, the moon, the sun and local signs.
Orientation using the map
It should be noted that the map is an excellent assistant in orientation on the terrain for a person who knows how to handle it correctly (knows the symbols, has an idea of scaling, knows how to determine the cardinal points).
In order to determine your location using a map, you must compare the objects depicted on it (roads, rivers, power lines) with their real "counterparts" on the ground. For example: going to the bank of a river, you need to carefully trace its bends, and then, by rotating the map, correlate the real river with the one depicted on the map. At the same time, the location of all other minor objects (tree, grove, detached building) must also correspond to reality. Having determined the approximate distance between them (by eye or steps), you can accurately determine your location. All this data will help to lay out the further route.
Orientation with a compass
It is also good if a person going on a hike or travel has a compass with him. Especially in terms of orientation, it is indispensable in those cases when it is not possible to choose any orientation object (in the tundra, in the desert, in fog, in a dense forest).
In order for the device to become a real helper, you need to check its serviceability. At home, having chosen a flat surface, you need to put a compass on it and wait until the arrow freezes. Next, you need any metal object (needle, scissors, knife). Having brought it to the compass, the needle should start moving again. After removing the object, the arrow should freeze again in the position that it occupied before bringing the metal object to it. If this happens, the device is in good working order and can be used.
Also, when using a compass, you need to remember one very important rule: this tool cannot be used in the immediate vicinity of power lines, large metal objects, natural anomalies. Why? The thing is that the operation of this navigation device is based on the orientation of the magnetic arrows parallel to the lines of the Earth's magnetic field. In other words, the arrows point to the earth's magnetic poles. The objects listed above can cause deviations of the compass arrows.
In order to determine the cardinal points, it is necessary to put the compass horizontally and release its arrow from the clamp. After a while, the arrow will stop moving and point with its selected end to the north (the “north” end of the arrow can be painted in any color, it can be shorter or have the shape of an arrow). Having determined the north, you can find other cardinal directions without any problems: on the opposite side there will be south, to the right (from the north) - east, to the left - west.
Further, having chosen a well-visible object (tree, mountain, hill) along the route, you need to determine its azimuth. To do this, you need to stand facing the object and align the "0" scale mark with the northern end of the arrow. In this case, the digital value on the compass scale towards the object will be its azimuth (as well as the way back).
It should be remembered that the azimuth is counted exclusively clockwise. And nothing else!
For example:
North azimuth - 0º or 360º.
South - 180º.
West - 270º.
When returning back, the compass must be oriented so that the return line points forward. Without changing the position of the device, slowly you need to turn in this way around its axis so that the magnetic needle of the compass points to the north.
Following the compass, a person will definitely find himself at the point from which he began to make his way.
Orientation with the help of celestial bodies
Methods of orientation on the terrain without a map and methods of orientation on the terrain without a compass must be known to every person. Sometimes it happens that there are no instruments and maps at hand. And it is necessary to determine your location. How to be? In this case, the traveler can be helped by the methods that people have used for centuries.
In ancient times, the following orienteering methods were especially popular:
- By the sun.
- To the moon.
- To the stars.
The sun
With the help of the Sun, you can easily navigate the cardinal directions without a map and compass. True, the results will be approximate due to the error (but it is not so great).
There are several ways to determine the cardinal points using a daylight:
- with the help of a wristwatch and the Sun;
- with the help of the Sun and the created shadow from the subject;
- determination of the cardinal points based on the seasons.
Method 1: orienteering using the clock and the Sun (for the northern hemisphere)
With this method of orientation on the ground, you will need a watch with arrows. The watch should be placed horizontally and the hour hand should be directed towards the Sun. From the point of attachment of the arrows to the body of the product, you need to draw a line through the division "1 hour". Next, through the resulting angle, you need to draw a bisector, which will indicate the south.
Method 2: with the help of the shadow cast by the subject
In this case, you will need a long object (a stick or a column stuck into the ground). The top of the shadow it will cast should be noted. After waiting about 30 minutes, mark again (as the shadow will change its location). By drawing a line through these 2 points, you can determine the direction of the east and west. To determine the north, you need to slightly extend the line after the second mark and stand with the toe of your left foot opposite the first point, and with your right toe at the end of the extended line. North will be ahead.
Method 3: determining the cardinal points based on the seasons
You need to remember that:
- From December to February, the Sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest.
- From June to August rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest.
- From March to May and September to November, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
moon
In order to learn how to navigate the cardinal points with the help of the moon, you need to familiarize yourself with some astronomical facts.
Allocate 4 lunar phases(changes in the shape of the moon that can be observed from the surface of the Earth):
- New Moon (The moon is not visible in the sky at all).
- First quarter (its right side is visible).
- Full moon (fully visible).
- Last quarter (only the left side is visible natural satellite Earth).
During the new moon, it will not be possible to navigate to the cardinal points with the help of the moon, since it is not visible in the sky. In the first quarter, it is visible in the south, at approximately 18: 00-19: 00 hours. At 12 o'clock in the morning, she goes beyond the horizon in the west. During the full moon, the Moon is visible at 18: 00-18: 30 hours in the east, at 00: 00-00: 30 it points to the south, and in the early morning - to the west. In the last quarter, the Moon points east at midnight. In the morning, during her call, she will point south.
Stars
TO natural ways orienteering on the ground include the determination of the cardinal points with the help of stars. Usually for this they use the well-known Polar Star. In addition, you can find the south thanks to the constellation Southern Cross, and the east and west along the constellation Orion.
Method 1: North Star.
Polaris or α Ursa Minor is located in the "handle" of the constellation Ursa Minor. For some people, it may be difficult to highlight this constellation in the sky. Therefore, it is better to start the search for the North Star from the constellation Ursa Major (looks like a bucket). You need to take the two extreme stars (they are called Dubhe and Merak) from the right vertical part of the "bucket". And count 5 distances between them up. α Ursa Minor found.
Next, you need to face her. This is north. If you look back, there will be south. Left - west, right - east. It is important to remember that the determination of the cardinal points using the Polar Star is possible only in the northern hemisphere!
Method 2: constellation Southern cross.
This constellation can help you navigate the terrain in the southern hemisphere.
The constellation Southern Cross consists of 4 bright stars, connecting the opposite of which with a mental line, you can get a cross. To define the south - you need to take the longest segment from the vertical line. Accordingly, the opposite end will point north. East will be on the left and west on the right.
Method 3: Constellation Orion.
By the constellation Orion, you can determine the west and east. The constellation consists of 7 stars, 3 of which (Mintaka, Alnilam, Alnitak) are included in the so-called Orion Belt. They are called Orion's Belt. Since this constellation is located in the region of the celestial equator, at the moment of sunrise it will point to the east, and when setting to the west.
It so happens that there is neither a map nor a compass at hand, and neither stars, nor the moon, nor the sun are visible in the sky. What to do in such a critical situation? You can turn to the methods of orientation on the terrain by local features and objects:
- Usually, the bark on trees is thinner and softer on the south side of the plant and coarse on the north.
- Trees, stones, roofs of houses are quickly covered with lichen from the north.
- If you look closely at the conifers, you will notice that more resin accumulates on the south side.
- Ants build their dwellings on the south side of a tree or stump. Also, the north side of the anthill is steeper than the south.
- Earlier, fruits and berries from their southern side turn red and juiced.
- If you pay attention to a freestanding tree, you will notice that the branches on its southern side will be thicker and more branched.
- The sunflower head never faces north.
- Snow near large stones, stumps or trees is looser on the north side, and covered with a crust on the south.
It should be noted that it is possible to determine the cardinal points according to these natural characteristics quite accurately only if several of them give the same result.
The skill of orientation in unfamiliar terrain is needed for people of various professions, as well as for those who plan to go hiking, in the woods or just for a country walk. Sometimes the life and health of a person may depend on whether a person has this skill. Therefore, absolutely everyone should know and be able to notice in practice the main methods of orientation on the ground.
And at the end of a useful article on orientation on the ground, we bring to your attention an equally interesting video clip.
By the sun
At 7 am the sun is approximately in the east.
At 12 o'clock the sun is in the south.
At 19 o'clock the sun is in the west.
In summer, at night, the north side is the lightest, and the south is darker.
By the sun and the clock
Place the watch with the hour hand facing the sun.
Form an angle between the hour hand and the 12 o'clock direction
Draw the bisector of the resulting corner.
Angle bisector shows north-south line
By the shadow
from the sun
The shortest length of the shadow from the Sun indicates the direction to the north.
To determine the length of the shadow, you can stick in a pole and observe the length of the shadow.
The moment of reaching the minimum value shows the time of 12 hours, which means that it indicates the direction to the north
By the stars
At night, you can determine the direction to the north by the Pole Star
It is necessary to find the constellation Ursa Major, then along the imaginary line connecting the last two stars of the bucket, count five segments equal between these stars, there is the North Star, which indicates the direction to the north
Local orientation
By anthills
The northern side of the anthill is steep, and the southern side is gently sloping
On the snow cover
In ravines, snow melts faster on the southern slopes. Near large stones and stumps, snow thaws faster on the south side.
Along the tree crowns
The crowns of trees on the south side are denser
By berries
The berries ripen faster from the south side and stretch in the same direction.
On the grass
On the annual rings of a sawn tree
Annual rings on a stump of a sawn tree are thicker on the south side
On the crosses on the roofs of churches
The crosses on the roofs of the churches are oriented north-south. Raised end of the bottom rung indicates north direction
By resin on trees
On coniferous trees, resin is released and accumulates more with south
When orienting on local grounds, it is impossible to conclusively judge the location of the sides of the horizon from one or two observations. Conclusions can only be drawn after repeated verification of the initial results.
Now let’s check how you have mastered the topic “Orientation”.
Select the question numbers in order.
2) At seven o'clock in the morning, the Sun is:
3) Polaris indicates the direction:
4) In order to determine with the help of the Sun and the clock the sides of the horizon, first of all, you need to direct to the sun:
5) If you face north, then the left will be:
6) At 16 o'clock in the afternoon, the Sun is approximately:
7) The sloping part of the anthill is located:
8) Berries ripen faster:
9) Polaris is located:
10) The resin on trees stands out more with:
What a fine fellow you are!
Right!
Not right!
Try again!
BASIC orienteering by mode of movement:
- Running orienteering
- Ski orienteering
- Orientation along the paths (for wheelchair users)
- Bike orienteering
Running orienteering competitions are held within the framework of such disciplines as "running in a given direction", "optional", "marked track".
- PRESENT DIRECTION ("target")
This is the traditional and most commonly used discipline in running orienteering.
The bottom line is that the athlete at the start receives a map of the area on which checkpoints (CP) are printed in the sequence in which the athlete must find them (“take”).
They are designated by a serial number (1, 2, 3 ...) and individual numbers (or the butet number is indicated in the legend). Objective: to take all control points in the specified sequence in the shortest possible time. The winner is judged by the minimum time to cover the distance.
An example of a "task" for boys and girls under 10 years old. As you can see, the first 3 checkpoints are "tied" to the paths, at 4 checkpoints the beginner will obviously run along the clearing, and at the fork with the path, 30 places will run to the left (the checkpoint will be visible from the clearing).
5 checkpoint is designed for taking in azimuth (only 100-130 m long distance), but beginners will make their way to the checkpoint along the path. The entire children's distance is “closed” from the possibility of getting lost: from the west and south-west of the highway, from the east there is a good dirt road that “blocks” the north and south.
Emergency azimuth - west (on highway)
Classic orienteering competition by running in a given direction.
The athlete at the start receives a map on which ALL control points are indicated, which are installed on the ground.
All athletes are divided into different age groups, the task of each of which is to take a certain number of control points. Typically, the first control for each age group is unique and must be taken first. On the map, it is connected to the starting point. This is done in order to separate the streams of different age groups from the start.
The last checkpoint is also mandatory for all groups and is close to the finish line.
Those. already at the start, each of the participants, receiving a map, comes up with and draws a distance for himself. The task is to “include” between the first and the last checkpoint the required (specified) number of checkpoints.
It's pretty complex type competitions, especially for beginners who, in a hurry, can draw a "marathon" distance for themselves, turn on an extra control, or select all control points "close to", but which will be difficult to capture.
An example of a "choice".
For children under 10 years of age, the “standard” of choice is usually 6 KP. In this case, the 1st control point is number 53. The last control point is usually also required to be taken and is designated number 90. The remaining 4 are up to the child's choice.
CHOICE.
Penza-2015.
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- MARKED ROAD.
Winter orienteering
It is used mainly in winter when skiing orienteering. WITH the portman receives a regular "summer" map, which only shows the start and finish points. After that, he moves along the desired track, which is marked with markings of a certain color, and on the way he meets the checkpoint.
The goal is to indicate the location of the checkpoint on the map as accurately as possible (pierced with a needle) and at the same time go the distance in the minimum time. For the "deviation" of the puncture from the real location of the checkpoint, penalty points are awarded in minutes (minutes are added to the physical time of passing the distance). The farther the hole is from the target, the greater the penalty.
Most often, in winter orienteering, the classical distance ("zadanka") is used.
Those. the map shows all the tracks that were previously rolled for the competition ("grid") and the control points that are located directly on the track, i.e. "Plowing virgin soil" is not necessary.
An example of an adult skiing distance in a given direction.
In summer, multi-day competitions are often held (mainly 3 days, 3 starts).
At the same time, both the classic "assignment" and the "choice" and relay race can be combined.
"Zadanka", in turn, can be of four types: SPRINT (short distances with a small distance between the controls, where speed and the ability to move along a rough azimuth are important first of all.
This is the speed distance). "CLASSIC" (a distance of medium length with an optimal ratio of length / difficulty, where you need to periodically "turn on your head" to select a route option for taking the next checkpoint. Usually, the distance is technically difficult). "CROSS" (long distances with large passes between the control points. Require good endurance, correct choice of the route. The developers of the distance will obligatory force the athlete to "churn" through the swamps and "breathe" on the ascents to the mountains).
RELAY RACE.
Rewarding of participants is carried out both according to the results of each day of the competition, and according to the result of all days (stages) of the competition.
In the format of urban orienteering, sprint stages of large (including international) multi-day competitions are most often held.
This type of competition, like no other, allows you to appreciate the beauty of orienteering, to make it spectacular, to show its massiveness. After all, athletes run directly along the streets of some town, in plain sight of passers-by. Imagine yourself walking through the streets of your city, when suddenly, one by one, some men and women in running uniforms, with a map and a compass in their hand, rush past you.
And if you look closely at them, it becomes clear that these "unusual" runners are looking for something on their map. Aha! And here is the subject of their search: a red and white prism with a number, to which athletes run up, poke something over the prism with something on their finger and run away ... In any case, an uninitiated layman becomes interested in what kind of competition sports are held here? So a person discovers the fact of the existence of orienteering, evaluates its beauty and uniqueness, and perhaps thinks about whether to give his child to practice this wonderful sport.
To participate in bike orienteering, you need a special tablet for the map, which is attached to the steering wheel.
Well, actually, a bicycle (mountain, with gear shifting). Consumer goods China and other junk that is sold in grocery supermarkets and markets will not work!
It just won't be able to withstand the load. The bike should only be purchased from specialized stores. Cheaper than 30 thousand rubles. Whether you will find an iron horse for such "pokatushek".
A bicycle helmet is a must!
This orientation in dark time days with a powerful flashlight on his head.
Such starts are quite rare, so to speak, "delicacy"))). Looks very impressive, especially from the side.
There is another sport directly related to orienteering. This is ROGANE. Its essence is to score as many points as possible in the allotted time. Usually, rogaining is for 2 and 4 hours. Participants run as a pair, which is, in fact, a team.
At the start, they get on the map, work out their route and run. The map is usually on a scale of 1 cm = 200 m, i.e. not detailed. It depicts all the checkpoints placed on the ground. Each checkpoint has its own two-digit number. The first number is the number of points for capturing this control. The closer the checkpoint is to the starting point, the less points are given for it. The farther from the start, the higher the number, and, accordingly, the more points it brings to the team.
At the same time, the team needs to keep within the time frames of the race chosen by it. For being late to the finish line, penalty points are deducted from the team. Rogaining is a race primarily for endurance.
A sort of semi-marathon cross-country. Therefore, only trained and well-trained athletes for long distances participate in it.
You can try your hand right now by downloading the orienteering simulation game.
Ground orientation techniques
⇐ PreviousStr 1 of 1
Maintaining certain directions and solutions to other orientation problems is carried out mainly on a topographic map - a visual comparison with the field.
The topographic map is a reliable guide. However, if they operate at night and in an area where orientation is difficult, it is not always possible to determine orientation points and maintain planned routes.
Orientation in place on a map using a simple navigation device - a magnetic compass - is the primary and most widely used orientation.
Although modern navigation equipment plays an increasing role, it is impossible to effectively use this equipment without a topographic map. The map is used to prepare initial data for working with this equipment, the route progress is monitored.
You often need to act without a ticket and a compass. In such cases, you can navigate the location of celestial bodies and some local objects.
The correct choice and skillful use of different methods and techniques of orientation depends on the accuracy of maintaining the planned route and completing the task in many ways.
In a multitude of tasks, the actions of leaders, commanders, and subordinates are inevitably linked to field orientation.
The ability to focus is necessary, for example, when influencing the movement of the study, directing the group to a scene in the forest, for the purposeful acquisition, mapping (circle on the ground) of anchor points, objects and other objects, control of separation and fire in the battle between special work.
Experienced knowledge and skills in orientation help to more confidently and successfully complete assignments in different conditions of the situation in an unknown field.
Field orientation- means that you determine your location and directions on the sides of the horizon relative to the surrounding local features and landforms, see the direction of movement and accurately transfer it to the road.
In the direction of a special operation, the location of the device is determined by its units and illegal armed groups, the location of landmarks and the direction of activity.
Landforms and local objects, in relation to which they determine their location, as well as the position of targets (objects), indicate the direction of movement, are called milestones.
They can be identified with an overview of the environment as they vary in size, shape and color.
Selecting and Using Orientation Symbols. The tools are divided into areas, line and point.
Ground orientation techniques
Regional points include settlements, individual forest trails, plantations, lakes, marshes and other sites that cover large areas. Such features are easily recognizable and remembered when studying the area.
Linear guidance - Local features and landforms that are larger at a relatively low width, such as roads, rivers, canals, pipes, electrical lines, communications, narrow bunting, etc. They are usually used to maintain direction of travel1.
By the time, attractions include pipe factories, tower-type construction, repeaters, intersections and overpasses, caves and other local objects that occupy a small area.
These reference values are typically used to pinpoint their locations, target positions, fire sector readings, and watchbands.
Of course, orientation in the field is highly dependent on the correct selection of orientation points. Therefore, if you want to follow daily traffic, select points of interest that can be easily recognized even if you are approaching, such as buildings from a tower, individual trees,
that is. points. However, at night these points are slightly different from the distance, and due to limited visibility, line and area points are used. Thus, when choosing landmarks, the conditions under which the unit will operate in the field must always be taken into account.
Leadership Methodson the ground. In the field, you can navigate the topographic map and ground navigation instruments.
A topographic map allows you to quickly understand the installation over a relatively large area of the terrain, which makes orientation easier. Ground navigation devices in all conditions allow you to accurately determine their location on the ground and confidently maintain the desired direction of travel. At the same time, the most widely used simple methods field orientation: compass, sky and local characteristics.
Topographic orientation is the orientation of subordinates to the ground.
This makes it easier to quickly understand the position of borderline characters, lines, goals and objectives from subordinates. Topographic orientation is tactical, and it is an important primary step in the division commander's job in subordinating tasks to subordinates. When topographic orientation initially shows direction on one side of the horizon, usually north, then its position and the position of the surrounding landscape features, relief and distance to them.
For example: "Northern railway bridge, we are at the height of the" circle ", on the right, 3 km - Ivanovka, straight ahead, 3 km - Bezhitsa River, then 6 km - the city of Kamensk, on the left, 3 km - Shirokoe lake 1). After that, the commander (leader) lists the guidelines and directs the tactical direction of subordinates.
1. Topographic orientation in the field.
A tactical orientation is carried out to clarify the situation with armed groups of criminals (gangs), their specific groups (units), neighbors, and also to explore the countryside.
Leader (s) are guided by tactical orientation in the following order:
1. When a person stands up in search of war criminals, he shows the direction towards one side of the horizon (usually the side of the horizon is in the direction of the device).
It defines its position according to a clearly defined milestone (local site). If the map is used for orientation, a grid square will be marked.
3. Shows from the characteristic local object from right to left the relief shape indicates the direction and distance to invisible objects.
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Assigns (explains) from right to left and along lines from oneself to the actions of armed criminals;
Displays the start menu for units and groups.
Topographic orientation can be used to report communications about their location in these cases if there is no map or orientation lost on the map.
For example: "I am on a hill, 2 km to the north - a railway bridge, 900 m to the south-west - a forest, 5 km to the south - a ruined rural village." At the marked points (local objects), the head (leader) determines the location of the object on the topographic map.
Therefore, when a topographic orientation is selected, the most typical areas and line marks are that they can be found quickly and easily on a map.
Field orientation can be general or detailed.
General orientation is the approximate definition of the city, the direction of travel and the time it takes to reach the destination of the movement.
Detail orientation is the precise determination of your location and direction of travel.
Determination of directions along the sides of the horizon.
The directions on the sides of the horizon are determined by the compass, sky lights, and some local feature signatures.
Compass orientation. The compass is most often used to determine the sides of the horizon. You can use the compass to navigate any time of the day, anytime. The compass allows you not only to look for the side of the horizon, but also to determine the direction of movement in place and precisely maintain this direction along the way.
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Define a Horizon page with characteristics of local objects.
If there is no compass and no celestial bodies are visible, the horizons of the horizon can be identified by signs of local objects:
- In summer, on the southern side of dry soils, there are large rocks, buildings, trees and shrubs that can be identified by touch;
- on the southern slopes, it melts faster; defrosting, on snow thorns south of strawberries;
- Calculation in the forest, as a rule, is directed in the direction "north-south" or "east-west", the numbering of forest blocks goes from west to east and even to the south (Fig.
- the altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran choices are in the east, and the main entrances are on the west side;
- The raised end of the lower rung crosses the church to the north (Fig. 10).
9. Determine the side of the horizon along a quarter column in the forest.
Rice. 10. Determine the side of the horizon along the bottom cross.
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Orientation methods on the ground
Orientation on the ground includes determining its location relative to the sides of the horizon and prominent terrain objects (landmarks), maintaining a given or selected direction of movement to a specific object.
The ability to navigate the terrain is especially necessary when being in sparsely populated and unfamiliar areas.
You can navigate by the map, by the compass, by the stars. Various objects of natural (river, swamp, tree) or artificial (lighthouse, tower) origin can also serve as landmarks.
When orienting on the map, it is necessary to link the image on the map with a real object. The easiest way is to go to a river bank or road, and then rotate the map until the direction of the line (road, river) on the map coincides with the direction of the line on the terrain. Items located to the right and left of the line on the terrain must be on the same sides as on the map.
Orientation of the map by compass is used mainly on terrain that is difficult to navigate (in the forest, in the desert), where it is usually difficult to find landmarks.
Under these conditions, the direction to the north is determined by the compass, and the map is placed with the upper side of the frame towards the north so that the vertical line of the map's coordinate grid coincides with the longitudinal axis of the magnetic needle of the compass.
10 ways to orient yourself on the ground
Remember that compass readings can be affected by metal objects, power lines, and electronic devices in the immediate vicinity.
After the location on the ground is determined, you need to determine the direction of movement and azimuth (deviation of the direction of movement in degrees from the north pole of the compass clockwise). If the route is not a straight line, then you need to accurately determine the distance, after passing which it is necessary to change the direction of movement.
You can also select a specific landmark on the map and, after finding it on the ground, change the direction of movement from it.
In the absence of a compass, the cardinal points can be determined as follows:
The bark of most trees is rougher and darker on the north side;
On coniferous trees, resin is more commonly found on the south side;
Annual rings on fresh stumps on the north side are closer to each other;
On the north side, trees, stones, stumps, etc.
earlier and more abundantly covered with lichens, fungi;
Anthills are located on the southern side of trees, stumps and bushes, the southern slope of the anthills is gentle, the northern one is steep;
In summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side;
Separate trees have a lush and thicker crown on the south side;
Altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran pickaxes are facing east, and the main entrances are located on the west side;
The raised end of the lower crossbar of the cross of the churches faces north.
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DANGEROUS LIGHT ORIENTATION
first Depending on the position of the sun.
An approximate determination of the horizon perimeter along the Sun takes into account the time of determination. In this case, we proceed from the fact that in the northern hemisphere the sun is approximately (relative to the mother's time):
- at 7 am - in the east;
- 13 hours - in the south;
- at 7 pm - in the west (the average movement of the Sun for 1 hour is 150).
Example.
The time is 15 hours. Determine the direction to the north. 15 hours means 2
afternoon.
Field orientation methods without compass
For 2 hours the sun moved from south to south
at 300 to the right (2 × 15). This is why it lasts half a day.
300 at this time from the direction to the Sun, and the direction in the direction
The north is opposite it.
Sun and clock.
Keep the watch in a horizontal position, turn it so that the watch points to the Sun with its point. The angle between clockwise direction and direction to number 1 on the dial is removed by half. The grinder in this corner will show roughly the direction to the south.
Figure 6 Definition on the horizon side with sun and hour:
a) - up to 13 hours; b) after 13 hours.
With the North Star.
The direction of the North Star is always north. Search North Star:
- find the constellation Ursa major (looks like a bucket of seven
visible stars);
- Move the line over the two outermost stars of the pot, place on it
approximately five segments are equal to the distance between these stars.
The fifth part displays the position "North Star".
The North Star can serve as a reliable guide for maintaining direction of movement, since its position in the sky remains almost unchanged over time. The accuracy of determining the direction along Polaris is 2-30.
Figure 7 Determination of the sides of the horizon at the polar star.
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On the full moon, on the side of the horizon, it can be determined with a clock in the same way as on the sun (Table 1).
Table 1.
In order not to be mistaken when the moon is rising and when it is decreasing, it is helpful to use the mnemonic rule shown in Figure 8.
Rice. 8 Mnemonic rule for determining the two sides of the horizon with the Moon.
Based on local subjects(Fig. 9).
Signs due to the arrangement of objects in accordance with the Sun:
- The bark of most trees is coarse, thinner, more elastic on the north side
lighter birch) - in the south;
- On the northern side, trees, stones, wood, tiles and slates are covered with lichens and mushrooms earlier and more abundantly;
- in conifers, resin accumulates more abundantly from the south;
- Anthills is located on the south side of trees, loaves and bushes; except
In addition, the southern ant ramp is flat and the northern slope is steep;
- strawberries and fruits first acquire a ripeness color (reddish, yellow) with
South side;
- In summer, the land is close to large stones, buildings, trees and shrubs, drier
south side, which can be identified by touch;
- on individual trees, crowns are lush and thick on the south side;
- in the mountains of the southern parts, on the southern slopes, as a rule, oaks and pines grow; spruce, spruce, tiza, beech - in the north;
- he makes his way faster on the south side and on the southern slopes;
- The footsteps of the bees build their dwellings of very durable material on stones or on walls to the south.
Other functions:
- the altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran churches are facing east, and the main entrances are on the west side;
- the altars of Catholic churches (churches) are facing west;
- The raised end of the lower cross on the domes of Christian churches is located in the north, going down to the south;
- The gates of Jewish synagogues and Muslim mosques are to the north;
- shrines (pagan chapels with idols), pagodas, Buddhist monasteries
Facades to the south;
- In large forest areas, clearance is usually cut from north to south and
east-west.
Figure 9 Determination of the horizon side in accordance with the characteristics of local objects.
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Basics of terrain orientation technique.
The concept of orienteering techniques and landmarks. Classification of landmarks.
2. Technique of orientation on the terrain using a map and a compass.
3. Determination of directions (cardinal points) without technical means of orientation.
4. Peculiarities of orienteering technique in hiking and skiing trips.
1. The concept of orienteering techniques and landmarks. Classification of landmarks.
In the previous lecture, we paid attention to the basics of topographic training, as the most important section of special tourist training.
However, working out the route of the hike at home, sitting in a comfortable chair with a map, pencil and curvimeter in hand, is only half the battle. Along the route line marked on the map, this route should be overcome on the ground, avoiding significant deviations from the planned traffic route; by visiting the designated recreational and educational targets; overcoming the classified sections and completing the hike at the intended finish point and, which is important, on schedule.
In other words, in order to successfully pass the planned route of a recreational or sports hike, one must be able to navigate the terrain; efficient movement along the route is not possible without the possession of tourists orienteering technique .
What should be understood as orientation on the terrain and orienteering technique? First of all, let us define a number of basic concepts necessary for the disclosure of the topic of the lecture.
Orienteering on the ground Is a complex concept that includes a number possible actions, namely:
- determining its position relative to the surrounding landmarks (determining standing points);
- determination of the cardinal points;
- determination of the desired direction of movement and relatively accurate movement according to this direction.
All of the above set of actions allows tourists to effectively determine their location in space and time during the hike and at the distance of the competition and move along the planned (usually mapped) route line.
The technique of orientation on the ground is considered to be a set of applied techniques and means that allow effectively (with the lowest physical and other costs) to carry out the above actions for orientation on the ground and solve specific orientation problems. The marching tasks solved with the help of the orientation technique are very diverse.
We will indicate only a few of the most characteristic of them, namely: compliance with the route thread as a whole and the planned route of movement at each day's crossing in particular; selection and implementation of the optimal one, safe way overcoming a specific natural obstacle; search for the location of the food supply, search for the victim, to help him, etc.
The orienteering technique, unlike, say, the technique of overcoming natural obstacles, is used every running day of the hike and at each separate transition. Terrain orientation tactics can be defined as selection of techniques, means of orientation; the optimal sequence of their application, allowing the most efficient performance of specific tasks for orientation on the ground .
Then the essence of tactics is assessing the situation and making decisions, and the essence of technology is the implementation of these decisions.
How to define the concept of "landmarks"? Tourists solve any problem of orienteering with the help of identification on the ground and use landmarks... So, they determine their location in space relative to one (several) objects and relief elements identified on the ground and indicated on the map (buildings, hills, ravines, hydrographic objects, etc.).
Tourists move along the route along the lines identified on the ground and marked on the map (they walk along roads and clearings, sail along rivers, etc.); or they cross terrain objects that have a certain area (go through open spaces and woodlands; float on lakes, etc.). In this case, about landmarks(on the ground) is clearly visible terrain objects and relief details, relative to which tourists determine their location and direction of movement .
How is it customary in tourism to classify landmarks of the area? Landmarks are usually divided into three types: point, line and area landmarks.
Point landmarks- these are objects on the terrain, depicted on topographic maps by off-scale conventional symbols, as well as points of intersection of linear landmarks and points of breaks of contours. For example, point landmarks on the route are a bridge, a separate building (farm) by which tourists pass (objects identified on the ground, indicated on the map by off-scale signs). The intersection of a clearing and a forest road (the point of intersection of linear landmarks), the obvious angle of the forest edge, a bend in the road (breakpoints of the contour) are also typical examples of point landmarks.
Linear landmarks- these are objects that have a significant length on the ground and are depicted on a topographic map by linear conventional symbols.
Linear landmarks are roads, clearings, rivers and streams, power lines, etc. Areal landmarks- these are objects with well-defined contours, occupying a certain, relatively small area on the ground. Typical examples of areal landmarks are: a lake, a village, a section of a forest of a relatively small area (among an open space), or, on the contrary, an area of open space (a field) located in a vast forest area.
Technique of orientation on the terrain using a map and a compass.
Orientation on the terrain can, depending on specific tasks and circumstances, be performed both with the use of special means (cartographic material, compass, other measuring instruments), and without them.
First, we will consider a number of the most typical terrain orientation techniques, which imply the use of orientation aids, namely a map and a compass.
Simplifying the actual state of affairs, the daily task of orientation in the campaign can be reduced to accurate (without significant deviations) movement along the planned route of the route from one intermediate landmark to another - right up to the planned location of the bivouac.
To solve it, tourists (mainly the navigator and the leader of the group) from time to time when moving along the route compare the map with the terrain; determine their location at a given moment in time (standing point); outline the direction and route of movement to the next intermediate (reference) landmark.
Consequently, orientation using a map and a compass includes a number of techniques (actions): identification on the ground of objects and relief elements (landmarks) plotted on the map; determination of its standing point relative to the identified landmarks; determination of the required direction and route of the next section of traffic; calculating its length and, finally, moving along the selected route. Below we provide a brief explanation of these orienteering techniques.
What is the method of orienting the map? Reading the map (comparing it with the terrain) will be much easier if it is oriented according to the terrain features.
In this case, the relative position of objects and relief details on the ground will coincide with the relative position of the corresponding conventional signs on the map. Therefore, collation of the map with the terrain usually begins with its orientation. Orientation of the map consists in rotating the map so that the lines of the magnetic meridian of the map are parallel to the arrow of the compass, and the northern edge of the map would be facing the north of the terrain(Aleshin, Serebryannikov, 1985).
Alternative view
As a rule, the orientation of the map is carried out by compass, unfolding the map in a horizontal plane and directing its northern edge in accordance with the direction of the compass arrow to the north. Since the lines of the magnetic meridian are not plotted on the topographic map (and the compass needle is set parallel to the lines of the magnetic, and not the true meridian), then when orienting the map with the compass, you should take into account the magnitude of the magnetic declination in this area (see.
methodical lesson "Techniques of orientation").
You can orient the map without using a compass linear landmarks... To do this, standing on a recognized linear landmark of the terrain (road, clearing, power line, etc.), you should unfold the map so that the line of this landmark on the map coincides in direction with this line on the terrain.
You can orient the map and on a set of landmarks(by several ground objects) identified on the ground and mapped (Fig. 1). In this case, you should rotate the map in the plane until the relative position legend objects on the map will not coincide with the relative position of the corresponding objects on the ground. For an acceptable performance of this technique, two or three well-visible landmarks located on the ground at an angle to each other are sufficient.
In addition, the map can be roughly oriented by the sun, other celestial bodies, by a number of natural signs (see below).
Rice. 1 Map orientation by ground objects. The map should be expanded until the relative position of objects on the terrain and the designations of these objects on the map coincide (the mountain on the map will be to the left and further than the church) (according to N. Wilson, 2004)
In what ways can you determine the standing point? A characteristic technique for orienteering during a hike is comparing the map with the terrain and determining the standing point.
The very concept of “ standing point"Means your location on the terrain relative to significant (indicated on the map) landmarks of the terrain... Determination of the standing point can be done in several ways. First, having a detailed (large-scale) topographic map, the station point is determined relative to the nearest, noticeable and indicated on the map point landmark... The easiest way to determine a standing point is when tourists stand directly on a point landmark (at a crossroads, on a bridge over a river, etc.) and identify it on a map.
Determination of your location does not cause difficulties even if, when comparing the map with the terrain, an observed point landmark is identified (a monument, a separate building, a triangulation point, the point of confluence of a tributary into a river, etc.), located near (say, 100, 200 m) from the line movement.
