Spring mushrooms: morels and stitches. Edible or Poisonous ?! Places of distribution of the giant line, description of the mushroom Mushroom spring, the giant line on
Giant line ( lat. Gyromitra gigas) is a species of marsupial mushroom of the genus Strochka (Gyromitra), which is often confused with edible morels (Morchella spp.). In its raw form, all the lines are deadly poisonous, although there is an opinion that the giant lines are less poisonous than other species of the Strochkov genus. It is widely believed that the lines can be eaten after cooking, but gyromitrin is not completely destroyed even after prolonged boiling, therefore, in many countries, the lines are classified as definitely poisonous mushrooms.
Synonyms:
- Large line
- The line is gigantic
Giant stitching (lat.Gyromitra gigas) is a species of marsupial mushroom of the genus Strochka (Gyromitra), which is often confused with edible morels (Morchella spp.). In its raw form, all the lines are deadly poisonous, although there is an opinion that the giant lines are less poisonous than other species of the Strochkov genus. It is widely believed that the lines can be eaten after cooking, but gyromitrin is not completely destroyed even after prolonged boiling, therefore, in many countries, the lines are classified as definitely poisonous mushrooms. In the USA it is known as snow morel, snow false morel, calf brain and bull nose.
Giant's hat stitch:
Shapeless, wavy-folded, adherent to the stem, in youth - chocolate brown, then, as the spores mature, gradually repainted in ocher color. The width of the cap is 7-12 cm, although quite gigantic specimens with a cap span of up to 30 cm are often found.
Giant leg stitching:
Short, 3-6 cm high, white, hollow, wide. It is often not visible behind the hat.
Spreading:
The giant line grows from mid-April to mid-or late May in birch forests or forests with an admixture of birch. Prefers sandy soil, in good years and in good places occurs in large groups.
Similar species:
The common line (Gyromitra esculenta) grows in pine forests, its size is smaller, and its color is darker.
Edibility:
It’s incomprehensible. Throughout Western literature, the lines are notoriously poisonous: defenseless bunnies running past fall dead, unable to resist the poisonous fumes of the line. There is no unity among our authors. But all more or less agree that the giant line is relatively less poisonous than the ordinary one (Gyromitra esculenta). The end consumer decided everything for himself long ago: in the markets, giant and ordinary lines are sold under the guise of morels.
Giant stitching (lat.Gyromitra gigas) is a species of marsupial mushroom of the genus Strochka (Gyromitra), which is often confused with edible morels (Morchella spp.).
In its raw form, all the lines are deadly poisonous, although there is an opinion that the giant lines are less poisonous than other species of the Strochkov genus.
It is widely believed that the lines can be eaten after cooking, but gyromitrin is not completely destroyed even after prolonged boiling, therefore, in many countries, the lines are classified as definitely poisonous mushrooms.
The fruiting body of the stitching giant (Gyromitra gigas) looks like a brain or a walnut. The cap is in numerous convolutions, hollow, irregularly rounded, folded and divided into many lobes, its surface is velvety in appearance, the color is yellowish or yellowish-ocher.
The cap is usually 8-30 cm in diameter, its edges are connected to the stem. The leg is usually irregular in shape, short, furrowed-folded, often immersed in the soil, inside it is hollow, whitish, 2-3 cm long, wide, quite often completely hidden by the cap.
It differs from the ordinary line in the large size of the cap, its lighter color, the structure of the spores and the place of growth (tends to be birch). Like morels, it grows in spring, from late April to late May - early June. The pulp is thin, brittle, waxy, with a pleasant mushroom smell. Light ocher spore powder.
It is found in deciduous and mixed with birch forests, often near birches or old stumps lying on the ground, on forest edges and other well-warmed places. It grows in Europe, as well as in the western (mountainous areas in coniferous forests) and eastern (mixed forests) parts of North America. Sometimes it grows in rather large groups.
Toxicity and ingestion
All raw lines contain gyromitrins - strong toxins, derivatives of hydrazine of the general formula R = NN (CHO) CH3 (in the old literature, Helvelic acid was called a poisonous substance of the lines, but it turned out to be non-toxic), which have a hemolytic effect, and also destroy the central nervous system , liver and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, eating fried uncooked stitches, as well as broths made from them, can lead to serious poisoning, often fatal.
Gyromitrins in the body are metabolized with the elimination of the formyl group and aldehyde, forming toxic methylhydrazine, which is responsible for their toxic effects. This cleavage of gyromitrins can also be carried out when processing mushrooms; two methods of detoxifying the lines are based on this - boiling for 15-30 minutes, followed by draining the broth and washing the mushrooms in running water (some authors recommend boiling twice), as well as drying the lines in the open air.
In the first case, methylhydrazine goes into a decoction, in the second, it evaporates. After boiling or drying, stitches in many countries, including Russia, are used to prepare mushroom dishes.
However, digestion does not completely extract the gyromitrins; the only reliable way to remove them from the mushrooms is to dry for a long time at an elevated temperature or (within 6 months) in the fresh air.
However, care must be taken when eating stitches (and morels).
First, even those amounts of gyromitrins that remain in mushrooms after boiling or drying and do not cause a clinical picture of poisoning can be carcinogenic.
Secondly, some people (especially children) may be hypersensitive to gyromitrins, so that even small amounts of this poison will be dangerous to them. It has been suggested that there are special strains of stitches with an increased content of gyromitrins, against which digestion is ineffective.
As for the morels, despite the lack of reliable data on their toxicity (as opposed to the toxicity of raw lines), preliminary culinary treatment (boiling or drying) is also recommended for these mushrooms, since in Russia mushroom pickers often confuse lines with morels, collect these mushrooms in one and the same container (while gyromitrins are volatile) and sell lines on the market under the guise of morels. In this regard, like the line, the morel is also considered by sanitary doctors in Russia as a "conditionally edible mushroom."
Synonyms and Classification
In Russian sources, it is also known as a large line or a gigantic line. It was originally classified as Helvella gigas by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz in 1834, but changed its name to its present name in 1878.
In 1938, Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai described it as Neogyromitra gigas. In 1950 - Maublancomyces gigas (Herter). In 1968 - Discina gigas (Eckblad). In the USA it is known as snow morel, snow false morel, calf brain and bull nose.
An irregular, cerebral-shaped cap can reach an impressive 40 centimeters in diameter and up to 20 in height. The cap attached to the stem has an ocher, or reddish color. The structure of the cap, like the legs, is hollow. The stem is low, practically not standing out from under the cap, dirty white. The pulp is white, watery, without any special taste or smell.
These lines grow in coniferous and deciduous forests and plantations. Since they are spring mushrooms, you need to look for them in places well warmed by the spring sun. Typical habitats of giant lines: edges, edges of roads, hills, edges of ditches, conflagrations, clearings.
It is quite possible to include such interesting specimens as related species: orange saucer, curly lobe.
- a very bright and interesting mushroom. The shape of the cap with the edges turned up and the bright orange color will not leave anyone indifferent to this inhabitant of the northern latitudes. The fungus is rather small and "nests" mainly on dead wood.
- got its name from the irregular shape of the cap in the form of blades. Unlike the giant stitch, it is 100% edible, but it is worth noting its excessive rigidity.
The growth period of the giant lines is spring. They should be looked for from mid-March to the end of May.
It is worth noting that giant lines can be poisonous, for more details about this feature, see the article on. As a product, giant lines are recommended to be used boiled or fried; drying is more suitable for preparation for future use.
That morels, that the lines of mushrooms are certainly quite tasty, but in some situations their use can literally lead to death! And of course, we are primarily interested in the aspect of using these mushrooms in conditions of autonomous survival, how useful are they?
SHIRTS
Let's start with morels, perhaps! Morels are conditionally edible and at the same time, the earliest spring mushrooms that begin to grow as soon as the snow begins to melt. For all its edibility, mushrooms contain a certain amount of toxic substances, and therefore MANDATORY heat treatment is required. You will probably POISON WITH raw mushrooms, and perhaps very seriously! But if you cook the mushrooms properly, after thoroughly conducting heat treatment (boil several times, (for reliability, three times) with draining the water into which poisonous acids pass, many sources also recommend soaking the mushrooms before heat treatment in salt water. Mushrooms can also be dried, but for this to rid the mushroom of harmful substances, 3 months must pass from the moment of drying, and only then they can be consumed).
Morels can be found in mixed and coniferous forests, on fertile soil rich in humus and lime, very often found in the places of old fires, and can also be found near forest roads, on the edges of forest clearings.
Morels, of course, are not very suitable for consumption in conditions of survival, but if it comes to this (frank hunger, as you know, not aunt), you should carry out a very thorough heat treatment (which requires the necessary amount of potable fresh water, fire, and If all this is not there, it is better not to start.), because if God forbid you get poisoned, in the conditions of survival it can have the saddest outcome!
It should also be noted that as a result of repeated boiling with draining of water, mushrooms will lose not only poison, but also a lot of nutrients and vitamins! In addition, morels are poorly absorbed, and they have a small calorie content. On the other hand, they can save you from hunger (for a while), and give a pleasant mushroom flavor (uplifting morale). Ultimately, whether to contact them during autonomous survival, this is a decision for a specific situation in which you may find yourself, in any case, you should approach the preparation of mushrooms with great care and once again you should not eat such mushrooms raw, and in large quantities generally not worth eating.
STITCHES
Well, now a little about the lines! I will not describe how to distinguish morels from lines by external signs, I think the difference is clearly visible even from the photo, and information about this is easy to find in other sources!
The difference is not only in appearance, because morels are classified as conditionally edible, while the lines are boldly recorded as poisonous !!! But by the way, this does not prevent the mass of people in our, and not only, country from using these POISONOUS mushrooms for food! I confess, I also ate them, collected them, and had no idea that they were poisonous! At the same time, I have never been poisoned by them, although I have eaten repeatedly, but by the way, mushrooms have always undergone enhanced heat treatment! And yet, having learned more about this mushroom from a variety of Internet sources, I think that it is still not worth using it! And that's why:
All sources agree on one thing, raw lines are deadly poisonous! As for heat treatment, the Internet, alas, does not make it clear, since there are two opposite opinions, one of which states that with the necessary heat treatment, the mushroom loses its poisonous properties completely or almost completely, others are 100% sure that no heat treatment or completely is not able to remove this infection from these mushrooms, or its action is not enough to eat the mushrooms safely, (that is, neither prolonged soaking, nor drying with repeated boiling will help you!).
What exactly is so terrible about the lines? The lines contain gyromitrins, strong toxins, hydrazine derivatives that have a hemolytic effect on the human body, destructive effect on the liver, gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system!
At the same time, even if you believe the source, which assures that part of the toxic substance still disappears during heat treatment, even the amount that remains capable of having carcinogenic properties, namely, become the cause of the formation of malignant tumors, that is, by eating such mushrooms, you can do nothing and not to feel, but then all this may affect your health, God forbid, of course! There are also people who are especially sensitive to gyromitrins, for whom the consequences of using even small doses of gitromitrins are extremely dangerous! There is an assumption about the existence of special strains of stitches with a high content of hydromitrin, which no heat treatment takes, and how to know which kind of fungus you will have.
In search of the truth, I stumbled upon the version that the giant lines are not at all poisonous (they literally do not contain any traces of gyromitrin, unfortunately the source indicating this does not give absolutely any evidence referring only to abstract "research in many countries recently" without citing no specific dates, no names of institutes, no names of scientists!
As a result, having all these dubious data, a natural question arises, is it necessary to take such a risk ??? Even in survival conditions? In any case, forewarned is forearmed!
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Systematics:- Department: Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
- Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
- Class: Pezizomycetes (Pecicomycetes)
- Subclass: Pezizomycetidae
- Order: Pezizales
- Family: Discinaceae
- Genus: Gyromitra (Line)
- View: Gyromitra gigas (Giant line)
Synonyms:
Large line
The line is gigantic
(lat. Gyromitra gigas) is a species of marsupial mushroom of the genus Strochka (Gyromitra), which is often confused with edible morels (Morchella spp.). In its raw form, all the lines are deadly poisonous, although there is an opinion that the giant lines are less poisonous than other species of the Strochkov genus. It is widely believed that the lines can be eaten after cooking, however, gyromitrin is not completely destroyed even after prolonged boiling, therefore, in many countries, the lines are definitely referred to. In the USA it is known as snow morel(English snow morel), snow false morel(English snow false morel), calf brain(English calf brain) and bull nose(English bull nose).
Giant's hat stitch:
Shapeless, wavy-folded, adherent to the stem, in youth - chocolate brown, then, as the spores mature, gradually repainted in ocher color. The width of the cap is 7-12 cm, although quite gigantic specimens with a cap span of up to 30 cm are often found.
Giant leg stitching:
Short, 3-6 cm high, white, hollow, wide. It is often not visible behind the hat.
Spreading:
The giant line grows from mid-April to mid-or late May in birch forests or forests with an admixture of birch. Prefers sandy soil, in good years and in good places occurs in large groups.
Video about a mushroom Giant lines:
Remarks
Initially, little connected me with the line and the morel. And as I saw, it became uninteresting. Some kind of fake mushroom. Illusory. And he has some kind of imaginary poisonousness. Gelvelic acid, which the Enlightenment publishing house scared several generations of our mushroom pickers, no longer exists. They are looking for some other poison, find and refute what they have found. Not serious somehow.
However, every mushroom is valuable in spring. This means that each new instance is capable of evoking at least some, but emotions. So, a long and lengthy search in early May 2002 led to the finding of three copies of the giant line. The points of location, equidistant from each other, were the vertices of a triangle with a side of about two kilometers. This is the question of accuracy. The following years have passed, one might say, in vain: it was only in the spring of 2005 that one neat specimen of Gyromitra gigas was found on a forest road, very close to the anthill.
