Omsk region, there are no villages. Notifications. Causes that lead to the depopulation of villages
HISTORY OF DISAPPEARED SETTLEMENTS OF THE ZNAMENSKY DISTRICT OF THE OMSK REGION
Yanbaeva Lidia Raifovna
1st year student, Faculty of Economics and Land Management, Tara branch of FGBOU VPO OmGAU named after. P.A. Stolypin, Tara
E-mail: lev[email protected] mail. en
Sokolova Evgeniya Valerievna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. Sciences in History, Head of the Department of Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Fundamental Disciplines, Tara branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education P.A. Stolypin, Tara,
In our time, interest in the historical past of the country and its individual regions is growing and intensifying. From the history of small villages and villages, the history of the region, region, region, state is formed.
Over the past decades, many villages have disappeared from the Znamensky District, and some have shrunk to small, two or three farmsteads. Careless attitude to culture, to the historical past leads to irreparable losses.
The settlement of Siberia went both at the expense of government resettlements, and at the expense of free settlers who went to Siberia for a better share. Many of them turned to rich old-timers, the treasury or monasteries. The peasants, who received help from the monastery, were the first to settle on Lake Nizhny Izyuk and founded the village of Izyutskaya, the modern village of Znamenskoye. The village arose on an open shore 8-10 meters high at the northern end of the large Izyukov lake, the oxbow lake of the Irtysh. The growth of the population of Tara and the increase in the demand for bread forced the administration of the city and its residents to look for new areas for arable land. The centers of peasant settlements and the development of state-owned arable farming were the settlements, near which the fields of the "sovereign's arable land" stretched, where, under the control of the villagers and clerks, the peasants carried out state work.
Work on the sovereign's arable land was a feudal duty and was of a compulsory nature. In the Tara Voivodship in the first half of the 17th century, the peasant population was small and therefore there were no settlements. The sovereign's arable land, established at the beginning of the century, was plowed up by the middle of the 17th century, and the yields were extremely low. Started searching for field updates. The initiative came from both the administration and the peasants themselves. And for the sovereign's arable land, a new site was found - to the north of the inhabited area on the Aev River. In 1668, preparations began for the first two settlements - Bergamatskaya and Ayovskaya.
A powerful influx of immigrants at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries diversified life in the Siberian regions. With their arrival, new lands are plowed up, new villages arise, new occupations appear. The influx of immigrants to Siberia was also facilitated by such reasons as the termination of land acquisition in the southern and southeastern provinces of Russia (Krasnodar, Stavropol) and the opening of the Siberian railway.
In the summary statements of household lists for the village councils of the Znamensky district for 1924 in the Znamensky district, 22 village councils accounted for 193 settlements and 6701 households.
Since 1924, territorial reforms began in the country: work is underway to enlarge the volosts and zoning the Omsk province. By April 1, 1924, the work to strengthen the volosts and create new districts in the Omsk province was completed. And on September 24, 1924 Sibrevkom approved a new territorial division. Out of 178 volosts, 31 districts were created. On May 25, according to the Decree of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Siberian Territory was formed. On October 1, 1925, uyezds and provinces were liquidated, and 16 okrugs were created in the Siberian Territory instead. Omsk province was divided into three independent districts: Omsk, Tara, Slavgorod. There were 10 districts in the Tara district.
Initially, the Znamensky District was formed by the Decree of the Sibrevkom of September 24, 1924 as part of the Tara District of the West Siberian Territory and existed until June 17, 1929. The area of the district was much larger than today. The village of Znamenskoye became a district center. In 1926-1927, the number of private handicraft establishments in the region was 437, the number of employees in them was 489. The number of qualified enterprises operating in the region as of October 1, 1926: state - 2, cooperative - 2. Two years later, only 2 cooperative qualified enterprises remained. : a sawmill with a capacity of 20,000 cubic meters and a steam mill with a capacity of 35,000 pounds.
In 1928, the most acute grain procurement crisis in the history of the NEP broke out, and the pressure on the peasants intensified. Demonstrative trials began over those who did not fulfill the grain delivery plan, sheltered the “objects of taxation” - sown fields, livestock - from an unbearable tax, general searches were carried out, often under the guise of searching for moonshine. Massive disenfranchisement of "kulaks" began - repressive measures preceding dispossession and exile. They began to include those who systematically used hired labor; had a mill, an oil mill, a blacksmith, a grain mill, a separator; rented complex agricultural equipment; rented out a room; was engaged in trade.
Most of the peasants fit these signs to a greater or lesser extent: someone hired a nanny, someone rented an apartment to a teacher, someone sold milk. Rural activists themselves decided who was a kulak and who was not. Personal accounts were not in last place. The deprivation of the head of the family of voting rights automatically extended to all family members: the elderly - parents, children. Moreover, if it was officially believed that only minors were deprived of voting rights, then in fact all children were deprived, “punished for the future.” Evidence of this is the long petitions of grown-up children for the restoration of voting rights, which are stored in the funds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. After the decision was made to disenfranchise the head of the family, adopted by the meeting of the poor, the village council or the election commission, it happened that the next day, three to five times taxation followed.
Most of the settlements created at the beginning of the century lasted a little more or less half a century. There are several reasons for this, firstly, the dispossession of kulaks in the 30s of the 20th century, when small villages, which often consisted of one large family, were actually abandoned as a result of this process. Part of the castles, farms, small villages were reduced to larger settlements. One of the reasons is the outflow of the population to the city, who left, in search of a better life, not wanting to join collective farms, having independently liquidated their farms.
Collectivization and dispossession proved disastrous for the countryside. As a result of these repressive measures, many villages have disappeared or are on the verge of extinction.
The process of disappearance of settlements in the Znamensky district continues in the second half of the 20th century. The Great Patriotic War brought new trials to the Siberian village. The total pumping out of resources has brought agriculture into a state of deep crisis. The increased supply of meat, the deterioration of the forage base caused a decrease in the number of livestock. The number of cattle in the collective farms of Siberia for 1941-1945. decreased by a third. From 1940 to 1945, the area under grain crops in the collective farms of Western Siberia decreased by almost 30%. Due to the forced non-compliance with the necessary agrotechnical practices, the yield fell sharply. Bread in the region in 1945 was harvested 2.5 times less than in 1941. To restore the national economy destroyed by the war, for the territories liberated from the enemy, the collective farms were logging. The volume of logging in 1945 amounted to 19.585 cubic meters.
During the war years, the Znamensky district was empty by 23 settlements. The first reason is that the empty villages moved to their own settlements. The second reason is that men did not return to some villages from the war. The village could not live without male hands.
In the early 1950s, the country's agriculture, and in particular the Znamensky district, was in a deep crisis, which was caused by the lack of interest among farms in increasing production volumes, the confiscatory tax policy in the agricultural sector and its technical backwardness. Due to the forced nature of labor and the extremely low level of its payment, the collective farm system is characterized by a low level of productivity. The use of material incentive mechanisms in the agricultural sector is the most important lever for raising agricultural production. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the material and technical base of agriculture has been largely renewed and strengthened.
However, the presence in many territories and regions of small collective farms, which could not successfully run a public economy, became an obstacle to the comprehensive development of collective farm production and the solution of social issues in the countryside. In such collective farms, in the opinion of the party, the high-performance equipment received from the state could not be effectively used.
In the early 1960s, a new wave of reforms began. Backward, unprofitable collective farms were transformed into state farms. In March 1960, the Shukhovskiy state farm was created, which united half of the entire Znamensky district. It included over 20 villages of Shukhov, Zavyalovsky and Novoyagodinsky village councils. The state allocated enough funds for the development of the state farm: the tractor fleet expanded, mechanization was introduced in production for the first time, and a link system was introduced in field crops. State farm workers, unlike collective farmers, received monthly wages. It was very difficult to manage such a huge territory located on both sides of the Irtysh. Four years later, the giant state farm collapsed. On its territory in 1965, two state farms were formed: "Shukhovskiy" and "Zavyalovsky", which existed until the very perestroika. Along with state farms, five enlarged collective farms were formed at that time. They also successfully existed before perestroika. Elansky, Chebaklinsky, Firstovsky, Ust-Tavinsky village councils were added to the Znamensky district with a total number of farms - 787. From 1959 to 1979, the number of rural settlements in Siberia decreased by 52%. Many villages have disappeared from the map of the Znamensky District.
From the above, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The settlement of the territory of the Znamensky district is a long and complex process, which takes more than three centuries.
But not all of the settlements that emerged have survived to this day. In the course of the study, we identified several stages in the disappearance of settlements and the reasons for this process.
First step- The 30s of the XX century. At this time, many farms disappear from the map of the region. This is due to the dispossession of the 30s of the XX century. One of the reasons is the outflow of the population to the city. In the course of collectivization, there were 93 fewer settlements in the Znamensky district.
Second phase- 40s of the XX century. During the war years, the Znamensky district was empty by 23 settlements.
Third stage- 50s of the XX century. In the 1950s a broad movement of collective farmers began to unite small collective farms into larger state farms. As a result, 60 settlements disappeared from the territory of the district.
Fourth stage- 60s of the XX century. Creation of state farms - giants, large collective farms. From 1959 to 1979, the number of rural settlements in Siberia decreased by 52%. In 1970, the number of settlements in the Znamensky district was 54, in 1980 - 51, in 1990 - 42 settlements.
Fifth stage- 90s of the XX century. In connection with the collapse of the Severny state farm, many were left without work. The villages have parted, deserted. According to statistics, as of January 01, 1991, there were 8 village councils, 42 settlements, 15228 people in the Znamensky district.
Cbibliography:
- Kolesnikov A.D. Omsk arable land. - Omsk, 1999. - 199 p.
- Kostina T.G. Here is the beginning of my homeland. - Omsk, 2004. - 150 p.
- Unpublished materials (thematic collections) of the Znamensky Museum of Local History (Znamenskoye village, Omsk region).
Omsk designer Anton Voronov spent two weeks in the taiga in the Tara district - he lived in an abandoned village, was engaged in photography and talked with hermits.
Anton Voronov, 33, works as an industrial designer and enjoys photography. He leads a healthy lifestyle and eats almost no meat. Omich believes that life in the city is not suitable for people and draws inspiration from nature. To take a break from the bustle, he went on a trip to the taiga.
“In the summer of 2017, I went to the taiga for two weeks. There was no desire to prove anything. A path for a path. I did not set myself goals to pass the mileage. I just wanted to be alone with myself, take a break from the Internet, mobile communications. The city has already sucked all my energy, I wanted to go to Knyazevka. This place is famous, accessible and interesting. It's like a gate to the taiga,” Anton begins the story.
According to him, Knyazevka is a village in the Tara district, which was abandoned several years ago. Buildings have been preserved in it, but the spirit of desolation reigns everywhere.
Previously, Omsk did not go on serious trips, so he prepared for the trip for six months: he thought out the route, calculated the time and approached the choice of equipment very seriously. “I read various serious literature, sat on the forums, watched the channels of taiga dwellers on Youtube, who go [on trips] one at a time,” says Anton.
Omsk spent about 200 thousand rubles on equipment and travel in general. According to Anton, he tried to take only high-quality things, about which there were positive reviews from experienced tourists. He took with him a backpack with a capacity of 40 liters, a tent, a change of clothes, trekking poles, a gas cylinder from bears and other things that are needed for traveling through the forest.
“I took an ax, now I don’t need an ax, and in the forest I can easily get by with a large knife. When a traveler is inexperienced, he takes with him a lot of unnecessary things. With experience, you begin to reduce the contents of the backpack. On the next trip, I will carry seven or eight kilograms less,” the traveler shares.
Anton took food with a small margin for two weeks. “I rarely eat meat, so I took sublimates with me: dry soy, buckwheat. I also took instant soups and instant noodles. I don’t take stew - jars weigh a lot, ”he says.
By bus, Anton got from the Omsk bus station to Tara, where he transferred to a rattling PAZ, which took him to the turn to the village of Grinevichi. It was the extreme point, which can be reached by such transport, only a swamp is further. You can walk to Knyazevka through the forest or the old winter road - a road with logging ruts and swamp water. This felling in the taiga was made in Tsarist Russia. On halts, he checked with the GPS map, and then followed the compass.
On his first campaign Omsk tried not to move away from the road. He set up camp in a clearing and went for a walk in the forest with a camera. During the trip, Anton really wanted to take a picture of the bear.
“I have a special lens that allows you to shoot at long distances. But I only found a trace, there was a big bear, four hundred kilograms. And yes, there are bears. They stole nine horses from Knyazevka,” says Anton.
But he saw beavers, chipmunks, owls that ate all the sparrows in Knyazevka, and a nest of vipers, next to which he spent the night at the beginning of the journey, without immediately noticing it.
Omsk usually spent the night in a tent in the places where villages used to stand (he even spent one night in an old abandoned hut), in the forest itself or near taiga rivers. One night moose came out to his tent.
“I wake up because someone is snorting. Look, it's moose. I’m more likely behind the camera, while I got it out, uncovered it, they left. At the tent, everything was trampled by hooves, ”he recalls.
“City dwellers think that a bear or a wolf will immediately eat them in the forest. When the villagers hear this, they look like fools. A bear, of course, can attack, but because of the wrong behavior of the person himself or in a hungry year. There are a lot of tricks from bears: before going to bed you throw firecrackers, you smear yourself with a little gun oil. There are a lot of different subtleties that a beginner needs to know, ”Anton shares.
When he was not engaged in photography, he walked through the forest with a musical column so that the beast would not come at him.
“Hiking is a serious matter, not a vacation in a warm country. You are alone, the nearest person is several tens of kilometers away. Swamps. There are many blood-sucking insects, repellents do not help them and you cannot brush them off with a twig. A huge cloud swoops down on you, and you can’t even breathe, the horses even hide in the houses in the summer from midges, ”says Omsk. According to him, he did not receive serious injuries during the campaign - he got off with small cuts, a face scratched by branches and collarbones rubbed from the straps of a backpack.
But along the way you may meet different people. One of the unpleasant memories is a meeting in the forest with a company that was driving past with a lot of alcohol.
“The men drove by on a swamp rover and looked strangely like that. I did not even approach them, although in another case I would have asked for a lift. When you are alone, you try not to get into such situations, ”says Anton.
Having reached Knyazevka, he learned that two male hermits, Vasily and Leonid, live in an abandoned village.
It makes no sense to hide the fact that abandoned villages and other settlements are the object of study for many people who are passionate about treasure hunting (and not only). There is also a place for lovers of attic search to roam, and to “ring out” the basements of abandoned houses, explore wells and much more. etc. Of course, the probability that your colleagues or local residents have visited this locality before you is very high, but, nevertheless, there are no “knocked out places”.
Causes that lead to the depopulation of villages
Before starting the enumeration of the reasons, I would like to dwell on the terminology in more detail. There are two concepts - abandoned settlements and disappeared settlements. Disappeared settlements - geographical objects, today, completely ceased to exist due to military operations, man-made and natural disasters, time. At the site of such points, one can now observe a forest, a field, a reservoir, anything, but not standing abandoned houses. This category of objects is also interesting for treasure hunters, but now we are not talking about them.
Abandoned villages just belong to the category of abandoned settlements, i.e. settlements, villages, farms, etc., abandoned by the inhabitants. Unlike the disappeared settlements, the abandoned ones for the most part retain their architectural appearance, buildings and infrastructure, i.e. are in a state close to the time when the settlement was abandoned. So people left, why? The decline in economic activity that we can see now, when people from the villages tend to move to the city; wars; disasters of a different nature (Chernobyl and its environs); other conditions that make living in this region inconvenient, unprofitable.
How to find abandoned villages?
Naturally, before heading headlong to the search site, it is necessary to prepare a theoretical base, in simple words, to calculate these very supposed places. A number of specific sources and tools will help us with this.To date, one of the most accessible and sufficiently informative sources is Internet:
The second fairly popular and accessible source These are conventional topographic maps. It would seem, how can they be useful? Yes, very simple. Firstly, both tracts and non-residential villages have already been marked on the fairly well-known maps of the General Staff. It is important to understand one thing here, that the tract is not only an abandoned settlement, but simply any part of the area that is different from the rest of the surrounding area. And yet, there may not be any village on the site of the tract for a long time, well, nothing, walk around with a metal detector among the pits, collect metal debris, and then you look and get lucky. With non-residential villages, too, not everything is simple. They may turn out to be not entirely uninhabited, but used, say, as dachas or may be inhabited illegally. In this case, I see no reason to do anything, no one needs problems with the law, and the local population can be quite aggressive.
If we compare the same map of the General Staff and a more modern atlas, we can notice some differences. For example, there was a village in the forest at the General Staff, a road led to it, and suddenly the road disappeared on a more modern map, most likely, the inhabitants left the village and began to bother with road repairs, etc.
The third source is local newspapers, local population, local museums. Communicate more with the natives, there will always be interesting topics for conversation, and in the meantime you can ask about the historical past of this region. What can the locals say? Yes, a lot of things, the location of the estate, the manor's pond, where there are abandoned houses or even abandoned villages, etc.
Local media is also a fairly informative source. Especially now even the most provincial newspapers are trying / trying to get their own website, where they diligently post individual notes or even entire archives. Journalists go to many places on their business, interview, including old-timers, who like to mention various interesting facts in the course of their stories.
Do not hesitate to go to provincial local history museums. Not only are their expositions often interesting, but a museum employee or guide can also tell you a lot of interesting things.
The other day my uncle came to visit and brought a flash drive with old photographs of the village of Pakhomovka. This is near Omsk, forty kilometers to the south. This village is an important place for our family. There, in October 1941, a train came from the Volga, in which my grandmother was, and she returned there from the Vorkuta camp in 1948. There she was born and from there her mother left to enter Omsk.
As a child, I was sent several times to Pakhomovka for fresh air and raspberries. To be honest, there are few memories of these trips. The bus station, stuffy lane, a long, long drive along the Old Kirovsk, the same number of fields with rare birch pegs, then on the right hand there will be an old Tatar cemetery Baibasar and consider that we have arrived. The sun always shines in Pakhomovka, cows walk the streets, hens peck grain, and when their heads are chopped off, they run in circles around the yard; outside the village, the Berlin forest begins with mushrooms and strawberries, there is still a pit with crucian carp, a state farm garden with a watchman whose gun is loaded with salt, and a public bath where it is impossible to enter the steam room, because the peasants splash water on the stones to argue who will outlast whom . That's probably all I remember.
And you look at the photo - it clings. Real, live.
Winter runs. Mom said that they were waiting all year.
Village wedding. In the background is my grandmother's house.
central Street
birders
village forge
