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Osteoporosis of the spine - symptoms and treatment. Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Osteoporosis Definition of Osteoporosis

Health

As you know, the treatment of advanced stages of osteoporosis is a very complicated matter. In fact, the key to success in the fight against this disease are certain measures to prevent the onset and development of osteoporosis. And that is why it is extremely important to identify the disease at an early stage of development, identifying people who are at risk for osteoporosis. It is noteworthy that this disease proceeds quite imperceptibly, without clearly expressed symptoms, until suddenly some fracture or crack takes a person by surprise. As a rule, then it is already too late to take measures to prevent the disease - it is time for treatment. What, after all, needs to be done to predict an impending disease without waiting for fractures? The information that is offered in this article will be extremely useful to those who suspect that they have certain problems with bone tissue, but have not yet decided to visit a doctor, due to the absence of obvious signs of osteoporosis.

1. Assessment of clinical risk factors

Clinical risk factors are well known not only to specialists dealing with the problem of osteoporosis. We bring to your attention the main factors to which any layman is quite able to pay attention.

-- Advanced age.

-- Premature menopause (before age 45).

-- Various cases of lowering the level of sex hormones in men and women.

-- Long-term use of a drug called cortisone (a popular steroid).

-- Previous fractures due to minor injuries and bruises.

-- Alcohol and nicotine addiction.

-- Certain hormonal changes, intestinal diseases or malignant tumors.

-- Too thin.

-- Family history, that is, the presence of direct ancestors who suffered from osteoporosis.

-- Malnutrition, low calcium intake and eating disorders (for example, anorexia, accompanied by an aversion to food; or bulimia - a sharply increased feeling of hunger).

Unfortunately, the identification of osteoporosis by assessing clinical factors is not the most accurate and definitive method, since this disease can also develop in those people who are not at risk for the diseases and disorders listed above. However, these factors are quite enough to come to a definite conclusion, according to which one of the measures that will allow detecting osteoporosis in the early stages is the measurement of bone mass.

2. Measurement of bone mass

Experts know that low bone mass is directly related to the risk of fractures, which means that measuring bone mass at a given point in time is the best method for predicting fractures. In fact, this exercise - the measurement of bone mass - should become a mandatory part of the program to identify people who are at risk for osteoporosis. It is believed that even fairly well-trained therapists are able to do this. But what will the knowledge of the bone mass of a certain person give, without the appropriate evaluation criteria, that is, without any concomitant factors? Without such criteria, it is indeed a meaningless exercise. In fact, there are such criteria, and some of them overlap with the risk factors mentioned above.

Additional Criteria for Measuring Bone Mass

-- The presence of other disorders or disorders that are associated with bone tissue; early onset of menopause; low levels of sex hormone in both sexes; hormonal disorders, esophageal cancer, eating disorders; taking toxic drugs.

-- X-ray findings demonstrating fractures or low bone mass.

-- Happened before atraumatic fractures(fractures that did not occur due to injuries, but due to softening of the bone tissue).

-- When there is a question about the need to start (or continue) treatment with hormone replacement therapy.

-- The presence of obvious factors of long-term exposure: hereditary characteristics, alcohol and (or) tobacco dependence, excessive thinness.

In other words, low bone mass along with the above signs should become the very alarming bells that clearly indicate the presence of osteoporosis. To measure the mass of bone tissue, they mainly use the most popular methods, information on which is presented below.

Basic methods for measuring bone mass

-- Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Don't let this complicated name scare you. In fact, the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method is one of the most popular (and most accurate) methods for measuring bone mineral density. When measured by this method, X-rays pass through the spine, hips and other parts of the skeleton. The method itself, as mentioned above, is very accurate and painless.

-- CT scan

When using the method of computed tomography, the mass of the bones of the spine is measured. It is currently not possible to measure the mass of the bones of the thighs by this method. If we compare the method of computed tomography (CT) with the previous method (DXA), then in the case of CT, the patient receives a large dose of radiation; and the data obtained are less accurate.

Additional Methods for Measuring Bone Mass

-- X-ray examination

In this case, we are talking about a conventional x-ray. It would seem that it could be easier than getting conventional X-rays, fixing fractures and deformities, and determining the mass of bone tissue? Actually, this method is not accurate enough to be used to record changes in bone mass. As practice shows, bone mass must decrease by 40 percent so that these changes can be recorded on an x-ray. And it happens the other way around - an x-ray shows a decrease in bone tissue, but in 25 percent of cases this information is not confirmed.

-- Single photon absorptiometry

This method allows you to fix the size of the bone tissue of the wrists and forearms; this information is often very useful, but the data obtained do not allow drawing conclusions about the state of bone density in other parts of the skeleton.

-- Ultrasound

Measuring the thickness of the bone tissue of the heels or lower legs using this method has a certain potential. But at this point in time, this method is practically not used to confirm the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

3. Biochemical analysis

Biochemical analysis, which is carried out on blood and urine samples, stands apart in determining the risk group for osteoporosis. The results obtained make it possible to follow the how is the process of so-called bone remodeling, that is, the process of bone tissue renewal. As a result, a specialist is able to determine whether there is a loss of bone mass, and whether a fracture threatens a person. Also, this method is used to determine the effectiveness of certain therapies for the treatment of osteoporosis.

About 66% of people over 50 years of age have signs of osteoporosis, expressed in varying degrees. In the future, the prevalence of this pathology will increase due to the general aging of the population. This is an important medical and social problem that not only doctors, but also ordinary people should be aware of in order to take timely measures to prevent and treat this disease.

Content:

What it is

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system resulting from excessive loss of bone mass, delayed bone formation, or a combination of the two. As a result, a strong skeleton weakens, and the likelihood of fractures increases, even with little effort.

Osteoporosis literally means "porosity of the bones". When examined microscopically, healthy bone resembles a honeycomb. In the event of a disease, defects and cavities appear in these “honeycombs”. These bones become less dense and more likely to break. Anyone over the age of 50 who has suffered a fracture should be tested for osteoporosis.

This pathology is quite common. About 25 million Russians have low bone mass, which increases the risk of injury. One in two women and one in four men aged 50 and over suffer a fracture due to this disease.

Fractures are a severe complication of osteoporosis, especially in older patients. The hip, hip, spine, and wrist are most commonly affected, but other bones can also be affected. As a result, prolonged pain occurs, many patients lose height. When the disease affects the vertebrae, it leads to a stoop, and then to a curvature of the spine and poor posture.

Osteoporosis leads to poor posture

The disease can limit mobility, leading to feelings of isolation from the world and depression. In addition, up to 20% of older people with a hip fracture die within a year from complications of the fracture or its surgical treatment. Many patients require long-term care at home.

Osteoporosis is often referred to as the "silent disease" because a person does not feel their bones weaken. The first sign of the disease can only be a fracture, a decrease in height or a change in posture. In the last two cases, a doctor's consultation is necessary.

Causes

Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between bone formation and bone loss (resorption). The two minerals involved in this process are calcium and phosphorus. During life, the body uses these substances from outside to form bones. Calcium is also needed for the normal functioning of the heart, brain and other organs. In order to maintain their functions, with a lack of calcium, the body begins to use its reserves from the bones, as a result of which their strength decreases.

Usually, bone mass is lost over many years. Often a person learns about his illness only at a late stage, when a pathological fracture develops.

The main cause of the disease is the lack of sex hormones. The disease is most often diagnosed in women over 60 years of age. At this time, they begin postmenopause, during which the production of estrogen practically stops. Other factors contributing to bone loss in the elderly include:

• dietary deficiency of calcium and vitamin D;
• lack of strength training;
• age-related hormonal changes not associated with estrogen deficiency.

In addition, there are many health problems and medications that increase the likelihood of osteoporosis. For any of the following conditions, you should consult a doctor about this pathology:

• autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis);
• digestive disorders (celiac disease, enteritis, colitis, consequences of bariatric surgery);
• medical procedures (removal of the stomach - gastrectomy, bypass anastomoses in the intestine);
• breast or prostate cancer;
• blood diseases (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia);
• pathology of the nervous system (stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury);
• mental illness (depression, eating disorders - anorexia or bulimia);
• endocrine diseases (diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, premature menopause);
• HIV infection, including in the stage of AIDS;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema;
• the triad of female athletes: lack of menstruation, malnutrition and excessive physical activity);
• chronic kidney or liver disease;
• organ transplantation;
• transferred poliomyelitis;
• starvation;
• scoliosis.

Some medications can be harmful to bones, even if they need to be taken for other conditions. Bone loss is usually higher with high doses or long-term medications. This process can provoke such drugs:

• antacids containing aluminum;
• some anticonvulsants, phenobarbital;
• chemotherapeutic anticancer agents;
• Cyclosporine A and Tacrolimus;
• gonadotropin-releasing hormones, such as Zoladex;
• heparin;
• lithium salts;
• Depo Provera;
• methotrexate;
• proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole);
• selective serotonin reuptake blockers (Prozac);
• glucocorticoids;
• Tamoxifen;
• thyroid hormones and others.

With long-term use of these drugs, it is necessary to reduce the risk of osteoporosis by available methods, for example, getting enough calcium and vitamin D, doing strength exercises, and not smoking.

The disease is caused by many factors.

Risk factors for developing the disease:

• female and thin physique, weight less than 50 kg;
• advanced age (over 75 years);
• early, artificial or physiological menopause;
• smoking, anorexia, bulimia, dietary calcium deficiency, alcohol consumption and low mobility;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged immobility, such as bed rest;
• hereditary predisposition.

Symptoms

Signs of osteoporosis are similar in men and women.

In the early stages, the disease may not cause any symptoms. Later, it leads to loss of growth, the appearance of dull pain in the bones, muscles, especially in the neck and lower back.

With the progression of the disease, acute pain may suddenly develop. It often radiates (spreads) to other areas, increases with pressure or, for example, resting on a limb, lasts for a week, and then gradually subsides, for about 3 months.

Compression fractures of the vertebrae lead to curvature of the spine with the formation of the so-called "widow's hump".

Cases when you need to see a doctor:

• persistent pain in the neck or lower back in a postmenopausal woman;
• severe pain in a limb or back that interferes with normal movement;
• injury with a suspected fracture of the spine, femoral neck or bones of the forearm.

Another of the signs of pathology is the rapid loss of teeth and difficulties in prosthetics.

Osteoporotic bone fractures lead to severe pain, reduce the quality of life, and lead to disability. Up to 30% of hip fracture patients require long-term home nursing care. Elderly patients may develop pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis complicated by pulmonary embolism. Due to prolonged bed rest. About 20% of patients with such a fracture die within the next year from indirect consequences of the injury.

After suffering a fracture of the spine, the risk of re-injury in the coming years is very high. For example, 20% of older women with a vertebral fracture will have it again the next year.

Degrees of osteoporosis

The severity of osteoporosis is determined clinically. In the presence of a fracture of a large bone or vertebral body, as well as a large number of fractures caused by the action of a weak force (low energy), the patient is diagnosed with severe osteoporosis.

Additionally, the values ​​of bone mineral density (BMD) obtained during a special study - densitometry are taken into account. The analysis of its results is based on a comparison of the data of a sick person and the average value in healthy people. The difference between these numbers is expressed in standard deviation or the so-called T-test.

If normally the T-criterion is -1 or more, then in osteoporosis its value is -2.5. When, with such results, the patient also has fractures, this is a severe degree of osteoporosis.

Bone destruction due to disease

In addition, there are radiographic criteria to assess the condition of the bones. They were developed back in 1966 and are little used today due to their low diagnostic value for determining the early stage of the process and the difficulties of differential diagnosis with other causes of bone tissue changes.

• 1st degree: a decrease in the number of bony septa (trabeculae) is determined;
• 2nd (mild) degree: trabeculae are thinned, bone density is reduced, so the endplates (the boundaries between the main part and the bone growth zone are more pronounced;
• 3rd (moderate) degree: when examining the spine, biconcave vertebral bodies are visible, their sagging, one of them may have the shape of a wedge (a consequence of a compression fracture);
• 4th (pronounced) degree: the bone is demineralized, the so-called fish vertebrae are clearly visible, there are multiple wedge-shaped deformities.

Nowadays, radiologists avoid using the term “osteoporosis” in the description of radiographs, using the expressions “reduced bone shadow density”, “increased transparency”, or “atrophy of the bone pattern”.

If a compression fracture of a vertebra is detected, then its severity is assessed by a decrease in the height of the bone base compared to intact vertebrae:

• 1st degree: slight change in shape, decrease in height by 20%;
• 2nd degree: medium deformation, height reduced by 20 - 40%;
• Grade 3: severe deformity, vertebra in the form of a wedge, height reduced by more than 40% of the norm.

Thus, if a patient has fractures characteristic of this disease, and when densitometry and radiography, the severity of osteoporosis does not correspond to the clinic, doctors are guided precisely by the symptoms of the disease to determine the degree of pathology.

Diagnostics

Recognition of osteoporosis is based on a clear algorithm for assessing its risk in each patient. Such a diagnosis should be carried out by a rheumatologist, and in the presence of fractures, a traumatologist.

Complaints, medical history

Prior to the development of a fracture, osteoporosis is difficult to suspect based on such complaints. Therefore, the doctor estimates the probability of a fracture in the next 10 years based on the FRAX algorithm. This diagnostic algorithm should be used in all women after the cessation of menstruation and in all men over 50 years of age.

The main clinical data considered to assess the risk of osteoporotic fracture:

• age and gender;
• the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, hypogonadism, menopause under the age of 40, chronic starvation, intestinal disease with malabsorption of nutrients, liver disease;
• hip fracture in the patient's mother or father;
• smoking;
• low body weight;
• regular alcohol intake;
• taking prednisolone at a dose of more than 5 mg / day for at least 3 months, regardless of the duration of this treatment.

If the patient already has a fracture caused by a low-energy impact on the hip, spine, or multiple fractures, the FRAX algorithm is not used and densitometry is not performed. Once other possible causes of such fractures have been ruled out, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is made clinically.

X-ray

The doctor also draws attention to complaints associated with compression fractures of the vertebral bodies, which the patient himself might not have noticed. This:

• overstretching of the neck, head tilt forward, muscle spasm;
• chest pain, inability to take a deep breath, pain in the heart without connection with the load, heartburn;
• tension of ligaments along the spine;
• contact of the costal arch with the upper edges of the pelvic bones;
• osteoarthritis of the hip joint;
• frequent urination, tendency to constipation due to deformation of the abdominal cavity.

Visual inspection

Measure the height and weight of the patient, determine the body mass index. With its decrease below the norm in recent years, a decrease in bone mass can be assumed. Clarify the growth of the patient at the age of 25 years. If it decreased by 4 cm or more, fractures of the vertebral bodies are suspected. The same diagnosis is suggested if growth has decreased by 1–2 cm over the past 1–3 years.

Other signs of compression injury of the spine:

• folds of skin on the sides and back;
• the distance between the lower edge of the ribs and the upper edge of the pelvic bones is less than the width of two fingers;
• the impossibility of standing against the wall to touch it with the back of the head, that is, to straighten the back;
• protrusion of the abdomen, shortening of the chest and relative elongation of the limbs.

In addition, the doctor identifies possible signs of diseases that cause secondary osteoporosis.

Laboratory methods

With a clinically established diagnosis of osteoporosis, as well as with the ineffectiveness of previous treatment, laboratory tests are prescribed for all such patients:

• complete blood count: its changes (anemia, increased ESR, leukocytosis) make it possible to suspect rheumatoid arthritis, oncological diseases, including myeloma and other diseases; osteoporosis itself does not cause specific abnormalities;
• biochemical analysis with the determination of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, liver tests, glucose is necessary to exclude contraindications to certain drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, as well as to detect a secondary form of the disease;
• determination of the glomerular filtration rate, which reflects the work of the kidneys;

If secondary osteoporosis is suspected, the doctor prescribes the necessary studies, which may include:

• determination of TSH and T4 in thyrotoxicosis;
• 25-(OH) vitamin D with insufficient effectiveness of the treatment;
• parathyroid hormone to detect hypo- and hyperparathyroidism;
• testosterone and gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) in young people with suspected hypogonadism.

In rare cases, for the differential diagnosis of the causes of osteoporosis, the following are used:

• protein electrophoresis, determination of light chains of immunoglobulins (multiple myeloma);
• IgA and IgG - antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (gluten enteropathy);
• serum iron and ferritin (anemia);
• homocysteine ​​(homocystinuria);
• prolactin (hyperprolactinemia);
• tryptase (systemic mastocytosis).

Some patients require additional urinalysis:

• protein electrophoresis (multiple myeloma);
• calcium and phosphorus (hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia);
• free cortisol (hypercorticism);
• histamine (systemic mastocytosis, hormonally active tumors).

To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment started, the so-called markers of remodeling, that is, bone remodeling, are examined. If agents that suppress resorption (resorption) are prescribed, one or more indicators are analyzed:

• pyridinoline;
• deoxypyridinoline;
• N-terminal type I procollagen;
• C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen.

When using drugs that enhance bone formation, examine alkaline phosphatase (bone-specific), osteocalcin and/or type I N-terminal procollagen.

Analyzes are carried out before the start of therapy and after 3 months. Normally, by this time, the indicators change by 30% or more. If this does not happen, the patient is probably not following the treatment regimen or it is ineffective.

Laboratory studies for suspected osteoporosis.

On the basis of laboratory tests alone, without a fracture clinic, risk factors and densitometry data, it is impossible to make a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Therefore, it is also not recommended to do these studies on your own in commercial laboratories.

Instrumental diagnostic methods

One of the goals of diagnosing osteoporosis is to identify fractures of the vertebral bodies. With this pathology, the frequency of subsequent spinal injuries increases by 3–5 times, and the risk of injury to the femoral neck or other large bone increases by 2 times. A referral for a thoracic and lumbar spine x-ray (lateral view) should be given to the following patients:

• with prolonged back pain;
• with a decrease in height by 4 cm during life or by 2 cm in recent years;
• constantly taking prednisolone or other glucocorticoids;
• with persistently high blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes;
• chronically receiving insulin for diabetes;
• with fractures of other localization.

The study is performed once. Subsequently, it is repeated only when back pain develops or worsens, there is a documented decrease in height, a change in posture, or before osteoporosis medications are discontinued.

In unclear cases, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as skeletal scintigraphy, are sometimes required. They are necessary for differential diagnosis with other diseases.

It is impossible to make a diagnosis of osteoporosis on the basis of a radiograph alone, if it does not show a characteristic wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebrae.

Axial skeletal densitometry is recommended only for those patients who have an average risk of fractures according to FRAX, to determine whether medication is required or not. Individuals at low risk do not require medications, and those at high risk of fractures may be given drugs without densitometry.

This is the most accurate method for diagnosing the condition of bone tissue. It can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, but not more than 1 time per year.

Additional methods for assessing bone density:

• quantitative computed tomography, including peripheral bones;
• peripheral DXA;
• quantitative ultrasound densitometry.

These tests do not diagnose osteoporosis but help determine the risk of fractures.

Treatment of osteoporosis

Non-drug, pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions are used.

Drug therapy

Groups of drugs, their international, trade names and main indications are presented in the table.

medicinal group	international name	Tradename	Indications
Bisphosphonates	Alendronate		osteoporosis in men; disease caused by glucocorticoids
	risedronate
	Zoledronate
	Ibandronate		Postmenopausal osteoporosis
Monoclonal antibodies	Denosumab		postmenopausal osteoporosis; osteoporosis in men; women receiving aromatase inhibitor treatment for breast cancer; Men receiving treatment for prostate cancer (androgen suppressive drugs)
Parathormone	Teriparatide		postmenopausal osteoporosis with a previous vertebral fracture; osteoporosis in men; glucocorticoid osteoporosis; ineffectiveness of previous treatment with other drugs; severe osteoporosis
Strontium ranelate			Isolated cases of the disease with the ineffectiveness of all other types of therapy

The mechanism of action of bisphosphonates is associated with the suppression of the activity of osteoclasts - cells that destroy bone tissue. When using forms for oral administration, there may be difficulty in swallowing, pain in the stomach. With intravenous administration, such side effects do not occur, but a flu-like reaction is observed. It quickly passes on its own or after taking antipyretics.

Contraindications for the use of bisphosphonates:

• kidney failure;
• low levels of phosphorus in the blood, osteomalacia;
• pregnancy and breastfeeding;
• age up to 18 years.

Oral preparations have additional contraindications:

• violation of the patency of the esophagus;
• the inability to be in an upright position for half an hour after taking;
• exacerbation of diseases of the esophagus, stomach, intestines.

Alendronate and risedronate are taken as tablets once a week, in the morning, half an hour before meals; for the next 30 minutes you can not eat and lie down.

Drug for the treatment of osteoporosis

Ibandronate is administered as a tablet once a month or as an intravenous injection once every 3 months. Zoledronate is administered by intravenous drip once a year.

Denosumab is a human antibody. It disrupts the formation of osteoclasts that destroy bone tissue. It is used once every six months. The drug is much safer than bisphosphonates, rarely causes side effects. Contraindications:

• low levels of calcium in the blood;
• pregnancy, lactation.

Teriparatide acts on osteoblasts, the cells that form bone tissue. It activates them and enhances bone formation. It is administered subcutaneously 1 time per day using a special syringe pen. Of the side effects, dizziness and cramps in the legs are sometimes noted.

Contraindications to the use of parathyroid hormone:

• high levels of calcium in the blood;
• primary hyperparathyroidism;
• Paget's disease;
• an increase in the blood level of alkaline phosphatase of unknown origin;
• osteogenic sarcoma;
• open growth zones in young people;
• previous bone irradiation;
• pregnancy, lactation;
• malignant tumors or bone metastases;
• intolerance to the drug, allergic reactions to it.

Strontium ranelate is now practically not used due to low efficiency and high toxicity. It greatly increases the risk of heart disease, skin disease, and thrombosis.

Bisphosphonates in the form of tablets can be taken continuously for 5 years, in the form of injections - 3 years. Denosumab is safe to use for at least 10 years. Teriparatide can be used for no more than 2 years.

If bone density has increased to -2 or more on densitometry and there are no new fractures, treatment can be temporarily discontinued until bone density decreases to -2.5 or a new risk factor for fracture appears.

All of these drugs must be combined with calcium and vitamin D preparations.

Surgery

The operation is performed for fractures of the femoral neck. An elderly person with a suspected such injury should be hospitalized immediately. Surgery is the only way to restore such a patient the ability to move independently. It must be completed within the first 2 days after admission.

The method depends on the location of the fracture site. It can be either osteosynthesis or arthroplasty. After the operation, the prevention of bedsores, early activation of the patient, prescribe medication for osteoporosis.

The operation is contraindicated in such cases:

• acute heart attack or stroke;
• severe pneumonia with the need for mechanical ventilation;
• acute surgical pathology requiring emergency surgery;
• decompensation of diabetes until the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, if necessary, in the conditions of the intensive care unit;
• coma;
• purulent infection in the fracture area;
• immobility of the patient even before the injury, caused by a serious illness, mental disorders, decreased intelligence.

The patient should be examined by several specialists - a traumatologist, an anesthesiologist, a cardiologist, an endocrinologist, a psychiatrist and others.

Surgical treatment of bone pathology.

Treatment with folk remedies

Traditional medicine recipes in the treatment of osteoporosis are only of secondary importance as an additional source of calcium. They cannot strengthen bone tissue in older people, and they do not reduce the risk of fractures.

Popular folk remedies:

• infused dill, parsley, rich in calcium;
• a decoction of chopped and fried onions;
• infusion of wormwood;
• infusion of dandelion leaves;
• a mixture of lemon juice and chopped chicken egg shells;
• mummy solution;
• locally on the bone area, ointments based on burdock, comfrey, golden mustache can be applied.

Such funds can be taken in long courses (1 - 6 months), taking short breaks, then changing the infusion or decoction.

How to pass tests

To get tested for osteoporosis, you need to contact a therapist. After assessing the risk factors for the disease, he will give a referral to an endocrinologist, rheumatologist or a specialist dealing with the problem of osteoporosis in the region. Women after menopause can address such a problem to a gynecologist.

Analyzes must be taken in the same laboratory in order to exclude errors in the results in dynamics. Axial densitometry cannot be replaced by peripheral densitometry; it is usually performed in large urban diagnostic centers. It is not worth starting an examination on your own, it is better to do it in the direction and after examining a doctor.

Difference Between Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Osteopenia is the same process of loss of bone density as osteoporosis, only less pronounced. If normally, with densitometry, the T index is -1 and higher, and with osteoporosis -2.5 and lower, then osteopenia is characterized by values ​​of this criterion from -1 to -2.5.

If osteopenia is detected, it is necessary to examine the patient to determine the risk of fracture using the FRAX algorithm. If osteoporosis is diagnosed clinically, appropriate treatment should be initiated.

Thus, osteopenia is not an independent disease. It can be observed in patients with osteoporosis or in healthy people. With osteopenia, dietary adjustments, additional intake of calcium and vitamin D, smoking cessation, increased strength training, and other measures to prevent osteoporosis are recommended.

Exercises and gymnastics

Exercise is essential for osteoporosis. They make the surrounding muscles work, improve the metabolism in the bone tissue and strengthen it. For the prevention and treatment of the disease, water aerobics, dancing, and walking are used.

Loads should be regular, at least 15 minutes a day, you can do exercises in several approaches. Movements should be smooth and painless, for the elderly, reliance on a chair is recommended.

Gymnastics for osteoporosis of the spine

The warm-up includes stretching up, walking with high knees, slight tilts of the torso to the sides and forward, closing the outstretched arms above the head.

Main complex:

• lie on your back on a soft rug, stretch your arms along the body, simultaneously raise both arms, while pulling your toes towards you, repeat 10 times;
• slowly bend the leg at the knee, sliding the foot along the floor surface, straighten it, repeat on the other side;
• stretch your arms up and gently roll onto your stomach;
• lying on your stomach, stretch your arms forward and make a “fish”, tearing your limbs off the floor, repeat 5 times;
• lie on your side with an emphasis on the arm bent at the elbow, make 6 swings with the leg up, repeat on the other side;
• get on all fours, bend in the lower back (exercise "cat");
• stand with support on the wall, bend one leg at the knee, pushing the other back, or just squat slightly;
• hug your torso with your arms, then relax, while you can lie on the floor.

Exercises for treatment and prevention.

Massage and exercise therapy

After suffering a fracture of the femoral neck or other large bone, rehabilitation is necessary. It includes physiotherapy exercises and massage.

Exercises for the pathology of the hip joint:

• "Scissors" - performed slowly, legs rise low;
• in a prone position, point your toes towards yourself;
• bend the leg at the knee and hip joint, press the heel to the buttock, straighten the leg, repeat on the other side;
• spread your arms to the sides, bend your legs at the knees and tilt your shins to the right and left, trying to touch the floor with your knees;
• lean on the back of a chair, connect your heels, spread your socks and do 5-7 shallow squats.

With osteoporosis, you can not massage the joints and conduct manual therapy. Stroking, rubbing, light kneading and tapping in the back and limbs are performed. Such an effect helps to improve blood supply to tissues, speed up recovery after a fracture, and enhance the effect of treatment. Only a qualified specialist should do such a massage.

Prevention

Sooner or later, osteoporosis will develop in any person when they reach a certain age. Therefore, it is necessary to accumulate a stock of bone mass at a young age so that its loss is less noticeable. It is for this, as well as for the prevention of injuries, that preventive measures for osteoporosis are aimed:

• physical activity on the axis of the skeleton (walking, dancing, running, outdoor games) is useful for everyone, regardless of age; however, excessive exercise during adolescence leads to a decrease in the rate of accumulation of bone mass, as does physical inactivity;
• in older people with osteoporosis or after a fracture, moderate exercise is recommended (Pilates, yoga, swimming); they have almost no effect on the rate of bone loss, but help maintain good coordination of movements and muscle strength, which prevents falls;
• patients with osteoporosis are not recommended to make deep bends, lift weights, run, jump, or engage in equestrian sports;
• it is recommended to take vitamin D and calcium supplements if they are deficient in food; Eat at least 3 servings of dairy products daily.

For women younger than 60 years of age with a menopause duration of up to 10 years, hormone replacement therapy is recommended.

Diet and Nutrition

The basis of proper nutrition for osteoporosis is vitamin D and calcium. People under 50 need 600-800 IU of vitamin D per day, and those over 50 need 800-1000 IU per day.

Product	The amount of vitamin D, IU
Herring	250 — 1500
Salmon	100 – 1000
Fish fat	Up to 1000 in 1 tablespoon
canned sardines	300 — 600
Butter	52
Milk	2
Sour cream	50
egg yolk	20 in 1 piece
Cheese	44
Beef liver	15 — 45

Calcium per day requires 1000 mg, adolescents - up to 1300 mg, women over 50 years old - up to 1200 mg.

Product	Calcium content, mg
Cheeses Poshekhonsky, Dutch, Swiss	1000
Cheese Kostroma, Russian	900
Brynza, sausage cheese, suluguni	630
Adyghe	520
Curd 9%	164
Cream	156
Dairy products, cream, yogurt, milk	About 120

Which doctor treats osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a complex problem. Specialists of various profiles deal with it: therapists, rheumatologists, endocrinologists, traumatologists, gynecologists. It is best to find a specialist who has completed special courses in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a common disease in the modern world, characterized by a loss of bone density and, as a result, frequent fractures and other injuries. The disease is typical mainly for women during menopause, but men are not immune from it either.

Many patients, hearing about this pathology of bone tissue, are wondering how to detect osteoporosis in the early stages?

Symptoms

Signs of osteoporosis, especially in the initial stages, are quite difficult to determine if a person does not have a medical education. Many of the women with this pathology learn about their problem only after they have already suffered several fractures. It is frequent fractures that are one of the symptoms that you need to pay attention to in order to determine the presence of the disease in a timely manner.

In addition to fractures, there are a number of indirect symptoms, based on which one can suspect a pathology and begin a more detailed diagnosis. These include:

• the fragility of the nail plates, their layering and uneven growth (among women, this feature is most often paid attention to);
• a sharp increase in fatigue, a constantly present feeling of weakness (this symptom is not specific and may indicate many other diseases);
• early appearance of gray hair (mainly the phenomenon is common among men, but also occurs among women);
• attacks of tachycardia, developing mainly after a load of a physical type;
• pronounced plaque or the development of periodontal disease.

Before choosing a pathology treatment, the doctor also pays attention to heredity, cases of osteoporosis among women and men in the family. The figure of the patient is necessarily evaluated, curvature of the spine or a decrease in its growth are noted. All these signs can indirectly indicate the presence of the disease.

General principles of diagnosis

Diagnosis of osteoporosis in some cases is a significant difficulty. This is primarily due to the latent course of the disease in the early stages. If women can still be diagnosed with a pathology at the very beginning and begin its treatment, since many women regularly visit a doctor after the onset of menopause, then in men osetoporosis is often detected already at an advanced stage.

Diagnostic value is not only various studies, but also a thorough collection of anamnesis from a person who has applied with complaints. Complaints of joint pain, frequent fractures, or other injuries leading to bone damage will help to suspect a pathology.

Careful questioning of the patient is of great diagnostic value, since the complaints presented in osteoporosis are not specific. It is necessary to detail each complaint in combination with the gender of the patient, his general condition and objective examination data!

Radiography

The diagnosis of osteoporosis used to include x-rays, but now this technique is practically not used, as it has been replaced by more modern methods that help to determine this bone disease. X-rays made it possible to diagnose pathology in women and men only in the later stages, when treatment with a high degree of probability was already ineffective.

To date, X-rays, as a diagnostic method, are used only if the patient has clear signs indicating the presence of osteoporosis.

The striking signs of the disease include spontaneous fractures, curvatures of the spinal column, which were not previously there, and a decrease in growth.

X-rays are also used to diagnose and treat various complications of osteoporosis.

Today, x-rays are not considered the leading technique, but they can also be used in hospitals that do not have the ability to perform bone densitometry to detect pathology.

Laboratory diagnostics is necessary for osteoporosis, not so much for diagnosing bone disease, but in order to choose the right treatment. Men and women with an already diagnosed disease or at the stage of a diagnostic search are regularly taken for blood and urine tests. Laboratory diagnostics helps to identify the cause of bone tissue thinning and, in accordance with the data obtained, correct the treatment.

In the analysis of the patient's blood, doctors pay attention to the following indicators:

• osteocalcin;
• leukocytes;
• phosphates;
• calcium.

Another important blood indicator in diagnosing the causes of osteoporosis in men and women is ESR. Evaluation of this indicator allows you to identify inflammatory processes, including hidden ones.

In the analysis of the urine of patients, such an indicator as deoxypyridinoline is evaluated. Its high concentration together with low readings of blood osteocalcin helps to determine the presence of osteoporosis.

Detection of osteoporosis using densitometry

Today, densitometry is the gold standard in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, as it allows you to identify the disease and begin its treatment at the earliest stages of development. If X-ray is effective only when the loss of bone density reaches 30%, then densitometry is effective at losses of only 5%.

The essence of the technique is to measure calcium, the presence of which in bone tissue acts as a guarantor of its density. Densitometry is used as a definitive diagnostic method, with its help, osteoporosis is either confirmed or excluded from the diagnostic search.

There are three main research methods:

• ultrasonic;
• radioisotope;
• x-ray.

Densitometry allows you to assess the condition of all the bones in the body before starting treatment. The convenience lies in the fact that the pathology often affects only some bones or their parts, and making, for example, a survey x-ray, the doctor may simply not notice the affected area until it becomes quite extensive.

Densitometry is a mandatory examination for women who are in menopause. They are shown to conduct a study at least once a year in order to notice the first signs of osteoporosis in a timely manner and begin treatment. Also, densitometry is prescribed for patients who have cases of this disease in the family. This rule applies not only to women in menopause.

Densitometry is a safe test that can be done as many times as needed. It is used not only to diagnose the disease in men and women, but also to control how the patient is being treated. You can perform the study without fear the required number of times. In this parameter, X-ray is significantly inferior to its more modern counterpart, since the amount of permissible X-ray radiation is strictly regulated.

Diagnosing osteoporosis in different categories of citizens is often a difficult task. The reason lies not only in the mistakes of doctors, but also in the fact that patients, when the first complaints appear, do not go to a specialist, but try to be treated at home, which makes it difficult to identify this bone disease.

Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disease with reduced bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Most often it occurs in women who have experienced the onset of menopause and are in the menopause period. It is they who are in the “risk group” who should be especially attentive to their health and take into account all manifestations of the disease.

Aching joints in the weather, constant pain in the lower back, brittle nails and hair - such symptoms may not always be harmless, as is commonly believed. Sometimes these are the first signs of incipient osteoporosis. In order to go to the doctor in time and stop the course of the disease, it is important to know about the risk factors and ways to treat the disease.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which bone density decreases, making it fragile and prone to pathological fractures. In other words, osteoporosis is an increased "porosity" of the skeleton.

Human bones contain calcium and phosphorus, which make them hard and strong. Normally, bone density increases until the age of 25-30, reaching a maximum by the age of 35, then gradually begins to decrease. When the disease occurs, excessive leaching of minerals from the bone tissue, the bones become porous, resembling a sponge in structure, a decrease in bone density occurs - osteopenia.

This disease affects all the bones of the skeleton at the same time, which leads to the risk of fractures in the simplest life situations, with the most ordinary loads.

The risk group for osteoporosis primarily includes women over the age of 55 who are going through menopause.

In addition, patients with low levels of sex hormones, people with increased levels of sweating, low weight, hereditary predisposition, and those who lead a sedentary lifestyle are susceptible to osteoporosis.

Causes

Osteoporosis can be caused by a long history of smoking, alcohol abuse, digestive problems, metabolic malfunctions, or the disease is inherited. In old age, osteoporosis often occurs due to poor absorption of calcium, as well as nutrients in the intestines.

The consequences of the development of osteoporosis, in the form of fractures of the vertebral bodies and tubular bones, cause a significant increase in morbidity and mortality among the elderly. The main causes that can lead to the development of osteoporosis are:

• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• lack of physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle;
• malnutrition and abuse of restrictive diets;
• the use of medications (usually hormonal);
• violation of digestion, functions of the thyroid and pancreas;
• hormonal changes that occur during menopause;
• dysfunction of the ovaries (or their removal) and adrenal glands, as well as other diseases of the endocrine glands.

Risk factors in women

The main cause of osteoporosis is a lack of calcium in the bones. At the age of 25-30, girls experience the so-called peak of “bone activity”, when bone density is at its highest level. After 30 years, closer to 40, the supply of calcium in the bones of our skeleton begins to decrease, but we hardly notice this until menopause occurs.

When the body stops producing a hormone called estrogen, which controls the amount of calcium in the bones. After that, the destroying cells are not holding anything back, and they begin to mercilessly destroy our bones.

The risk of developing osteoporosis in women increases in the following cases:

• early menopause (up to 44 years);
• removal of the uterus and / or ovaries;
• the absence of menstruation for more than six months, caused by a strict diet (hunger strike) or increased physical activity.

In men

The risk of developing osteoporosis in men, according to some scientists, is provoked by a decrease in the level of testosterone in the blood. This condition can be caused by the following adverse factors:

• taking glucocorticoids;
• alcoholism;
• smoking;
• hypogonadism (a pathology in which testosterone levels drop below a critical level).

Classification

Primary osteoporosis

Primary (involutional, postmenopausal, senile or senile) osteoporosis. It usually develops in old age (after 50 years). Risk factors for primary osteoporosis include:

• elderly age;
• fragile physique;
• small growth;
• family history of fractures;
• late onset of menstruation (after 15 years);
• early cessation of menstruation (up to 50 years);
• scanty and infrequent menstruation;
• infertility;
• prolonged lactation (more than 6 months).

Primary osteoporosis in women develops 4-5 times more often than in men.

Secondary osteoporosis

What it is? Secondary osteoporosis develops in the case of development in the human body of processes that change the exchange of bone tissue (reduction of its mass). The causes of secondary osteoporosis include the following disorders of hormonal metabolism:

1. increased activity of the thyroid gland (), hyperparathyroidism, hypercortisolism (develops due to long-term use of corticosteroids, or as a result of chronic diseases).
2. In addition, the causes of development can be: leukemia (), myeloma, metastatic bone disease, thalassemia

Senile osteoporosis (senile) or other forms of this disease are also divided depending on the location of pathological changes:

• Spinal osteoporosis. There is a destruction of the vertebrae, which is manifested by severe pain in the lower back.
• Hip. It is characterized by destruction of the femoral neck. Without proper treatment, it can even lead to death. There is a high chance of fractures or displacement of the bones.
• Foot osteoporosis. At the first symptoms of this pathology, the appearance of cramps in the calf muscles is observed.
• Knee. In the absence of proper treatment, it can provoke serious consequences up to the disability of the patient.
• Periarticular osteoporosis affecting only large joints.

Degrees

There are 4 stages of osteoporosis, each of which is accompanied by its own symptoms and treatment.

Stages of osteoporosis	Symptoms in adults
1	Revealed in a decrease in bone density. X-ray diagnostics reveals significant transparency of the X-ray shadow and striated silhouettes of the vertebrae. This degree of illness is determined exclusively during medical research;
2	The second degree is a mild form, in which there is a thinning of the trabeculae, a moderate decrease in bone density.
3	Third degree - with such a development of the disease, it is possible to identify deformity in some parts of the spine, a hump gradually forms on the back.
4	The fourth degree is the most dangerous degree of manifestation of osteoporosis. The bones practically "glow", which becomes noticeable when X-rays are taken. In some places, bone thickenings form, the patient is prone to injury at the slightest physical activity.

Because bone health depends on estrogen production, the incidence of osteoporosis increases dramatically after menopause. Women aged 50-55 years suffer from fractures due to osteoporosis 4-7 times more often than men. By the age of 70, fractures occur in every second woman.

First signs

Now for the signs. Probably, many of you are wondering: what is the difference between osteoporosis symptoms and signs. Symptoms are what we feel and can assume the presence of a disease, and signs are what we observe, that is, what already indicates the onset of the disease.

The primary symptoms of osteoporosis are difficult to identify, which is why the disease is often referred to as the "silent killer". A person learns that the bone tissue has become brittle and fragile after a fracture of the limbs. The question arises: how to check the condition of the bones for osteoporosis? It is worth referring to the secondary signs:

• stoop, senile hunchback;
• decrease in growth by 3-5 cm per year;
• aches in the body and joints.

To avoid fractures, you should be examined by a doctor if early signs of osteoporosis appear, such as poor posture, pain in the thoracic or lumbar spine, or its curvature.

Urgent consultation an orthopedic traumatologist, a rheumatologist and an endocrinologist are required if two fractures have occurred in a short period of time, bone pain is present, or if growth has decreased by 1.5 cm or more.

Symptoms of osteoporosis

The disease can be completely asymptomatic for a long time. The first symptoms of osteoporosis often appear already at the stage of severe osteopenia and are expressed in the occurrence of bone fractures. Typically, fractures are detected in the chest (ribs), vertebral bodies, femoral neck, tubular bones.

However, there are still several symptoms of osteoporosis in women that can alert a person to impending danger:

• There is a slight decrease in human height (by 3 cm) relative to the value of 25 years;
• Excessive stoop. It may indicate the presence of vertebral fractures;
• Severe pain in the lower back can also indicate fractures in the corresponding section of the spine;
• Periodic bone fractures due to falls from a height equal to a person's height. The most commonly damaged vertebrae, femoral neck and wrist bone.
• The first symptoms of osteoporosis can be manifested by pain in the thoracic and lumbar regions, this pain occurs as a result of prolonged static loads (that is, during sedentary work, etc.).
• There may also be leg cramps noted at night.
• Nails become brittle and split.

In addition, some people diagnosed with osteoporosis begin to suddenly turn gray, note a rapid heartbeat - these symptoms are rare, but they do occur. There are a number of signs of osteoporosis that simply cannot be ignored. These include:

• constant feeling of heaviness in the area between the shoulder blades;
• curvature of the spinal column;
• frequent fractures of large and small bones;
• general weakness in the muscles;
• growth is decreasing.

The above signs indicate that osteoporosis is severe, is an irreversible process. In this case, the patient can be helped only by stabilizing the general state of health, stopping the progression of the disease.

With this disease a fracture can occur under the influence of a very weak load, for example, when trying to lift a saucepan of water, a fracture of the radius occurs in the wrist area. To avoid this, it is necessary to diagnose osteoporosis long before it "does trouble."

According to statistics, the symptoms of osteoporosis in women over 50, expressed to varying degrees, are detected in 30%, which is mainly due to a decrease in estrogen synthesis in the body.

The risk of disease is in slow asymptomatic development or in the appearance of minor symptoms, which even doctors attribute to metabolic manifestations. Despite the fact that arthritis and osteoporosis develop simultaneously, they are different diseases: osteoporosis is a systemic disease.

Complications

• The most common fractures are the vertebral bodies, femoral neck, and radius bones. According to WHO, femoral fractures put osteoporosis in 4th place among all causes of disability and death. Osteoporosis reduces life expectancy by 12-20%.
• The first vertebral fracture increases the risk of repeated vertebral fractures by 4 times and hip fractures by 2 times.
• Prolonged bed rest contributes to the development of bedsores, thromboembolism.

Slowing down the development of osteoporosis, preventing complications is possible with timely access to a doctor, laboratory, instrumental diagnostics and recommendations for treatment and corrective therapy. Everyone should remember this, especially middle-aged women.

Diagnostics

Osteoporosis is a disease that lies at the intersection of many medical disciplines. The search for its causes most often begins in the office of a gynecologist, endocrinologist or therapist. Sometimes, in the case when the manifestation of the disease is manifested immediately by a pathological fracture, it can be a traumatologist - orthopedist.

The following conditions are used as indications for the densitometry procedure:

• early onset of menopause;
• secondary (long-term nature of the course);
• renal failure (chronic);
• hypogonadism (primary);
• hyperparathyroidism;
• low testosterone (relevant in particular for men);
• hypotrophy;
• estrogen deficiency;
• the presence of diseases that may be associated with osteoporosis (spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.);
• therapy with corticosteroids.

Diagnosis of osteoporosis includes:

• X-ray examination, in which an X-ray image of the bone is taken and the state of the bone and its density are judged by the saturation of its color in the image. The lighter the frame, the stronger the violations.
• Absorptiometry - diagnosis of the disease using two beams, and not one, as with a densitometer. The more the bone absorbs radiation, the more serious and extensive the destruction.
• ultrasound. In this case, the absorption rate of ultrasound is taken into account, the higher it is, the more obvious the violations of the structure of the bone tissue.
• Single photon densinometry. This method is based on determining the density of bone tissue and takes no more than 15 minutes. Computed tomography.
• Blood chemistry. With it, you can determine the exact content of calcium, alkaline photophase, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and phosphorus in the blood.

Treatment of osteoporosis

How to treat osteoporosis for women? Osteoporosis is treated with medication, people with endocrine disorders are prescribed drugs that will help restore hormonal levels. Elderly people are prescribed nutritional supplements rich in calcium and vitamin D. Women during menopause are prescribed hormone replacement therapy, as well as bisphosphonates.

Doctors will prescribe a special diet, physiotherapy exercises, and massages to absolutely all patients. Of course, any power loads should be minimal - only a specialist will be able to choose an adequate training program, taking into account the degree of bone fragility.

The main goal in the treatment of osteoporosis is to reduce bone loss while simultaneously activating the process of its restoration. Complex treatment of osteoporosis includes hormonal therapy (estrogens, androgens, gestagens), vitamin D, bisphosphonates, calcitonin.

Drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis:

• Preparations that stimulate bone formation: bioflavonoids, vitamin D3; salts of strontium, calcium and fluorine
• Bone resorption suppressants: bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid, risedronate, ibandronate, alendronate, pamidronate), calcitonin, natural estrogens
• Hormonal preparations for osteoporosis are selected depending on gender, age and risk factors. When choosing drugs for women, the menopausal phase, the presence of the uterus and the woman's desire to have menstrual-like reactions in the postmenstrual period are taken into account.

Unfortunately, today it is impossible to completely cure osteoporosis, however, with the help of drugs that affect the absorption and subsequent absorption of calcium, it is possible to significantly improve the condition of the skeletal system.

Physiotherapy

A healthy lifestyle is a big and sure step in the treatment of osteoporosis. The concept of a healthy lifestyle in this case means therapeutic exercises, massage and sunbathing.

Regular gymnastics (at least 3 times a week for 30 minutes) will allow you to achieve bone growth by 3-5% in just a couple of months.

It is desirable that the set of exercises be selected by a specialist - only he will be able to calculate the load required on the body, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the patient.

Nutrition

Great attention in the treatment of osteoprosis should be given to nutrition: calcium, phosphorus, vitamins D, K, C, E, and magnesium must be present in food.

What foods are best for maintaining bone density? The diet should be varied, sufficient in energy value. It is recommended to include the following foods in the diet:

1. Milk. In the first place, of course, you need to put dairy products - the main source of calcium in nature. Any kind of milk is allowed. A large amount of calcium is found in cheese and cottage cheese.
2. Fresh vegetables and herbs. For bones, it is useful to eat cabbage, carrots, pumpkins, vegetable seeds, beans, peppers, any greens.
3. Fish products contain trace elements in large quantities.
4. Seeds, bananas, oatmeal, buckwheat. The listed products contain magnesium. It is this mineral that is involved in the creation of the mineral support of the bone in addition to calcium.
5. Foods containing phosphorus: chicken, beef, liver, egg, bread.
6. Sunflower and olive oils: contain copper, which is also needed by the bones.

In addition to vitamin D3, in the fight against osteoporosis, the body also needs vitamins C, A, K and group B, especially B. They also take part in the absorption of calcium and its penetration into bone tissue. Products that contain the listed vitamins are mainly of plant origin.

These include:

• White cabbage;
• citrus;
• bell pepper;
• black currant;
• sea ​​buckthorn;
• tomatoes;
• carrot;
• strawberry;
• papaya;
• pineapples;
• bananas;
• legumes;
• buckwheat;
• oats;
• leafy vegetables and more.

One of the founders of juice therapy, Norman Walker, proposed his course of therapeutic nutrition for osteoporosis, which is based on 21-30 day cycles twice a year, during which, against the background of a balanced diet, the patient is recommended to consume 0.5 liters of freshly squeezed juice from celery, carrots and turnips daily. in equal proportions.

The diet for osteoporosis is based not only on the inclusion in the diet of foods containing a lot of calcium, but also on the exclusion from it of foods that increase the excretion of calcium from the body and disrupt the processes of its absorption. These products include:

• refractory animals and freeze-dried fats (mutton fat, lard, margarine, mayonnaise), sausages, sweets, coffee and caffeinated drinks, chocolate and cocoa;
• fatty meats, sauces, canned, pickled and salted foods;
• unrefined vegetable oils, snacks (salty croutons, chips), salt, buns;
• alcoholic and carbonated drinks;
• melted butter;
• products with a high content of oxalic acid (rhubarb, sorrel), and the use of salt is limited to 5 g / day.

Elderly people with osteoporosis should prefer a diet that is rich in plant foods. A dairy diet is not recommended for them, firstly, with age, milk is absorbed worse in the body, and, secondly, dairy products contain a lot of fat, and, consequently, cholesterol, which provokes the development of atherosclerosis.

How to treat osteoporosis with folk remedies?

Before using any folk remedies, be sure to consult your doctor.

1. Licorice naked. Grind the root of the plant, pour a tablespoon of raw materials into 0.45 liters of hot water, soak in a water sauna for half an hour, insist for 90 minutes, filter. Take ½ cup four times a day before meals.
2. It is necessary to mix 100 g of propolis and 50 g of buckwheat honey. Then add 100 g of crushed and pre-dried eggshells in the oven. The resulting mixture is recommended to take two teaspoons once a day.
3. Eggshell for osteoporosis of the bones. The eggshell is crushed into powder (blender), and then mixed with lemon juice in a ratio of 1:1. The remedy is taken orally ¼ or ½ teaspoon for two weeks, after which a break is made for a week.
4. Fresh juice of young nettle helps with fractures in the femoral neck. It is recommended to rub it into the affected area twice a day.
5. Infusions from various herbs are very effective.. For their preparation, you can use St. John's wort, dandelion roots and others. It is necessary to pour a tablespoon of grass with 220 ml of boiling water. The cooled liquid is drunk throughout the day.
6. Shilajit is taken orally. To do this, you need to make a small ball of 2-4 grams and dissolve it in 100 g of warm water. The drug is taken for 3-4 weeks, after which they take a break. It has been proven that mummy is the best folk remedy for the treatment of osteoporosis in women and men.

The list of useful herbs and medicinal plants is wide, but you should understand that not all of them can be used to treat bone disease. For example, natural foods containing oxalic acid will only aggravate the course of the disease.

Prevention

Prevention of osteoporosis should start at an early age. Again, let us turn to the sad statistics, which says that 25% of school-age children have a decrease in bone tissue. Therefore, as often as possible, give your child products containing calcium, such as milk and cottage cheese.

Prevention of osteoporosis involves:

• The transition to a healthy diet with the use of a large number of fresh vegetables, fruits, berries, dairy products, fish;
• Taking medications containing calcium, vitamin D3 and other multivitamin complexes;
• Caution, avoiding fractures, bruises, cracks;
• Maintaining an active lifestyle: dancing, rollerblading, skating, morning or evening jogging, swimming, staying outdoors for a long time;
• All drugs should be taken with great care and under medical supervision.

Prevention does not prevent osteoporosis, but significantly reduces the risk of its occurrence.

Many people do not even know that the process of destruction of bone tissue has begun in their body. But there are a number of symptoms that indicate that you need to get tested for osteoporosis.​

How to define osteoporosis?

Preventive methods to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in women:

1. The most vulnerable places are the radius and carpal bones, femoral neck, pelvic bones, sternum, spine, ribs. Fractures heal very slowly. After a hip fracture, one in three women cannot walk and remains permanently confined to a wheelchair. 8 out of 10 patients need outside help and constant care for a long time. Also, as osteoporosis progresses, women develop a curvature of the spine, the so-called widow's hump. The onset of the disease may also be indicated by such signs as brittle hair, dry skin, delamination of nails, muscle cramps.
2. So, this disease usually manifests itself in women aged 50 and ending with 75 years, although it can develop earlier or later.
3. And, of course, no bad habits that can weaken the body at times. You need to accustom yourself to do exercises every day, learn how to protect yourself from excessive stress and make sure that although a complete cure will not occur, it is quite possible to avoid radical consequences and the onset of disability.
4. existing bowel disease;

What to take for osteoporosis?

To date, only a certain number of bisphosphonates are used in active practice, namely alindronate, risedronate, ibondronate, zoledronic acid. They are characterized by a variety of ways and methods of introduction into the body.

A more modern method, which is almost always carried out in osteoporosis, is the analysis of the height of the spine and the calculation of their relationship. Densitometry should be considered the optimal method. This is what makes it possible to accurately indicate the degree of bone density, the ratio of calcium in the human body, as well as the number of muscle and fat deposits.​

Dysfunction of the digestive system, the work of the endocrine, as well as the pancreas;

Menu for osteoporosis

Hernia of the intervertebral department;

Osteoporosis is a disease of the human musculoskeletal system associated with a decrease in bone density. The thinning of bone tissue occurs due to the leaching of calcium from the body and the poor ability to absorb it from food for any reason. Among women, this disease is more common than in men, since this is facilitated by a change in the hormonal background during menopause, and in this case we are talking about postmenopausal osteoprosis.

1. A decrease in a person's height by three centimeters compared to the figure that was at 25 years old.
2. Complete rejection of bad habits
3. At the beginning of the development of the disease, the main and indirect signs, as well as symptoms, are usually absent. However, already in the early stages, even the slightest violation in bone density can be determined using a method such as bone densitometry. This is an ultrasound examination of bone mass, which detects a decrease in bone density even up to 5%. When compared with an x-ray, which can only detect bone loss when it is already about 15% missing, the advantage of this method is immediately visible.​
4. This type of disease is

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Causes, symptoms and treatment of osteoporosis, prevention

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease associated with The presence of rheumatoid arthritis, both past and current.

The most famous and well-studied bisphosphonate is alindronate. Its degree of effectiveness has been proven in numerous surveys in those with osteoporosis. Studies were also carried out in the presence of fractures in the vertebral region.​

This method should be considered the safest, because only it does not use the so-called isotope methods of irradiation, which are clearly harmful to humans. It is based on the determination of skeletal density and reveals the mineral and other active components of bone tissue. Its advantage is the speed of obtaining results and perfect painlessness.​

Symptoms of osteoporosis

hormonal changes that occur throughout menopause;

Problems associated with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (provoked by serious deformities of the spine, which literally presses on the internal organs of a woman, including the stomach);

Can osteoporosis be cured? - this question is asked by any woman who is faced with this ailment. To date, there are effective means to maintain the health of women with this disease, but, unfortunately, such drugs for osteoporosis have not yet been developed that would allow them to get rid of it completely.​

A strong stoop indicates that vertebral fractures have occurred.

Of course, you can independently notice small indirect signs and symptoms characteristic of osteoporosis in women. First of all, this is a decrease in growth. If a woman becomes 1.5 cm shorter than she was at 30, then this is a real reason to think that osteoporosis may have already begun. It's best to see a doctor right away. Also, indirect signs include: a change in posture, any curvature of the spine, pain in the lower back, in the chest, sometimes in the entire back. Basically, the symptoms of female osteoporosis clearly begin to appear after the onset of menopause. So during this period, it is best to undergo a densitometry procedure at least for prevention.

senile osteoporosis,

with a decrease in the density (rarefaction) of bone tissue,

This disease does not appear immediately. A woman may for many years not suspect that she is seriously ill. The presence of back pain, rapid fatigue from the monotonous position of the body, numbness of the limbs. All these signs should be alarming. But, most patients receive such a diagnosis by undergoing a special examination to determine bone density.

Also, this drug is effective in the process of preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. On average, alindronate reduces the likelihood of fractures of a wide variety of locations by 50%, and the likelihood of more specific fractures in the vertebral region by 90%.​

Also, one should not underestimate the standard blood and urine tests, which make it possible to realistically assess the state of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

Violation of the functioning of the ovaries or their removal (leads to hormonal imbalance or early onset of menopause. This, in turn, can become a catalyst for the development of osteoporosis);

The onset of diabetes mellitus (osteoporosis is also an endocrine disorder, so consultation of this specialist is necessary);

Symptoms of osteoporosis in women include:

Pain in osteoporosis in the lower back, which characterizes fractures in the vertebrae in this section of the spinal cord.

​Physical activity​

climax. Osteoporosis in women is due to the fact that during menopause they begin a constant decrease in the level of the female sex hormone (estrogen), and it is the main participant in calcium metabolism in the body. Osteoporosis in women develops most often at the age of 50 years. This is the so-called postmenopausal osteoporosis. Of course, everyone is individual and someone has menopause sooner or later.

In women, it most likely develops due to age-related changes in metabolism, namely, due to calcium deficiency.

Because of this, a decrease in bone strength occurs and the possibility of fractures increases. Women of age often become victims of this insidious, quietly and imperceptibly creeping disease. This article in the women's club "Who is over 30" will tell everything about her.​

This drug is prescribed at a dosage of 70 mg, that is, one tablet, once a week. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, risedronate is also used at a dosage of 30 mg per week.

This helps with information such as:

Problems in the work of the adrenal glands (in itself it is not the cause of the formation of the disease, however, taking medications may well provoke it);

allergy;

Severe pain. Usually in the lumbosacral region. As a rule, in the supine position, such pain subsides.

Frequent bone fractures as a result of falling from a height of one's own height. 47% of them are injuries of the vertebrae, 20% of the femoral neck, 13% of the wrist.​

. Sufficient physical activity on all areas of the skeletal system of the body is the main preventive measure for osteoporosis. As a result of physical activity, the risk of a decrease in bone density is prevented. This indicator directly depends on the amount of physical stress on the bones. People who are not able to regularly overcome their own body weight, there is a more rapid decrease in bone mass.​

Age. And after 70 years, osteoporosis develops as a result of age-related changes in metabolism and is called senile.

"Senile" - that is, emerging

Bone density is ensured by the intake of a sufficient amount of calcium and other minerals, as well as the production of the right amount of certain hormones - parahormone, growth hormone, calcitonin, estrogen in women. In order for calcium to be well absorbed from food and included in bone tissue, the body needs

It is called densitometry and it can be X-ray or ultrasound. Quite often, during the passage of this examination, a decrease in the patient's height is revealed on average, by one cm or more, when compared with his same height at a younger age.

In addition to the previously presented primary line methods, salmon calcitonins can be used in the treatment of osteoporosis in some cases. This remedy is a specific analogue of the hormone of the endocrine gland calcitonin, which takes an active part in the restoration of calcium homeostasis.

General analysis of calcium is one of the fundamental specific components of bone tissue, the most important trace element that takes part in the creation of the skeleton, the functioning of the heart muscle, nervous and muscular activity, as well as blood coagulation and all other processes. Variations in the form and stage of osteoporosis are manifested in various shifts in the degree of calcium concentration. The optimal indicators of calcium: are as follows: from 2.2 to 2.65 mmol per liter.​

All other diseases of the endocrine glands (they are most often directly related to hormonal imbalance).

Other ailments that are associated with dysfunction of metabolism and salt metabolism.

Reducing the height of a woman. Usually, in women with osteoporosis, due to a decrease in height, a peculiar stooped posture appears, as if she were hunched over.

Only a special diagnosis of osteoporosis can accurately determine whether the process of destruction of bone tissue in the human body has begun and at what stage it is.

Walks in the fresh air, active outdoor games

Diseases. About 5% of osteoporosis in women is due to the use of certain drugs, as well as any disease. Such osteoporosis is called secondary. Most often, it develops due to hormonal problems, kidney failure.

in the elderly, namely in people over 70 years of age

vitamin D

In some cases, a lack of calcium in the spinal region contributes to its curvature or leads to the appearance of a hump.

A feature of the drug "Miacalcic", which contains salmon calcitonin, should be considered that it significantly reduces the risk of fractures while excluding the obvious dynamics of the disease. This became possible due to its positive impact on the quality of bone tissue (their micro and macroarchitectonics).​

Inorganic phosphorus is a component of the mineral substance of bone tissue, which is present in the human body as salts (calcium and magnesium phosphates) and takes part in the process of bone tissue formation and cell-type energy metabolism. 85% of all phosphorus is located in the bones. Modifications in terms of the ratio of phosphorus in the blood can be noted with all sorts of changes in bone tissue, it is not only about osteoporosis. The optimal indicators of phosphorus should be considered from 0.85 to 1.45 micromoles per liter.​

Thus, the appearance of osteoporosis will be quite expected if you know all the reasons that will affect the formation of the presented disease.

Excessive heartbeat.

Fractures that occur even with a slight bruise.

For this, densitometry is used, that is, the calculation of an indicator of bone mineral density (BMD). There are various methods of determination, and the gold standard of diagnostics, which is x-ray dual energy densitometry, is most often used.​

. If you ignore the elevator, preferring to use the stairs to get to your floor, you are already preventing osteoporosis.​

Other reasons. The reasons for the development of osteoporosis can also be smoking, alcohol, drug addiction, substance abuse and all kinds of diets, even the most balanced ones.

. This type of disease is more common in women and is usually associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The body's need for calcium can be determined by the following signs: dry and fairly brittle hair; brittle nails; dry skin; the presence of cramps in muscle tissues.

Osteoporosis of the hip joint

The probability of formation of new fractures in the spine during treatment with "Miacalcic" is reduced by 36%. At the same time, the drug is characterized by another parameter that is actively used in active medical practice: "Miacalcic" produces an obvious analgesic effect for those sensations that are provoked by fractures.

The substance parathyroid hormone, which is produced by the parathyroid glands and is responsible for the exchange of calcium and phosphorus type in the body. Identification of the concentration of parathormone can provide the most important information base for identifying various forms of osteoporosis. The optimal parameters of parathyroid hormone are from 9.5 to 75.0 pg per ml. This is from 0.7 to 5.6 pmol per liter.​

Senile-type osteoporosis occurs due to calcium deficiency associated with age and the loss of balance between the rate of bone destruction and the rate of formation of new bone-type tissue. "Senile" implies that the condition presented is formed at an older age, most often in people from 70 years of age or more. This disease is twice as common in women than in men. In women, it is almost always combined with the postmenopausal stage.

It is impossible not to pay attention to such serious symptoms as:

A lack of calcium in the body with osteoporosis provokes the appearance of indirect symptoms of this disease: cramps at night in the legs, stratification of nails, earlier graying of hair, increased fatigue, etc.

The natural aging process of the human body. In the course of a person's life, his bone tissue is renewed several times, for this it takes 10-15 years. In young people, the process of bone formation is faster than its destruction, which is why bone density in young people is constantly increasing. It reaches its peak in development in 20-30 years. After that, there is a process of depletion of bone tissue, when the formation of new cells does not keep pace with their destruction.

Osteoporosis in women is now epidemic. With the onset of menopause, it occurs in every second or third representative of the beautiful half of humanity. It leads to disability and death of patients. Women suffer from this disease about 5 times more often than men. Treatment of osteoporosis in women should be carried out only in combination. It is quite lengthy and complex. The main factor in the treatment of osteoporosis in women is proper nutrition and sunbathing.​

About 5% or less of osteoporosis cases are due to some other disease or certain medications. This condition is referred to

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should also be noted. It is she who boasts a high degree of effectiveness in female representatives in the postmenopausal period. There is a serious side effect of the presented therapy, which is venous thrombosis. In this connection, in the process of prescribing this treatment, a woman must be informed about the possible complications without fail.

Deoxypyridonolin, which is referred to as DPID, is a designation for the degree of destruction of bone tissue. It can be found in urine. Urinary expression increases with postmenopausal osteoporosis, osteomalacia, thyrotoxicosis, initial hyperparathyroidism.

It should be especially noted that in less than 5% of cases, the disease is due to some other ailment or taking certain medications. This is a form of osteoporosis known as secondary. It can be formed under the conditions that were indicated above. For example, problems with the kidneys or the endocrine gland. Excessive alcohol consumption and addiction to smoking only exacerbate the presented disease.

bone fractures;

In the treatment of osteoporosis in women, hormonal preparations based on female sex hormones are usually used if this disease is associated with menopause. This technique is fraught with the fact that hormone replacement therapy will have to be carried out throughout life, since a complete cure for this disease is excluded. This is not the best option, as hormonal support for a long time can adversely affect a woman's health.

Failure in the production of sex hormones. This is especially true for the beautiful half of humanity. Osteoporosis in women is much more common than osteoporosis in men.​

. It has been noted that professional athletes with just such loads have increased bone density in the area of ​​loaded limbs: the legs of jumpers, the arms of boxers, for example.​

First you need to adjust your diet and restore metabolism. For this, the doctor selects a special diet for the patient. It includes the optimal amount of products that contain the components necessary to restore bone mass. Due to special nutrition, you can make up for the lack of calcium in the body.

Secondary osteoporosis.

All of the above factors prevent the development of a disease such as osteoporosis in women.

An accurate diagnosis can only be obtained by performing densitometry. And the appointment of treatment should be without delay.

But, despite this, it is HRT that remains the preventive measure of the fundamental series in female representatives with menopause up to 45 years old. In addition, this is such a remedy that really effectively removes all the vegetative symptoms of the clinical type that are characteristic of menopause.

​Optimal PIID scores vary by gender:​

There is also diopathic "juvenile" osteoporosis. This is the rarest type of osteoporosis, the cause of which is currently unknown. It is formed in infants, children and young people who have quite normal levels of hormones and vitamins in the blood. In addition, they do not have any clear reason for the decrease in the degree of bone density.

Feeling of heaviness in the area between the shoulder blades;

• Another option for treating osteoporosis in women is to maintain a healthy lifestyle, which includes: proper nutrition, moderate exercise, giving up bad habits, taking calcium-based dietary supplements in combination with vitamin D.​

  Taking medications during the treatment of chronic diseases that adversely affect the condition of the bone tissue. These medications include glucocorticoids, anticonvulsant drugs.

Food Hygiene

It is necessary to include fatty sea fish, butter, egg yolks, liver, sour cream in your diet. You can additionally use fish oil capsules, only the dose should be agreed with the doctor. It is also necessary to increase the amount of foods rich in calcium and natural estrogens. These are cheese, cottage cheese, milk, soybeans, legumes, fresh herbs.

• It can develop due to chronic renal failure, hormonal disorders. Alcohol abuse and smoking can exacerbate the course of the disease. Therefore, the treatment of osteoporosis in women should be carried out comprehensively and take into account all factors.​

  With osteoporosis

  The treatment of osteoporosis in women is carried out simultaneously in two directions: the use of drug treatment methods and the adjustment of the patient's lifestyle.

In each individual case, the problem of prescribing HRT to a woman needs a thorough gynecological and mammological examination and monitoring.

How to treat osteoporosis?

For males, this is from 2.3 to 5.4 nmol;

Determine the severity of osteoporosis, such as:

general weakness in the muscles;

Smoking and alcohol interfere with the normal absorption of calcium from the intestines. Therefore, it is important to give up bad habits. A sedentary lifestyle is inappropriate for osteoporosis, which interferes with the normal blood supply to tissues in the body and the movement of important trace elements through the bloodstream. Activity and exercise help to disperse blood through the vessels and speed up metabolic processes.

Treatment with bisphosphonates

Osteoporosis, like all other diseases, is better to prevent than to cure.

. The diet should be balanced and rationally thought out. This ensures the normal functioning of the digestive tract, metabolic processes and the immune system. And, therefore, such possible causes of osteoporosis as a failure of the hormonal and metabolic processes of the body are eliminated.

​Nutrition will have a greater effect when the products have the right ratio of calcium and phosphorus. Calcium should be twice as much. In addition, it is better absorbed only in the presence of certain fats and proteins, trace elements and vitamins. These are boron, zinc, copper, folic acid and others. It is best to constantly include turnips, carrots, walnuts, all varieties of cabbage, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, various vegetable oils in your diet. And you should exclude foods that interfere with the absorption of calcium. These are sugar, honey, tea, semi-finished meat products, rich products made from premium flour. You also need to limit salt. This seasoning helps to wash out calcium.

The treatment of this disease is quite long and complicated. To begin with, the doctor selects

Human bones acquire a porous structure,

Medical treatment:

With constant pain in the lumbar region, certain exercises that strengthen the back muscles can be quite effective. Lifting weights and falling can only make symptoms worse. Therefore, a constant physical load is recommended.

For a woman, from 3.0 to 7.4 nmol.

The primary degree, which is revealed in a decrease in bone density. X-ray diagnostics reveals significant transparency of the X-ray shadow and striated silhouettes of the vertebrae. This degree of illness is determined exclusively during medical research;

a change in growth to a smaller side;

The menu should be compiled taking into account the needs of the body in the material for building bone tissue.

To do this, you should adhere to the following rules for a healthy lifestyle without osteoporosis.

​Pregnancy

The drug "Miacalcic"

In addition, individual programs of therapeutic gymnastics are being developed. Women during menopause should lead an active lifestyle. To begin with, you need to constantly perform exercises to strengthen the muscles of the back, shoulder girdle, legs and chest. Regular walking a kilometer a day will stop the destruction of bone tissue and preserve its reserve for 4 or 7 years. You can use dumbbells for exercises of only light weight.

Special diet for the patient (diet),

As a result, their strength decreases.

To eliminate the lack of the presence of estrogen, hormone therapy is prescribed, which allows you to slow down, and subsequently stop the destruction of bone tissue;

Preventing osteoporosis is many times easier than curing it. Preventive measures are to maintain or increase the degree of bone density through the application of the required ratio of calcium. There is also a need to carry out physical loads with weights and, for certain categories, to take active drugs.​

Osteocalcin is the main specific protein of bone tissue, which is actively involved in the process of bone repair and the development of a new tissue of this type. Excessively high levels of osteocalcin are present at the initial stage of hyperparathyroidism, in those who are sick with hyperthyroidism and acromegaly. With osteoporosis of the postmenopausal type, it is within the optimal range or increased. In osteomyelia and renal osteodystrophy, the ratio of osteocalcin decreases. The presented examination is necessary to detect osteoporosis and control treatment, with an increase in the ratio of calcium in human blood.

Osteoporosis of the secondary degree, or moderate - an obvious decrease in bone density. In this case, the vertebral bodies acquire a specific biconcave shape, a wedge-shaped deformation of one of the vertebrae is formed. This degree of illness is manifested in the strongest painful sensations;

Prevention of osteoporosis

Curvature of the spine.

Which doctor should I contact for osteoporosis?

A person should eat only high-quality and healthy products. They should contain a large amount of calcium, especially dairy products. But in order for calcium to be well absorbed, the body needs vitamins. That is why the human diet must include fish, vegetables and fruits. An adult under the age of 65 should receive 1,000 mg of calcium per day. After 65 years, this figure increases to 1500 mg. There is a special diet for osteoporosis, it is prescribed by a doctor after establishing an accurate diagnosis and identifying the stage of development of the disease.​

- also a kind of prevention of osteoporosis. It is noted that with the advent of each subsequent child, the risk of developing osteoporosis in a woman is significantly reduced. This is due to the renewal of the body of the expectant mother during gestation.

If the disease is already progressing, then calcium tablets and vitamin D are additionally prescribed. Drugs are also prescribed that prevent bone tissue from breaking down (bisphosphonates) and agents that help it recover (fluoride salts and anabolic steroids). Multifaceted remedies are ossein, vitamin D. If osteoporosis is caused by a lack of estrogen in a woman, then experts prescribe hormone therapy with drugs that replace female sex hormones.

which is aimed at restoring metabolism, and ensuring that the body receives a sufficient amount of the necessary components to restore the bone structure (vitamins and calcium). Additionally, it can be developed

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​Scientific evidence suggests that a person's bone density peaks around the age of 30, after which a diametrically opposite process begins, but it happens differently for everyone. According to research

The concept of osteoporosis

problems that cause intestinal dysfunction are eliminated, which improves the absorption of calcium by the body;

Special exercises with pressure on the bones, such as walking and running up flights of stairs, also have a positive effect on increasing the degree of bone density. The same exercises that are not associated with such a load - swimming, do not have any effect on the degree of bone density. Therefore, it is very important to consult a specialist and in no case engage in self-treatment. This can be fraught with even greater complications for osteoporosis in women.

Optimal indicators of osteocalcin are as follows:

Pronounced osteoporosis, or tertiary degree - a sharp transparency of the vertebrae is detected during an X-ray examination. Otherwise, it is called glazing and the presence of a wedge-shaped deformity at the same time in several vertebrae. At this stage, osteoporosis is already obvious.

They, in turn, are evidence that the disease is at a later stage. Often osteoporosis at this stage is already irreversible, it is only possible to stop its progression or slow down all its effects on the body.

Rich in calcium salts - the main structural element of the bone (dairy and sour-milk products, nuts, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, rye bread).

• Calcium preparations for osteoporosis should be used regularly for people of the older half of humanity, but the doctor should prescribe the dose after a complete examination. An osteoporosis test is usually done and the level of calcium in the blood is detected. Calcium is better absorbed when taken with vitamin D.​
• Medication therapy will help stop bone destruction. Also contributes to the restoration of bone mass drugs - bisphosphonates. Usually they are prescribed in complex therapy with calcium and vitamin D. Some patients, along with mineralizing therapy, are prescribed a hormone such as calcitonin. It stimulates the flow of calcium from the blood to the bones. Calcitonin also slows down the resorption of bone tissue. This hormone is especially effective in secondary osteoporosis.
• Individual program of physiotherapy exercises.
• Every third Russian woman suffers from this disease.
• prescribe a drug that provides restoration of bone tissue;
• For the purpose of examination for the presence of osteoporosis, it is advisable to contact such specialists as an endocrinologist, rheumatologist, gynecologist and orthopedic traumatologist. Such an impressive number of doctors is needed because the female body is a single entity and osteoporosis can be caused by a variety of malfunctions in the body.
• men - from 12.0 to 52.1 ng per ml;

How can you determine the development of this disease?

This form of this disease is known as osteoporosis of the hip joint. According to its genesis, it is no different from osteoporosis of other bones, except for localization in the area of ​​the same name. The most vulnerable place in this manifestation of the disease is the neck of the femur. A fracture of the presented area in older people quite often ends in death or the inability to move in the usual normal mode.

Osteoporosis can be caused by a long history of smoking, alcohol abuse, digestive problems, metabolic malfunctions, or the disease is inherited. In old age, osteoporosis is often found due to poor absorption of calcium, as well as nutrients in the intestines.

With a high content of magnesium - to improve the absorption of calcium in the intestines. For example, millet, oatmeal, bananas, cabbage, buckwheat, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, peanuts, green peppers, cheese, beans, peas.​

To prevent the development of osteoporosis, especially during the climatic period in women, experts recommend taking preparations containing silicon, which prevents the destruction of bone tissue and increases bone elasticity. For example, as an additional source of nutrients, you can use Filvel drops containing silicon in a form easily absorbed by the body - orthosilicic acid (OCA). The composition of the product also includes L-carnitine, due to the combination with which the OKC retains its activity for a long time and is easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Thus, the best treatment for osteoporosis is its timely prevention and regular medical examinations. Due to the asymptomatic nature of this disease, it may be too late to detect it.

Fortifying therapy with vitamins is also carried out and, if necessary, replacement therapy with thyroid hormones is used. If there are diseases of the intestines and stomach, then the restoration of the normal ability of these organs is required for good absorption of calcium. Do not discount traditional medicine, which over the years has accumulated a huge number of recipes for curing osteoporosis. These are tinctures, compresses, lotions, fees, decoctions. Most often, eggshells, honey, mummy, various herbs (melilot, chamomile), birch buds are used. Traditional medicines help enhance the effects of medicines and reduce side effects from them.

Diagnostic conditions

The main directions of treatment

Therefore, you need to understand how important it is to prevent osteoporosis in women.

A course of general strengthening treatment is prescribed, in particular, vitamins.

• This means that it will be necessary to treat not only the ailment presented, but also what provoked it. To detect deeper problems, it is necessary to be examined by a significant number of specialists. It is necessary to be examined by each of the presented doctors after the age of 40 at least once a year. This approach will make it possible to prevent the onset of the disease and help mitigate its manifestations, in particular, prevent fractures.
• premenopausal women - from 6.5 to 42.3 ng per ml;
• In the vast majority, only arthroplasty makes it possible to fully restore the functioning of the hip joint.
• But the most common cause of osteoporosis is usually a hormonal imbalance. Mostly osteoporosis occurs in women and is associated with menopause. The point is not at all a lack of calcium in the body, but a violation of the building cells of bone tissues. There are two types of cells in our body: building and destroying. During menopause, the work of building cells is disrupted. You need to go to a gynecologist or look for remedies that will restore the body during menopause.

Being a source of phosphorus, which ensures the strength of bone tissue (these are hard cheeses, egg white, oatmeal, pork and beef liver, white beans, milk, millet, grain bread, poultry meat, etc.)

• Leading an active lifestyle and playing sports. You can’t heavily load the bones of a person over thirty years old, but you should regularly perform exercises for osteoporosis.
• If there are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis, then you need to organize your life. This will help minimize the risk of fractures. Home life should provide complete security and comfort to a person.​
• More severe cases of osteoporosis require treatment
• The onset of osteoporosis development proceeds absolutely

Lifestyle modification methods include:

First of all, it is necessary to undergo examinations by an endocrinologist and a gynecologist, which will indicate the need for testing for groups of hormones and, if necessary, they will be sent to a rheumatologist or orthopedist. It is these specialists who determine the adequate treatment, and will help solve all the health problems that have arisen.

What methods can be used

• Postmenopausal women - from 5.4 to 59.1 ng per ml.
• Osteoporosis of the presented type can have the following three types of localization:

If you take drugs like synthetic corticosteroids for a very long time, then your body begins to suffer. Lack of hormones due to drugs can lead to a disease such as osteoporosis.

The concept of "osteoporosis of the bones" is translated as "porous bones". With age, bone tissue becomes thinner and more fragile, which leads to the fact that a person is more prone to injury. The vertebrae and bones of the neck of the forearm and thigh are especially often damaged. The older the person, the higher the likelihood of a fracture.​

Regular implementation of simple doctor's recommendations will minimize the loss of calcium, prevent bone destruction. To do this, you just need to adjust your diet and lifestyle during menopause in time, do gymnastics regularly, fully eat foods containing calcium and vitamin D, give up bad habits, and undergo densitometry every couple of years. All this will have an immediate positive effect. And although osteoporosis cannot be completely cured, it can significantly improve the quality of life and reduce the likelihood of disability to a minimum.

special medicines,

Video - Treatment of osteoporosis in women

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Osteoporosis in women: what you need to know?

asymptomatic abandonment of existing bad habits;​Author of the article: Zubolenko Valentina Ivanovna, endocrinologist

Changes in the body associated with osteoporosis

Thus, in the process of diagnosing osteoporosis in women, it is important to pay attention to any fluctuations in the data and to carry out all available studies. This is what will make it possible to make an accurate, timely diagnosis and, as a result, receive optimal treatment that will help in the shortest possible time. Local - while there is a decrease in the degree of bone density and the tip of the femur at the initial stage of such ailments as specific necrosis femoral pommel and Perthes disease; With age, all people experience a decrease in the degree of bone density, their strength and tone are significantly reduced. These are quite understandable changes that occur in the body as a result of aging. But in certain categories of people, such changes are formed much earlier in time and proceed more intensively. A significant number of causes of this disease have been identified. Osteoporosis Rejection of bad habits. Any chemical addiction, be it alcoholism or smoking, is detrimental to bone health. They must be abandoned.

However, there is also osteoporosis in children, which most often occurs against the background of existing chronic diseases of the internal organs. For example, in diseases of the kidneys, thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, the likelihood of an ailment is quite high. Also, the disease can occur as genetically predetermined. Review of pills for back pain: Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Ketorolac, Diclofenac, Mydocalm, Morphine, Methylprednisolone. The main of which should be, again, calcium and vitamin D

. Modern medical technologies have an effective method of detecting this disease at the earliest stages of its development, this is the way the so-called housing in which the patient lives must be furnished in such a way as to protect its occupant from all sorts of unexpected falls and injuries. The patient should sleep on a hard bed with a flat surface;

The main and indirect signs of osteoporosis in women

Osteoporosis is treated with medication, people with endocrine disorders are prescribed drugs that will help restore hormonal levels. Elderly people are prescribed nutritional supplements rich in calcium and vitamin D. Women during menopause are prescribed hormone replacement therapy, as well as biophosphonates. Drugs are used to reduce spinal fractures. Also, patients can sometimes be prescribed physiotherapy exercises, massage, all this in small dosages - due to the fragility of the bones. They can, if necessary, write out the wearing of special supporting corsets. regional - it is formed exclusively with arthrosis of the hip joint; There are also reasons that cannot be changed: this is a disease of bone tissue, increased fragility of bones due to a lack of calcium. For a patient with osteoporosis, even minor injuries can result in a fracture. The occurrence of osteoporosis, as a rule, occurs due to metabolic disorders. The main direction of osteoporosis treatment is to stop the destruction of human bone tissue and activate the process of its regeneration.

​Prevention of osteoporosis should be carried out from early childhood, and in this context it is very important to monitor the nutrition of children. This is especially true during periods of active bone growth and build-up of their mass in early childhood and adolescence. But the peak of bone tissue development is in the period from 18 to 25 years. We also recommend that you get acquainted with the features of using medical patches.​3​

Bone densitometry: A woman diagnosed with this disease should be quite active, lead a mobile lifestyle, spend a lot of time exercising and walking. It is necessary to use a special course of physical exercises, which will strengthen the muscles of the shoulders, waist, back, etc. It is also necessary to use small loads when performing exercises, in the form of light dumbbells. It should also include walking in the complex of exercises. Moreover, distances of 1-2 km should be overcome, which will help guarantee the strengthening of bone tissues and getting rid of the symptoms of the disease on average up to 4-6 years; This disease occurs in the body, losing the ability to restore bone tissue in time to replace the destroyed one. The process of restoration of bone tissue cells is able to proceed in the presence of a sufficient amount of calcium in the body, therefore, at a young age, there is enough calcium in the body to meet these needs. With age, factors are found that lead to a decrease in calcium in the body. And now, the process of destruction in the tissues of the bone prevails over the process of restoration of the same tissues. It is not possible to fully treat osteoporosis, but it is possible to learn to live with it and stop the further development of the disease. To do this, there is a need for walking, jogging, dancing. All this can provide the bones with the healthy “stress” they need and make them stronger. Such activities will provide an opportunity to strengthen muscles and modify coordination and balance.​

Common - gets its development in connection with circulatory dysfunction in the lower extremities.

Causes of osteoporosis in women

Belonging to the female gender; Let's say a person stumbled, unsuccessfully opened a heavy door, or dropped a heavy book on the floor. For a patient with osteoporosis, any situation that seems simple can end very badly - a fracture. Women are more susceptible to this disease, especially during a period of hormonal failure, with menopause, men suffer from this disease much less often. Medications for osteoporosis:

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone density decreases, which means that their strength decreases.

Further, starting from the identified causes of the disease, the doctor prescribes: ​.​ The essence of the method is in the ultrasound examination of bones, which can determine the minimum decrease in bone density (up to 5%). Whereas an x-ray can distinguish “losses” starting from 15%.​

nutrition should be reviewed. Perhaps the lack of calcium is also caused by a lack of vitamin D. You should include foods that contain large amounts of this important vitamin in your diet. You need to eat more fish, egg yolk, liver, especially beef, sour cream. Assign the reception of fish oil capsules containing vitamin D to a greater extent than many other products. Also, you should consume foods containing calcium in large quantities: cottage cheese; milk; soy dishes and, of course, fresh herbs. Another ideal way to treat osteoporosis, which is recommended for all women, should be considered a "healthy" diet with an individually adjusted ratio of calcium and vitamin D. It is best to refer to a balanced diet, which is based on the postulates of pyramids

Osteoporosis of the hip joint can be formed as a result of systemic osteoporosis, which is much more typical for this disease. Caucasoid or Mongoloid race (it has been proven that African Americans have almost zero risk of developing osteoporosis. This is possible due to the fact that they often and for a long time are in the sun, which strengthens the bone structure);

Most often it occurs in women who have experienced the onset of menopause and are in the menopause period. It is they who are in the “risk group” who should be especially attentive to their health and take into account all manifestations of the disease.

What treatment is needed?

Antiresorbital drugs - biophosphonates, estrogens, calcitonin - well reduce the process of bone destruction and accelerate the process of their recovery. To keep the bones strong, they need minerals: calcium, phosphorus, hormones (growth hormone, female estrogen, male testosterone, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone). But in order for hormones to be produced and minerals to be absorbed, the human body needs vitamin D. Food supplements with vitamins, calcium; is being restored.​

There are also indirect signs that indicate the presence of osteoporosis in women, the main of which is

Women over the age of 50, in some cases, have to avoid more or less prolonged exposure to the sun. But, if there are no these restrictions, then, at the safest time for sunbathing - in the morning and late afternoon, it is advisable to use this opportunity, since the sun's rays also have a beneficial effect on saturating the body with vitamin D. Often, much more than the body can recover. It has been confirmed as a result of many years of observation that the ribs, radius bones at the wrist, pelvic bones, spine, and collarbones are especially vulnerable in terms of bone destruction. A sufficient presence of calcium directly depends on the production of the hormone estrogen, which helps the active flow of calcium from the intestinal area into the body. It is especially necessary in this case to make sure that the patient receives the amount he needs not only of calcium, but also of vitamin D. This can happen both in the process of eating food and when using food supplements. With the presented form of the disease, bone tissues lose the ability to maintain optimal physiological loads. The total defeat of the hip and knee joints in this case is provoked by the fact that it is mainly on them that the most significant load “falls” during movement. Weakened or thinned bone tissues of the skeleton;

Symptoms of osteoporosis most often do not appear, people can live for many years without suspecting that such processes are taking place in their body. But still, as the main symptoms of osteoporosis, scientists note a decrease in bone tissue, aching pain in the lower back, and frequent fractures can sometimes disturb.

Anabolic drugs are aimed at stimulating active bone formation. Senile or systemic osteoporosis. This type of disease is associated with the general processes of aging of the human body, which begins at the age of 65. Not only the strength of the skeleton decreases, but also its total mass.​

drugs for the formation of bone tissue: teriparatide, strontium;

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Osteoporosis in women: treatment, symptoms and causes

Cure osteoporosis in women is quite difficult,

Decrease in growth.

The onset of menopause inevitably leads to a deficiency of this hormone, and, consequently, to the loss of calcium. During this period, all kinds of injuries and fractures are especially dangerous, because. their consequences can be much more serious than one would expect. Bisphosphonates are one of the most modern methods of treating the presented disease in women. They are the most stable analogues of pyrophosphates, which are formed naturally. They function on the female body in this way: they are embedded in the structure of bone tissue, stored in it for a long period of time and slow down bone reservation by reducing the activity of osteoclasts.

What you need to know about osteoporosis in women?

Osteoporosis of the hip joint begins to develop for a whole list of reasons:

Ordinary doctors most often cannot determine the cause of frequent fractures, only such narrow specialists as orthopedists or surgeons can suspect this disease, after which they are sent for bone x-rays, etc., women are sent to a gynecologist. With osteoporosis, the patient may decrease in size due to a decrease in bone tissue, even become 10–15 cm shorter in height.

Hormonal drugs. Doctors prescribe taking estrogens, gestagens and androgens.

Postmenopausal or postmenopausal osteoporosis. A disease is detected in women who have a period of decrease in the production of female sex hormones.

Causes of the disease

1. bisphosphonates - antiresorptive drugs;
2. however, it is possible. In order to prevent the appearance of this disease, from which it will then have to be treated for a long and difficult time, it is better to carry out its prevention.
3. ​If you notice that your height has decreased by more than 1.5 cm, this can be a serious signal to seek medical advice.​
4. In the issue of the treatment of osteoporosis, you can seek help from traditional medicine methods. If only these methods are used, then, of course, they alone will not be enough to restore a woman's working capacity, especially if the disease has led to bone tissue damage, or, more simply, to a fracture. But, they can speed up the process of fusion of damaged tissues, relieve pain in case of injury or reduce the degree of manifestation of side effects from the use of medications.

Treatment

What factors should be considered as contributing to the development of this disease?

Diet correction

Prolonged loss of motor functions of the lower extremities during the long-term treatment of fractures, dislocations and other injuries. This causes atrophy of motor functions, which is almost impossible to bring to a normal state;

Genetic factor (at the same time, the degree of closeness of kinship is not of particular importance).

Physiotherapy

Symptoms of osteoporosis include:

Medicines

Calcium medications. These funds not only stop the destruction of bone tissue, but also relieve pain syndromes that indicate a fracture has occurred.

Corticosteroid osteoporosis results from long-term ingestion of hormones called glucocorticoids.

Complementary Therapy

Selective drugs - estrogen receptor modulators.

Over 30 - a club for women over 30.

Another indirect sign of possible osteoporosis can be

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Osteoporosis in Women: Symptoms, Signs, Drug Treatment, Diet and Prevention

First of all, it is a mixture of alcohol tinctures. It is necessary to mix 300 ml of tincture of common pikulnik, 300 ml of tincture of bird's knotweed herb and 400 ml of tincture of horsetail. Take 1-3 tablespoons a few minutes before meals. The remedy should be taken for 2 or 3 weeks, after which, you should take a break; First of all, these are: ​Studies that have been successfully conducted on many thousands of patients have demonstrated that bisphosphonates:​ Significant load on one limb in the event that the work of the second was removed or disrupted. This option also negatively affects the functioning of a particular limb, as a result of which it loses muscle memory; There are also risk factors that can be influenced: Significant fatigue (indicates a general weakening of the body, deterioration of metabolism and slower compensation of all functions); Vitamin D helps calcium to be better absorbed. Secondary osteoporosis. This disease occurs against the background of an already existing chronic form of the disease. It can be diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, oncological diseases, hepatitis, Bechterew's disease, Crohn's, etc. With myeloma, diffuse osteoporosis develops. Nutrition and other methods and treatments Also, the patient can be referred to physiotherapy, prescribe physical exercises aimed at strengthening the skeletal system. Osteoporosis is characterized by rarefaction of bone tissue, its weakening, and a decrease in bone density. The most frequent victims of this disease are women who have crossed the thirty-year milestone. Osteoporosis in women is a rather insidious disease, since the primary symptoms and signs are usually absent or appear so weakly that they simply do not pay attention. change or deterioration in posture, Physiotherapy An anesthetic and regenerating effect can be exerted by compresses from chamomile infusion. They should be used for pain in the bones. The infusion is prepared by pouring 100 or 200 grams of dried chamomile flowers with 0.5 liters of vodka. You need to insist for 3 days in a dark place. Warm compresses are used by applying to the affected area. It is believed that after two weeks, after application, you can notice a significant result. Proper nutrition the presence of pathologies of the thyroid gland; Taking medications absolutely not dangerous; Prevention complication of blood circulation in some specific conditions. We are talking about burns, frostbite, phlegmon (inflammatory or purulent decomposition of tissues) and others, which also become catalysts for muscle and tissue atrophy; Food unsaturated with calcium and vitamin D (you should consume as much calcium and a vitamin belonging to this group as possible); cramps in the lower extremities, which occur mainly at night; Egg shell + lemon juice. If the treatment of an adult is meant, then raw eggshells can be used, if the drug is made for a child, then the egg should be boiled first. The shell must be crushed to a powder, and then add lemon juice to it. An adult should take this mixture a quarter of a teaspoon daily. Also, the disease can be divided into subspecies depending on the place of its development. According to statistics, complete elimination of osteoporosis is almost impossible. A new look at treatmentHow was the former "hard worker" able to get rid of arthritis and osteochondrosis in a month?More...​ as well as any Of course, you should pay attention to the fact that all these methods should be discussed with your doctor. heredity; well tolerated by the human body; A special form of osteoporosis of the hip joints in women should be considered transient osteoporosis. It develops in women later in pregnancy and in men in their 30s and 40s. Use of certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticonvulsants (these should be minimized if possible. If, however, this is impossible, then immediately after the end of their intake, it is recommended to contact a chiropractor and in the future be aware of the risk of developing an ailment);
Excessive plaque on tooth enamel;	Comfrey herb tincture. In the people, this medicinal plant is called larkspur or bone marrow. In order for the alternative treatment of osteoporosis to be more effective, dimexide must be added to the tincture. Use the resulting composition to make compresses.
Spinal osteoporosis. The disease is characterized by pain in the vertebral system, especially strongly they are felt in the lumbar and sacral region. Sometimes it descends into the hip joint or rises into the chest. At the beginning of the disease, pain is of a short duration. Gradually they become constant, aching. Also, a person feels severe pain when feeling the spine. The back muscles are usually very tight. Also, a strong stoop or even the presence of a hump indicates osteoporosis of the spine. Fat folds come out on the sides of the abdomen.

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Description of the disease

The human skeleton remains strong and durable due to the constant supply of calcium, minerals, and the production of the optimal amount of hormones. These are parahormone, growth hormone, estrogen in women, calcitonin. But not only the simple intake of calcium in the body provides bone strength, it needs to be absorbed. And this requires vitamin D. If all these processes in the body proceed normally, then the skeleton remains strong. If there is a lack of at least one of these elements, then the bones gradually begin to thin, become porous, brittle, and osteoporosis develops.

Curvature of the spine, pain in its lumbar and thoracic regions.

Lack of calcium in foods that make up the main diet;

Types of osteoporosis

1. have few side effects;
2. It is possible to detect this form of the disease on an x-ray or on palpation (in some cases). Timely detection is very important, because this will make it possible to start adequate treatment as soon as possible.​
3. frequent use of hormonal drugs;
4. periodontitis;

St. John's wort. You need to take a tablespoon of the plant and brew it in a glass of boiling water. Cover and wait 40 minutes. After filtering the infusion and squeezing the herbal raw materials. Add honey and lemon juice to the folk remedy for the treatment of osteoporosis. Take 3 tablespoons daily.​

• Osteoporosis of the hip joint. Basically, the neck of the femur is affected. If you do not take timely treatment of the disease, do not do special exercises, do not change your lifestyle and diet, then everything can end in death. Fracture of the bone and displacement of the spine may occur. This is especially true for the elderly.
• However, you can stop the progressing processes of this disease and significantly improve the quality of life with a diagnosis of osteoporosis in the following ways:
• Bone density peaks at age 30 and gradually begins to decline after that age. Of course, it's different for everyone. According to statistics, every third woman in Russia suffers from this disease.​
• Symptoms of osteoporosis in women most often appear after menopause, so a bone densitometry procedure should be performed during this period.

Symptoms of the disease

In order to prevent the consequences of this disease, it is necessary, without waiting for their onset, to take a number of preventive measures to prevent serious consequences from injuries and all kinds of fractures. in the sun);

1. Oppress bone reservation;
2. Regardless of the causes of the manifestation of the presented disease, the mandatory components of the treatment process should be considered, first of all, physiotherapy exercises. It is she who makes it possible to bring "in shape" the metabolic processes in bone tissues, adjust the degree of joint mobility and muscle activity. Such recovery takes a very long time, and the older the person, the more complications it passes.
3. Hypodynamic lifestyle (it has been proven that the more active a woman leads, the less she is at risk of developing osteoporosis);
4. Pain in the bones or lower back;

​Exercise. Standing on your feet, raise your arms to the side at shoulder level. Then bend your elbows. Bring your elbows together in front of you. Spread your elbows to the side. Osteoporosis of the knee joint. Like other types of illness, this disease Osteoporosis leads to disability. Even a knee prosthesis will not help if the disease is not thoroughly treated.

Causes of the disease

1. Physical activity that gives the skeletal system a kind of stress and strengthens it: walking, dancing, jogging. These exercises help develop balance and coordination.​
2. That is why it is so important to understand that osteoporosis in general, and in women in particular, is a very big problem that is easier to prevent than to treat.
3. Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women is due to

Prevention of osteoporosis

Bone densitometry should be performed, especially if the first signs of the disease are detected. In addition, you should move enough so that the body does not lose its ability to move for as long as possible. Minimize or refuse to take coffee at all. Presence of bad habits: (drinking alcohol, smoking);

• positively affect the increase in bone mineral density (BMD);
• A strict, well-balanced nutrition schedule and frequent exposure to passive and active sun are very important. The second makes it possible to make the production of vitamin D faster, and, accordingly, strengthen bone tissue. It is also allowed to take medications, but only as prescribed by a specialist. These can be both drugs containing calcium and vitamin D3 (or its other metabolites), and bisphosphonates. It is undesirable to take any hormonal preparations for those women who have reached the age of over 70 years. However, sometimes this is the only way to bring the structure of bone tissue back to normal.​

any form of smoking;

• Obvious fragility and predisposition of nails to delamination;
• ​Exercise. In the supine position, you need to bend your knees. So lie down for ten seconds and straighten your legs. Repeat the action again.​
• Foot osteoporosis. This type of disease is most often accompanied by nocturnal cramps in the calf muscles. If such phenomena have become quite frequent, then this already clearly indicates the presence of osteoporosis.

Treatment with traditional methods

Healthy diet: Vitamin D and calcium should be increased. It is important to consider a nutrition scheme based on the principles of a balanced food pyramid.​

During menopause, there is a decrease in the production of estrogens, which are responsible for the synthesis of bone tissue, and prevents its resorption (destruction). Approximately ten years after the onset of menopause, bone mass decreases by 30%, which explains the causes of sudden fractures in older women. The disease can develop after operations to remove the uterus or ovaries, when a woman is introduced into a state of artificial menopause. During this period, the amount of estrogen drops significantly, calcium cannot be absorbed in the intestines because of this, and the body is deprived of the main building material for bones. For bone strength, it is very important to maintain normal levels of calcium in the body.

1. Insufficient amounts of the main female sex hormones - estrogens,
2. sedentary lifestyle, especially after menopause;
3. Reduce the likelihood of fractures.
4. A sufficient number of methods have been developed by which the diagnosis of osteoporosis is carried out. Radiography makes it possible to detect depletion of bone tissue only when their loss has reached more than 30%. Therefore, it makes sense to resort to this method only with a secondary degree of illness.

Treatment with folk remedies

1. Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages (more than three groups per day with varying degrees of strength);
2. Premature graying (occurs quite rarely);
3. ​Exercise. From the "standing" position, alternately lift one leg forward and up, then the other.

Exercise for osteoporosis

1. Signs of osteoporosis are quite hidden, which is why the disease is also called the “silent epidemic.”
2. They must be prescribed by a doctor. The medicinal effect of drugs should be directed, first of all, to strengthening bone tissue and slowing down its destruction. There are a number of medications specifically for the treatment of osteoporosis: they slow down the thinning of the bones and increase their density.
3. Usually, women do not know that they are developing osteoporosis until the bone tissue reaches a critical level. At this time, symptoms such as back pain may appear, it becomes difficult to move, it is impossible to stay in one position for a long time, there is discomfort in the spine during sleep. Further, as osteoporosis progresses, its complications develop, such as spontaneous fractures.

which are involved in calcium metabolism in the body. In another article on the site komy-za30.ru, you can find out if phytohormones help mitigate the manifestations of menopause.​