All about the city of Chernobyl. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and its consequences. Panic and provocations
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On April 26, 1986, 130 km from Kiev, an explosion occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and a huge amount of radioactive substances got into the environment. At that moment, no one realized the scale of the tragedy. The next day schools were open, people were walking in the street. 3 decades have passed since then, but the world still knows little about this catastrophe and its significance for humanity.
Inspired by the mini-series "Chernobyl", website studies how events developed in those terrible days, plunging into the memories of people who were at the scene of the tragedy. And despite the fact that the series conveyed many of the details with amazing accuracy, in some ways the reality was still different from the film.
Employees of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the beginning of the tragedy
“Chernobyl burst out, and no one is ready: neither civil defense, nor medical services, are provided with dosimeters, and at a minimum, the fire service does not know what to do ... Weddings were celebrated the next day nearby. Children play in the streets. The notification system is useless! There is no automatic shutdown either. The cloud went off after the explosion. Did someone spot him on the way? Did you take measures? Not".
Mikhail Gorbachev, former general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
At 01:55 the director arrives at the station and calls Moscow. Alexander Lelechenko, deputy head of the electrical department, sacrificing himself, pumps out hydrogen from generators and saves the station from another terrible explosion. He is taken to the hospital, from where he escapes to help again at the station. In 11 days he will be gone.
At 02:45, the station director asks to begin the evacuation of the city. Gets rejected. Everyone is waiting for a commission from Moscow. The reactor continues to throw radioactive smoke into the air.
Adults and children wake up in the city of Pripyat
3 and a half hours after the accident, the Pripyat police chief closes the access roads to the station. There are no places in the hospital, so firefighters and station employees are taken to the neighboring town of Ivankov, and someone is taken to a radiological hospital in Moscow.
The usual Saturday morning begins in the city. Some of the men heading off fishing, children go to school. Military men in respirators and with dosimeters walk the streets. People are told what they themselves know: they are just doctrines.
The city of Pripyat, students in the background of the school.
“Things were unprecedented in the school. A wet rag lay in front of each door. There was a bar of soap near every washbasin, which had never been in my life before. Technicians were running around the school, wiping everything they could with rags. And of course, rumors. True, in the performance of the second graders, the rumors about the explosion at the station looked completely unrealistic, and the teachers did not say anything. So I didn't worry too much. And already at the beginning of the 2nd lesson, 2 aunts entered the classroom and quickly handed us 2 small tablets each ... "
© mamasha_hru
At 11:40 am, at the river station, assemblers and builders of other nuclear power units arrange a crush and, together with their families, leave the city on a crowded ship. The sun appears unnaturally white.
At 16:00 in Pripyat, they already know about the fire at the station due to the dark smoke in the sky. But there is no panic. People walk in the streets, discussing tomorrow's football match between Dynamo Kiev and Spartak. Some of the townspeople go to the hospital, doctors advise to drink a mixture of iodine with water. The station director is again denied a request to initiate an evacuation.
Valery Legasov and Boris Shcherbina arrive at the place
Boris Shcherbina, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
At 16:50, Deputy Prime Minister Boris Shcherbina, together with Valery Legasov, First Deputy Director of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov, flies from Moscow to Kiev. Members of the commission for liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident have a couple of hours to understand how a nuclear reactor works.
The sun sets in Pripyat, and a red glow appears in the sky above the power unit, which frightens the townspeople. There are no reports of a threat, but patrols with dosimeters walk the streets.
Valery Legasov, Deputy Director of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy.
The meeting starts at 20:30. Chemical defense troops and helicopters arrive in Pripyat. Thanks to them, it is possible to see from the sky that the reactor is really blown up. Prior to that, it was believed that the explosion occurred next to him, and not inside him. Under pressure from scientists, Shcherbina decides to start evacuating the city in the morning.
“All party and statesmen the only concern was how to save their families. They canceled many flights from Ukraine, loading planes with family members of these people. And they didn't give a damn about the rest. "
Georgy Lepin, professor of physics, who volunteered at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from 1986 to 1992
On April 28, at 05:00, a radiation hazard message appears at the Leningrad NPP. Employees check the systems. It becomes clear that this is a phonetic cloud brought by the wind from the side of the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl.
“When I walked home with a schoolbag in one hand and a bucket in the other, humming a song under my breath, there were already 2 fire engines standing in the pine park and diligently watering the trees. I was an adult, 10 years old, after all, and I did not care about it, but the younger children splashed with pleasure and shrill squeals in the water flowing from the trees, despite the firefighter's strict persuasion not to do it.<...>We quickly drove onto the road connecting Pripyat and Chernobyl, and it was then that it finally became clear what the scale of the disaster was. Between Pripyat and Chernobyl, as I learned later, about 30 km. All this time, a seemingly endless column of buses stood in the direction of Pripyat. Different. Everyone they could collect. APCs were driving right in the middle of the field, young guys in military uniforms put on chemical protection suits right next to the roadside. "
© Andrey Shabanov
Due to the work of helicopters, radioactive dust rises above the reactor, the situation is aggravated by passing buses. Flights are postponed until the end of the evacuation, but people continue to breathe dust.
At noon BBC informs about radiation and the accident at the Soviet nuclear power plant. The USSR does not comment on the situation; together with the countries of the Eastern Bloc, it is preparing for the May Day parades. Evacuation begins in Pripyat. At 21:00 in the program "Time" appears short message that there was an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, but not a word about radiation and danger to people.
Young conscripts are also involved in the evacuation. Among them is Igor Khiryak, the only black liquidator about whom something is known. Together with his colleagues, he is building a pontoon on the Pripyat River, along which people are evacuated. After working there for 2.5 months, he suffered a burn to his larynx.
The soldiers, replacing each other, will clear the rubble all summer, fill up empty settlements and shoot animals in order to prevent the spread of radiation outside the zone.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is known for its disaster. At that time, 13 thousand people lived in the city. The history of the disaster is sad because almost everyone had to leave because of the high level of radiation. Now less than a thousand people live there, because a catastrophe occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which is one of the most tragic and large-scale in the world. The Chernobyl disaster happened on April 26, 1986.
On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl disaster in the history of nuclear energy became the largest. On the night of this day, a turbine generator was tested at the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. It was planned to shut down the reactor in order to measure the generator exponent. But it was not possible to safely drown it out and at 1.23 Moscow time an explosion and fire occurred. The chronology of events is very large, because it all started with the accumulation of errors. After the explosion, the release of radioactive materials into the environment was enormous.
The explosion killed only one person - Valery Hodemchuk. And in the morning it became known about the death of the engineer-adjuster of the automation system Vladimir Shashenok. On April 27, the residents of Pripyat were evacuated. In the following days - the evacuation of the nearest population. Chernobyl chronology events contains a lot of activities aimed at eliminating it.
Chernobyl. Chronology of events
Chernobyl. Radiation consequences
The Chernobyl area has become alienated due to the strong radioactive contamination... What a terrifying level of radiation in Chernobyl, if it was in the top ten of the list of the most polluted cities in the world! The radiation from the consequences was enormous due to the fire, which could not be extinguished for 10 days! And what kind of radiation is in Chernobyl, if more than 200 thousand square meters are radioactively contaminated? km and 70% of them are in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. In Mordovia, Chuvashia and Leningrad region radioactive fallout fell. After it became known about the pollution in Sweden, Finland, Norway and the Arctic regions of the USSR.
Chernobyl. Disaster history
Chernobyl. Who is to blame for the accident
The history of the disaster shows us that emergency protection played a very important role in this accident.
There are two versions:
1.
operating personnel are guilty;
2.
the design of the reactor is at fault.
Most of the commissions were inclined to believe that the cause of the accident was a gross violation of the Operating Regulations. Some of the perpetrators of the accident are: Director of the Chernobyl NPP - VP Bryukhanov, Chief Engineer of the Chernobyl NPP - Fomin NM and others. All of them received different terms of imprisonment.
Notification and evacuation of the population
The 1986 Chernobyl evacuation forced people to leave all their belongings, houses, households ... But, nevertheless, someone later returned. The history of the disaster is described by many people. At about 15.00 on April 27, the population was informed by radio that they needed to collect all the necessary things, food and go out into the street. There were 3-4 police officers in each yard. They entered every house, every apartment and took out those who did not want to evacuate. Buses came and took people to a safe area.
Panic and provocations
The history of the Chernobyl disaster was not immediately revealed to people. Some only heard that something had happened at the station, because there was an order: "Do not sow panic." At first, it was believed that the scale of the accident that occurred was not as great as it seems, and that if there is no fire in sight, it means nothing serious. And then everything became more obvious. The task was to secure information about the disaster, but some documents were stolen. Loudspeakers were working in the streets. They announced that people would soon return home. There was a strong crush on the buses. Panic began in the city. All the bosses were the first to leave Pripyat. And if not for the heroism of several liquidators, the consequences would be much more horrific ...
Chernobyl. Accident elimination
The consequences of the Chernobyl disaster that occurred on April 26, 1986 are still being eliminated. Firemen were the first to deal with the accident in Chernobyl. In the morning, when the accident occurred, 240 people of the personnel of the Kiev regional fire department extinguished the fire. After the accident, work at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was stopped. In May 1986, after the accident, 10 thousand people were involved in eliminating the consequences. A sarcophagus was built at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, inside which at least 95% of the irradiated nuclear fuel, incl. about 180 tons of uranium-235, as well as about 70 thousand tons of radioactive metal, glass, concrete, dust ... Now, on top of this sarcophagus, they are building another one, because the service life of the first has passed
Conclusion: on this moment the city has operating enterprises that maintain hazardous areas in a safe, ecological state. The 30-kilometer zone is guarded and controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.
In 2011, the complex was opened in honor of the 25th anniversary of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In this complex there is a museum, which contains things of evacuated people: plates with numbers and streets of houses, household items, toys, etc.
Additional Information
On May 1, 1986, just days after the accident, the Soviet authorities at Chernobyl realized that the reactor was still melting. 185 tons of nuclear fuel were in the core, and the reaction continued at a tremendous speed.
Five million gallons of water were underneath this nuclear material. Water was the coolant; a thick concrete slab separated the melting reactor from the water. The slab was burned and descended to the water.
A radiation-contaminated steam explosion could occur if the melted reactor touched the water. Most of Europe would be infected. The death toll would be appallingly huge.
One journalist wrote that if a nuclear explosion caused the fuel to evaporate in other reactors, then 200 square kilometers of land would be unusable, Kiev would be destroyed, the water supply system used by 30 million inhabitants would be polluted, and for more than a hundred years northern Ukraine was would be unusable.
Later, a darker assessment was made that if the melting reactor reached the water, an explosion would occur that destroyed half of Europe and made it, as well as Ukraine and part of Russia, uninhabited for many years.
The melted core burned more and more through the concrete slab, which was rapidly approaching the water.A plan was developed to prevent possible explosions of other reactors. It was decided that three people in scuba diving would go through the flooded chambers of the fourth reactor to find a pair of shut-off valves and open them, so that water that had not yet come into contact with the reactor would completely drain out of there.
It was a great plan for millions of people in the USSR and Europeans, because they were waiting for inevitable death, illness and other damage due to the explosion.
Everyone understood that diving divers into a reservoir of water would greatly shorten their life.If there was a second explosion, then there would be inevitable death from radiation poisoning.A senior engineer, a mid-level engineer and a shift supervisor volunteered to save the situation. These three people knew that after their exploit they would live very, very little.The shift supervisor had to hold the underwater lamp so engineers could find the valves to open.
The next day, the brave troika plunged into the darkness of the pool. The light from the lantern was periodically extinguished and was very dim. They moved in the murky darkness and tried to finish this dangerous operation as quickly as possible, because the isotopes quickly and freely destroyed their bodies. But they could not find the necessary drain valves and knowing that the light of the lantern could go out at any moment, they continued their search anyway.
The last beam of light from the lantern illuminated the pipe leading to the valves. The lantern is burnt out. The divers were able to swim up to the pipe in complete darkness, intercepting it with their hands and going up. It was dark and defenseless from the strongest ionization. But in the darkness there were latches, so necessary for the salvation of millions of people.
The divers were able to open them. The water rushed out quickly. The pool began to empty. The men who returned to the surface were greeted as heroes. They became them. The second explosion did not occur, despite the fact that the melting core sank to the reservoir. On time, the next day, five million gallons of radioactive water flowed out from under the reactor.
Millions of people were saved thanks to the trio of Chernobyls who plunged into the pool and drained it. A steam explosion could have happened, which significantly changed the course of history. Three heroes, Alexei Ananenko, Valery Bespalov and Boris Baranov, began to develop very severe radiation sickness, and after a few weeks they died. Their bodies were soaked through with radioactive radiation. All three were buried in lead coffins with sealed lids.
Some, when saving someone's life, have at least a small, but a chance to stay alive. These men knew that they had no chance to move on. Three saved millions of people.
- Find out the price of lies
Chronicle of one of the worst man-made disasters in history. The mini-series recreates the events immediately after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, telling about the victims made to save from an immeasurable tragedy. British actor Jared Harris appears as a Soviet nuclear physicist who was one of the first to realize the scale of the disaster. Stellan Skarsgard played the deputy head of the USSR Council of Ministers Boris Shcherbina, who was appointed by the Kremlin to lead the government commission on eliminating the consequences of the accident. Oscar nominee Emily Watson played the role of fictional physicist Ulana Khomyuk, who decided to reveal true reason accident.
Myths and facts
On April 26, 1986, an accident happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Experts from all over the world are still eliminating the consequences of the largest catastrophe in the history of the peaceful atom.
A modernization program was carried out in the Russian nuclear industry, outdated technological solutions were almost completely revised and systems were developed that, according to experts, completely exclude the possibility of such an accident.
We talk about the myths that surround the Chernobyl accident and the lessons learned from it.
FACTS
The largest disaster in the history of the peaceful atom
The construction of the first stage of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant began in 1970, the city of Pripyat was erected nearby for the maintenance personnel. On September 27, 1977, the first power unit of the station with the RBMK-1000 reactor with a capacity of 1,000 MW was connected to the power system of the Soviet Union. Later, three more power units were commissioned, the annual power generation of the station was 29 billion kilowatt-hours.
On September 9, 1982, the first accident occurred at the Chernobyl NPP - during the test start-up of the 1st power unit, one of the technological channels of the reactor collapsed, the graphite masonry of the core was deformed. There were no casualties, the elimination of the consequences of the emergency took about three months.
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It was planned to shut down the reactor (while the emergency cooling system was shut down as planned) and measure the generator indicators.
The reactor could not be safely shut down. At 1 hour 23 minutes Moscow time, an explosion and fire occurred at the power unit.
The emergency became the largest disaster in the history of nuclear power: the reactor core was completely destroyed, the building of the power unit partially collapsed, and there was a significant release of radioactive materials into the environment.
Directly in the explosion, one person died - the pump operator Valery Khodemchuk (his body could not be found under the rubble), in the morning of the same day in the medical unit, the engineer-adjuster of the automation system Vladimir Shashenok died of burns and a spinal injury.
On April 27, the city of Pripyat (47 thousand 500 people) was evacuated, and in the following days - the population of the 10-kilometer zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In total, during May 1986, about 116 thousand people were resettled from 188 settlements in the 30-kilometer exclusion zone around the station.
The intense fire lasted 10 days, during which time the total release of radioactive materials into the environment amounted to about 14 exabecquerels (about 380 million curies).
More than 200 thousand square meters were exposed to radioactive contamination. km, of which 70% - on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.
The most contaminated were northern regions Kiev and Zhytomyr regions Ukrainian SSR, Gomel region. Byelorussian SSR and Bryansk region. RSFSR.
Radioactive fallout fell in the Leningrad Region, Mordovia and Chuvashia.
Subsequently, pollution was noted in Norway, Finland and Sweden.
The first brief official announcement of the state of emergency was transmitted by TASS on April 28. Former General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev said in an interview with the BBC in 2006 that May Day demonstrations in Kiev and other cities were not canceled due to the fact that the country's leadership did not have a "complete picture of what happened" and feared panic among the population. Only on May 14, Mikhail Gorbachev made a television address in which he spoke about the true scale of the incident.
The Soviet state commission to investigate the causes of the emergency blamed the plant management and operating personnel for the disaster. The Nuclear Safety Advisory Committee (INSAG), established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), confirmed the Soviet Commission's findings in its 1986 report.
Tass people in Chernobyl
One of the first journalists to the scene of the accident in the Ukrainian Polesie, to tell the truth about an unprecedented man-made disaster in history, went from Tassa resident Vladimir Itkin. As a real hero-reporter, he proved himself during the disaster. His materials were published in almost all newspapers in the country.
And just a few days after the explosion, the world was shocked by photographs of the smoking ruins of the fourth power unit, which was taken by TASS photojournalist Valery Zufarov and his Ukrainian colleague Vladimir Repik. Then, in the early days, flying around the power plant in a helicopter together with scientists and specialists, fixing all the details of the atomic release, they did not think about the consequences for their health. The helicopter, from which the correspondents were filming, hovered just 25 meters above the poisonous abyss.
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Valery already knew that he had "grabbed" a huge dose, but continued to fulfill his professional duty, creating a photo chronicle of this tragedy for posterity.
Reporters worked at the mouth of the reactor, during the construction of the sarcophagus.
Valery paid for these pictures with an untimely death in 1996. Zufarov has won many awards, including the Golden Eye, awarded by World Press Photo.
Among the Tassov journalists, who have the status of liquidator of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, there is a correspondent in Chisinau Valeriy Demidetskiy. In the fall of 1986, he was sent to Chernobyl as a person who had already dealt with the atom - Valery served on a nuclear submarine and knew what a radiation hazard was.
“Most of all,” he recalls, “people were amazed there. Real heroes. They understood well what they were doing, working day and night. I was amazed by Pripyat. The handsome town where the workers of the nuclear power plant lived resembled Tarkovsky's" Stalker "zone. houses, scattered children's toys, thousands of cars abandoned by residents. "
- according to TASS reports
Going to hell
One of the first who took part in the liquidation of the accident were firemen. The signal about a fire at the nuclear power plant was received on April 26, 1986 at 1:28 am. By the morning, there were 240 personnel of the Kiev regional fire department in the accident zone.
The government commission turned to the chemical defense troops to assess the radiation situation and to military helicopter pilots to assist in extinguishing the core fire. By this time, several thousand people were working on the emergency site.
Representatives of the radiation control service, the Civil Defense Forces, the Chemical Troops of the Ministry of Defense, the State Hydromet and the Ministry of Health worked in the accident zone.
In addition to eliminating the accident, their task was to measure the radiation situation at the nuclear power plant and study the radioactive contamination of natural environments, evacuate the population, and protect the exclusion zone that was established after the disaster.
The doctors monitored the irradiated and carried out the necessary therapeutic and prophylactic measures.
In particular, at different stages of the liquidation of the consequences of the accident, the following were involved:
From 16 to 30 thousand people from different departments for decontamination work;
More than 210 military units and subdivisions with a total strength of 340 thousand servicemen, of which more than 90 thousand were servicemen in the most acute period from April to December 1986;
18.5 thousand employees of internal affairs bodies;
Over 7 thousand radiological laboratories and sanitary and epidemiological stations;
In total, about 600 thousand liquidators from all over the former USSR took part in extinguishing fires and clearing.
Immediately after the accident, the work of the station was stopped. The mine of the exploded reactor with burning graphite was filled from helicopters with a mixture of boron carbide, lead and dolomite, and after the end of the active stage of the accident - with latex, rubber and other dust-absorbing solutions (in total, about 11,400 tons of dry and liquid materials were dropped by the end of June).
After the first, most acute stage, all efforts to contain the accident were focused on creating a special protective structure called a sarcophagus (Shelter object).
At the end of May 1986, a special organization was formed, consisting of several construction and assembly divisions, concrete plants, departments of mechanization, vehicles, power supply, etc. The work was carried out around the clock, on watch, the number of which reached 10 thousand people.
In the period from July to November 1986, a concrete sarcophagus with a height of more than 50 m and external dimensions of 200 by 200 m was erected, which covered the 4th power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, after which the emissions of radioactive elements stopped. An accident occurred during construction: on October 2, the Mi-8 helicopter caught its blades on the cable of a crane and fell on the territory of the station, killing four crew members.
Inside the "Shelter" is at least 95% of the irradiated nuclear fuel from the destroyed reactor, including about 180 tons of uranium-235, as well as about 70 thousand tons of radioactive metal, concrete, glassy mass, several tens of tons of radioactive dust with a total with an activity of more than 2 million curies.
"Shelter" under threat
The world's largest international structures - from energy concerns to financial corporations - continue to provide assistance to Ukraine in solving the problems of final cleaning of the Chernobyl zone.
The main disadvantage of the sarcophagus is its leakage (the total area of the cracks reaches 1 thousand square meters. M).
The guaranteed service life of the old Shelter was calculated until 2006, so in 1997 the G7 countries agreed on the need to build Shelter-2, which would cover the outdated structure.
Currently, a large defensive structure "New Safe Confinement" is being erected - an arch that will be pulled over the "Shelter". In April 2019, it was reported that it was 99% ready and passed a three-day trial operation.
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Work on the construction of the second sarcophagus was supposed to be completed in 2015, but was postponed more than once. The main reason for the delay is said to be a "serious shortage of Money".
The total cost of completing the project, which includes the construction of the sarcophagus, is 2.15 billion euros. At the same time, the cost of building the sarcophagus itself is 1.5 billion euros.
675 million euros was provided by the EBRD. If necessary, the bank is ready to finance the budget deficit for this project.
Up to 10 million euros (5 million euros annually) - an additional contribution to the Chernobyl fund - was decided to be paid by the Russian government in 2016-2017.
Other international donors have pledged 180 million euros.
The USA intended to provide $ 40 million.
Some Arab countries and the PRC have also expressed their desire to make donations to the Chernobyl Fund.
Accident myths
There is a huge gap between scientific knowledge about the consequences of the accident and public opinion... The latter, in the overwhelming majority of cases, is under the influence of the developed Chernobyl mythology, which has little to do with the real consequences of the disaster, according to the Institute for the Problems of Safe Development of Nuclear Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBRAE RAS).
Inadequate perception of radiation hazard, according to experts, has objective specific historical reasons, including:
Silence by the state of the causes and real consequences of the accident;
Ignorance by the population of the elementary foundations of the physics of processes occurring both in the field of nuclear energy and in the field of radiation and radioactive exposure;
Hysteria in the media provoked by the above reasons;
Numerous problems of a social nature on a federal scale, which have become good ground for the rapid formation of myths, etc.
The indirect damage from the accident associated with the socio-psychological and socio-economic consequences is much higher than the direct damage from the action of the Chernobyl radiation.
Myth 1.
The accident had a catastrophic impact on the health of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of people
According to the Russian National Radiation and Epidemiological Register (NRER), radiation sickness was detected in 134 people who were at the emergency unit on the first day. Of these, 28 died within a few months after the accident (27 in Russia), 20 died for various reasons within 20 years.
Over the past 30 years, the NRED recorded 122 cases of leukemia among the liquidators. 37 of them could have been induced by the Chernobyl radiation. There was no increase in the number of diseases by other types of oncology among liquidators in comparison with the rest of the population.
In the period from 1986 to 2011, out of 195 thousand Russian liquidators registered with the NRER, about 40 thousand people died from various reasons, while general indicators mortality did not exceed the corresponding average values of the population of the Russian Federation.
According to the NRER at the end of 2015, out of 993 cases of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents (at the time of the accident), 99 could be associated with radiation exposure.
No other consequences for the population were recorded, which completely refutes all the prevailing myths and stereotypes about the scale of the radiological consequences of the accident on public health, experts say. The same conclusions were confirmed 30 years after the disaster.
Curie, becquerel, sievert - what is the difference
Radioactivity is the ability of some natural elements and artificial radioactive isotopes to spontaneously decay, while emitting radiation invisible and imperceptible to humans.
Two units are used to measure the amount of a radioactive substance or its activity: an off-system unit curie and unit becquerel, adopted in the International System of Units (SI).
The environment and living organisms are affected by the ionizing effect of radiation, which is characterized by a dose of radiation or radiation.
The higher the radiation dose, the greater the degree of ionization. One and the same dose can accumulate over different times, and the biological effect of irradiation depends not only on the magnitude of the dose, but also on the time of its accumulation. The faster the dose is received, the greater its damaging effect.
Different types of radiation create different damaging effects at the same dose of radiation. All national and international standards are set in the equivalent radiation dose. The off-system unit of this dose is rem, and in the SI system - sievert(Sound).
Rafael Harutyunyan, First Deputy Director of the Institute for the Problems of Safe Development of Nuclear Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, clarifies that if we analyze the additional doses accumulated by residents of the Chernobyl zones over the years after the accident, then out of 2.8 million Russians who found themselves in the affected area:
2.6 million received less than 10 millisieverts. This is five to seven times less than the world average radiation dose from natural background radiation;
Fewer than 2,000 people received additional doses in excess of 120 millisieverts. This is one and a half to two times less radiation doses to residents of countries such as Finland.
It is for this reason, the scientist believes, that no radiological consequences have been observed and cannot be observed among the population, except for the already noted thyroid cancer.
According to experts from the Scientific Center for Radiation Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, out of 2.34 million people living in the contaminated territories of Ukraine, about 94,800 people died from cancers of various origins in 12 years after the disaster, about 750 additional died due to "Chernobyl" cancers. human.
For comparison: among 2.8 million people, regardless of their place of residence, annually from cancers not associated with the radiation factor, mortality ranges from 4 to 6 thousand, that is, in 30 years - from 90 to 170 thousand deaths.
What radiation doses are lethal
The widespread natural background radiation, as well as some medical procedures, lead to the fact that each person receives an average equivalent dose of radiation from 2 to 5 millisieverts annually.
For people professionally associated with radioactive materials, the annual equivalent dose should not exceed 20 millisieverts.
A lethal dose is considered to be 8 sieverts, and the half-survival dose, at which half of the irradiated group of people perishes, is 4-5 sieverts.
At the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, about a thousand people who were near the reactor at the time of the disaster received doses from 2 to 20 sieverts, which in some cases turned out to be fatal.
For the liquidators, the average dose was about 120 millisieverts.
© YouTube.com/TASS
Myth 2.
The genetic consequences of the Chernobyl accident for humanity are terrible
According to Harutyunyan, the world science for 60 years of detailed scientific research did not observe any genetic defects in offspring in humans due to radiation exposure of their parents.
This conclusion is confirmed by the results of constant monitoring of both the victims in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the subsequent generation.
The excess of genetic deviations relative to the average statistical data for the country was not recorded.
20 years after Chernobyl, the International Commission for Radiological Protection in its 2007 recommendations lowered the value of hypothetical risks by almost 10 times.
At the same time, there are other opinions. According to the research of Valery Glazko, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences:
After a catastrophe, not everyone who should have been born is born.
Less specialized forms are mainly reproduced, but with a higher resistance to the action of unfavorable environmental factors.
The response to the same doses of ionizing radiation depends on its novelty for the population.
The scientist believes that the real consequences Chernobyl accident for human populations will be available for analysis by 2026, as the generation directly affected by the accident is only now starting to have families and have children.
Myth 3.
Nature has suffered from the accident at a nuclear power plant even more than man
An unprecedentedly large release of radionuclides into the atmosphere occurred in Chernobyl, on this basis, the Chernobyl accident is considered the most severe man-made accident in human history. To date, almost everywhere, with the exception of the most contaminated areas, the dose rate has returned to the background level.
The consequences of irradiation for flora and fauna were noticeable only in the immediate vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant within the exclusion zone.
The paradigm of radioecology is such that if a person is protected, then the environment is protected with a huge margin, says Professor Harutyunyan. If the impact of a radiation accident on human health is minimal, then its impact on nature will be even smaller. The threshold for the manifestation of negative impacts on flora and fauna is 100 times higher than for humans.
The impact on nature after the accident was observed only near the destroyed power unit, where the radiation dose of trees for 2 weeks reached 2000 roentgens (in the so-called "red forest"). At the moment, the entire natural environment, even in this place, has fully recovered and even blossomed due to a sharp decrease in anthropogenic impact.
Myth 4.
The resettlement of people from the city of Pripyat and adjacent territories was poorly organized
The evacuation of residents of the city of 50,000 was carried out quickly, says Harutyunyan. Despite the fact that, according to the standards in force at that time, evacuation was mandatory only if a dose of 750 mSv was reached, the decision on it was made when the predicted dose level was less than 250 mSv. Which is quite consistent with today's understanding of the criteria for emergency evacuation. The information that people received large doses of radiation during the evacuation is not true, the scientist is sure.
Swedish scientists have come to the conclusion that a weak nuclear explosion occurred during the Chernobyl accident. Experts analyzed the most probable course of nuclear reactions in the reactor and simulated the meteorological conditions for the propagation of fission products. talks about an article by researchers published in the journal Nuclear Technology.
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred on April 26, 1986. The disaster has jeopardized the development of nuclear power throughout the world. A 30-kilometer exclusion zone was created around the station. Radioactive fallout fell even in the Leningrad region, and cesium isotopes were found in increased concentrations in lichen and deer meat in the Arctic regions of Russia.
There are various versions of the causes of the disaster. Most often, they indicate the wrong actions of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant personnel, which led to the ignition of hydrogen and the destruction of the reactor. However, some scientists believe that there was a real nuclear explosion.
Boiling hell
A nuclear chain reaction is maintained in an atomic reactor. The nucleus of a heavy atom, for example, uranium, collides with a neutron, becomes unstable and decays into two smaller nuclei - decay products. In the process of fission, energy and two or three fast free neutrons are released, which in turn cause the decay of other uranium nuclei in nuclear fuel. The number of decays thus increases exponentially, but the chain reaction inside the reactor is under control, which prevents a nuclear explosion.
In thermal nuclear reactors, fast neutrons are not suitable for exciting heavy atoms; therefore, their kinetic energy is reduced using a moderator. Slow neutrons, called thermal neutrons, are more likely to cause the decay of the uranium-235 atoms used as fuel. In such cases, one speaks of a high cross section for the interaction of uranium nuclei with neutrons. Thermal neutrons themselves are called so because they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment.
The heart of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the RBMK-1000 reactor (a high-power channel reactor with a capacity of 1000 megawatts). Basically, it is a graphite cylinder with many holes (channels). Graphite acts as a moderator, and nuclear fuel is loaded in fuel elements (fuel rods) through the technological channels. The fuel rods are made of zirconium, a metal with a very small neutron capture cross section. They allow neutrons and heat to pass through, which heats the coolant, preventing the leakage of decay products. Fuel rods can be combined into fuel assemblies (FA). Fuel elements are characteristic of heterogeneous nuclear reactors in which the moderator is separated from the fuel.
RBMK is a single-loop reactor. Water is used as a heat carrier, which partially turns into steam. The steam-water mixture enters the separators, where the steam is separated from the water and sent to the turbine generators. The spent steam is condensed and re-enters the reactor.
There was a flaw in the design of the RBMK, which played a fatal role in the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The fact is that the distance between the channels was too great and too many fast neutrons were inhibited by graphite, turning into thermal neutrons. They are well absorbed by water, but steam bubbles are constantly formed there, which reduces the absorption characteristics of the heat carrier. As a result, the reactivity increases, the water heats up even more. That is, RBMK is distinguished by a rather high vapor coefficient of reactivity, which complicates the control over the course of a nuclear reaction. The reactor should be equipped with additional safety systems; only highly qualified personnel should work on it.
Broke firewood
On April 25, 1986, a shutdown of the fourth power unit was planned at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant for scheduled repairs and an experiment. Specialists of the research institute "Hydroproject" proposed a method for emergency power supply of the station's pumps at the expense of kinetic energy a turbo generator rotating by inertia. This would allow, even in the event of a power outage, to maintain the circulation of the coolant in the circuit until the backup power is turned on.
According to the plan, the experiment was to begin when the thermal power of the reactor dropped to 700 megawatts. The power was reduced by 50 percent (1600 megawatts), and the process of shutting down the reactor was postponed for about nine hours at a request from Kiev. As soon as the decrease in power resumed, it suddenly dropped to almost zero due to erroneous actions of the nuclear power plant personnel and xenon poisoning of the reactor - the accumulation of the xenon-135 isotope, which reduces the reactivity. To cope with the sudden problem, emergency neutron absorbing rods were removed from the RBMK, but the power did not rise above 200 megawatts. Despite the unstable operation of the reactor, the experiment began at 01:23:04.
The introduction of additional pumps increased the load on the run-out turbine generator, which reduced the volume of water entering the reactor core. Together with the high steam reactivity, this rapidly increased the power of the reactor. The attempt to introduce absorber rods due to their poor design only made the situation worse. Just 43 seconds after the start of the experiment, the reactor collapsed as a result of one or two powerful explosions.
Ends in water
Eyewitnesses claim that the fourth power unit of the nuclear power plant was destroyed by two explosions: the second, the most powerful, happened a few seconds after the first. The emergency is believed to have arisen from a rupture of pipes in the cooling system caused by the rapid evaporation of water. Water or steam reacted with the zirconium in the fuel cells, causing large amounts of hydrogen to form and explode.
Swedish scientists believe that two different mechanisms led to the explosions, one of which was nuclear. First, the high vapor coefficient of reactivity contributed to an increase in the volume of superheated vapor inside the reactor. As a result, the reactor burst, and its 2000-ton top cover flew up several tens of meters. Since the fuel elements were attached to it, there was a primary leak of nuclear fuel.
Secondly, the emergency lowering of the absorber rods led to the so-called "end effect". On the Chernobyl RBMK-1000, the rods consisted of two parts - a neutron absorber and a graphite water displacer. When the rod is introduced into the reactor core, graphite replaces the neutron-absorbing water in the lower part of the channels, which only enhances the vapor coefficient of reactivity. The number of thermal neutrons increases and the chain reaction becomes uncontrollable. A small nuclear explosion occurs. The streams of fission products even before the destruction of the reactor penetrated the hall, and then - through the thin roof of the power unit - entered the atmosphere.
For the first time, experts started talking about the nuclear nature of the explosion back in 1986. Then scientists from the Khlopin Radium Institute analyzed the fractions of noble gases obtained at the Cherepovets factory, where liquid nitrogen and oxygen were produced. Cherepovets is located a thousand kilometers north of Chernobyl, and a radioactive cloud passed over the city on April 29. Soviet researchers found that the ratio of the activities of the 133 Xe and 133m Xe isotopes was 44.5 ± 5.5. These isotopes are short-lived fission products, indicating a weak nuclear explosion.
Swedish scientists calculated how much xenon was formed in the reactor before the explosion, during the explosion, and how the ratio of radioactive isotopes changed up to their fallout in Cherepovets. It turned out that the ratio of reactivities observed at the plant could arise in the event of a nuclear explosion with a capacity of 75 tons in TNT equivalent. According to the analysis of meteorological conditions for the period April 25 - May 5, 1986, xenon isotopes rose to a height of up to three kilometers, which prevented its mixing with the xenon that had been formed in the reactor even before the accident.
Each city has its own history. Most often, tourists and visitors are interested in big cities, because it is believed that they have a rich historical heritage, beautiful architecture, original monuments and much more, which can then be remembered, photographed, and told to your friends and acquaintances.
Unfortunately, it is not always that a particular town or village becomes famous for something joyful or good. The cause of fame can be a terrible tragedy, the consequences of which we will feel for a very long time.
One of the brightest examples known to the whole world is the small town of Chernobyl. If not for this catastrophe, which gave him not only terrible fame, but also made mankind look at the world and its features in a different way, the city of Chernobyl could hardly be called something particularly remarkable. Hardly anyone would come here and lead excursions.
The description of the city was included in the book "Catastrophe", published in 1989, and, what is most remarkable, the atmosphere of fear, disbelief, superstitious myths and other phenomena that excite the blood, conveyed there, in a small Ukrainian city, still takes place today.
The main paradox is that mysticism did not begin to retreat even now, in the twenty-first century, when it would seem that people are already cynical and educated enough not to believe in various mystical and paranormal phenomena. Chernobyl is a city of such a structure and location, which will attract adventure lovers for a long time to come.
Next, we will talk about what the city of Chernobyl is. Let's remember how it all began, what the city was like before the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and what it is today, decades later. We will turn to the history of Chernobyl, we will go to those times when it was still very far before the fateful day and people lived there, engaged in peaceful labor and did not think of such terrible glory.
It is appropriate to recall the history of the city of Chernobyl, especially considering that a lot of myths and legends, superstitions and horror stories have swirled around it thanks to a terrible explosion not far from it.
How it all began
The city of Chernobyl has not always been a city. As often happens, it all started with a small village. In the chronicles for the first time (at least what the archivists were able to present to us) the village of Chernobyl is mentioned at the end of the 12th century. However, people lived here even earlier, as is often the case.
As evidence of this, there are many barrows with iron weapons inside, which have been found by archaeologists. In addition, until the beginning of the 20th century, Chernobyl concealed a treasure hidden, apparently, by the Romans. Then, during the excavations carried out, Roman silver coins of the Antonine era were found.
Residents were engaged in agricultural work: fishing, cattle breeding, gardening. Also, such a thing as shipping flourished here. Over time, Chernobyl acquired tanneries and brick factories, as well as parish schools and mills.
Local residents traded in timber, tobacco, fish, resin.
Religion of old Chernobyl and "Cow's legs"
Religiously, the city at Chernobyl boasted a rich and daring heritage. There were two churches, a church and a Dominican monastery, which existed until 1832. Already in the second half of the 18th century, Old Believers lived here. A little later, their sect began to call itself "Chernobyl", after the name of the area in which they lived.
By the way, the head of this sect, Illarion Petrov, was called "Cow's Legs" while possessing simply amazing fanaticism. She did not recommend herself too positively, if only because she promoted the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the end of the world that followed. The authorities of that time had very good reasons to prohibit this sect, and the reasons are clear: the leaders led by Illarion did not worship the king at all, did not recognize the documents, did not allow the oath to be taken. In other words, she behaved more than defiantly, for which she was persecuted.
When the religious leaders had the opportunity to move to Austria, they did not force themselves to beg for a long time, but did it as soon as possible: it remains to be seen how the graters with royal blood would end up for them. In addition, they were invited to Austria by the Emperor Joseph II himself. Moreover, inviting members of the Chernobyl sect, Joseph II saved them from taxes for 20 years. Who would refuse such a thing?
Why the emperor acted so kindly is not clear, but, most likely, this is somehow connected with the service rendered to the majestic patron of the Old Believers. Or it could be some noble nobleman. Later, the Chernobyl victims mixed with other immigrants from Russia and Poland, after which their history was reliably lost among the turbulent events that played out in the 19th century.
Curses of Chernobyl
It is quite possible that someone can grasp the connection between the activities of the "Cow's Legs" and the terrible explosion. There is no need to dissuade anyone, the free will on this score. The city of Chernobyl is now really something like a cursed area where the end of the world came. It may not be symbolic of the coming of the Antichrist and the end of the world, but some other facts.
The blooming corner of Chernobyl, in fact, is a tiny patch on the European land that has been wooded far and wide. He, in a sense, serves as the border between different worlds... It is not surprising that the history and languages of the peoples that lived here were closely intertwined. And any piece of Europe that is there could give an association and a reason to think that something unexpected, and possibly terrible, was about to happen. Versions can be very different, interesting and exciting.
So, according to many experts, there can be only one symbol: how in the history of the city of Chernobyl the lives and fates of different nationalities, from the Ukrainians to the Austrians, were intertwined. There were both crowned persons and ordinary people. All this gives reason to think that fate is sometimes the same for all. And so it happened. After all, the tragedy of Chernobyl touched almost the entire Earth, influenced the health and lives of the population, regardless of their wealth and social status.
For us, the word "Chernobyl" is immediately associated with something terrible, fatal and destructive. The city in Chernobyl is completely neglected, therefore there can no longer be life there, although before, life and activity there simply boiled. The city near Chernobyl can be called the same, because in just a few days, as a result of the evacuation, the territory was completely empty.
What does “Chernobyl” mean?
"Black" and "true" - these two words evoke a variety of ideas, consonances. Some argue that the word "true" can sound and decipher as "pain", but with this word everything is immediately clear. Few people are capable, looking at the photos depicting Chernobyl, can positively think about what happened in the eighties of the 20th century. In any case - both in newspaper headlines and in people's conversations - the name of a small Ukrainian town acquired just such a meaning.
However, it soon became clear that the word "true", although it is connected by roots with the words "to be" or "to exist", still has more to do with botany.
Bull is the name of a blade of grass, a blade of grass, and a black blade is a kind of such wormwood. However, no one has canceled the laws of human rumor, they are fast, they have tremendous power over the world. Despite the fact that in a modern home now it is not so often you see the Bible, however, the story of the wormwood star that fell to the Earth, the third part of the waters that became bitter from the revelation of St. John the Theologian, became known to almost everyone. And this is given the fact that earlier in the Soviet Union, religion was prohibited under any guise.
However, the wave of mystical rumors, as quickly surged, disappeared just as quickly. There are only photos of Chernobyl, where everything is shown very sad and neglected. The days will remain in human memory for a long time when they were forced to leave their home, their homes, everything that was dear to their hearts. When the alarming word sounded - evacuation, the people living there realized that they would never have anything as before.
Chernobyl in foreign history
Before the events at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant happened, there were a lot of events that made the story about Chernobyl quite significant and remarkable. It seems incredible, however, this tiny town somehow flashed in the history of the Great French Revolution.
During the period when that country was ruled by a dictatorship, a native of Chernobyl Rosalia Lyubomirskaya-Khodkevich, on June 30, 1794, laid her head on the guillotine in Paris. A French tribunal has brought charges against the 26-year-old in connection with Queen Marie Antoinette and other members of the royal family.
Whether it is true or not, they heard about Chernobyl even where they were not interested in this tiny Ukrainian town. By the way, this blonde beauty was immortalized in the records by a contemporary under the name "Rosalia from Chernobyl". Honestly, one gets the impression that for a long time some kind of curse stamp lay on Chernobyl, and the city became famous only thanks to some kind of misfortune.
Chernobyl then and now
Before the accident, Chernobyl was a real flourishing place for those who wanted to develop civilization and at the same time remain in unity with nature. Already on August 15, 1972, in a solemn ceremony, the first cubic meter of concrete was laid at the base of the main power plant.
Ancient Chernobyl (as already mentioned, the name comes from the name of the Ukrainian wormwood) conveyed its bitter name to a huge nuclear power plant. The history of Chernobyl, which began in the 12th century, ended with an explosion at this incredible atomic facility.
If we compare the city of Chernobyl before the accident and the city of Chernobyl now, a sad spectacle opens up before us: empty villages of the Chernobyl region, deserted, through the streets of which patrolling cars only occasionally pass, animal farms, where the windows are tightly closed.
Along the roads that lead to Chernobyl, there are forests and fields as a majestic wall. In no case should you leave these roads, as it is very, very unsafe. The date of Chernobyl changed everything forever, destroying the possibility of human life around.
However, it is important to note that Chernobyl, which in those years was a modest regional center, had almost nothing to do with the nuclear power plant. The main capital was the young city of Pripyat, which at that time was developing very rapidly and was only 18 kilometers from the sad place of the event.
Pripyat. History of the capital of Chernobyl
The city of Pripyat owes its name to a beautiful, full-flowing river, which, like a long blue ribbon, winds alongside. connects both the Belarusian and Ukrainian woodlands, after which it carries its waters to the gray-haired Dnieper.
It is safe to say that Pripyat also appeared precisely due to the presence of a nuclear power plant. The forecasts then were the most optimistic. The history of Chernobyl promised to be developed and rich, because the energy sector came to new level…
As mentioned above, Pripyat appeared due to the fact that a huge nuclear power plant was born, which would then entail a significant global catastrophe. But then everything was done with the aim of developing nuclear energy, making people's lives better and more civilized. One involuntarily recalls the proverb "the road to hell is paved with good intentions." And hell has come. But a little later. First there was the history of the city of Pripyat.
The labor biography of Pripyat begins on February 4, 1970, when the builders hammered the first peg, and also pulled out the first lump of earth with a bucket. The choice of this particular site for the construction of the largest nuclear power plant was made due to the fact that there was a river nearby, the waters of which could be used to cool the station, an operating railway station that facilitates the delivery of necessary cargo, and a motorway. In addition, the land in Chernobyl was the least suitable for agricultural activities in Ukraine.
Chernobyl prospects
In addition, the successes of the station under construction were directly related to the success of the construction of new housing, city facilities, both socio-cultural and domestic purposes. A Palace of Culture, a House of Books, a cinema, a hotel, four libraries, an art school with a concert hall, medical institutions, schools, and vocational schools were built in the city. A wide network of restaurants, cafes, canteens and shops was also created. More than 10 kindergartens have been built. A bright and secure future awaited the city of Pripyat.
Special attention was paid to the construction of children's institutions, since average age the population of Pripyat was 26 years old, and every year more than a thousand children were born here. In the evenings in the city you can see young dads and mothers walking with strollers, enjoying the good weather.
Chernobyl before the accident, namely the city of Pripyat, confidently walked into the future, since its development was rapid. The story about Chernobyl in its disastrous state begins right here, but the happy residents do not yet know this.
The industrial enterprise is increasing its capacity. In the coming years, an energy technical school will be built here, there will be another high school, Palace of Pioneers, youth club, indoor market. Another hotel, new buildings for the auto and railway station, a dental clinic, a cinema with two cinemas, the famous Detsky Mir store, a supermarket and other benefits of civilization of that time will be built.
The entrance to the city will decorate the amusement park, which is now a visiting card. It is scary to look at the once majestic Ferris wheel, which was once ridden by both children and adults. The construction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant also predicted that in the end more than 80 thousand inhabitants would live in Pripyat, and the Polesie atomic city would become one of the most beautiful cities in Ukraine.
Pripyat is the most prestigious city in the country
At that time, the city of Pripyat was considered the most prestigious and vibrant city in Ukraine, which seemed to develop at the speed of light. Wide streets, which were built according to the best projects of the Soviet era, high, bright high-rise buildings, a huge pool, a magnificent stadium, etc. - It was just fine to live there, people believed that nothing threatened them, that the huge nuclear power plant was eternal and would provide them with electricity for many years.
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant of 1986 gave the residents of Pripyat a new era. Unfortunately, it did not last long. At that time, Pripyat was a vivid example of communism, which flourished on the territory of socialism, which was falling apart before our eyes, and, like many great things, the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant turned out to be much less reliable and durable.
In the mid-1980s, about 50 thousand people lived on the territory of Pripyat, the population continued to grow. And the new city was very fond of, as an example of the life of the Soviet population, not only to the residents themselves who were there, but also to tourists, official delegates from all over the world. Tourists were shown Lenin Avenue, Druzhby Narodov Street, Heroes of Stalingrad Street, Naberezhnaya Street, Builders and Enthusiasm Avenues, and the streets of the beautiful Ukrainian poetess Lesya Ukrainka and Kurchatov were especially proud.
In other words, then the city of Pripyat knew what to show, but now it is a gloomy neglected area. Nevertheless, the local places do not cease to arouse interest among the flow of tourists who go there with the desire to feel the adrenaline and find adventure. The story of Chernobyl, which began so long ago, lives on now, and Pripyat is still its center.
Then the guides talked about the city and showed visitors its wealth, interesting places, rich nature. After all, we can say that it was a garden city that existed peacefully until April 26, 1986.
Chernobyl that no longer exists
Probably, the city of Chernobyl, whose history ended very darkly, became the most famous all over the world thanks to a terrible disaster. We have already covered this all in previous articles, so there is no point in repeating all over again. We only add that after the terrible atomic disaster happened, the evacuation process took place as quickly as possible. There was a resettlement of people from contaminated areas, some cities were completely liberated, and this concerned not only large, but also small cities that were located nearby, it can also be said about the rural population. A sufficient number of vehicles were brought into action in a few hours.
The area of Chernobyl, the center of which was the city of Pripyat, became absolutely deserted, although life was once in full swing there. It is so strange to realize that a matter of a few seconds can destroy what has been built over the years, what has been predicted a wonderful future. Now all this is perceived as a terrible dream, and, perhaps, those people who survived the evacuation then still dream in their dreams of a blooming town that was once a beloved home.
