Georgia within the USSR. How life was in Soviet Georgia Georgia on the map of the USSR
Since 2011, the day of the establishment of Soviet power in Georgia has been celebrated as Occupation Day. During the years of the “occupation regime”, hydroelectric power stations were built there, tourism and industry developed, and the standard of living was one of the highest in the Union ...
Special position
The Georgian SSR as part of the Soviet Union was on a special account. It was caused by objective factors. First, Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition, within supreme power there were other Georgians in the USSR, such as Grigory Ordzhonikidze and Lavrenty Beria. Political activity in the Georgian SSR has always been very high, and the cult of Stalin, for obvious reasons, was especially strong. 
An economic favorable regime was created in the Georgian SSR. The republic annually received substantial subsidies from the Union budget. The level of consumption per capita in Georgia was 4 times higher than the same indicator of production. In the RSFSR, the consumption rate was only 75% of the level of production.
After the famous report of Nikita Khrushchev on February 14, 1956, on the exposure of the cult of personality, mass uprisings began in Tbilisi. Already on March 4, people began to gather at the monument to Stalin in the Georgian capital, the communist Parastishvili climbed onto the pedestal of the monument, drank wine from a bottle and, breaking it, said: “Let Stalin’s enemies die just like this bottle!”.
Peaceful rallies took place for five days. On the night of March 10, wanting to send a telegram to Moscow, a crowd of thousands went to the telegraph office. Fire was opened on her. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, during the suppression of the riots, 15 people were killed and 54 were injured, 7 died in hospitals, 200 people were arrested.
Throughout the Union, the dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, only in Gori, in the homeland of the "leader of the peoples", by special permission from Khrushchev, the monument was left. For a long time it remained the most famous monument to Stalin, but it was also dismantled in our time, on the night of June 25, 2010. By order of Mikhail Saakashvili.
Guilt
Georgia cannot but be associated with wines, and the Georgian in the cultural field of the Soviet Union invariably acted as a toastmaster and a connoisseur of long beautiful toasts. 
The Georgian SSR was one of the main and oldest wine-growing regions of the Soviet Union, and Georgian wines have become an internationally recognized brand. It is known that at the Yalta Conference, Stalin treated Winston Churchill with Georgian Khvanchkara wine, after which the British minister became a devoted connoisseur of this brand.
Stalin himself loved the wines "Kindzmarauli", "Khvanchkara" and "Madjari".
High-quality table and fortified wines were produced in Georgia. The production of grape wines was carried out by Samtrest enterprises, which included exemplary state farms: Tsinandali, Napareuli, Mukuzani, Kvareli in Kakheti and Vartsikhe in the western part of Georgia.
The Champagne Winery produced Soviet champagne and grape wines. In Georgia, by the 1960s, 26 brands of wine were being produced: 12 dry table wines, 7 semi-sweet, 5 strong, and 2 sweet desserts.
Tourism
Due to the optimal climatic conditions, the Georgian SSR was a real tourist Mecca of the Soviet Union. For Soviet citizens, Georgian resorts replaced Turkey, Egypt, and other hot foreign countries. In the resort of Abkhazia, which was part of the Georgian SSR, there were the most fashionable resorts of the USSR Pitsunda and Gagra. 
During the Soviet era, Georgia was the best training base for Soviet skiers. Also, Georgia in general and Svaneti in particular became the main climbing bases of the Soviet Union.
Alpiniades and category ascents to the peaks of the Caucasus Mountains were periodically held here. A great contribution to the development of Soviet mountaineering and climbing was made by Mikhail Vissarionovich Khergiani, 7-time champion of the USSR and Honored Master of Sports of the Soviet Union.
Georgian tea
In addition to wine, the Georgian SSR was famous for its tea. Its quality, according to William Pokhlebkin, was competitive (at the world level), although with reservations. 
Despite the fact that attempts to establish and organize tea production have been made in Georgia since the middle of the 19th century, its quality left much to be desired, and plantation volumes did not reach even 900 hectares.
In the early 1920s, young plantations were planted in Georgia, and active and fruitful selection work began. In 1948, Ksenia Bakhtadze managed to develop artificial hybrid varieties of tea: "Georgian No. 1" and "Georgian No. 2". For them, she was awarded the Stalin Prize. The variety "Georgian Selection No. 8" obtained later was able to withstand frosts down to -25. This variety has become a real sensation.
In Soviet times, Georgian tea became a brand known outside the Union. In the late 70s, he was already exported to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Finland, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, South Yemen and Mongolia.
Flowers, tangerines and the shadow economy
The Soviet people were not well versed in the specifics of the ethnic diversity of the Caucasian peoples, so the image of a Georgian, resourceful and wealthy businessman, was rather collective. However, in a way he was right. 
In terms of industrial production, the Georgian SSR did not give the Soviet Union so much, but the Georgians provided Soviet citizens with everything necessary for the holidays: citrus fruits, wine, tea, tobacco, mineral water.
The Georgian SSR, according to economist Kennan Eric Scott of the Washington Institute, supplied 95% of tea and 97% of tobacco to the Soviet counters. The lion's share of citrus fruits (95%) also went to the regions of the USSR from Georgia.
In his report at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, Eric Smith also noted that the Georgians played a significant role in the formation of the shadow economy of the Soviet Union, forming the market of the late USSR in the form of "diaspora competition".
Album "Soviet Georgia"
The album was released in the GDR in 1977. 
Tbilisi 
Sukhumi 
Batumi 
Pitsunda 
Gagra 
Borjomi, Likani 
Mestia 
Kutaisi 
Tskhinvali 
Sanatorium "Dzau" in Java 
Gori, Stalin Museum 
Kutaisi 
Georgia, 1977. Photo report on the journey of a certain Erhard K. in the USSR. The photographs fully confirm the well-known opinion that the Georgian SSR was in one of the first places in the Union in terms of living standards. Life was pretty good back then. You can judge at least by the number of private cars ... 
The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic existed until the spring of 1991. Having restored the constitution of 1918, the Supreme Council in Tbilisi declared sovereignty. During the Soviet era, the Georgian population, together with the country, experienced the post-revolutionary devastation and the deprivation of the Second World War, shared the joy of victory and the post-war recovery.
stormy time
The revolution in Petrograd destroyed the Empire. Concluding the Brest Peace, the new government transferred to Turkey the lands conquered in the First World War and, Kars, Ardagan. Disagreement with the Brest peace led to the creation of the Transcaucasian Independent Federative Democratic Republic. However, ZNFDR lasted two months. At the end of May 1918 the Georgian side left the federation.
Non-recognition of the Brest peace led to the invasion of Turkish troops. During short battles, a number of regions were occupied, including Batumi, Ozurgeti, Akhaltsikhe. Under an agreement with the German government, German troops enter the territory of Georgia to protect against Turkish troops. But the result of this was the signing of peace with the Turkish side on terms that were not favorable for the Georgian republic. Georgia has lost more territories than at the conclusion of the Brest Peace.
In December 1918, British troops came to replace the German troops. In 1920 the Georgian authorities signed a peace agreement with the Soviets. But in the winter of 1921, the Red Army enters. Further events developed at lightning speed:
- 07/16/1921 - founded in the Georgian SSR Adjara ASSR
- 12/16/1921 - Abkhazia is included in Georgia
- 04/20/1922 the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was formed
- 12/30/1922 The Georgian Federative SSR, as part of the ZSFSR, became part of the USSR
The Transcaucasian Federation included the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR. After the dissolution of the TSFSR (1936), the Georgian, without the word "federal" SSR, entered the Union as an independent Soviet Socialist Republic.
After the revolution
The Georgian SSR was considered in a special position. Additional subsidies were poured into the GSPC. The reason for this is that Joseph Stalin was born in Georgia. In addition to him, immigrants from Georgians - Georgy (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze, Lavrenty Beria.
The Georgian people did a lot for the country. 700 thousand Georgians fought on the fields of the Second World War. 137 residents of Georgia are Heroes of the Soviet Union, more than 240 thousand received military awards. Georgian soldiers bravely fought in the battle for the Caucasus, which lasted from July 25, 1942 to October 9, 1943. In memory of this, a medal "for the defense of the Caucasus" was issued. The award was received by 870 thousand citizens of the country.
On May 1, 1945, Georgians Meliton Kantaria and Russian Mikhail Yegorov raised the Banner of Victory over the Reichstag. They were awarded the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union.
After the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, at the XX Congress of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev made a report on the exposure of Stalin's personality cult. When the demolition of monuments to Stalin was announced, the unrest of the Georgian people began, and on the night of March 10, 1956, clashes between indignant citizens and the Ministry of Internal Affairs took place in Tbilisi. As a result of the conflict:
- 22 people died
- 54 people injured
- 200 people detained by law enforcement forces
Postwar years
Georgia as part of the USSR received the growth of the industrial industry. In addition to the food industry, the oil refining industry, mechanical engineering, and energy were developing. The largest in Transcaucasia was built in Georgia.
Georgian enterprises assembled aircraft and built locomotives. The leading industries were ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, power industry, light industry. In Kutaisi, an automobile plant was operating for the production of trucks and tractors KAZ. In 1967, the KAZ 608 Colchis, widely known in Soviet times, rolled off the assembly line.
The Georgian food industry provided the country with tea, mineral water, tobacco and wines. Citrus fruits from Georgia were on the New Year's table of citizens of the country of the Soviets. Georgian cognac and chacha are still in great demand today.
The private sector was in a good economic position. Private owners owned 6% of fertile land. The sale of flowers and citrus fruits grown by private owners in the markets of central Russia gave a lot of income. During the season it was possible to earn a new car.
Georgia grew 95% of all tea in the USSR.
Health resort
Socialist Georgia - All-Union. People from all over the country came for treatment at mineral springs, recreation at ski resorts. Rest in the cities on the Black Sea coast of Georgia is popular. Borjomi, Batumi, Bakuriani - the whole country knew these names. In the Abkhaz ASSR, which was part of Georgia, Gagra also thundered throughout the Union.
In Soviet times, sports bases of allied significance were located on the territory of Georgia. Skiers and climbers trained there. The Central Olympic Base of the USSR was built in Escher. There were competitions various types sports, football players, archers, basketball players trained. Even teams came there for the training camp, for which there were no specialized facilities. So hockey players came to Escher, although an ice rink was not built for them.
In 1978, not far from Tbilisi, the Rustavi racing complex was created. It included a ring track for auto racing, a motor track, a go-kart track, and a motoball field. All-Union competitions in road racing were held on the track. When there were no big races, local competitions were held.
The sports complex in Esher was damaged during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict and is now not functioning.
Georgian cinema
The Soviet person began his acquaintance with Georgian culture, first of all, through films. 1921 formation under the People's Commissariat of Education. Since 1953, the studio has been called “Georgia-Film”. An animation department (1930) and a department of documentary and popular science films (1958) were also opened.
The older generation remembers the queues in cinemas for the film "George Saakadze". This is a large-scale film made by the Tbilisi film studio during the war years. The first series was filmed in 1942, the second - in 1943. Many people love the movie Father of a Soldier. Sergo Zakariadze, People's Artist of the USSR, played the title role. Only warm impressions are left by Georgian short films, like "Zealous Piglet".
The names of Georgian actors, directors, performers are known throughout the Union. And now, almost everyone knows who Vakhtang Kikabidze or Georgy Danelia is. The older generation can tell in which films Leila Mikhailovna Abashidze or Akaki Khorava played.
Conclusion
A number of modern political forces call the period of existence of the Georgian SSR occupation, citing the entry of the Red Army into the territory of Georgia in 1921 as evidence. However, they do not take into account the revolutionary mood of the masses of the time. What was intervention for the ruling bourgeois class, for the proletariat and the peasantry was liberation.
The presence of Georgia in the USSR gave the region economic development. The creation of new industries was the result of industrialization, which was carried out by the state. Experts believe that Georgia was the richest republic in the USSR during the "Stagnation".
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1
History of the Georgian SSR
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Establishment of Soviet power
- 1.3 Georgia as part of the TSFSR
- 1.4 Georgia within the USSR
- 1.5 Declaration of Independence of Georgia
- 1.6 Independent Georgia
- 2 Economy of the Georgian SSR
- 3 Population of the Georgian SSR
- 4 Science of the Georgian SSR
- 5 Culture of the Georgian SSR Notes
Introduction
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic(cargo. საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა ) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union, which included it from December 30, 1922 (through the TSFSR) to April 9, 1991.
The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The only and ruling party is the Communist Party of Georgia.
The Georgian SSR was located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia. The neighboring republics were: the RSFSR in the north, the Azerbaijan SSR in the east and southeast, and the Armenian SSR in the south. The republic also had a section bordering Turkey.
The Georgian SSR included:
- Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (December 16, 1921-February 19, 1931, from February 19, 1931 as the Abkhaz ASSR).
- Adjara ASSR
- South Ossetian Autonomous Region
On November 14, 1990, the Georgian SSR was renamed into Republic of Georgia. On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held and, following its results, on April 9, 1991, Georgia, headed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, one of the first union republics, declared independence from the USSR.
1. History of the Georgian SSR
1.1. background
After the October Revolution in Russia, on November 28, 1917, the Transcaucasian Commissariat was established in Tbilisi, headed by the Mensheviks. He pursued a policy of separatism from Soviet Russia. In February 1918, the Transcaucasian Commissariat created a new body state power- The Transcaucasian Seim, which declared the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, which already broke up on May 26 (June 8), 1918 into three new states: the Georgian Democratic Republic, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the Republic of Armenia.
On May 7, 1920, the Republic of Georgia signed an agreement with the RSFSR, according to which it had to break all ties with the Russian counter-revolution, withdraw foreign military units from Georgia, and legalize Bolshevik organizations.
On February 16, the Revolutionary Committee headed by A. A. Gegechkori, V. E. Kvirkvelia, F. I. Makharadze, and others was created in Shulaveri. On February 18, Georgia was proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic. The Revolutionary Committee of Georgia appeals for military support to the head of the RSFSR V. I. Lenin.
On February 25, 1921, units of the 11th Red Army, together with detachments of Georgian rebels, overthrew the Menshevik government.
May 1925 chairman Revolutionary Committee becomes Mdivani B.
On March 4, Soviet power was established in Abkhazia, and the independent Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia was formed.
On March 16, 1921, in Moscow, the RSFSR and Turkey signed an agreement under which Turkey renounced Batumi and the northern part of Adjara. According to the agreement, Adjara is recognized as part of the Georgian SSR. Two days later, on March 18, the Menshevik government of Georgia was expelled from Batumi (Adzharia).
1.3. Georgia as part of the TSFSR
Order of the Red Banner of the Georgian SSR 1923.
On December 16, 1921, the SSR of Abkhazia and the SSR of Georgia signed the Union Treaty, according to which Abkhazia was part of the SSR of Georgia on a contractual basis.
On March 12, 1922, Georgia was part of the Federative Union of the Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (FSSRZ), which on December 13, 1922 was transformed into the Transcaucasian Federation.
Among the leadership of the USSR, the Georgians played a huge role. Among the most famous Georgian politicians are I. V. Stalin, L. P. Beria, G. K. Ordzhonikidze and others.
On February 19, 1931, the Abkhaz SSR as part of the Georgian SSR was transformed into an autonomous republic of Georgia.
March 15, 1935 for the outstanding successes achieved by the working people of the republic in the region Agriculture and industry, the Georgian SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin.
1.4. Georgia within the USSR
Georgian SSR (1939)
According to the new Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR became part of the USSR as independent union republics. The Transcaucasian Federation was abolished.
During the Great Patriotic War The peoples of the Georgian SSR stood up to defend their Motherland. About 700 thousand natives of Georgia took part in the war, which accounted for 1/5 of the population of the republic. 137 citizens living in the Georgian SSR were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for military exploits. Over 240 thousand were awarded orders and medals.
In March 1944, in connection with the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, the border regions of Checheno-Ingushetia (Itum-Kalinsky district, West Side Sharoevsky district, the southern part of the Galanchozhsky, Galashinsky and Prigorodny districts of the then ChIASSR), as well as the southeastern part of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These territories became parts of the Dusheti and Kazbegi regions of the GSSR. In 1957, when the CHIASSR was restored, these territories were returned to the RSFSR.
In December 1965, for the great successes achieved by the working people in the development of the national economy and cultural construction, the Georgian SSR was awarded the second Order of Lenin.
1.5. Declaration of Independence of Georgia
In the 1970s, a separatist dissident movement emerged in Georgia, led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava. On April 14, 1978, mass protest demonstrations took place in Tbilisi against the deprivation of the status of the state language of the Georgian language.
On October 28, 1990, elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR are held, in which the nationalist bloc of Zviad Gamsakhurdia wins.
On November 14, 1990, a session of the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR was held, where Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council. By decision of this session, the country changed its name to " Republic of Georgia”, were adopted as the state flag, coat of arms and anthem of the Georgian Democratic Republic. Gamsakhurdia proclaimed a course towards a unitary state without autonomies.
On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held in the Georgian SSR on the "restoration of the state independence of Georgia on the basis of the Act of Independence of May 26, 1918." The majority of voters voted in favor.
On April 9, 1991, based on the results of the referendum, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR adopted an act on the restoration of the state sovereignty of Georgia as the legal successor of the Georgian Democratic Republic. In the act of restoring independence, it was declared that the constitution of the Georgian Democratic Republic of 1921 had legal force. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Georgia was recognized by the UN members precisely as a former Soviet republic.
De jure, Georgia remained part of the USSR until its final collapse on December 26, 1991. In February 1992, the Military Council of Georgia decided to abolish the 1978 Constitution of the Georgian SSR and switch to the 1921 Constitution of Georgia.
1.6. Independent Georgia
On January 6, 1992, as a result of an armed coup, the first president of Georgia, Gamsakhurdia, was removed. started Civil War. The leadership of the country was headed by Eduard Shevardnadze.
On August 24, 1995, on the basis of the constitution of the Georgian Democratic Republic of 1921, a new Constitution of Georgia was adopted, according to which the name of the country was changed to Georgia .
2. Economy of the Georgian SSR
Zhinvali reservoir on the Aragva
The economy of the Georgian SSR was part of the economy of the USSR. The currency in the Georgian SSR was the Soviet ruble.
In 1928, 183,000 workers and employees worked in the Georgian SSR. Until 1970, this value increased to 1,490,000 people, of which 385,000 people were employed in industry. Thus, the working population increased by more than 8 times. The economy of the Georgian SSR was focused on industry and agriculture.
The industry of the republic was based on rich mineral and hydropower resources, agricultural products. The Zemo-Avchalskaya hydroelectric station, the Rionskaya hydroelectric station, the Sukhumi hydroelectric power station, the Chitakhevsky hydroelectric power station, the Tkvarcheli and Tbilisi thermal power plants were built. The republic produced up to half of the world production of manganese, which was mined at the Chiatura manganese deposit.
- Production of industrial products by years
3. Population of the Georgian SSR
| Year | Population, thousand people | urban | rural | urban (%) | agriculture (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1913 (year-end estimate) |
2601 | 666 | 1935 | 26 | 74 |
| 2677 | 594 | 2083 | 22 | 78 | |
| 3540 | 1066 | 2474 | 30 | 70 | |
| 4044 | 1713 | 2331 | 42 | 58 | |
|
1970 (January census) |
4686 | 2240 | 2446 | 48 | 52 |
4. Science of the Georgian SSR
The main scientific institution of the Georgian SSR was the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, formed in 1941 on the basis of the Georgian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a number of research institutions that previously existed at Tbilisi State University.
The woman is a symbol of Georgia in the TSFSR. 1922 stamp
5. Culture of the Georgian SSR
Cinematography was actively developing in the Georgian SSR. Of the most famous actors, Vakhtang Kikabidze, Sergo Zakariadze, Veriko Anjaparidze and many others can be noted. Georgian directors are also known, for example, Georgy Danelia, Otar Ioseliani, Tengiz Abuladze and others.
Republican newspapers Komunisti (in Georgian), Zarya Vostoka (in Russian), Sovet Ҝүrҹүstany (in Azerbaijani), Sovetakan Vrastan (in Armenian), Koxә d Mәdinxә (in Assyrian) were published in the Georgian SSR.
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic It existed from December 30, 1922 to April 9, 1991.
The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
The Georgian SSR was located in the northwestern part of Transcaucasia, now it is the territory of Georgia. The neighboring republics were: the RSFSR in the north, the Azerbaijan SSR in the east and southeast, and the Armenian SSR in the south. The republic also had a section bordering Turkey.
The Georgian SSR included:
Abkhaz ASSR, Adjara ASSR, South Ossetian Autonomous Region
On November 15, 1990, it was renamed the "Georgian Republic", which formally remained part of the USSR until its collapse in 1991.
In 1921 Georgia received the status of a Soviet republic. However, in December 1922, it was included in the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (ZSFSR), which existed as part of the SSR from December 30, 1922 to 1936. After the collapse of the TSFSR, Georgia again became one of the union republics.
Among the leadership of the USSR, the Georgians played a huge role. Among the most famous Georgian politicians are I.V. Stalin, L.P. Beria, Sergo Ordzhonikidze and many others.
In the 1970s, a dissident movement emerged in Georgia led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava.
After the start of Perestroika and Gamsakhurdia's coming to power, a course towards a unitary state without autonomies was proclaimed. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted the Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia and recognized the Act of Independence of 1918 and the Constitution of Georgia of 1921 as valid.
First Republic 1917-1921
February 1917 - bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, a coalition government of Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) was created in Tbilisi - the Transcaucasian Commissariat, which united the Georgian (Mensheviks), Armenian (Dashnaks) and Azerbaijani (Musavatists) bourgeois-nationalist parties. The new state formation was faced with the question of recognizing the results of the Brest Peace, according to which Leninist Russia gave Turkey not only the territories conquered during the First World War, but also the districts of Kars, Ardagan and Batum. “Recognition of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk would mean that Transcaucasia ceases to exist as an independent republic and becomes a province of the Turkish Empire,” said I. G. Tsereteli, Chairman of the Transcaucasian Seim. This position led to the breakdown of peace negotiations at the conference in Trabzon in March-April 1918. As a result of brief hostilities, the Turks occupied Batumi, Ozurgeti, Akhaltsikhe and a number of other territories.
April 1918 - Transcaucasia was declared an "independent federal democratic republic", but it quickly disintegrated, and already on May 26, 1918, the Mensheviks, among whom were such prominent figures as N. S. Chkheidze (since 1918 - chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia), I. G. Tsereteli, N. N. Zhordania (since July 24, 1918 - the head of the government) declared Georgia an "independent republic".
May - June 1918 - according to an agreement between Germany (German representative - Werner von der Schulenburg) and the Menshevik government, German troops enter Georgia to defend against the Turks. On June 4, the Georgian government signs a peace treaty with Turkey, according to which a significant part of the country's territory goes to Turkey (territories larger than those under the terms of the Brest peace).
December 1918 - after the defeat of Germany in the war, the German-Turkish troops are replaced by the British, who remain here until July 1920, guarding the Batum-Baku railway. The Georgian General G. Mazniev (Mazniashvili) occupied the Sukhumi district, the Gagra district, Adler, Sochi, Tuapse and Khadyzhensk. At the Paris (Versailles) peace conference in the spring of 1919, Georgia motivated claims to Sochi and Adler in the following way: “From the ethnographic point of view, the annexation to Georgia of the territory between the Makopse River and the Mzymta River, which [territory], by the way, belonged to it [Georgia] in the past [during the time of Queen Tamara] cannot be objected to. After the forced eviction from here in the XIX century. local Caucasian tribes, this region no longer has a definite ethnographic character. In June 1919 Zhordania entered into an agreement with A. I. Denikin on a joint struggle against the Bolsheviks.
May 1920 - The Menshevik government concludes a peace treaty with the RSFSR.
February 1921 - The 11th Army of the RSFSR entered Georgia. Soviet-Georgian war.
March 4, 1921 - Soviet power is established in Abkhazia, the Abkhaz SSR is formed.
March 5, 1921 - Soviet power is established in Tskhinvali (Khussar Iriston).
March 16, 1921 - The RSFSR and Turkey sign an agreement under which Adzharia and Batumi are recognized as part of Georgia, and 12 thousand square kilometers. Georgian territories (most of Southwestern Georgia) are transferred to Turkey.
March 18, 1921 - the Menshevik government of Georgia was forced to leave Georgia.
July 16, 1921 - the Adzharian ASSR is formed as part of Georgia.
December 16, 1921 - on the basis of the Union Treaty between the Georgian and Abkhazian SSRs, the Abkhazian SSR becomes part of Georgia.
April 20, 1922 - the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was created as part of Georgia.
In 1922-1924 there were uprisings against the Soviet power, demanding the restoration of the state independence of Georgia.
Georgia within the USSR 1921-1991
March 12, 1922 - Georgia (together with Abkhazia), Armenia and Azerbaijan form a federal union. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, Georgia is part of the Transcaucasian Federation (TSFSR). At the same time, according to the constitution of the Abkhaz SSR, this republic is also part of the TSFSR (it is a subject), but through the Georgian SSR (because Abkhazia was in federal relations with Georgia).
December 30, 1922 - Georgia as part of the TSFSR is part of the USSR.
During the years of Soviet power in Georgia, industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture were carried out. Whole new industries were created.
During the Great Patriotic War, several national Georgian divisions were formed on the territory of Georgia, participating in the battle for the Caucasus, in the battles for the liberation of the Taman Peninsula, Crimea. In total, about 700 thousand people from Georgia (a fifth of the population of the republic) participated in the war. 400 thousand of them died. In the summer of 1942, German troops reached the foothills of the Main Caucasian Range and tried to break into Abkhazia, but already in the autumn of 1942 they were thrown back behind the Main Caucasian Range.
In the period after the XX Congress of the CPSU in Georgia, there was a rise, paradoxically, both anti-Soviet and Stalinist sentiments at once. The peak point of this process was the riots in March 1956, which resulted in loss of life.
In the 1970s, Eduard Shevardnadze, who led a widely publicized campaign against corruption and abuse, gained great fame and popularity as the first secretary of the local party organization. However, the overall results of the campaign were disappointing, and Jumber Patiashvili, who replaced Shevardnadze as first secretary, stated when he took office that the situation in this regard remains extremely difficult.
IN last years During the existence of the Soviet Union, both Georgian and Abkhazian nationalists were active in Georgia. Since April 1989, daily rallies were held in Tbilisi demanding the restoration of Georgia's independence. On the morning of April 9, troops attacked the rally and dispersed it. Now April 9 is celebrated as a public holiday in Georgia - National Unity Day.
Independent Georgia (since 1991)
Already on October 28, 1990, the first multi-party parliamentary elections in the USSR were held in Georgia, in which the national-political organizations belonging to the Mrgvali Magida-Tavisupali Sakartvelo bloc won a landslide victory (Round Table - Free Georgia; leader - former dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia ). As a result of the elections, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was formed, headed by Z. Gamsakhurdia. The creation of the Republic of Georgia was proclaimed, all the former state attributes of the Georgian SSR (Hymn, State Flag and Coat of Arms) were changed.
On April 9, 1991, the "Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia" was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. On May 26, 1991, presidential elections were held, in which Zviad Gamsakhurdia won.
Anthem (Stalinist version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩვენო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ გაუქრობელი, ქვეყანას მიეც დიდი სტალინი ხალხთა მონობის დამამხობელი. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის შუქით ლენინმა შენ გაგინათა მთები ჭაღარა, სტალინის სიბრძნემ ძლევით შეგმოსა გადაგაქცია მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში დამკვიდრდი, გაიხარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო. აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს შენს დიდებას, ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს სტალინური წრთობის თაობა. საბჭოთა დროშა დაგნათის, მზესავით მოელვარეო, აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო.Anthem (Post-Stalin version)
იდიდე მარად, ჩემო სამშობლოვ, გმირთა კერა ხარ განახლებული, დიად პარტიის ნათელი აზრით ლენინის სიბრძნით ამაღლებული. შენი ოცნება ასრულდა, რისთვისაც სისხლი ღვარეო, მშრომელი კაცის მარჯვენით აყვავებულო მხარეო. დიდი ოქტომბრის დროშის სხივებმა შენ გაგინათეს მთები ჭაღარა, თავისუფლებამ და შემართებამ გადაგაქციეს მზიურ ბაღნარად. მოძმე ერების ოჯახში ამაღლდი, გაიხარეო, მეგობრობით და გმირობით გამარჯვებულო მხარეო. უხსოვარ დროდან ბრწყინავდა შენი აზრი, ხმალი და გამბედაობა, დღეს საქართველოს ნათელ მომავალს სჭედს ლენინური წრთობის თაობა. კომუნიზმის მზე დაგნათის, კაშკაშა, მოელვარეო, იდიდე მრავალჟამიერ, ჩემო სამშობლო მხარეო!Translation (Stalinist version)
Be glorified through the ages, my Fatherland, Renewed hearth of heroes, You gave the world the great Stalin, the destroyer of the slavery of nations, Your dream came true, For which you shed your blood, Bloom, beloved country, Prosper the Georgian land With the radiance of the Great October Revolution, Lenin lit up the gray mountains for you The power of Stalin's wisdom Turned you into a sunny garden In the family of fraternal peoples Be established and rejoice Beloved country flourish Prosper Georgian land From time immemorial Your mind, your sword and your courage have shone. Today, your glory, a bright future Forges the generation of Stalinist hardening. The Soviet flag shines Like the sun is brilliant Bloom your beloved country Prosper Georgian landTranslation (Post-Stalin version)
Be glorified through the ages, my Fatherland, Renewed hearth of heroes, You are exalted by the bright mind of the great party And the wisdom of Lenin. Your dream has come true, For which you shed your blood, The indefatigable hand of the worker has led you to flourish. The radiance of the banners of the Great October Illuminated your gray peaks, Freedom, courage and valor Turned you into a sunny land. In the fraternal family of peoples You have reached unprecedented heights, By friendship and the power of the people, You have won and are winning. From time immemorial Your mind, your sword and your courage have shone. Today, the bright future of Georgia is being forged by a generation of Leninist hardening. The sun of communism shines All the brighter above you, Be glorified through the ages, my Motherland, My native land!
With the consent of the Mensheviks, in June 1918, Georgia was occupied by German and Turkish troops; in December they were replaced by British troops, who remained there until July 1920. In February 1921, the Bolsheviks launched an armed uprising and, with the help of the Red Army, overthrew the Menshevik government and established Soviet power in Georgia.
On February 25, 1921, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR) was formed.
From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, the Georgian SSR was part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR) as part of the USSR; December 5, 1936 entered directly into the Union of Soviet Socialist republics(THE USSR).
The Georgian SSR included: the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (in 1921-1931, since 1931 as the Abkhaz ASSR); Adjara ASSR; South Ossetian Autonomous Region.
The economy of Georgia was part of the all-Union socio-economic system. In the first days after the victory of Soviet power in Georgia, industry was nationalized, railways, banks, land. Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture was carried out in the republic. collectivization in countryside was carried out especially cruelly, in the process of mass purges, tens of thousands of people died (party activists, intellectuals, specialists and everyone who was suspected of being dissatisfied with the regime).
As a result of industrialization, whole new industries were created, including engineering, oil production, chemical, etc.
During the Great Patriotic War, several national Georgian divisions were formed on the territory of Georgia, which participated in the battle for the Caucasus, in the battles for the liberation of the Taman Peninsula, the Crimea, and on other fronts. Georgia has supplied a significant amount of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food.
In total, about 700 thousand people from Georgia (a fifth of the population of the republic) participated in the war, about 350 thousand of them died.
In the post-war period (1950-1970) Georgia has made significant progress in development. Such industries as hydropower, coal, manganese and copper mining, ferrous metallurgy (production of ferroalloys, cast iron and steel), mechanical engineering (machine tool building, instrument making, production of trucks, electric locomotives, marine vessels), oil refining, production of building materials (cement, slate, blocks), chemical (production of mineral fertilizers and chemical fiber) and textile (silk, wool, cotton). The food industry (tea production, bottling of mineral water, including carbonated water, etc.) and the textile industry (production of silk, cotton and woolen fabrics) developed.
The infrastructure of the sanatorium and resort economy was developed on the Black Sea coast.
In the 1970s A dissident movement emerged in Georgia led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava. The course for perestroika, proclaimed in the late 1980s. Mikhail Gorbachev, led to a rapid change of leaders of the Communist Party of Georgia.
On October 28, 1990, Zviad Gamsakhurdia's coalition "Round Table - Free Georgia" won the multi-party elections to the Supreme Council of Georgia. Gamsakhurdia was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council in November 1990.
On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of Georgia's state independence. 90.5% of voters took part in the referendum, of which 98.93% voted for state independence.
On April 9, 1991, on the basis of the results of a national referendum, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia, which declared the Act of Independence of 1918 and the Constitution of 1921 valid. The post of President of Georgia was introduced.
On April 14, 1991, at an extraordinary meeting of the first session of the Supreme Council, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected the first president of independent Georgia, on May 27, 1991, he was elected president of Georgia in general direct secret elections (86.5% of voters voted for him).
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
