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Khan Kirei ruled Crimea for the longest time. Khan Giray: biography. The Giree dynasty. Further strengthening of the khan's power

From the middle of the 15th to the end of the 18th century, Crimea was an independent state. It was ruled by khans from the Giray dynasty. The Crimean Khanate included not only the peninsula, but also the lands adjacent to the northern coast of the Black and Azov Seas.

Who founded the dynasty

The first Crimean khan and founder of the Gireev dynasty was Khadzhi I. In 1428, during the internecine struggle of the Tatar Murzas, he seized the peninsula for the first time and became the sole, virtually independent ruler there. The Golden Horde did not come to terms with this separatism, and in 1434 Hadji Girey was expelled from the Crimea. For the second time and already forever, he entered the peninsula in 1441.

According to the official genealogy of the dynasty, the Girei are descendants of Genghis Khan. In the male line, they descend from Tuka-Timur, who was the thirteenth son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. However, even in the Middle Ages, a version was expressed that Jochi was not a half-blood, but an adopted son of Genghis Khan. Scientists also doubt the origin of the Gireys from Genghis Khan. The most probable is that the Gireys belonged to the Kereev Turkic family, known from the 5th century. According to some reports, Kerei went to the west of the Golden Horde and could end up in the Crimea.

The struggle for independence

The Golden Horde more than once made attempts to return the fallen Crimea to submission, but Khadzhi Girey defeated its khans. An important role in strengthening the independence of Crimea was played by the alliance of the Gireys with the rising Moscow Grand Duchy. This alliance turned out to be mutually beneficial - it also helped Moscow to free itself from the Horde domination.

In 1465, Khadzhi Girey attacked the troops of the Golden Horde Khan Mahmud, who set out on a campaign against Russia, somewhere on the Don, and defeated them. One of his sons, Mengli I Girey, in 1480 helped Russia to overthrow the Horde domination. During the famous "standing on the Ugra", Mengli, who had received a lot of gold and silver from Ivan III in advance, devastated Ukraine, thereby forcing the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir to abandon joint actions with the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat. At the same time, Nur-Devlet, the elder brother of Mengli Girey, who had previously suffered defeat in the struggle for the Crimean throne and lived in Moscow, attacked Akhmat's native uluses in the lower Volga. Not entering into battle with the Moscow army, he fled to defend his possessions, but died in 1481 at the hands of the Siberian Tatars and Nogais who invaded the Horde.

Thus, Crimea and Moscow simultaneously and in alliance with each other won independence from the Golden Horde.

International relations of Crimea

Crimea in the 15th century was not a politically unified whole. In the Crimean mountains, the Ostrogothic kingdom of Theodoro retained its actual independence for more than a thousand years, and autonomous trading posts of Genoese merchants were located on the southern coast. The power of the Crimean khans on the peninsula extended only to its northern steppe part.

In 1475, the Ottoman Empire undertook a major expedition to the Crimea and subordinated the Goths to its rule. The Genoese were quick to recognize the Sultan's protectorate. The same was done by Nur-Devlet Girey, who was then the Crimean Khan. Despite the subsequent dynastic coups in Crimea, all other Crimean khans also invariably recognized themselves as vassals of the Turkish sultan. From the end of the 16th century, each new khan of the Crimea had to receive a firman for power in Istanbul.

The Crimean Khanate was considered a state under the protection of the Caliph of the Faithful, that is, the Ottoman Sultan. The Italian port trading posts were under the direct authority of the sultans, the sovereignty of the Crimean Khan did not extend to them.

Sources of existence

The alliance with the Crimean Khanate turned out for Moscow, in the end, almost worse than submission to the Golden Horde. The subsidies paid by the Moscow grand dukes to the Crimean khans for this alliance were not much less than the tribute paid earlier to the Horde. In either case, the rich gifts did not prevent the Tatar invasions.

During the life of Grand Duke Ivan III, relations between Moscow and Crimea remained friendly. The Crimeans satisfied their need for slaves and livestock at the expense of raids on Ukraine, which was then under the rule of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (from 1569 - Polish kings). But then the Crimean khans realized that they could receive tribute from both states without much stress, threatening with their attacks alternately one or the other. Since the beginning of the 16th century, the Moscow state has often been subjected to devastating invasions by the Crimeans. During one of them, in 1571, Khan Devlet Girey burned down Moscow.

The Crimeans confirmed their threats with action. According to the testimony of the 16th century Lithuanian writer Michalon, a Jew at the gates of Perekop, looking at the crowds of slaves captured by the Crimeans, asked if there were still people left in those countries. Russian and Ukrainian slaves were sold by the Crimeans to the Genoese, who resold them to Turkey.

Russia and the Commonwealth were forced to strengthen their defenses on the steppe borders, in which the Don and Dnieper Cossacks played a huge role. In addition, Turkey has reached the peak of its conquest, fought fewer wars, and decreased its need for Slavic slave boys to raise janissaries. During the 17th century, the Crimean-Genoese business on blood fell into decay, and the weakening of the Crimean Khanate began.

Branches and modern descendants of the Gireys

Giray ruled not only in the Crimea. Representatives of the dynasty in 1521-1551 reigned in Kazan, in 1522-1532. - in Astrakhan. Nur-Devlet received from Ivan III the Kasims as his inheritance, and his two sons were also Kasimov's kings.

The descendants of the Gireys currently form several branches, whose representatives live in Russia, Turkey and Western countries... The official head of the House of Girey is the London-based Oxford graduate Jezzar Raji Pamir Girey, who also calls himself the grandson of Grand Duchess Xenia, sister of Nicholas II. However, its exact genealogy has not been established.

The descendants of the colonel of the Tsarist and White armies, Sultan Kadyr Giray, live in the United States. His grandsons Kadir Devlet Girey and Adil Sadat Girey are professional musicians. The eldest son of Sultan Kadyr Girey - Chingiz Girey - served in the US Army during World War II, was the chief of the Russian section of the communications department between the US and USSR troops in Austria.

Another officer of the tsarist army - Khan Girey (after the revolution - Alexander Tamarin-Meretsky) went over to the side of the Red Army, was a polar explorer and breeder, in 1938 he was shot. Probably, his descendants remained in Russia.

Many representatives of the Caucasian branch of the Gireys served in the Tsarist and White armies. Sultan Girey-Klych commanded a mountain unit in the Cossack Corps, created by the Nazis in World War II. His relatives live in Adygea. Another Girey, Ermek Devlet Girey, who lives in Rostov-on-Don, is possibly the grandson of the Basmach Jumatay Girey.

Musa Guliyev is a leading researcher at the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Nakhchivan Branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Doctor of Philosophy.

According to historical data, the ancestor of the Crimean khans was Genghis Khan. The Crimean khans of the Gireev dynasty themselves considered themselves the direct heirs of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi. The independent Crimean Khanate emerged in the 15th century after the collapse of the Golden Horde. As the Turkish author Khalil Inalchik, who researched the history of the Girey (Gerayev) dynasty, notes, the first ruler of the Crimean Khanate was Khadzhi Girey I, who ruled since 1428, and the last - Shahin Girey I. In 1783, Crimea was captured and annexed by the Russian Empire, and ruled in 1784-1785. Bahadur Girey II and Shahin Girey II became the last Crimean khans.

After 1785, when the Crimean Khanate practically ceased to exist, difficult times came for the Crimean Tatars. Some of them, including Shahin Giray himself, were forcibly Christianized. One of his descendants Akim Pavlovich Shan Girey (1815-1883) served as the head of the district administration of Nakhchivan. His father Pavel Petrovich Shan Girey had vast estates in the North Caucasus, his mother Maria Akimovna (1799-1875) was the daughter of Akim Khastatov. Her mother, Ekaterina, was the sister of Elizabeth, the maternal grandmother of the poet M. Lermontov; the sisters belonged to the famous Stolypin family and were very wealthy.

Catherine's estates "Silkovoe" and "Earthly Paradise" in the Caucasus were known throughout Russia. In 1825, on the advice of Lermontov's grandmother Elizaveta, Shan Girei moved to the Penza province - to Apalikh near Tarkhany. And the childhood of Mikhail Lermontov and Akim Shan Giray, who were closely related, passed together. Akim Shan Girey graduated from the artillery school in St. Petersburg, served in the army and was demobilized with the rank of second lieutenant, and in 1844, after the death of Lermontov, he moved to Pyatigorsk in a duel. In 1845, he was appointed head of the department of the Nakhchivan district, and in this, it seems, the decisive role was played by the fact that Akim's sister was married to Stolypin.

During his tenure in this position, Akim Shan Girey was also involved in irrigation work. He rented a land plot near the Arpachai River in Sharur District for 24 years and began to build the Shengilei Canal. Sources of that time testify to the obstacles to the construction of the canal by some influential Armenians. Despite repeated conflicts, he did not abandon his progressive project, and his close friend Kalbaly Khan Nakhchivansky helped him a lot in this. Akim Shan Girey did not lose touch with Nakhchivan after leaving his post, dealing with the affairs of leased lands.

There are disputes among researchers regarding the time of death of Akim Shan Giray - 1883 or 1913. The reason for the dispute was the signature "Shang Giray", under which his estate in Sharur was managed until 1918. Russian scientist and orientalist K.N. Smirnov wrote in the book "Materials on the history and ethnography of the Nakhichevan region": "The former head of the Shan Girey district bought land, built a canal and his son became one of the landowners of the Nakhichevan region." This work indicates that Akim Shan Girey, who lived until 1913, was the son of Akim Shan Girey Sr., his real name was Arim, and his wife Dorokhova was a Cossack. Detailed information about Akim Shan Girey Jr. is given in his book by the late scientist historian Ali Aliyev, who indicates that the latter was killed in 1913 by Armenians in Iravan. The book notes that the Shengilei Canal was built from 1870 to 1896 (11). After the death of Akim Shan Girey Sr. in 1883, the construction of the Shengilei Canal was continued by his son, engineer Akim (Arim) Shan Girey Jr., and the main projects were developed and started by his father. In addition, A. Shan Girey Sr., at the request of the above-mentioned Kalbaly Khan, began to restore the lake-reservoir Ganlygel (Kangly-gel), which was built back in 1747 by the Nakhchivan Heydargulu Khan with the aim of irrigating arid low-lying territories, and completed work in 1865 year.

Spouse A.P. Shan Gireya Sr. was Emilia Aleksandrovna Klingenberg (1815-1891), and they had two children - Akim and Evgeniya; the latter died in 1943. It should be noted that there were many Armenian servants in the estate of A. Shan Giray, and many researchers, apparently for this reason, mistook the Crimean Tatar Akim for an Armenian. At the same time, the sources contain information about repeated litigations against Shan Gireyev by Jahan Poladov, an Aisor by origin who made a fortune in Nakhchivan, Sahak Yegizarov, from Iranian Armenians, and others. Documents about these processes, belonging to A. Shahin Girey Jr., are stored in the State Archives of the NAR.

Akim Shan Girey Jr. was also engaged in gardening in Sharur district. In his article "Gardening, viticulture, melon growing and other branches of agriculture in the Sharurdaralagez district", published on August 20, 1901 in St. Petersburg, he describes various varieties of peaches and apricots grown on this land, pointed out the need to develop gardening in the Sharur district.

A.P. Shang Giray was a very courageous person. His dairy mother and nanny were Circassians. At that time, among the Crimean Tatars, it was customary to send newborns to the Caucasus to the Circassian villages, where they received education and were trained in the art of war. Thus, there were close relations between the Crimean Tatars and the highlanders of the North Caucasus. Therefore, with a high probability it can be assumed that Akim Shan Girey was brought up in one of the Circassian auls. It is known that outstanding Russian writers L.N. Tolstoy, A.S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov repeatedly and with great respect spoke about the Circassians and their fighting qualities in their works. So, Azamat and Kazbich, sung by M. Lermontov, were Circassians, and the prototype of Kazbich was the actually existing Gyzyl-bek.

Almost two centuries have passed since then, but the creations of the descendants of the Crimean khans - Shahin Gireev and today serve the Azerbaijani people, remaining a symbol of friendship and brotherhood between Crimea and Azerbaijan.

Literature:

Bosworth K.E. Muslim gymnastics. Moscow, 1971.
In the same place.
In the same place.
Lermontov M. Yu. Prose and Letters, vol. IV. Leningrad, 1981.
A.P. Shang-Girei. M.Yu. Lermontov. In the book: M.Yu. Lermontov in the memoirs of his contemporaries.
In the same place.
Sagaletov. Iravan province and economy of Gokchagyul. Tiflis, 1879.
K.N.Smirnov. Materials about the history and ethnography of the Nakhichevan region. Baku, 1999.
State Archives of Nakh. A.R f. 23.inventory 1, d. 1188.
Qliyev E. Qlinca yadda§i. Naxgivan, 1914-1922. Baki, 1997.
In the same place.
In the same place.
Lermontov M.Yu. The decree of the slave.
State Archives of Nakh. AR. f.1, inventory 1, file 22/1, f. 27, d. 195.
Babayev S. Naxgivan Muxtar Respublikasinin cografiyasi. Baki, 1999, s. 215.
ASE (Azarbaycan Sovet Ensiklopediyasi).
Lermontov M.Yu. Prose and Letters, Vol. IV. Leningrad, 1981.
Vinogradov. Highlanders in Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". In the book: M.Yu. Lermontov. Life and art. Ordzhonikidze, 1963.

Ibraim MILITARY

- (Gerai) the dynasty of the Crimean khans, 1427 1783. The most famous: Khadzhi Girey (? 1466), founder; Mengli Giray. The last khan Shagin Girey abdicated the throne ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Or Herai, the dynasty of the Crimean khans, which ruled the peninsula from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 18th century. The ancestor. it was Hadji Girey Khan, who founded a possession in Crimea independent of the Golden Horde and in 1437 repulsed the Genoese who were trying to conquer ... ...

- (Gerai), the dynasty of the Crimean khans, 1427 1783. The most famous: Khadzhi Girey (? 1466), the founder of the dynasty; Mengli Giray. The last khan Shagin Girey abdicated the throne. * * * GIREA GIREA (Gerai), the dynasty of the Crimean khans, 1427 1783. Founder: ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Gerai, a dynasty of the Crimean khans of the 15th - 18th centuries, was founded by Khadzhi G., (died 1466), who appeared in Crimea in 1427 as a contender for the khan throne. From 1427 the Crimean Khanate became independent from the Golden Horde (see. Golden Horde). Under the son of Haji G ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Gerai, a dynasty of the Crimean khans of the 15th - 18th centuries, was founded by Khadzhi G. (d. 1466), who appeared in the Crimea in 1427 as a contender for the khan throne. In 1449 the Crimean Khanate became independent from the Golden Horde. G.'s power was limited by the influence of large ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

Gireys or Gerais is a dynasty of Crimean khans that ruled the peninsula from the beginning of the 15th to the end of the 18th century. Its ancestor was Khadzhi Girey Khan, who founded a possession independent from the Golden Horde in the Crimea and in 1437 repulsed the Genoese who were trying to conquer ... ... Biographical Dictionary

SHAN GIREI, relatives of L. on the mother's side, he met in Goryachevodsk (Pyatigorsk) in 1820 with EA Khastatova. A new meeting took place in the same place in 1825. At the insistence of EA Arsenyeva, in the fall of 1825 Sh. G. moved from the Caucasus to Penz. lips ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

Name of 3 x Crimean khans: 1) son of Mohammed Girey, deposed in 1623; 2) Bure Gazi Girey (1588 1607), put to flight under the walls of Moscow; 3) Gazi Girey, who died in 1706 ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

It embraced the Tauride Peninsula and lands to the north and east of it; but here it had no definite boundaries. The population of X. was the most heterogeneous: it was constantly moving and changing. The influx of Turkic peoples begins no later ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Portrait of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan, Genghis's clan, Genghisovich, Genghisids, direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan and his first wife Borte had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei ... Wikipedia

Gerai, - the dynasty of the Crimean khans of the 15th-18th centuries, was founded by Khadzhi-G. (d. 1466), who appeared in the Crimea in 1427 as a contender for the khan's throne. In 1449 the Crimean Khanate became independent from the Golden Horde. The power of Georgia was limited by the influence of large feuds. clans (Shirin, Baryn, Kypchak, Mangit (Mansur), Argyn), the heads of which (Karachi - princes, biys) were constantly included in the council of the khan. With the son of Hadji-G. Khan Mengli-Girey, the Crimean Khanate became a vassal of Turkey (1475). In the 16-17 centuries. G. were the organizers of frequent robberies. raids on Russian, Ukrainian, Polish. and mold. land for capturing prisoners. In 1571 the troops of Devlet-G. burned Moscow, but in 1572 they were defeated at Serpukhov and Molodia. Georgia's raids intensified in 1607-17 and in the 1930's. 17th century In the 1st floor. 17th century in the Crimea was taken away approx. 150-200 thousand Russian prisoners. Strengthening Rus. state-va in the 17th century, the construction of notch lines of the Russian. pr-vom in the middle. 17th century, the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 led to a weakening of the raids of Georgia. Russia fought for the Crimea with Turkey. According to the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace of 1774, the G. were recognized as independent rulers of the Crimea; with the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783, the last Crimean Khan Shagin-G. abdicated the throne. Lit. see at Art. Crimean Khanate.

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The Khan dynasty, which ruled from 1428-1785 in Crimea (Ukraine). Branch of the khans of the Golden Horde.

The isolation of Crimea, which had previously been part of the Golden Horde for two centuries, and the formation of an independent khanate here took place in the second quarter of the 15th century, when continuous internecine wars began in the Horde. After several attempts, the khans of their house Tukai-Temyur took possession of the peninsula. Davlet-Berdi, a representative of this branch of the Chingizids, sat in Crimea in 1426. The next year he also captured Astrakhan, but in 1428, after his death, Crimea returned to the khans of the Golden Horde. However, their power there was purely nominal. Later a short time here the local dynasty of Gireys was established. Her ancestor, Davlet-Berdi's nephew, Hajji-Girey I, was born in Lithuania, near Thorn, where his father lived in exile. It is difficult to establish precisely the time of his accession to the Crimea. In documents, this khan was first mentioned in 1433, in connection with the war he waged against the Genoese colony of Kaffa. But already in 1434 the Crimea was seized by Tsarevich Sayyd-Akhmad. Hajji-Girey fled to Lithuania. He was able to regain possession of the peninsula only ten years later - in 1443. Since then, his descendants have ruled here.

After the death of Hajji-Girey I, he was succeeded by the eldest son Nur-Daulat-Girey, who was immediately opposed by his brother Mengli-Girey I. Nur-Daulat was defeated and took refuge in Moscow. However, the power of Mengli-Girey was also not strong. In 1474 Nur-Daulat expelled him from the Crimea for the first time. The following year, Mengli-Girey regained the throne with the help of the Turks. Since that time, the Crimean khans were considered vassals of the Turkish sultan. In 1476, the Golden Horde Khan Akhmad expelled Mengli-Girey for the second time and gave Crimea to some Jani-Begu, whose identity is not clear. Two years later, Mengli-Girei drove him out. No one else encroached on his power. In 1502, he made a campaign on the banks of the Volga, took and destroyed Saray-Berke, thereby putting an end to the Big (Golden) Horde. In general, Mengli-Girey was an energetic and enterprising khan. All his reign passed in continuous wars with neighboring states: Poland, Lithuania, Circassians and the Great Horde. In the end, he spread his possessions far beyond the peninsula. Good and even friendly relations were maintained with Russia at that time.

In 1514 Mengli-Girey was succeeded by the son of Muhammad-Girey I. This khan decided to increase the population of Crimea by resettling the Nogai Tatars here. In 1523, for this purpose, he made a trip to the Volga, during which he had a quarrel with his sons. They left their father and took with them most of the Tatar army. Taking advantage of this, the nogai attacked the khan's headquarters, killed Muhammad-Girey and many of his entourage. The son of Muhammad, Gazi-Girey I, was elected Khan. But at that time his uncle Saadat-Girey was in Istanbul. The Turkish sultan gave power to him and with appropriate ceremonies escorted him in 1524 by ship to the Crimea. Saadat-Girey ruled fairly and complacently, but soon another son of Muhammad I, Islam-Girey, known for his stupidity and cruelty, raised confusion against him. He revolted the Tatars, who were divided into two parties: some obeyed him, while others obeyed Saadat-Girey I. In 1532, Islam-Girey gathered enough troops and defeated his uncle in a battle somewhere on the shores of the Sea of Azov. Saadat-Girey went to Turkey. However, Islam-Girey I also ruled for a short time. Not being recognized by the Sultan, he was forced in the same year to cede power to another uncle - Sahib-Girey I, who had been khan in Kazan for several years before. He ruled until 1551, when the sultan appointed his nephew Daulat-Girey I as a khan in the Crimea. He arrived on the peninsula at the moment when Sahib-Girey was on a campaign and captured Bakchi-Saray. Upon learning of this, the army of Sahib-Girey immediately betrayed him. The old khan was treacherously strangled by his relative Buluk-Girey. All of his children suffered the same fate.

Having seized the throne, Daulat-Girey I was then in power for 27 years. This ruler was energetic and very active. All his reign passed in continuous raids on neighbors. Russia especially suffered from this. In 1571, the Tatars brutally devastated the environs of Moscow and captured a huge area. The Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible resumed the payment of the Tatar tribute after that. Daulat-Girey was succeeded in 1577 by his son Muhammad-Girey II, nicknamed Fat for his extraordinary obesity. (They write that he was not able to sit in the saddle and therefore on campaigns he was taken on a cart pulled by six or eight horses.) The new khan showed obstinacy and was very reluctant to obey the orders of the Sultan. The latter declared him deposed in 1584 and handed over the throne to Muhammad's brother, Islam-Girey II, who had previously lived as a hermit in a dervish monastery in Brus. As soon as he disembarked from the Turkish ship in the Cafe, many Tatar murzas took his side. Muhammad-Girey tried to run for Perekop, but was overtaken by enemies and strangled along with his son.

The new khan turned out to be a weak-willed and non-military man. Meanwhile, he had to wage war with the son of the murdered Muhammad, Saadat-Girey, who was eager to avenge his father's death and brought a whole horde of Nogai Tatars and Don Cossacks to the Crimea. Islam-Girey II fled from Bakchi-Saray to Kafa under the protection of the Turkish garrison. The Turks opposed Saadat-Girey and defeated him. In 1588 Islam-Girey died. Khan became his brother Gazi-Girey II, nicknamed "The Tempest". He was a very smart and experienced person. In his youth, he participated in the war against Persia as part of the Turkish army, was captured, spent seven years in prison in a fortress. Then he managed to escape to Turkey, where he lived at the court of Sultan Murat III. He loved him very much and provided all kinds of patronage. Having taken the throne, Gazi-Girey resumed his forays into Russia, although not always successful. His campaign against Moscow in 1591 ended in failure - the Tatars were defeated and driven back with great damage. After that, Gazi-Girey took an active part in the Sultan's Hungarian campaign and distinguished himself more than once during the hostilities. But after the death of Murat III, the relationship between the khan and Porta deteriorated. The new vizier Sinan Pasha initiated against Gazi-Girey his brother Fath-Girey. He easily occupied the Crimea, but did not rule for long, since Sinan Pasha fell, and power was returned to Gazi-Girey. He hastened to execute his brother and his nine young children. Khan was suspicious of the new Sultan Muhammad III, so that until his death, relations between the Port and Crimea remained rather cold.

In 1608, Gazi-Girey died of the plague, which was raging then in the Crimea. His son Toktamysh-Girey was proclaimed Khan, but the Sultan did not approve this choice and sent to Crimea the son of Muhammad-Girey II, Salamat-Girey I. Toktamysh and his brother were killed near Akkerman by the brother of Salamat-Girey, Muhammad-Girey. Two years later, after the death of Salamat-Girey, Muhammad tried to seize the throne himself, but the Crimea was given by the Sultan to another son of Muhammad II, Janbeg-Girey (some historians consider him the son of Shakai-Girey and the grandson of Daulat-Girey I). Muhammad-Girey, however, did not admit his defeat. With a crowd of supporters, he took refuge near Ackermann. Dzhanbeg-Girey attacked and defeated him. Muhammad went to Turkey and settled in Helliopolis. He soon had the misfortune of angering Sultan Ahmad and ended up in prison.

Janbeg-Girey, meanwhile, took part in the Persian and Polish wars, rendering the Turks great services. However, this did not save him from the intrigues of Muhammad-Girey's supporters. In 1623, the khan was unexpectedly arrested and sent into exile on the island of Rhodes, and in his place was imprisoned Muhammad-Girey III. He ruled for four years, but was a poor ally to the Sultan in his wars. In the end, the Turks lost patience and returned Crimea to Dzhanbeg-Girey. He was able to establish himself in power only after a stubborn war. The first army sent by the Sultan against the rebellious Muhammad-Girey was utterly defeated at Kafa. In 1625 a new great battle took place on the Danube, in which the Crimeans were defeated. However, Muhammad-Girey remained on the throne. Only in 1627, under the protection of a strong Turkish army, Dzhanbeg-Girey landed in the Crimea and this time seized the throne. Muhammad-Girey fled to the Dnieper and took refuge with the Cossacks. In 1629 he died during a raid on the Crimea.

Having become a khan, Dzhanbeg-Girey was no longer such a loyal ally of the Sultan as he was in his first reign. He did not want to participate in Turkish wars, but on the contrary struck up friendly relations with Russia and Poland. In 1635 Sultan Murad IV sent him into exile to Rhodes, and the throne passed to the son of Gazi-Girey II, Inayat-Girey. He, having barely received power, began a war with the leader of the Nogai Kan-Temir. For this, Murad IV ordered in 1637 to depose and execute him, and to transfer the throne to the son of Salamat-Girey I, Bahadur-Girey I. According to Turkish historians, the new khan was a man obedient to the laws of Sharia and inclined to justice. V free time he loved to write poetry and witty puns. His only venture - a campaign against Azov, captured by the Don Cossacks - ended in failure. He died in 1641. Bypassing the older brothers, the throne was given to his younger brother Muhammad-Girey IV, and the legitimate heir Islam-Girey was in exile in Rhodes. But his friends did not leave him. By bribery and gifts, in 1644, they achieved a change in the Sultan's decision, and Islam-Girey was proclaimed khan. This ruler had a strong, independent character and was not devoid of state abilities. Returning to his homeland, he established order with firm measures. After that, he led a very successful war against Poland, shaken by the Ukrainian uprising. Crimean historians write that the raids of Islam-Girey enriched his subjects unusually. If at the beginning of his reign the Crimean Tatars were poor ragamuffins, then just a few years later they became so rich that everyone wore multi-colored red red dresses.

After the death of Islam-Girey III in 1654, the sultan again handed over power to his brother Muhammad-Girey IV. He changed his tactics in relation to Poland. Under him, the Crimeans turned from enemies into allies of the Poles. Khan fought against the Russians and inflicted several defeats on them. But his relationship with Porta was not so successful. In 1663, the sultan sent a command to Muhammad-Giray to go on a Hungarian campaign, but he did not appear, sending only his sons. Then, against the will of the Sultan, he began to fight with the Nogai, and for this in 1666 he was deposed from the throne, which passed to the grandson of Fath-Girey I, Adil-Girey. Due to his origins, he was very poorly received by the local nobility. (Adil-Girey's father, Mustafa-Choban, was taken care of by Fath-Girey from a captive Polish woman and was considered illegitimate according to Tatar law; Fath-Girey did not even recognize him as a son. Until the reign of Muhammad-Girey III, Mustafa was a simple shepherd (as he says his nickname is Choban), but then he received the high position of Nurad-Din and thus was, as it were, equated with the "real" Gireys.) In addition, Adil-Girey turned out to be an eccentric and stupid man, which increased his unpopularity. In 1671 the sultan deposed him and transferred the throne to the son of Bahadur-Girey, Selim-Girey I. Crimean and Turkish historians characterize him as an intelligent ruler and good man... Having barely assumed power, he had to accompany the Turkish army in its campaigns against the Poles. In 1677, the khan took part in the Turkish campaign against the Russian Chigirin, which ended in complete failure. For this, the Sultan took the throne from him and exiled him to Rhodes. Power was transferred to his cousin Murad-Girey. The new khan had to continue the siege of Chigirin, which was finally taken by the Turks with great difficulty in 1678. Later, the Tatars took part in a campaign against Vienna, which was very unsuccessful for the Turks. In anger, the Sultan removed Murad-Girey from power and made his cousin Hajji-Girey II khan, who, on the contrary, distinguished himself in this campaign and managed to save the banner of the prophet. However, the Crimean Murzas did not like it from the very beginning. They write that, despite his valor, he was a rare curmudgeon, sold public offices for money, demanded a tax from judges and stopped paying pensions established by previous khans. In June 1684, Hajji-Girey was overthrown from the throne by rebellious subjects, who plundered the khan's palace in Bakchi-Saray and desecrated his harem.

Under the pressure of circumstances, the sultan was forced to return the throne to Selim-Girey I, who remained very popular among his fellow tribesmen. In 1689, he had to repel the Russian attack on the Crimea, who reached almost as far as Perekop and had a desperate battle with the Tatars, first in the trenches, and then in the open field. When the Russians retreated, Selim-Girey turned against the Austrians and had a successful battle with them near Kachanak. After that, he went to Istanbul and in 1691 voluntarily relinquished power, referring to his old age. Instead of himself, he recommended the brother of Hajji-Girey II, Saadat-Girey II, who was proclaimed khan. The new ruler was a tough man, but he was not favored in the Crimea. As soon as he arrived at Bakchi-Saray, indignation arose against him. Then, during a campaign in Wallachia, he ordered to cut off the noses and ears of several marauders, and this measure greatly embittered the Tatars. Upon arrival in Ackerman, the army arranged a meeting and on behalf of all classes of the Crimean population sent a request to Porto to send them another khan. This turmoil was taken advantage of by the nephew of Adil-Girey, Safa-Girey, who gave a large bribe to the vizier and, thanks to this, was proclaimed khan. (V.D.Smirnov writes that he was not a descendant of Mustafa Choban, but was the grandson of Salamat-Girey I.) Crimean historians paint the image of this sovereign in the blackest colors. According to them, he was a greedy, envious man, "and just vile." He did not care about anything, just to fill his purse. However, he was not shy about any abuse and harassment. Arriving at Bakchi-Saray, he immediately indulged in revelry, drunkenness, and completely abandoned all state affairs. But when he soon had to lead an army to the aid of the Turkish army, the Tatars abandoned him along the road and went back to the Crimea. The Sultan was forced to remove Safa-Girey and for the third time to elevate Selim-Girey I to the throne.

With the arrival of this popular khan in Crimea, the outrage ceased. In 1696 Selim-Girey helped the Turks to defend Azov, which was besieged by the Russian Tsar Peter I for the second time, but could not prevent its fall. He was one of the first to feel the threat posed to Turkish domination by the rapidly growing Russia, and strongly advised the Sultan to conclude peace with Austria in order to focus his efforts on the defense of the Black Sea possessions. After the Karlovytsky Peace, Selim-Girey voluntarily resigned from his khanate rank. His son Daulat-Girey II was proclaimed Khan. The new khan soon began to quarrel with his brother Gazi-Girey, who refused to obey him. Defeated by his brother, he was forced to leave for Turkey and surrender to the full power of the Sultan, who sent him into exile to Rhodes. Then Daulat-Girey had a quarrel with the Nogai murzas, who complained about him to Porte. Finally, he almost dragged the Turks into a new war with Russia. In 1702, the sultan deprived him of his power and for the fourth time proclaimed Selim-Girey I khan. After reigning for two years, he died in December 1704.

By the will of the Sultan, he was succeeded by the son of Gazi-Girey III. But three years later, through the intrigues of the supreme vizier, power was transferred to his brother Kaplan-Girey I. (The reason for the overthrow was the Nogai raid on the Kuban; the Russian tsar complained about this to the Sultan, and Gazi-Girey lost the throne, although he was not at all guilty of this incident. ) After gaining power, Kaplan-Girey undertook a campaign against the fallen Circassians in 1707. This war ended in complete failure - the Circassians at night launched a surprise attack on the enemy camp and killed a large number of Tatars. The khan himself barely escaped to the Nogai, and the Crimeans asked to send a new khan to them. The Sultan sent Daulat-Girey II, who had already ruled before. Under him, the Turks had a new war with Russia, and the Tatars helped a lot in its successful end. In 1711, the Russian army, led by Peter I, was surrounded by Turks and Tatars on the Prut and narrowly escaped complete defeat. In 1713, Daulat-Girey received an order to expel the Swedish king Charles XII, who lived there, from his possessions. Since the king did not want to obey the demands of the Sultan, he had to resort to force. The Tatars attacked Karl's house in Bendery, killed almost all of his associates and plundered his property. The king was arrested and sent to Adrianople. But soon the circumstances changed. Since the alliance with Sweden against Russia was important to the Turks, they did not want to finally quarrel with Charles, and at his request Daulat-Girey II was deposed. In his place, Kaplan-Girey I was again sent. He also ruled for a short time and in 1716 was deprived of power for too long delay and did not come to the aid of the Turks, who had suffered a heavy defeat from the Austrians in Hungary. The throne was handed over to the son of Adil-Girey, Daulat-Girey III. However, the Tatars refused to obey him (as had happened before with his relatives), so he could hardly recruit two hundred people for the campaign. In view of this, the Sultan urgently had to cancel his decision, and in 1717 the son of Selim-Girey I, Saadat-Girey III, was appointed in his place. In 1720 this khan undertook a new campaign against the rebellious Circassians, which also ended in failure. After that, he began quarrels with the Tatar murzas, which demanded his overthrow. In 1724, Saadat-Girey himself abdicated power and went to Turkey. According to the testimony of Tatar historians, this khan was a great sybarite - in his youth he was very fond of women, and in old age he indulged in such gluttony that he could not walk because of obesity. External enterprises did not interest him at all. While power gave him honor and wealth, he willingly used it, but when they began to pester him with strife and quarrels, he abandoned it without any regret.

The Sultan appointed another son of Selim-Girey I, Mengli-Girey II, as khan. He turned out to be a clever and cunning ruler. Due to unrest and revolts, the khan's power weakened, and drastic measures were required to strengthen it. Having appeared in Bakchi-Saray, Mengli-Girey pretended to be affectionate towards his opponents and indifferent to the people towards whom he was in his heart disposed. For several months he did not take any action, but kept a keen eye on those around him. Then, taking advantage of the Persian campaign, he sent the most restless of the Murzas with an army and tried to capture their remaining comrades. True, most of the troublemakers managed to escape, but on the whole, success was on the side of the khan. The previous lack of beginning ceased, and a certain order was established. Thanks to this, Mengli-Girey soon managed to return under his arm the rebellious Nogai, who for many years carried out only those decrees of the khan that they liked. They also write about other measures taken by Mengli-Girey to improve his estates: he eased duties, abolished some taxes, established postal stations, appointed monetary salaries for the ulema, etc. Nevertheless, he was deposed in 1730 by the will of the new Sultan Mahmud I due to some intrigue.

Kaplan-Girey I was declared the new khan for the third time. In 1735, despite his advanced age, he personally led the 80,000-strong Crimean army, which moved to Persia to help the Turks. However, the khan was forced to return half-way, having learned that a large Russian army under the command of Minich had approached the Crimea. He could no longer interfere with the offensive of the Russians - they freely marched into the Crimea and staged a terrible pogrom. There was no resistance to them, and only the outbreak of cholera epidemic forced Minich to retreat. After this unprecedented event in the history of Crimea, Kaplan-Girey had to abdicate. He left for Turkey and spent the last years in Chios. Khan was declared his nephew Fath-Girey II, who distinguished himself during this war. This khan really was distinguished by great valor and enterprise. As soon as he assumed power, he made a long march across the Dnieper and wrought terrible devastation in the Ukraine. The Tatars returned from the raid with huge booty and were very pleased with their leader. However, in 1737 the Russians again invaded the Crimea, and the khan could do nothing to prevent them. For this he was dismissed by the Sultan, who again handed over the throne to Mengli-Girey II. As in his first reign, he showed himself to be an active and intelligent person. In 1738 the Russian army tried to enter the Crimea for the third time, but this time only reached Perekop. The khan followed the retreating ones, constantly disturbing them with his attacks, and inflicted considerable damage. In the following years, the Tatars also acted very energetically and provided significant assistance to the Turks in their war with Russia and Austria.

At the very beginning of 1740 Mengli-Girey died. The Sultan handed over power to his brother Salamat-Girey II. He was an old man, completely non-military, and therefore soon dismissed the Tatar Murzas, who, disobeying the khan, made constant raids on the Russian borders. The Sultan, finally bored with the complaints of Petersburg, deprived him of power in 1743 and handed it over to the son of Kaplan-Girey I, Selim-Girey II. This warlike and commanding khan managed to quickly put things in order: the raids on Russia stopped, a large army of Tatars went to the aid of the Turks in Persia, at the same time the rebellious Circassians were humbled. In Turkey, they were extremely pleased with this vassal, and during his trip to Istanbul in 1747, they arranged a solemn meeting for him. Unfortunately, a year after his return to Crimea, Selim-Girey died.

Power passed to his cousin Arslan-Girey. He was also a good ruler, made many buildings in the Bakchi-Sarai destroyed by the Russians, rebuilt the fortifications on Perekop and erected several new fortresses. Nevertheless, in 1756 he was removed from power, which passed to his cousin Halim-Girey. This khan, according to the testimony of Tatar historians, was an intelligent and learned man, but had too much addiction to opium and hashish, which is why he was often incapable of managing. The Tatar nobility soon ceased to obey him, and the sultan had to take the throne from him, which passed to his cousin Kyrym-Girey. He, in contrast to his predecessor, was an active and businesslike man, had his own opinion on every issue and was dismissed by the Sultan in 1764 for excessive independence. He was replaced by the son of Fath-Girey II, Selim-Girey III, who, in turn, was deposed in 1767, when Istanbul clearly realized the inevitability of a new war with Russia. By this resignation, apparently, they wanted to return power to Arslan-Girey, but he, not even reaching the Crimea, died in the same 1767. Then Maksud-Girey reigned for a short time, who turned out to be a sluggish and incapable person. The sultan deposed him in 1768 and made Kyrym-Girey khan for the second time. He could not be more suitable for this role in the conditions of the outbreak of the war with Russia.

At the beginning of 1769, Kyrym-Girey made a big raid on Russian possessions (the last in the history of the Crimean Khanate!), But soon after returning to the Crimea he died (as they believed, poisoned by his doctor Syropulo). He was a warlike, intelligent khan who knew military affairs well and knew how to maintain iron discipline in the Tatar army. At the same time, it is reported that he was partial to wine and had a great fondness for handsome boys. He died during one of the orgies that constantly took place in his chambers. But, be that as it may, it was the last remarkable ruler on the Crimean throne. None of his successors already had the necessary abilities to maintain the prestige of their state.

Having learned about the death of Kyrym-Girey, the sultan gave power to his nephew Daulat-Girey IV. He was a completely insignificant person who thought only about his own enrichment. The Turks, who suffered one defeat after another from the Russian army, were of no use whatsoever. When his cowardice and inaction became obvious to everyone, the sultan in 1770 handed over the throne to his second cousin Kaplan-Girey II. He was already very old and even decrepit, but he tried as best he could to help the Turks in an unsuccessful war. In the end, he shared with them all their defeats, but he was hardly more to blame for them than other Turkish military leaders. After spending several months at the head of the khanate, he asked to be dismissed from this troubled post. The Sultan sent Selim-Girey III to the Crimea for the second time, but there was even less sense from this khan than from his predecessor. He constantly demanded money and if he did not receive the required sums, then he completely abandoned military operations. After spending several months with the Turkish army and without doing anything worthwhile, he withdrew to the Crimea and here, as if nothing had happened, he began to arrange his comfort. Military affairs remained in complete neglect. When the Russians broke into Crimea in 1771, Selim-Girey, leaving the country to its fate, fled from Bakchi-Saray to the Bosphorus. This event ended the 250-year era of Turkish rule over the Crimea.

Although Crimea no longer belonged to Turkey, the Sultan in November 1771 declared Maksud-Girey Khan for the second time. In reality, Maksud-Girey could rule only those Tatars who were in the Turkish army on the banks of the Danube. Arriving in the army, the khan settled in Ruschuk, where he lived for his pleasure - he drank, ate and demanded money from the treasury for his whims - he did not care about anything else. In the summer of 1772, without even making a statement about his abdication, he left for his chiftlik. The Sultan was angry, ordered to exile Maksud-Girey to Tatar-Bazardzhik and punish him for his bad behavior.

The new khan was declared the grandson of Daulat-Girey II, Sahib-Girey II. After the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace, he was also recognized by Russia and returned to Crimea. But from the very beginning he had a strong rival in the person of his brother Shahin-Giray, whom St. Petersburg actively supported. However, he did not succeed in immediately achieving the throne. In April 1775, Daulat-Girey IV arrived in Crimea and managed to win over some of the Tatar murzas to his side. Frightened by this, Sahib-Girey fled to Turkey, and the Tatars, who after 1774 were considered independent, elevated Daulat-Girey to the throne. Like his predecessor, he faced strong opposition led by the Russian-backed Shahin Giray. In April 1777, the khan had to leave the Crimea, leaving the throne to his more successful rival. After that, the beys and murzas, having gathered at the khan's headquarters, swore allegiance to Shahin-Giray. Unlike his predecessors, he was a direct protege of Russia and relied on Russian troops. Taking advantage of this, the khan made personal enrichment the main goal of his policy. He needed significant funds for the construction of a new palace and fortress near Bakchi-Saray. In addition, he tried to create a regular army in his European style and recruited 3 thousand recruits for this purpose. The Tatars grumbled strongly about this innovation, which was very painful for them. Moreover, they were greatly outraged that Christians - Greeks and Armenians - were completely equal in paying taxes with Muslims. Soon a real uprising began against Shahin-Girey, suppressed by the Russian army. But in 1783 a new indignation arose against the khan, forcing him to flee to Kerch. Russian troops again had to establish peace, after which Shahin-Girey executed many of his enemies. This did not add to his popularity, and the Russian government decided to remove him from Crimea. In the same 1783, Catherine II promulgated a manifesto announcing the annexation of Crimea to Russia. Shahin-Giray was ordered to leave the peninsula and settle in Kaluga. In 1787, after many requests, he received permission to leave for Turkey, where he was immediately arrested, exiled to Rhodes and executed the same year.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

In the framework of the work of guides and tour guides, political issues are far from the main, but still an important place. Against the background of the very banal questions "is Crimea Russian or Ukrainian?" we have to answer more serious questions about the history of national relations in Crimea and very serious questions about the possibility of re-creating an independent state in Crimea. As a subject Russian Federation Crimea has become next to the republics of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, with which it has much in common.

Without going into particularly controversial details, we will try to present in this review the main materials on the history of statehood in Crimea associated with the dynasty Geray (Geray, Geray).

1. House of Gireev in the 20th - 21st centuries

2. Speech of Jezar-Girey (a descendant of the Crimean Khans (Gireyev-Chingizids) dynasty) at the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars (Simferopol, 1993)

3. Addressed to the Majestic Tatar people, which is the Famous Golden Horde. Jezzar Girai (2000)

4. Addressed to the Gireyi clan (dynasty). Jezzar Girai (2000)

5. Briefly about the Crimean dynasty Giray, origin and genealogy. Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

7. The hierarchy of power in the Crimean Khanate

10. Chechen line of Gireev.

11. Kettlebells in the Russian Tavricheskaya province and Soviet Russia

1. House of Gireev in the 20-21 centuries

Let's start with very relevant materials about a real contender for the Khan's throne in Crimea.

The living descendants of the Gireys:
The famous figure of that time, Prince Sultan Kadyr Girey(1891-1953) was a colonel in the tsarist army, wounded during civil war 01/05/1920. He emigrated from the Caucasus in 1921 to Turkey, and from there to the United States, founded the "Circassian-Georgian Society" in the United States.

His son Chingiz Girey(1921-) became even more famous than his father.
Chingiz studied at the prestigious Yale University on the same year as future President George W. Bush.

During World War II, Chingiz served in American intelligence. Chingiz Girey was also a writer and poet, author of the book “ In the shadow of power» (« The shadow of power"), Which at one time became a bestseller.
As a very young officer in the American Army during World War II, he had to play a crucial role - Chief of the Russian section of the Department of Liaison between American and Soviet Commands in Austria ... After the war he participated in the American delegation to the Peace Conference in Moscow in 1947 .

Azamat Girey (14.08.1924-08.08.2001), younger son Sultan Kadyr Giray. He declared himself the head of the Gireiev house. He was married twice: the first wife - Sylvia Obolenskaya(1931-1997). From this marriage (1957-1963) were born the daughter of Selim (born January 15, 1960), the son Kadir Devlet Girey(born 03/29/1961) and son Adil Sagat Girey(genus. 03/06/1964). The second wife is Federica Anna Sigrist. From this marriage was born Caspian Giray(born 03/09/1972).

Selima married Derek Godard in 1996 and gave birth to daughter Alice Leila Godard in 1998.

Kadir Devlet Girey married Sarah Wentworth-Stanley in 1990. He has a son Chingiz Karim Sultan-Girey(born 1992) and daughter Tazha Sofia (born 1994).

Adil Sagat Girey married Maria Sarah Peto in 2001. In 2002 he had a son Temujin Serj Girey.

Kadir Devlet Girey and Adil Sagat Girey are professional musicians who played in the group Funkapolitan ... Adil Sagat Girey is a composer, writes soundtracks and melodies in various genres. (www. sagatguirey.com)
Sunshower played by Sagat Guirey: Guitar. Arden Hart: Keyboard.Winston Blisset: Bass.Louie Palmer: Drums. 28.2.08 At The Island 123 College Road Nw10 5HA London. www.islandpubco.com bass and keys from Massive Attack.

After the death of Azamat Girey in the Bahamas, the head of the Gireyev house became Jezzar Raji Pamir Girey... He graduated from Oxford. On July 28, 1993, he came to the kurultai of the Crimean Tatars in Simferopol and performed before them as the prince of the Gireev house. Jezzar Girey is the owner of Giray Design Company... There was no response to requests asking for your genealogy and (anonymously) DNA test.

skurlatov.livejournal.com

The origin of Dzhezzar Giray in itself makes one perceive the idea of restoring the monarchy (in the cultural and historical ceremonial aspect - as a memory of the monarchy!) In Crimea not at all in a primitive nationalist channel.

Their Highness Crown Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde Jezzar Raji Pamir Girai is the grandson of the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna Romanova, and also a relative of many mountain princes of Kabarda and Chechnya.

**2. Speech of Dzhezar-Girey (a descendant of the Crimean Khans (Gireyev-Chingizids) dynasty) at the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars ( Simferopol, 1993)**

“NOBLE Crimean Tatars, ladies and gentlemen, participants of the Kurultai, honorable friends of the Tatar people and heroic leader Mustafa Dzhemil-Ogly!

For me, as a member of the Giray clan and the son of the Tatar people, it is a great honor to stand here, on the Crimean land, in front of the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars in Ak-Mosque (...) The world should know that, not by chance and by the grace of fate, today we can get together ...

The annexation, repression and horrors of 1944 did not tame the unshakable spirit of the noble Tatar people. Your tireless hard work, determination, unity and self-sacrifice have made it possible for this day to come. I am here to pay tribute to the heroic achievements of a great nation.

I can assure Kurultai that it is not only the Tatar diaspora with trembling, with bated breath, following the rapid course of events in Crimea. The eyes of the whole world are looking at you You, the noble Tatar people, are a source of inspiration for all repressed peoples of the world.

The inalienable right of the Crimean Tatar people, the noble sons of the Golden Horde, is the peaceful and unhindered return to the land of their ancestors. This is our just and honorable cause.

The Diaspora watched with horror and pain your suffering, and in particular, the injustice that befell you in that terrible 1944. These events became the honor of the tragic catechism: one cannot recall without tears the knock on the door in the middle of the night, the streams of women and children torn from their homes and immersed in overcrowded and dirty cattle wagons. Half of our people died, the rest were sent into exile

Our tragedy lies in the fact that of all the exiled peoples, only the Crimean Tatars were not allowed to return, of all the people who suffered injustice, only the Crimean Tatar people were not apologized.

The main merit of the Crimean Tatars is that they, despite all the horror of the inhumanity of some people in relation to others, the violation of justice, managed to rise above their oppressors and tragic circumstances. The beauty and nobility of our soul about the people is that they forgave their oppressor and began peaceful labor in accordance with the existing legislation, even if the law is not on their side.

Our great and heroic leader Mustafa Cemil-Oglu was imprisoned for 15 years and now he has forgiven his executioner and, as always, is making efforts to work peacefully within the law for our cause. His leadership is a glimpse of light for all repressed people on the planet.

In our tense and unstable world, especially in the lands of the former Soviet Union, this is a lesson that all people should pay attention to. All of us are originally children of God, brothers and sisters.

(…) I would like to extend a hand of friendship to our Russian and Ukrainian brothers and sisters. Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to the Russian and Ukrainian governments for allowing us to return. I would like to greet Crimeans of Russian and Ukrainian nationality. Together we will work to build a healthy and happy community as an example to the world.

The time has come for the Crimean people to regain their national identity. We must do this by exploring our rich history, heritage and traditions (...)

Our once brilliant intellectual and cultural traditions and heritage, which were buried in the Tsarist era and then in the Communist era, must now be pulled out of oblivion. The truth lies buried under the stones. But stones also have voices, and we must listen.

We all know that an attempt was made to destroy all traces of the Crimean Tatars: monuments were leveled to the ground, mosques were turned to dust, cemeteries were destroyed and filled with cement. Tatar names were removed from maps, our history was distorted, and our people were forcibly driven into disgusting exile.

Our former statehood was based on three fundamental and unchanging pillars (...)

The first and most important was our hereditary succession of the Genghisids. Communist propaganda tried to separate the Tatars from their Great Father, Lord Genghis Khan, through his grandson Batu and eldest son Juche. The same propaganda tried to hide the fact that we are the sons of the Golden Horde (! ...)

I am proud to announce that a prominent academician of the University of London, who has been studying the origins of the Crimean Tatars all his life, has published the results of his research, which give us back our rightful rich heritage.

The second pillar of our statehood was Ottoman Empire(…) We are all part of a large Turkic nation, with which we have strong and deep ties in the sphere of language, history and culture.

The third pillar was Islam. This is our faith. We must now develop a new identity based on the careful preservation of our past, which we should always be proud of, in honesty on these three fundamental pillars, as well as absorbing new demands and modern world trends.

The examples of our past greatness and our contribution to human civilization are innumerable. The Crimean Tatar people were once (and not so long ago) a superpower in the region. We must remember that until the reign of Peter the Great, known as Peter the Great, at the end of the 17th century, the Romanovs continued to pay tribute to the Khanate. The military heroism and courage of our soldiers and horsemen have become legends all over the world. Tatars, Russians, Ukrainians, Ottoman Turks, Poles and others - all showed themselves both in the cultural and military spheres during those turbulent romantic times.

At the very beginning of the century, the Crimean Tatar people led the Muslim and Turkic world in their philosophical search. We will bring back this thought leadership. I want to assure Kurultay that in our search for what should be a proud and noble Crimean Tatar people, in creating a prosperous Crimean community and, most importantly, in our honorable cause, which is our divine right to return home, in all these undertakings the Crimean - the Tatar people have many friends both abroad and in the “near abroad” who strive to help us achieve these lofty goals.

I would like to express my love and recognition to the noble Crimean Tatar people, my loyalty to our heroic leader Mustafa Dzhemil-Ogly, my friendship to our Russian and Ukrainian brothers and wish the very best for a successful Kurultay session. "

Translation from English,

3. Addressed to the Majestic Tatar people, which is the Famous Golden Horde

There are several nations in the world that can claim as much of a legacy as you can. There are also several peoples who have experienced such tragic suffering with such dignity. Everyone who witnessed the events of several recent years Ever since Perestroika, they have experienced a sense of admiration and reverence for your characteristic hard work and emotional self-control.

Presented before your magnificent example, I am equally overwhelmed with feelings of sadness and joy. But as we enter the new millennium, we have no room for sorrow.

Our great story was born on the threshold of the last millennium with the glorious life of our ancestor, the ruler of Genghis Khan. But not only did our majestic Overlord conquer the world and create the largest empire in world history, stretching from the heart of Europe to the shores of Korea, but also he was the founder of the greatest civilizations in human history, which included the Yuan dynasty in China, the Mughals in India, the Hulagids in Persia. and of course our own Golden Horde.

We must look to the future and we have a lot to strive for. Undoubtedly, the blood of the Lord Genghis Khan flows in our veins. The rebirth of all Tatars will begin from the new millennium!

Your humble servant, Jezzar Girai

4. Addressed to the Girei clan (dynasty):

(2000, translated from English)

As you know, King Arthur saw two dragons fighting in mortal combat, and realized that the mythical city of Camelot would be founded on this place. Seeing the same amazing omen, our majestic progenitor understood where Bakhchisarai would be erected. As you know, the rotunda with two fire-breathing dragons meets the visitor at the gates of Bakhchisarai.

However, King Arthur and Camelot are pure mythical fiction. The victorious Golden Horde, the descendants of the most majestic Lord Genghis Khan, and the beautiful city of Bakhchisarai are historical realities. Years of distortion of the facts of our history convinced the Kazan Tatars to think that they were not Tatars in everything but Bulgars, and the same propagandists successfully convinced the world that the Golden Horde was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible when the end of its existence was put in Bakhchisarai in 1783.

The world believes that Bakhchisarai, like Camelot, is a figment of a rich imagination. Only by a clear and unambiguous understanding of our own identity can we truly believe in the success of re-emerging in the world from the haze of myth and folklore. There is a lot of work to be done! - this is our duty and the duty of every Tatar, wherever and whoever he is.

Your faithful son Jezzar Girai

Their Highness Jezzar Raji Pamir Girai, Crown Prince of Crimea and the Golden Horde, currently resides in London.

5. Briefly about the Crimean dynasty Girey, origin and genealogy. Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

Girei (Gerai, Girai; Crimean Geraylar, گرايلر; singular - Geray, گراى) a dynasty of khans (Genghisids, descendants of the khans Jochi and Batu), ruled the Crimean Khanate from the beginning of the 15th century until its annexation to Russian Empire in 1783.

The founder of the dynasty was the first Khan of Crimea Haji I Giray, as a result of military and political assistance from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who achieved the independence of the Crimea from the Golden Horde. Probably, the help of the daughter of Khan Tokhtamysh Nenke-jan Khanum, as well as military assistance and close economic cooperation from the Orthodox principality of Theodoro, played an important role in the creation of the independent Crimean Khanate.

WITH 1428 Years of attempts to rule the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde are repeatedly made by Khadzhi Girey and his father Giyas-ad-din Tash Timur.
XIV - mid. XV century - the war of the Genoese with the principality of Theodoro for the lands of the southern coast of Crimea. On the mountain passes of the Main ridge, numerous fortifications appear - Isars, the fortresses of Kamara, Funa. V 1433 year, the Orthodox population of Chembalo (Balaklava) raised an uprising with the support of the Theodorites. Prince Theodoro Alexei II rules the city. V 1434 the military expedition of Carlo Lomellino of 6 thousand mercenaries knocks him out of the city, then Avlita and Kalamita (Inkerman) and move to Solhat together with 2,000 Genoese from Kafa. In the tract, which is now called Frank Mezar (Grave of Catholics), the Tatar cavalry of Haji Davlet Giray defeats the Italians' troops completely. In this or another battle, prince Alexei I perishes. Soon two hundred Tatars set off for Chembalo and liberate the new prince Alexei II.
1441 (1443) year - the formation of the independent Crimean Khanate, relying on the military forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (commanded by Marshal Radziwill). In alliance with Alexei II, the prince of the Orthodox principality Theodoro Hadzhi Davlet Girey successfully oppresses the Genoese, gets access to the sea (the port of the Theodorites Avlit near Inkerman) and the city of Gezlev (Evpatoria). At the court of Davlet Girey, Ulubey-Greek is brought up - the heir to the Mangup prince Prince Isaac, then the khan's son-in-law and Prince Theodoro from 1456 to 1475.
1467 — 1515 years - Mengli Girey I (the third son of Haji Davlet Girey) spent his childhood as an honorary hostage (amanat) in the Cafe and there he received a comprehensive education, with the support of his wife's father, a powerful bek, Shirin was established for a long time on the Crimean throne.
1475 year - the Ottoman fleet and army (commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha) conquers the Genoese possessions and the principality of Theodoro (in the defense of Theodoro the cavalry of Mengli Giray is fighting against the Turks). Then the Crimean Khanate falls into vassal dependence on Ottoman Empire... After some time, Mengli Girey receives the support of the Ottomans, regains the khan's throne, founds a new capital - the city of Bakhchisarai between several former cities (Kyrk-or, Eski-Sala, Salachik, Kyrk-er), the palaces of Ashlama-Saray are being built under his sons Mengli Gireya - Khan-sarai (1519). In a military alliance with the Moscow kingdom, Mengli Girey expands his influence to the north and east of the Crimea. The main rival of Mengli Giray is the khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat, he is supported by the king of the Commonwealth Casimir IV. V 1482 Mengli Giray's troops, at the request of Ivan III, expel Polish-Lithuanian troops from Kiev. V 1502 year, the troops of the Crimean Khanate and the Muscovite Empire finally destroy the Golden Horde, which subsequently leads to a series of wars for the right to control the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the end of which was put only by Tsar Ivan the Terrible (great-grandson of Emir Mamai), capturing Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556 .

About the origin of the name Kettlebell accurate information No... Only the third Crimean Khan Mengli Girey, the founder of Bakhchisarai, began to use it as a dynastic name.

There are several versions of the genealogy of Khadzhi Girey, causing controversy both among the Gireys themselves and among historians. According to the most widespread version, the Gireis come from the Tugatimurids from Janak-oglan, the younger brother of Tui Khoja oglan, the father of Tokhtamysh. The eldest son of Janak oglan, Ichkile Hasan oglan, father of Ulu Mohammed, the founder of the dynasty of Kazan khans.

Some representatives of the dynasty also occupied the throne of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Kasimov khanates. Moreover, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were captured by the Crimean princes (sultans) by military force. And Ivan the Terrible appointed Chingizids from the Girey clan to the throne of the Kasimov Khanate, dependent on Moscow, and then after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan and to the highest positions in these cities.

Devlet I Girey is famous for his wars with Ivan the Terrible. The last Giray on the Crimean throne was Shahin Giray, who abdicated the throne, moved to Russia, and then to Turkey, where he was executed. There was a side line of Choban Gireyev, one of whose representatives - Adil Girey - occupied the Crimean throne.

Many representatives of the dynasty moved to the Western Caucasus and joined the Adyghe aristocracy. This was facilitated by the long tradition of educating the heirs of the Crimean throne among the atalyks (educator, literally “father”) from the Kabardian military (Circassian) aristocracy, as well as the fact that most of the Crimean khans were married to daughters from the princely families of Kabarda.

Crimean khans and the territorial heritage of the Golden Horde

“Finally, after the fall of the Golden Horde in 1502, a number of independent states arose on its territory, each of which was headed by a khan. However, the balance of power in them is fundamentally different than it was in Ulus Jochi during the period of polyarchy. If all the khans of the disintegrating Golden Horde were considered equal and claimed the status of “emperors” in relations with Europe, now relations are established between the rulers of various Tatar khanates as between elders and juniors, which is immediately reflected both in official documents and in the testimonies of contemporaries.
The Crimean Khan became the actual successor of the khans of the Golden Horde. It was the Crimean ruler Mengli-Girey in 1502 who finally defeated Sheikh-Ahmad Khan, which marked the fall of the Golden Horde. Nevertheless, the formal termination of the existence of Ulus Jochi or Ulug Ulus (this is how the Golden Horde was called in the official documentation) was not recorded. On the contrary, back in 1657, the Crimean Khan Muhammad-Girey IV called himself in a letter to the Polish king Jan-Casimir “ Of the Great Horde and the Great Kingdom, and the Desht-Kipchak, and the throne Crimea, and all Tatars, and many Nogais, and Tats with Tavgachs, and Circassians living in the mountains, the great padishah I, the great khan Muhammad-Girey". The inclusion of elements of the “Great Horde” and “Desht-Kipchak” in the khan's title unambiguously testifies to the claims of the Crimean khans to full-fledged succession from the khans of the Golden Horde.
And Western monarchs perceived them as such. In particular, the Polish kings continued to recognize their vassalage from the Crimean khans to the southern Russian lands, receive labels from them and pay tribute to the Crimea for them - despite the fact that the Moscow sovereigns were still at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. conquered these territories and did not intend to cede them either to the Crimean khans or to the Polish kings. Polish historian of the early 16th century. Matvey Mekhovsky calls the Crimean Khan Muhammad-Girey "the sovereign of Perekop" and "the Crimean emperor"; another Polish-Lithuanian historian of the mid-16th century. Michalon Lytvyn also calls the Crimean Khan caesar (Caesar, that is, again - the emperor).
Undoubtedly, both the Crimean monarchs and their Western European diplomatic partners had reason to consider the Crimean Khan as the main successor to the khans of the Golden Horde: in the first half of the 16th century. Crimean khans began to pursue an active policy of "collecting lands" of Ulus Jochi under their rule: in the first half of the 1520s. Muhammad-Girey I captured Astrakhan and imprisoned his son Bahadur-Girey there as a khan (albeit for a very short time), and his brother Safa-Girey in Kazan. Thus, almost all the possessions of the Golden Horde from the Volga region to the Black Sea region were in the hands of one Jochid family. However, with the death of Muhammad-Girey (1523), his ambitious plans collapsed, and the unification of Ulus Jochi in the same hands did not take place. Nevertheless, Crimea, as we had the opportunity to see, for centuries retained the right of succession from the Golden Horde khans, which is also recognized in Europe ... "

Pochekaev Roman Yulianovich , j. y. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of Law and State, St. Petersburg Branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (St. Petersburg). Work "The status of the khans of the Golden Horde and their successors in relations with the states of Europe"

6. STATE AND PUBLIC STRUCTURE OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE

The form of government of the Crimean Khanate can be defined as estate-representative, limited monarchy , although during the Middle Ages most of the states, especially Muslim ones, were absolute monarchies. In this respect, the Crimean Khanate was more reminiscent of the European monarchy of the English model. The Crimean Khan concentrated a great deal of power in his hands, but it was limited to such a collegial body as Sofa (state council), having control and observation functions, as well as noble and powerful beys. The khan could not change the privileges of the nobility. Representatives of different estates had a certain independence before the khan and the beys.

With the aim of strengthening the newly created khanate, Haji Giray clearly defines the place, meaning and rights of each group of its population. So, label(by decree) in 1447, he defines 2 categories of "rulers" - military and civil. The first group included (by seniority) beys and oglans (princes), temniks, thousanders and centurions; to the second - judicial ranks: kadis and kadiaskers. All the rest, except for the clergy, belonged to the tax-paying class. They paid yasak (tax in kind), as well as taxes for pastures, for a trading place, from urban handicrafts, merchants paid a duty for the import and export of goods both to the khan and the bey. The subjects of the khanate were free people. There has never been serfdom in Crimea.

Already under Haji Gerai, the foundations of the state structure of the Crimean Khanate, which has the features of a decentralized state, were laid. Its territory was divided into administrative-territorial districts - bailey, which covered a significant part of the territory of the former ulus and were feudal principalities. At the head of the Beylik was a senior representative of the Bey clan. Beylik was built on the model of the khan's possession: there were Divan, kalga, nureddin, mufti, justice was administered. Beys had their own banner, coat of arms (tamga), seal, commanded military formations that were subordinate to the khan as the supreme commander in chief. Some influential beys could enter into relations with neighboring states on their own behalf, but the Khan's ambassadors had the prerogative to represent the interests of the state. Sometimes foreign missions did not recognize the statements of the khan, if it was not supported by exactly the same statements of the beys - and on behalf of the beys themselves.

The most famous families representing the tribal aristocracy were Shirin, Baryn, Yashlav, Argyn, Kypchak, Mansur, Mangyt, Sidjeut ... Crimean beys had a great influence on the election of khans from the ruling dynasty. There were cases when the khan was elected without waiting for the sultan's approval of the candidate, but by raising him, according to the Horde custom, on a felt mat. Then the Turkish sultan, by his decision, approved the choice of the Crimean aristocracy.

In addition to the tribal aristocracy - the beys - under Sahib Gerai (1532-1551), a service nobility appeared - mouthguards-kulu , who received hereditary privileges for her diligence and personal loyalty to the khan. Kapy-kulu were part of the khan's own guard, created by him on the model of the Turkish janissaries.

7. The hierarchy of power in the Crimean Khanate

Khan... The Gerais traced their ancestry back to Genghis Khan, and the Chinggisid principle of the succession of power was preserved throughout the history of the Crimean Khanate. The khan determined the first (kalga) and second (nureddin) heirs. Khan enjoyed the right of supreme ownership of the land. But the khan also had his own domain, located in the valleys of Alma, Kachi and Salgir. The khan also owned all the salt lakes and uncultivated lands - mevat. Some of these possessions he could only give out to his vassals. The Crimean Khan had personal guards and horse bodyguards, many servants, maintained a magnificent courtyard, was the commander-in-chief of all the troops of the khanate, and had the exclusive right to mint coins. The khan's income consisted of taxes: the khan's raising tax, tithe from the harvest of grain and offspring of livestock, tax from the sedentary population, levied for cultivated land. Christians also paid a special haraj tax.

The khan's powers were wide enough. He drew up international treaties, declared a state of war or peace, submitting his decisions to the Divan, and provided military assistance to neighboring states. The khan issued labels, which he used to regulate the circulation of the national currency and taxation, and gave land to his subjects. The khan appointed Qadiyev judges, had the right to pardon, but could only sentence them to death in accordance with the Divan's decision. The khan had the right to appoint and remove from the posts of the highest officials: kalgi, nureddin, op-bey, serasker, vizier, mufti, etc.

Khan signed the documents as “ Great Khan of the Great Horde and the Throne of Crimea and the Kypchak Steppes". Some khans pursued an independent policy, disregarding the will of the sultan. Thus, Islam III Giray, when he was elected khan, told the vizier of the Sultan: “ Do not besiege me with warning letters that you should not frown with such-and-such a giaur, show someone a kind of location, not get along with such-and-such, not upset such-and-such, do this with such-and-such, giving orders from here behind the scenes on matters there; do not confuse me so that I know how I need to act". Crimean khans were highly respected in Istanbul. Their influence especially increased at the court of the Sultan during the wars of the Ottoman Empire, in which the Crimean Khan and his army participated.

From the second half of the 15th century. the order of succession to the khan's throne began to be influenced by the Turkish sultan, who had political (according to the treaty of 1454) and religious (as the caliph is the head of the world's Muslims) foundations.

Khans approval procedure was the following: the sultan, through his courtier, sent the future khan an honorary fur coat, a saber and a decorated precious stones a sable hat, as well as a personally signed order (hattisheriff), which was read out to the Crimean beys gathered in the Divan. The khan who ascended the throne was awarded a special banner and a khan's bunchuk.

Calga... Kalga-Sultan is the heir from the Gerai clan officially announced by the khan. This dignity was first introduced by Mengli I Geray. The Turkish sultan usually respected the will of the khan and almost always appointed the one to whom the Crimean ruler indicated.

Calga- the first dignitary after the khan. Kalga underwent a kind of practice of government under the ruling khan. If the khan could not or did not want to take part in a military campaign, the command of the troops was taken over by the kalga, and in his absence, by the nureddin. His permanent residence and administration were in Akmesjit (modern Simferopol). Kalga had his own vizier, a defterdar treasurer, and a kadi judge. Kalga chaired the sessions of his Divan, in which various court cases were considered. The records of the trials were sent to the khan's Divan, where the final verdict was passed. The Kalga's orders to bring someone to trial, his military orders, passes and all the orders had the force of the khans.

Kalga had no right to mint a coin. He received in possession a significant portion (kalgalyk), which included land in the upper reaches of the Alma up to Chatyrdag, as well as the northern slope of the mountain and the Salgir valley. Kalgalyk was state property and could not be inherited. Kalga could only welcome his associate to the land for temporary use. Kalga received part of his income in the form of a salary from the Turkish sultan.

Nureddin... The kalga in the Crimean hierarchy was followed by the nureddin-sultan, usually the khan's brother. He was also considered the heir to the throne after kalgi. In the absence of the khan and kalga, he assumed command of the army. His official residence was in the Kachi-Saray palace in the Kachi valley. He, like the kalga, had his own vizier, treasurer - deterdar, judge - qadi and could not mint coins. Nureddin also received a salary from the Sultan.

Great Bey- a representative of one of the famous and influential Beys clans, endowed with the status of the most authoritative Bey. After determining the status, the great bey was appointed by the khan to a high state office. The tasks of the great bey were to be “the eye and ear of the khan,” that is, to fulfill the duties of his active vizier, performing the functions of the first minister of the state. He is the supreme keeper of the khan's property, all state affairs were in his hands. Bey received a third of the annual commemoration (tribute) - this was his old privilege, as well as the duty to command the khan's personal guard. Bey monitored public order in the capital and its surroundings. Sometimes the power of the great bey exceeded in practice the competence of the nureddin.

Mufti- the highest cleric, the supreme interpreter of Sharia. The judges in their decisions proceeded from the explanation by the mufti of certain provisions of Muslim law. The mufti interpreted laws and passed fatwas (decisions, opinions), being a kind of supervisory body. If the decisions made by the khan did not comply with the norms of the Koran, the mufti issued a resolution on their invalidity and declared them illegal, thus limiting the power of the Crimean khan.

If gifts from foreign rulers came to Crimea, then the mufti received them on a par with the khan. He corresponded independently. He and his closest assistants and other significant clergy owned possessions in various parts of Crimea, which were part of their spiritual domain (Khojalyk). The number of villages in Khojalyk reached twenty. Another form of spiritual real estate was the wakuf lands, that is, lands transferred to the Muslim community by a devout Muslim. The income from the vakuf lands went to the maintenance of a certain mosque, madrassah, mekteb, a shelter for lonely old people, sometimes even a secular structure - a road, a bridge, a fountain-cheshme. The mufti exercised supreme supervision over the strictly intended use of the wakuf lands, the size of which reached 90,000 dessiatines.

Op-bey... The op-bey's duties included maintaining the external security of the state, monitoring the safety of its borders. He also supervised all the hordes of the khanate that lived outside the Crimean peninsula. His residence was in the Op-Kapy fortress (Perekop), located on the isthmus that connected the peninsula with the mainland. Op-Kapy defended the Crimea from the invasion of enemy troops, therefore, Shirinsky beys were usually appointed to the post of op-bey for their proximity to the Geraev dynasty. French diplomat of the 18th century Peysonel writes that, in terms of value, this position was considered one of the most important in the khanate. Op-bey had income from the salt industry.

Seraskers... The princes of the Nogai hordes - Edisan, Budzhak, Edichkul (or Edishkul), Dzhamboiluk and Kuban - who roamed outside the peninsula, were called Seraskers. They were both the rulers of these territories and the commanders of the troops under the control of the commander-in-chief - the khan. Submitting to the khan, they often got out of his control, going on unauthorized campaigns, entering into separative relations with neighbors, especially with the North Caucasian rulers. Quite often it came to a direct armed struggle with the khans. Despite the sometimes unpredictable policy of the Seraskers, the khans valued the military prowess and strength of the Black Sea hordes too much. Therefore, they, taking care of the economic condition of the hordes and the development of religious and public institutions in them, protecting the hordes from the attacks of neighboring peoples and using a wide range of diplomacy, kept the Seraskers in line with national policy. After all, the seraskers could bring out almost more horsemen into the field than the khan himself.

Width and other famous Beysky births. The chapters of the four Bey clans: Shirin, Yashlav, Baryn, Argyn - made up advice Karachi (karaji). In fact, it was they who elected the khan. As a rule, not a single important state issue could be resolved by the khan without their consent. Shirin Bey did not always defend the interests of this highest aristocracy, and often adhered to the clan policy. Shirin Bey maintained personal correspondence with foreign state rulers, had its own administrative apparatus, as well as its own kalgu and nureddin.

Beyliki - specific possessions of the beys of the main Crimean clans

Yashlav supervised diplomatic relations with Moscow. Any Murza or Agha was ready to support his bey, counting on land and other awards. The aristocracy, relying on their murzas, sometimes opposed the khan if he violated their rights and interests. Istanbul tried to support opposition to the khans and defended the ancient equality of Karachi and khan - after all, the beys restrained the khan's aspirations to strengthen the central power and independence from the empire. The possessions of the Karachi were called beyliks, and the beys administered justice here. Beylik Shirin included lands from the city of Karasubazar (Qarasubazar) to the city of Eski-Crimea (Eski-Kyryma) and from the Sivash to the northern slopes of the Middle Ridge. To the west of Shirin's possessions were the beyliks of his allies Baryn and Argyn. V beylik Yashlav included lands between the rivers Alma and Belbek. Each of the beys had their own army.

In order to strengthen his independence from the aristocracy, Sahib I Giray (1532-1551) decided to make a support for himself the Mangyt Bey clan, which had recently come to the peninsula. Mansour , who had tens of thousands of nomads behind him. Since that time and until now, the Crimean Tatars, the territory between Dzhankoy and Tarkhankut, where the nomads settled, are called Mangyt eri... A fierce struggle for primacy in the khanate began between the clans of Mansur and the four Karachi. As a result of this struggle, the power and influence of the Mansur clan actually equaled the powerful Shirin clan. But even during periods of weakening of the Shirin clan, its official status remained higher than that of the Mansur clan.

Ana-beyim, ulu-hani... The position of ana-beyim ( valid) was occupied by the mother or sister of the ruling Gerai. The post of ulu-hani was usually given by the khan to one of his older sisters or his daughters. These two dignitaries were quite influential at the khan's court, had a narrow circle of courtiers, income from subordinate villages, as well as deductions from the khan's treasury.

Cadisker- the supreme judge, he transferred all court verdicts to the Divan for a final decision and was in charge of all litigations arising among the Murzas. Kaznadar-bashy- the great treasurer - kept records of all the income of the khan. Defterdar-bashy- Chief Controller - kept records of all government expenditures. Sofa effendi- Secretary of the Divan, keeper of all lists and letters. During the meeting of the Divan, he read out the letters and documents appointed by the khan for the announcement.

Sofa
Divan - the state council, the supreme body of power, performing the combined functions of the executive, legislative and judicial branches. It consisted of: khan, mufti, kalga, nureddin, beys (seraskers of three hordes, or-bey, karachi), vizier, kadiasker, kaznadar-bashy, defterdar-bashy and other senior officials.

It was in the Divan that the final responsible decisions were made on such issues as the declaration of war and peace, the provision of military assistance to foreign states. Foreign ambassadors presented themselves in the Divan, letters of foreign states were read out.

Divan was also a court of higher jurisdiction, which finally considered civil and criminal cases, as well as cases of disputes between Murzas. Only Divan could pass a death sentence. In Divan, the procedure for the entry into office or removal from office of the Crimean Khan most often took place. Kadiasker pronounced the verdict by the decision of the mufti, and the khan issued an order in conclusion.

The sofa determined the size of the content allocated to the khan's court and palace. A sofa in a narrower composition (Kuchuk Divan): khan, kalga, nureddin, or-bey, seraskers, vizier, kadiasker, five beys - decided the fate of the next military campaign and the number of troops required. Decisions of the Divan were obligatory for all Crimean Tatars, regardless of the composition in which he was going. But there were times when the khan could not assemble the Divan: its members did not appear in order to paralyze the implementation of one or another initiative of Gerai.

Elvedin CHUBAROV

8. Sultan Khan-Girey is a researcher of the culture of the Adyghe peoples, the author of "Notes on Circassia"

Born into the family of a pro-Russian-minded Bzhedug prince (1808), at an early age, after the death of his father, he was placed at the disposal of the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, General A.P. Ermolov, who "took up young Giray", entrusting him to the director of the local gymnasium.

A graduate of the cadet corps Khan-Girey participated in the Russian-Iranian (1826-1828) and Russian-Turkish wars (1828-1829), where he was awarded a silver medal. After serving in the Life Guards Black Sea squadron, Khan-Girey was transferred to the Life Guards Kavkaz-Gorsky half-squadron, where Sh.B. Nogmov, S. Kazy-Girey, M. Kodzokov (father of D. M. Kodzokov) and others. short life was associated with this half-squadron, where he rose to the rank of colonel, became an aide-de-camp and commander of the Caucasian Mountain half-squadron.

Having shown himself not only as a brave officer on the battlefield, but also as a broad-minded public and political figure, a patriot of the Caucasus and Russia, he ponders how to ensure this annexation by peaceful means. For this purpose, he writes on the instructions of Emperor Nicholas I his historical and ethnographic work “ Notes about Circassia».

For seven years of scientific and literary activity, he wrote several more works, including “ Circassian legends», « Mythology of the Circassian tribes», « Hit Kunchuk" and etc.

But the economic problems and economic prospects of the Adyghe peoples are in the focus of S. Khan-Girey's main work "Notes on Circassia", where the second part of the second part of the book is called "Industry". In this part of the book, Khan-Girey covers various aspects of the "people's industry" - agriculture, cattle breeding, traditional crafts, trade, etc.

The transition of the people from nomadism to settled life, the skills of agriculture among the Circassians go, according to Khan-Girey, to deep antiquity. Finding it difficult to determine "when this people passed from a shepherd's state to the state of a farmer", he only notes that arable farming was introduced in Circassia from very ancient times. " This is also indicated by folklore and ethnographic data: "In the descriptions of the deities of the mythology of this people, we saw that in Circassia they honored a certain Sozeresh, the patron saint of arable farming, and at a certain time they brought him thanksgiving prayers."

More details: S.A. Aylarova, L.T. Tebiev. Sultan Khan-Girey on the economic culture of the Adyghe peoples http://svarkhipov.narod.ru/pup/tebi.htm

9. Sultan Girey Klych - the commander of the highlanders in the Cossack corps of General P. N. Krasnov as part of the Nazi troops

Kelich-Sultan-Girey ( Sultan-Girey Klych, tour. Sultan Kılıç Girey - Colonel, Head of the Circassian Cavalry Division

Born in 1880 in the aul Uyala (leg. Nests), according to other sources in Maikop). He graduated from the cadet corps and military school. Participant in the suppression of the 1905 revolution.

Fang started the first world war captain and commander of the 3rd hundred of the Circassian Cavalry Regiment, and in this position he ended the war as a colonel and commander of this regiment, having received all the awards possible in his position, including Order of St. George and Arms.

In the summer of 1917 - a colonel, a participant in the Kornilov speech. On March 25, 1918, on the recommendation of the commander of the troops of the Kuban Territory, he was promoted to major general for military distinction. V Volunteer Army by the fall he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division, and on December 21 - chief of the Circassian Cavalry Division (" Wild Division»). In 1920, after the defeat and evacuation of the ARSUR to the Crimea, together with the remnants of his division, with the permission of the Georgian government, he crossed the border of the Georgian Republic, where he was interned. Then he left for Crimea, and from there, on the orders of General Pyotr Wrangel, to the Karachay region of the North Caucasus, to organize "white-green" detachments. Commanding the formed detachments, in battles with the Red Army, he was defeated and again fled to Georgia. In the spring of 1921 he emigrated abroad.

In emigration, he became one of the leaders of the nationalist " People's Party of the Highlanders of the North Caucasus", Who fought for the severing of the North Caucasus from the USSR and the creation of the North Caucasian republic. He was a member of its Central Committee, was a member of " Caucasus Independence Committee”, Which consisted of the leaders of the Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani and mountain nationalists.

During World War II, he, together with other Caucasian and Transcaucasian nationalists, organized a number of "National Committees" and took an active part in the formation of military mountain units and commanded the mountaineers in the Cossack corps, gen. P.N. Krasnova. At the beginning of 1943, he created Caucasian division was transferred to Italy, where in May 1945 she was interned by the British in Oberdrauburg. May 29, among 125 Caucasian officers, he was taken to Judenburg, transferred to the NKVD and convoyed to Moscow... Together with General Krasnov and other Cossacks on the verdict of the Military Collegium The Supreme Court The USSR was sentenced to be hanged and executed in Moscow on January 16, 1947 .

10. Chechen line of Gireev

Denikin ruler of Chechnya Aliyev Eris Khan Sultan Girey

During the civil war in the North Caucasus in 1919, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the South of Russia, Anton Denikin, appointed General Iriskhan Aliyev as the “ruler of Chechnya”.

By origin, Aliyev is a native of the village of Ersenoy and was married to the daughter of a Chechen General Artsu Chermoev, Princess Salima.

At that time, the highest ranks in the military hierarchy were considered cavalry general, artillery general and infantry general. Having a very high military rank of general from artillery, Eris-Khan Aliyev became famous as the commander of an artillery brigade in the Russian-Turkish war of 1904. In addition, he participated in the Russian-Japanese and in the First World War, commanding at one time even the Russian corps (a huge formation consisting of several divisions). Highlander as the commander of the corps of the Russian army is a huge rarity for that time.

General of artillery Aliyev Eris-Khan Sultan-Girey born on April 20, 1855, graduated from the military Konstantinovsky and Mikhailovsky artillery schools, promoted to second lieutenant of the Caucasian grenadier artillery brigade.

After graduating from the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Aliyev consecutively commanded the 7th Battery of the Guard of the 3rd Artillery Brigade, the battalion and the 5th East Siberian rifle division... The first company in which Aliyev participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and here he is awarded the Order of Stanislav and St. 3 degrees with swords and bow. For participation in the Russian-Japanese war, the war of 1904-05, during the Mukden battles, Aliyev was awarded a golden weapon. At one time, during the battles for Mukden, he was even appointed (instead of General Litsevich who was out of action) temporarily acting commander-in-chief of the Russian front. For participation in this war, Aliyev was awarded golden weapons and orders: St. George 4th grade, Stanislav and Anna 1st degree with swords.

In his book "Notes of a Russian Officer" Denikin describes the defeat of the Russian army in one of the battles in Russo-Japanese War 1904. As the author writes, the army wavered and began to retreat. It was on the way to flight. And there were no large reserves to stop the Japanese offensive. The Russian army, according to Denikin's description, "is about to run" ... When suddenly the belligerents heard the sounds of music in amazement. And we saw Aliyev's brigade, which rolled out onto the hillock with their guns. Everyone thought he was crazy. The brigade is, of course, more than a regiment, but it cannot stop the retreat of such a colossus as the army! Nevertheless, Aliyev gave the order for the artillery to move forward. The gunners began to cheekily shoot the advancing Japanese. Confusion ensued in the enemy ranks. Brave warriors, the Japanese, apparently did not expect such a turn of events. They decided, most likely, that some more large-scale action would soon follow, that the reserve forces of the Russian army were going into a counteroffensive. It did not occur to them that audacious artillery fire was nothing more than a psychological attack. And she achieved her goal: the Japanese wavered. These few hours were sufficient to organize the retreat of individual military units. " Even then, Eris-Khan Aliyev came into the field of view of Anton Denikin.

Aliyev was one of two generals during the abdication of Emperor Romanov (the second general is Hussein-Khan Nakhichevan, Azerbaijani by origin.). Both of them remained true to their oath to the end.

In May 1918, Aliyev left Petrograd, where he was at the disposal of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, to Chechnya. In the Caucasus, he offered his services to the government of the Caucasian mountaineers and in November 1918 was placed at the disposal of the commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army. In March 1919, after the occupation of Chechnya by units of General V.P. Lyakhova, Aliyev arrived in Grozny and was elected the Supreme Ruler of Chechnya at the Congress of Chechen Peoples. As the general believed, the Bolsheviks bring destruction and death to small peoples. Therefore, he responded by agreeing to Anton Denikin's offer to become the White Guard ruler of Chechnya.

Denikin came to the Caucasus in January-February 1919, when the Bolsheviks had already established power in the region. As you know, Chechnya became the epicenter of military conflicts with the White Guards. Ingushetia and later Dagestan. And here, in Chechnya, he faced fierce resistance, which had its own background. The point is not that the Chechens and Ingush shared the views of the Bolsheviks, were their supporters by conviction. The point is different, participating in hostilities against Denikin, the Vainakhs fought against the Cossacks, on which the White Guard general relied. The land issue was the cause of the confrontation. Among other things, during the reign of Denikin, Chechen auls were destroyed, which did not recognize the authority of the Volunteer Army. In protest against the brutality and violence against the highlanders by General Erdeli, as well as the volunteers 'condemnation of the highlanders' retaliatory actions, General Aliyev announced his resignation.

Most ordinary people, believing the Bolsheviks, joined them. Therefore, the fate of supporters of the independence of the North Caucasian republics such as Tapa Chermoeva and those who hoped for the restoration of great-power Russia in the person of Ibrahim Chulikov and General Eris-Khan Aliyev was predetermined.

After the resignation, General Aliyev left Denikin, and precisely because of the sharp disagreement with the actions of the volunteer army on the territory not only of Chechnya, but of the entire North Caucasus. According to a number of researchers, Denikin's defeat in the fight against Bolshevism was to some extent due to the fierce resistance that the inhabitants of the republics of the North Caucasus put up to the White Army. After the retreat of the Volunteer Army from the Terek region, the artillery general, an outstanding personality - Eris Khan Sultan Girey Aliyev, was arrested by the Bolsheviks and placed in the Grozny prison and shortly after that he was shot by the verdict of the Revolutionary Tribunal, along with his sons Eglar Khan and Exan Khan. More details on the website Chechen Republic http://info.checheninfo.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18:aliev&catid=56:gzl&Itemid=110

In the history, or rather in the culture of the Russian Crimea, an outstanding role belongs to the nephew of the last Crimean Khan Shagin Girey, his name Alexander Ivanovich Sultan of Crimea Girey went down in the history of the Crimean charity. But he became famous, first of all, as the discoverer of Scythian Naples.

Alexander Ivanovich grew up in London, where he received a Protestant education and upbringing, and then, together with his English wife, came to Simferopol. Having received significant hereditary land, this married couple carried out extensive charitable work. The most famous in it are Alexander Ivanovich Sultan of Crimea Girey and his son, also a major public figure - Nikolai Aleksandrovich Sultan of Crimea Girey. Two events in the history of Simferopol are associated with these glorious names.

V 1827 year Alexander Ivanovich became the discoverer of the capital of the state of the late Scythians - Naples. He sent to the Odessa Museum of Antiquities two plates with bas-reliefs of horsemen, which were found among the ruins of an old fortress on the plateau of the Petrovsky rocks near the town of Ak-Mechet (present-day Simferopol). At the end of the 19th century Nikolay Sultan Crimea Girey free of charge transferred into the ownership of Simferopol the Sultansky meadow belonging to him. For a long time the best part Simferopol - Boulevard Crimea Gireya bore this glorious name, but with the annexation of Crimea to Ukraine, the boulevard, unfortunately, was renamed into Ivan Franko boulevard.

Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey (1879 — 1978)
One of the brightest descendants of the Crimean khans, naval engineer Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey, son of Dmitry (Devlet) Simovkhan Selim-Girey.

Vasily studied at the Norfolk, Berne, Zurich universities, worked on the construction of the Panama Canal, then in Egypt, Germany, Central America, and Japan. He is a holder of the orders of Stanislav, Anna, Vladimir. As a famous engineer, V.D. Simov-Girey was assigned to the Headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the First World War. For participation and speech at a rally in Mogilev after the February Revolution, he was expelled from the army and sent to work at Kola Peninsula... He took part in the construction of the Kashirskaya power plant and the Belomor-canal. He came to Stepnyak (Kazakhstan) on an urgent business on a business trip, and lived here for 25 years until his death. Unfortunately, he has no descendants left.

Engineer Giray left behind biographical notes of great historical interest. His correspondence with the artist from Bakhchisarai Elena Nagaevskaya, which was published as a separate book, has also survived.

On pages 13 to 16 V. D. Simov-Girey gives the following description of his biography (the style of the author of the letter is preserved): “... My father Dmitry Vasilyevich is a naval sailor, captain of the 1st rank. He sailed first in the Caspian Sea and then in the Black Sea. Since my father was not a monarchist and was hostile to the policy of the Russian Government, he was removed from command of the ship and appointed to the post of Naval Agent in England (now such agents are called attachés). While serving on the Caspian Sea, and often visiting Astrakhan, his father fell in love with a Russian girl - the daughter of a rich Astrakhan nobleman Andrei Ignatievich Koprov, Tatyana Andreevna. She fell in love with him too. My father, not being a devout Muslim, was critical of religion and, yielding to the Koprovs, converted to Orthodoxy and married Tatyana Andreevna.

Before baptism, the father's name was Devlet, and after baptism, Dmitry. At baptism, the successor was the commander of the Astrakhan Admiralty, Rear Admiral Vasily Alexandrovich Iretskoy - his name was assigned to my father as a patronymic. I don't remember the year of my parents' marriage. Parents died in Libava (now Liepaja), father in 1904, and mother in 1911. Buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery.

I was born in 1879 year in g. Old Crimea(1st residence of Gireev in Crimea until 1519). I received my education not in Russia, but in England, Germany and German Switzerland. He began his studies at Norfolk College in London (simultaneously with Churchill).

After transferring his father from England to Germany, he graduated from high school in Berlin and entered the University there. He studied there for 2 years (together with Goebbels and Crown Prince Heinrich - the eldest son of Wilhelm II).

I did not like studying at the University, because I was convinced there that the University prepares mainly future officials, and not the creators of a new, more humane and just life, which I considered exclusively industrial and agricultural. workers. Therefore, I moved to Zurich at the Polytechnic Institute, where I graduated from the Engineering and Construction and Mechanical Engineering Faculties at the age of 21, that is, in 1900 and, being very wealthy, plunged into the field of studying life and work in different countries Sveta.

In 1911 he returned to Russia and no longer went abroad, except for visits to Poland, Austria and Germany during the 1st Imperialist War. "
Answering the questions: “ Why didn't I run abroad? Why did I accept the Soviet system? " given to him in a letter to E. Nagaevskaya, V. Simov-Girey writes the following:

“… By my rank and origin, I was very close to the court. I especially had friendly, kind-hearted relations with Nikolai's mother, Maria Fedorovna, which allowed me to closely observe the life of the entire Romanov family. It should be noted that the state of education was very low for all family members. The only enlightened and highly educated person in the family was Maria Feodorovna, the daughter of the late Danish King Christian XII by education as a doctor, an enlightened person.

As for the education of the rest of the family, headed by Nicholas, according to the deep conviction of the former government, special education for the imperial family was not required. It was enough to be able to write your name effectively.

The state of literacy is not more than 4 grade school. School attendance was considered unacceptable. Therefore, an educator from among the elderly officials was appointed to each future emperor. Nicholas II was educated by the evil genius of Russia, a terrifying hater of enlightenment Pobedonostsev (chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod), who implored Nicholas not to allow the formation of the people in order to preserve the dynasty. This attitude towards education was also in previous times. The basis of education was considered to be good at chatting in French, a little in German, dancing well, and maintaining a good, patronizing tone and graceful demeanor. The Russian language was neglected. Nikolai perfectly mastered the "education" and turned out to be a spectacular drunkard and high-grade bully, which his quality was appreciated in the highest degree in Tokyo by a police saber strike on the head. This was caused by a drunken Nikolai, who impudently pestered the passing women.

This episode, Elena Varnavovna, if you do not know it, I can describe it in detail in the next letter, if you wish.

When talking (in a sober state) Nikolai was usually polite, correct, but it was impossible to believe him, since he was very hypocritical and, moreover, not smart.

It should be noted that all members of the Romanov family were rude, uneducated to the point of surprise, and for the most part mediocre, incapable of a working life. Nicholas' nephew, Prince Dmitry Pavlovich, after the abdication of Nicholas, went to the priesthood. And before that he was fond of singing at divine services in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Observing all this aristocratic and mediocre life and observing the life of the people and seeing the glaring injustices in relation to the people, I set out to study closer the people and their life.”

Of course, taking into account the country of residence and taking into account the time of writing the author of the letters, one can objectively understand the reasons for such a negative assessment of the royal family. It seems that in reality the judgments of Simov-Girey, a man who lived in England, Germany, Switzerland, in Russia tsarist period were unlikely to be.

Let what he wrote about the royal family remain on his conscience, and future researchers, having studied his "Memoirs" (1000 pages), about the preparation of which he writes in his letters, will be able to draw objective conclusions. His "Memoirs" in 2 volumes, as Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey writes in a letter dated February 19, 1968, he passed on to the literary critic N.S. Reshetninov.

V 1966 year in the newspaper "Izvestia" was published an article by I. M. Buzylev " Odyssey of Engineer Giray”. It was after the publication of this material that the name of V.D.Simov-Girey became widely known in the Soviet Union. In this regard, a very curious fact is described in a letter dated February 19, 1966: one night two men burst into his house, introducing themselves as engineers, but in fact, as Simov-Girey writes, “they were double monarchists”. They accused him of friendship with FF Yusupov, the killer of G. Rasputin, “the guardian angel of the Russian Empire,” as his visitors described it. It is not known how this story would have ended if the neighbors had not come running to the noise. According to the author of the letter, "the uninvited guests had to urgently retreat."

Unfortunately, it is impossible to understand from the correspondence of V.D.Simov-Girey to what extent he was related to the last Crimean Khan Shagin Girey. But, apparently, he had information that shed light on both the family secrets of the Russian ruling Romanov dynasty and the Crimean court. So, in a letter dated January 1, 1968, he speaks of the marriage of the last Crimean Khan Shagin Gireya on a relative of the Russian poet M. Yu. Lermontov Princess Maria Tarkhanova ... Characterizing this fact, a descendant of the Chingizids writes that the marriage was cleverly arranged by the court gang led by Catherine II with the aim of further annexing Crimea.

Another point worthy of attention is given in a letter dated April 24, 1967. Simov-Girey writes: "... I bought a map of Moscow, but although it is new, it turned out to be incorrect."

Apparently, an elderly person who was educated in the best European educational institutions did not know that maps in the era of the Soviet Union belonged to the category of strategic information material, they were deliberately distorted, just in case, in order to confuse the enemy.

In a letter dated March 7, 1968, answering E.V. Nagaevskaya about her admiration for the former architecture, he writes: “You are delighted with Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, with the beauty of its ancient architecture. I also love to wander around ancient settlements and remember the past life of the past centuries.

In modern populated areas, I no longer meet a lot of that beauty that would attract with its beauty of architecture, planning and combination of the beauty of the surrounding area.

When I drive through the streets of Moscow and see the rapid destruction, instead of renovation, of old buildings, old architectural ensembles, I strongly awaken a feeling of annoyance that this former beauty is being replaced by modern, ridiculous box-shaped skyscraper architecture. Is it possible that the primordial Russian architectural thought has become so impoverished that its work has lost and was carried away by the feeling of imitation of Europe and especially America, which are carried away not by beauty, but by profit. Admire the former beauty of Moscow What modern architects turn it into, who, apparently, have lost their heads in the fascination with their box houses and their exotic character.

I will undoubtedly be declared a conservative and I will not be surprised at this, because I think it is better to be a conservative in architecture than a progressive in an absurd and even harmful imitation. "

Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey lived a long and multifaceted life. He died in 1976 year at the 98th year of life in Moscow. Famous Crimean journalist Timur Dagdzhi told the author of these lines that after the death of Simov-Girey, he found his son. From his words, it became known about the posthumous desire: scatter his ashes on the territory of Crimea ... Apparently, the “call of the ancestors” on the paternal side, who had long been formidable rulers of this ancient land, awoke in him.

The intertwining of the historical destinies of Russia and the Crimea was symbolically reflected in the complex fate of Vasily Simov-Girey. It is interesting that currently living in London direct descendants of Genghis Khan and the Crimean khans in the male line - brothers Jezzar and Guven Giray are both grandchildren Ksenia Alexandrovna Romanova, the sister of the latter Russian emperor Nicholas II.

It seems that further study of the rich epistolary heritage of Vasily Dmitrievich Simov - Girey would allow future historians to clarify new details of Russian and Soviet history.

Ebubekir Server

12. Russian princes Chinggis - Siberian (Kyrgyz) line of Gireev

The Kyrgyz khan Abul-Khair took Russian citizenship in 1717, and died in 1748, leaving behind three sons: Nur-Ali-khan, Air-Ali-khan and Aichuvak. Nur-Ali-khan ruled under Elizabeth and Catherine II, 1790, leaving three sons: Ishim, Buke and Shigai.

Upon the death of Nur-Ali-khan, his eldest son Ishim ruled until his death in 1797, and then Nur-Ali's younger brother, Aychuvak, until 1800, when Bukey-khan was entrusted with administration, who on May 1, 1812 received a letter of approval of the khan's dignity. Russian government.

The letter says, among other things: “We judged for the good, satisfying the common desire of the Kirghiz-Kaisak Lesser Horde of sultans, beys, elders, tarkhans and the people to establish in this Horde by their voluntary election and naming of two khans: one over the Kirghiz-Kaisaks roaming in Trans-Ural steppes and belonging to the Ural line, as well as among the Astrakhan steppes, and another - for the control of the same Horde by the Kirghiz, who are nomadic from the Upper Orenburg line to the Syr-Darya river and throughout the steppes to Khiva and Bukhara. And as the sultans of the Astrakhan country named Khan Bokey, in respect of the voluntary election, We, the great sovereign, in rendering him our royal pleasure, deigned to approve in this position and commanded to give the established signs of his dignity. " These signs: a saber with a scabbard, a sable fur coat and a hat from a black-brown fox. (since ancient times in the Steppe, only direct descendants of Genghis Khan in the male line had the right to wear a hat made of black-brown fox, note from Zveztozh)

Approved Khan Bukey in 1825, leaving three sons - kettlebells: Janger (12 years old), Adil and Mengli (even younger). Therefore, until the age of majority, Janger ruled the Horde by his uncle, Bukei's brother, Shigai, and on June 22, 1823, when Janger turned 20, his government approved the khan's dignity by sending and sending gifts. Dzhanger, having the rank of Major General of Russian Service, 42 years old, on August 11, 1845, on a summer nomad at the Torgun River, within the Saratov province, leaving two daughters Khoja and Zyuleika (after Colonel Tevkelekh) and sons from marriage with the daughter of the Orenburg mufti - Gireyev-Chingisov: Sahib, Ibragim, Akhmet and Gubodula Sahib-girei, camera-page, was elevated to the rank of khan on June 25, 1847, and two years later (1849) the place of the khan was taken by the second brother of the deceased, Khan Ibrahim (23 February 1853), from the cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. The younger brother of Ibrahim (third) Sultan Akhmet-girei Chingis, colonel of the Russian service, released from the Corps of Pages (1852), b. 1834, in 1870, on August 30, he was elevated to the princely dignity of the Russian Empire and lives in the Samara province on his estate Torgu, in the Novouzensky district, and in 1873 he was given the coat of arms that we placed.

The shield is divided into three parts by a lowered perpendicular. In the first part (in the upper half of the shield), in a black field, a bow and arrows are common weapons among the Kirghiz; in the second part (bottom right), in the azure field, there is a silver sign (x) tamga of Genghis Khan, indicating the origin of the princely family from this conqueror; and in the third part (lower left) in a red field there is a tamga of the Bukeev clan (t) in gold. Shield-holders are warriors in eastern armament.

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