Battle cry. "In Valhalla!" And other combat clishes of modern armies
Of course, the most famous and replicable battle cry of Russian troops - "Hurray!" About where he appeared from, historians argue so far. According to one of the versions of the "Hurray" comes from the Tatar word "ur", which is translated as "Bay". This version deserves the rights to exist at least for the reason that the Russians have come into contact with Tatar culture throughout the history, since our ancestors have repeatedly had the opportunity to hear the Tatar's fighting. Let's not forget about the Mongol-Tatar IGE. However, there are other versions.
Some historians build our "hurray" to South Slavic "Urrra", which literally means "Take the top". This version is weaker than the first. Borrowing from South Slavic languages \u200b\u200bmainly concerned book vocabulary.
There are also the versions that "Hurray" comes from Lithuanian "Viria", which means "men", from the Bulgarian "Urge", that is, "up", and from the Turkic exclamation "Hu Raj", which translates as "in paradise ". In our opinion, these are the most unlikely hypotheses.
Special attention deserves another version. She says that "Hurray" happened from Kalmyk "Ulan". In Russian, this means "forward." The version is quite convincing, especially if you consider the fact that the first documentary confirmed application of the "URA" cry refers to the times of Peter I. It was then that in the Russian army an irregular Kalmyk cavalry appeared, which used "Ulan" as a greeting.
In such a uniform case, as the search for the origin of the combat, of course, it was not without pseudo-historical hypotheses. This can be attributed to the version of the "historian" Mikhail Zadernaya, who assures that "Hurray" is nothing more than the praise of the Egyptian God of the Sun.
You know about these clearances, you often use them. Find out where they came from and what they mean.
Bar-PR-RA !!!
Cliche Roman legionnaires. So they imitated the cry of elephants. Clence was rarely used, mainly for admiring newcomers or on the battlefield with a very weak opponent - to smear it morally, without raising the sword.
"Why precisely elephants?", "Curious reader will ask. All because the Romans found elephants strong and mighty animals. And they understood: if the enemy exceeds forces and weapons, then they are "Bar-RR-RA!" - like a dead karticle.
Source: wikipedia.org.
NO PASARAN!
Famous cry. But not everyone knows his story. So: imagine the 1916th year, the first world. German troops faced the French in Verden. Bloody Battle. French General Robert Nivel cried out the phrase "On Ne Passe Pas!" (No one will pass! ") And rushed to chop the enemy's battlefield.
This phrase heard and began to actively use the artist Maurice Louis Henri Newmont - painted it on all propaganda posters. A year later, the phrase "On Ne Passe Pas" became a combat tide of all French soldiers, and then Romanian.
In 1936, "they won't pass!" It sounded in Madrid - from the mouth of the Spanish communist Dolores Ibarruri. On the Spanish phrase sounds "No Pasaran!". It was Spain and perpetuated already without the legendary fighting cry. But slightly sound sounded.
"No Pasaran!" By the way, it often threatened and in the second world, and even in the civil wars of Central America.
Source: SONIC R. System
Allah Akbar!
Before pain, a familiar Arabic expression, meaning "Allah - Great". There was nothing to do with the war until the Muslims were in the hands of weapons, and did not begin to die in the name of their God.
Source: Cunoaste Lumea
Banzai!
In the VII - X centuries of our era, China is the rule of the Tang dynasty. The local residents welcomed each other and especially the emperor phrase "Wu Huang Wanzui", that in translation meant "Let the emperor live ten thousand years old."
Over the years, the "Wanzui" ending left from the phrase. The Japanese came here and borrowed him. But they uttered him in its own way, sounded like a "banuse". Meant the wish "live for many years."
And then the XIX century came, which changed the sound of the word. Now it was "Banzai!" And it was used not only in relation to the emperor, but also by Japanese soldiers during the Second World War. Particularly popular was among Kamikaze.
In the old Soviet films about the Civil War, it is often possible to observe how the White Guard parts comes with slender columns in the silence of silence. In the newsreels of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet troops rose to the attack with the loud cry of "Hurray!". In both cases, the rate was done on the psychological effect.
The unshakable silent calm and confidence in his own victory was suppressed in the opponent any desire to fight, but it required the iron discipline and the best preparation - only seasoned veterans were suitable for such attacks. More familiar for a person in such heavy moments screaming. In this case, the effect turns out to be no less strong.
When a hundred people in a single impulse publishes the battle cry, then the enemy has the impression that a whole horde is coming. It is noteworthy that the same effect acts on the attackers themselves who feel through this general short unity with their combat comrades, the people and history of their country. It is quite obvious that such a powerful and simple psychological weapon is used from ancient times. Moreover, there is something similar even in styal animals.
Despite such deep roots, now this tradition does not just live, but also develops. So, in 2011, a video of the parting speech of the commander of the Norwegian Norwegian Telmark in Afghanistan fell on the Internet.
As a combat call, he uses the cry "Til Valhall!" - "In Valhalla". It is not traditional for the Norwegian army, but was invented by one of the battalion officers. Many will seem unusual that on Til Valhall! " Fighters answer such familiar to each Russian man with a cliking "Khura!".
Such a familiar and native "Hurray!" It is a type of one of the most common Klych "Hoorah" or "Hurra" by the western countries. So nowadays, Russian soldiers, Scandinavians, Hungarians and Americans will go into battle. Moreover, Soviet and German troops were signed with such the same cries.
Linguists are such popularity of Cleach explain the general Indo-European roots of all modern language groups on most of the Eurasian continent. This is also talking about the fact that it means in all cases about one thing - forward, Bay, Ataku, are coming, hit ...
Together with this universal tide, their special, due to cultural, religious and political conditions appeared everywhere. The same "Hurray!" Not always used in the Russian armies. So, under Peter, the Great under the fear of death was generally prohibited something to scream during the battle, the relaxation was made only for sailors.
They became famous for their clog and painties, a peculiar analog of pirates in Russia. The expression "Saryn on kicks" comes from the clearing of Polovtsy and in the original form means "forward, falcons." It is in this meaning that it came to Rus and later spread among the Cossack communities. However, in the robbing environment, it has undergone the cardinal metamorphosis and turned into a literal order of the "muzzle to the floor."
Another Stepnyatsky clicch, who lived to this day, is the cry of "Marra!", Who came to us from the Sarmatian tribes and means "death!". He also took root from the Cossacks, but was widely popular with the Polish gentry, which very much loved to consider himself as descendants of Sarmatov, while his horses were attributed to the conquered Slavic tribes. And although now Poland came to his version of "Hurray", but in some places "Marra!" still lives.
But in neighboring Germany, where "Hurra!" It was officially adopted during the times of Prussia, from the pan-European tradition and popularity acquires "HOH!". For the first time, he began to be widely used by the Wehrmacht Grenadle during the Second World War. It is quite predictable that the Klich elite began to adopt in simple divisions. In the Luftwaffe, the pilots went to the attack with the cry of "Horrida", which is no more than ordinary hunting on the ping hunt. The appearance of it among the pilots is quite explained, because among them there were quite a lot of nobles, closely familiar with the fun of the highest light.
From ancient tradition, Hungarians who "Hurray!" used from ancient times. In the era of the heyday of the hussar divisions in the Hungarian armies, the cry "on the knives!", That is now actively used by the Ukrainian nationalists.
Often religion intervenes in the military. Allah Akbar is shouting in our days both Islamists, and the government troops opposing them by the Government troops. In Europe, such traditions were also quite appropriate. With a click "Santiago!" (Holy Yakov) Spaniards, "Saint-Denis" (Holy Dionysius) shouted the French, and "Nobiscum Deus" (God!), "Caelum Denique!" (Finally, to Paradise!) And "Deus Vult" (God wants) In general, they were universal, on Christian Russia used his religious cry - "God is with us!".
Political system also affected the life of soldiers. Legendary Japanese "Banzai!" There is nothing but a wish of 10 thousand years of life to the emperor, in Russia it is known as "Long live!".
Exactly the same thing means Chinese "Vansui" and Korean "Manse", which to this day is used by peoples.
A large number of "Novodel" is available in the American army, where combat calls of various Indian tribes are actively used. It came to the point that the United States of the Indian leader Jeronimo, the most dangerous enemy, began to use the United States in the quality of the combat shower of the United States. But over the ordinary parts, all the same "Hurray" is spread, which is displayed even in the songs of the Civil War in the United States.
The most amazing thing is that this exclamation could be born among the Western Slavic tribes. So the doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Slavic Philology of the Philology of St. Petersburg University of Valery Mokienko, said. Max Fasmer adhered to a similar opinion, the famous German language of Russian origin. He, however, tracked not a specific language group in which the cry began, and the place from which his story began. In his opinion, "Hurray!" Start spread from the northeastern lands of modern Germany, where Slavic and German tribes lived side by side.
The findings of these scientists talk about one very curious fact. Contrary to the myth of the origin of the cleric from the Mongol-Tatar tribes, they proved that he was born long before their invasion and originated immediately in several places at the same time.
German "Hurra!", English-speaking "Hurray!", French "Hurrah!", Italian "URRA!", Russian "Hurray!". Over thousands of battlefields, on dozens of languages, the same appeal is spread, despite the hundreds of past years and a lot of disagreements between nations.
Arseny Gursky
What screaming the warriors of different nations rushing to the attack where the battle clichi begins what he means
The combat cry of the Russians, with whom they went to the attack, rushed by the srawle on the enemy, praised the victory and the strength of Russian weapons - who does not know our "Hurray"? In all languages, the battle cry is a call, calling forward, but the Russian "Hurray" is the most famous. This appeal to be brave is filled with determination to win. Being a single slaughter as in the ranks, feel the elbow of a friend, a single gust of the bayonet, lava of the cavalry attack ... in the Alps of Switzerland, on the hillocks of Manchuria, on the ruins of the defeated Berlin - who could resist the Russian "Hurray" - only a counter-bang. But where did this tradition of the military valor come from? "Hurray"?
Version 1.
"Hooray" dates back to the Turkic Korean "YUR", which means "lively", "movable." This root is penetrated into Slavic languages \u200b\u200bbefore Mongolian invasion. There is a Russian word with this root - "Yurky". In Bulgarian, the word "Yura" means "rush, attack."
Version 2.
The Russian "Hurray" occurred from the Turkic "ur", from the verb "URAN" - which means "beat". For example, in the Azerbaijani word "VUD" means "Bay". At attacks shouted "Vura!", And later "Hurray!". In antiquity, joint Russian-Turkic campaigns were made when the soldiers accepted a single battle cry (in Europe often happened the same).
Version 3.
In Bulgarian language there is the word "Urge", translates as "up". If we consider that the Motherland of Turks Mountain Altai is "to height", "take the height" was a common appeal, which was adopted by the Russians.
Version 4.
The battle cry was borrowed by Russians from Tatar-Mongols. Mongols, going to the attack, shouted "Huruzha!", Which means "forward!". But the Russian "hoo" occurred from the Tatar combat "Hurgha" - the battle cry of the Tatar tribe (it means all the same thing is "forward").
Version 5.
"Hooray!" - Ancient Slavic combat cry. The Russian language knows such expressions as "at Paradise" - "in Paradise", "Uraz" - "Blow" (Novgorod and Arkhangelsky dialects), they also talked "Fight with Urome", that is, "with a cry of his cheer." Finally, "HR" was consonant with the ancient combat Lithuanian clich "Virai", and the Lithuanians ethnically closest Slavs people.
"Hurray" under the ban
Someone said: "Russian" Hurray "is a call for a feat and selfless courage" - this is the most faithful version.
Pushkin lines: "Dettle bang Hurray: Peter envied the shelves ..." So it could be, but rather it is a fiction. Despite the fact that the battle cry "Hurray!" It was widespread in Russia, in the Russian army under Peter the first he was banned. King Peter tried to deprive the Russian army of Russian itself. From documents of those years ("Instructions how to behave in the battle of soldiers and in particular officers", 1706) follows:
"one. So that everything and the network officers looked at this shout did not have during battle (and always), but quietly, and no one, except the officers, at that time should not have to talk under the punishment of death, and if in which the company or the regiment will learn Creek, then without any mercy, the mouth officers will be hanged. And the officers are given the authorities, if which soldiers or dragoons will shout, immediately stab to death, it all consists in sees.
4. ... And to all, both equestrian and infantry, during the battle quietly and decently, both in shooting and in the offensive and other actions to do and do not rush under the punishment of death. "
With Peter the first instead of the Russian "Hurray!" In the army, the fashion was shouting "Vivat!" - To the French manner (Viva - this means "nice", "Long live"). But on the Fleet, on the contrary - the battle cry "Hurray!" Peter left (very needed victories to the sea).
Vivat "Hurray"!
Already by the end of the XVIII century, the People's "Hoora" in the Russian army begins to oust adopted under Peter Vivat. Here are the passages from the field journal of the Russian army in Prussia on August 19, 1757:
"Battle in Gross-Jersdorf:
... But before, thanks to the camp, His His His His His Hispanity General Feldmarshal All in Frunte Standing Army traveled and the army, praising the bravery of it, only a good victory congratulated the victory, with the following exclamation from the whole army: "Vivat her imperial Majesta , our natural sovereign and premium matushke Elizavete Petrovna for many years: Hurray, Hurray, Hurray. (Feldmarshal Rumyantsev: Documents. Letters. Memories / Sost. A.P. Kapitonov. M., 2001.)
Here is an excerpt from the notes A.T. Bolotova, participant of Gross-Jersdorf: "Having arrived at the same place, where their second line was standing, it was ordered to stop and align with other shelves, built here, in one line, and did not have time to get the whole army because of the forest to get out and build in One line, how they shouted "Hurray!" And hats up threw. "
"I don't know such a word!"
From the history of P. Usobov: "Only Suvorov envied the enemy, immediately rushed to him, crumbbed, took two guns and took a prisoner to a hundred. Surprising such an extraordinary audacity, Prussaki, being a beveling stronger Suvorov, surrounded him and demanded that he surrender. Suvorov ordered to tell the Prussian general that he does not understand this word and, putting prisoners between the rows, shouted "Hurray!" And rushed at a surprised enemy, cleaning the path of the saber. "
"On the cat!"
And what were the other nations in battle?
The ancient Romans, like the ancient Celts and Germans, going into battle, shouted the fighting songs into one voice.
Roman legionnaires went into battle with a cry "Long live death!".
British and French troops in the Middle Ages shine: "Dieu et mon Droit!" (What meant "God and my right!").
The Germans shouted: "FORWARTS!", What meant "forward!". Napoleon's troops - "for the emperor!".
But since the XIX century, in the charters of the German army, the consonant Russian - "Hurra!" (which means "Hurray!"). The German army adopted Russian's battle cry after the victories of Russian weapons in Prussia in the XVIII century. The German charter only recorded the fact.
For French soldiers, Napoleon Russian "Hurray!" It was consonant with French expression "O RA!", which means "on the rat!". They shouted in response to the Russian: "About Sha!" - What meant "on the cat!".
Into Russian manner
After the victory over Napoleon, the Russian "Hurray" penetrates into English, and to the French army. Turks also scream "urabs", and this is the Turkic indigenous word, returned from Europe (Alla shouted, Slavs Allah to this turki).
At different times, foreign armies tried to change the battle cry of their soldiers. For example, in the Nazi Wehrmacht and the National People's Army of the GDR, the authorized analogue of the Russian "Hur" was "hook" (it sounded like "ha"). All the same, it was consonant with the Russian "Hurray", and from this refused - in the modern German army to the English-American manner scream "Hurray."
10 thousand years of life Emperor
Who is not shouting in the world of "Hurray"? This is the Japanese - their battle cry "Banzai!" (which means "10 thousand years!", Abbreviated from "10 thousand years of life to the emperor!"), Arabs - go into battle with the cry of "Allah Akbar!" (which means "God is great!"), Israelis - shout "Destin!" (This cry is very ancient and represents the sound resolution of the word "echo").
Etc.
Santiago ("Holy Jacob") - the battle cry of Spanish conquistadors.
Warriors of ancient Rome shouted "Barra!" - This is the imitation of the voice of an elephant.
Tatars, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz shout "Alga!" (Alғa), it is "forward".
In the charters of the American troops of the combat, there is no, but in the army, the cry "HOOH!" Huaa is pronounced and on a fleet and marine infantry used "Hoorah" is pronounced as "Khuraa!".
The battle cry of the Templar "Bo San" ("BEAUSANT") meant "to greatness! To glory! ".
Russian marine infantry. The Germans were painted by their "black devils" and "black death." Their battle cry "Hall!" I was horrified on the enemy.
A letter from Maxim from Voronezh came to the editor: "It was in May on the historic Rusborg festival, so for some reason" Borsch! " And "Lunch!". And what did the warriors actually shout in antiquity "?
In fact, at different times and the various nations shouted differently. If you believe in dictionaries and reference books, and also based on simple logic, then the fighting has served to encourage the soldiers and in order to distinguish "his" from enemies.
In general, he encouraged someone necessary, and others had to felt. And at all times, an individual approach was valued - before the appearance and spread of the shout "Hurray!" There were no two characters.
Some of the most famous and terrible warriors of all times and peoples - - shouted "Bar-RR-RA", imitating an elephant Rule.
In addition, then the Romans (the time of the Late Empire), then attributed a cry "Nobiscum Deus!" "That is," God is with us "translated from Latin.
By the way, there is a version that legionnaires used their crystantly not constantly, but only as encouragement for recruits or when they understood that the enemy was so weak that it can be suppressed first of all morally.
The use of combat carts by the Romans was mentioned when describing the battle with the sams, but in the battle of Mutin, the legions fought in silence.
An intermediate conclusion can be done as: the Romans seemed to be, as well as they fully realized the fact that if the opponent surpasses in force, then no fighting cry helps here.
By the way, the word Baritus the same Romans denoted just the cry of elephants, as well as the combat songs of the German tribes. In general, in a number of texts, the word "Baritus" or "Baritus" is an analogue of the phrase "combat cry".
And, since we started talking about the military cricks of the ancient peoples, it would be useful to mention that Hellena, then you mean the Greeks, shouted "Alala!" (in their opinion, this is how terribly scary owl bird shouted); "Aharai!" He was taking the Jews (in translation from Hebrew he means "for me!"), and "Mara!" or "Mare!" - It was a call for the murder.
What did the Vikings shout in battle?
This is an interesting and entertaining question.
We know exactly what they spoke in battle - a lot, often and confusing.
That and the case in the sagas slipping something like: "And, standing on the knee in the blood, on one shoulder keeps the wounded comrade, and in his hand squeezing, he folded such a hang". (Visa Viking - a variety of poetic genre - ed.)
Further, the name of Visa, full of kennings, that is, poetic images, comparisons. But about the combat shouts of little said. Although, the Nyal Saga contains an episode where the call sounds before the battle: "Take the weapon and defend"!
In the description of the death of Olaf Trugvasson, the Snorry of Sturlusson, is given such a phrase: "When Olaf Konung jumped overboard, then the victorious cliche of the entire troops rang." In general, there are few specifics.
There is reason to believe that the names of the gods were used as combat martial men - for example, "oooooooooodiiiiin", and in addition - perhaps - calls to beat bravely to get into the Scandinavian paradise, Valhalla.
But we are quite well aware of the fact that the British in the battle of Hastings were answered by the Normans cries "UT! UT! "That translated from Staroangali means" Won "!
Martial Clichies of Developed Middle Ages
As Christianity spreads, various knightly orders began to arise, and therefore the combat clichues in Latin became more diverse.
They, mostly, contained the names of the saints and appeals to God for help. The French Saint-Denis is "Mont-Joie Saint-Denis", means "Protection of our Holy Dionysius". Over time, he has decreased by breaking on two - "Monzhua!" And "Saint-Denis."
Crusaders shouted "Caelum Denique!" (Finally, to heaven!) And "Deus Vult" (God wants it "). Apparently, they chose the fighting for the mood.
But one of the most famous military appeals of the epoch of the knights became "Bossean!" . This is the name of the Black and White Banner of the Order, which is translated from Staroofranzus as "Pegaya Mare".
Along with "Weauseant!" In the course of the temples, the temples were also "Christ and the Temple!" (Christus et Templum), as well as "God Holy Love!" (Dieu Saint-Amour).
Representation of the Holy Help did not neglect the Spaniards. Fighting against the Arabs in his homeland and conquering the homeland of someone else's - America, they went into battle with a clicker "Santiago!" (that is, "Holy Jacob").
In contrast, patriotic Scots defended their green hills under the slogan "Alba GU Brath!" ("Scotland forever!"). By the way, he is very similar to the Irish "Erin Go Bragh", which is translated almost the same, but with an amendment to Ireland.
The most famous combat
When we talk about military clics, well, you can not go around the attention, perhaps the most famous of them - the Japanese "Banzai"! It is borrowed from the Chinese language, and means a wish to live 10,000 years.
The combination of "Tanno Hayka Banzai!" Addresses this wish to the emperor. Approximately the same turnover (a discount on another pronunciation) uses the Chinese, and Koreans.
What is the cute Russian heart of the shout "Hurray!", Then there are several versions of its origin:
- from Tatar "ur", that is, "Bay!";
- from Lithuanian "Virai", which denoted "men";
- from Kalmyk "Ulan!" ("Forward!"),
- and other, no less interesting assumptions.
It is possible that he originated from our "Usatry", that is, knock, hit. Whatever its origins, the screams have taken root in English, German, French, Italian.
Summing up this, we will make such a conclusion: what exactly shout, hitting the leg about the nightstand - the personal matter of everyone. Fortunately, the choice is big.
When preparing the text, materials are used:
- "Scandinavian sagas. Irish epos "ed. S. Slapoberskaya
- http://www.osmth.ru.
- freedom.LiveJournal.com.
- Darius Daly and Fasmer
Photo: Brynjar Ágústsson, Julián Martín Jimeno, Andrei Boykov, Marina Averyanova, Filippo Venturi
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"... Conclusion: What exactly to scream, having hit the leg about the bedside table ..." And coming to her with an ax in retaliation)))
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