Spotlight 8 modal presentation verbs. Presentation on "Modal verbs and their meaning". Modal verbs can be divided into three categories
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Can / Be able to / Can’t CAN Different uses: Abilities or capacities (to know or to be able to). Mary can swim very fast. Request, ask or give permission Can you call me tonight. Possibility I can meet you later. It can also be used for suggestions. You can eat ravioli if you like pasta.
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Be able to It expresses abilities like can and it is used in all the verbal tenses where can is not used. I was able to finish my homework on time Can't Different uses: Impossibility in the present Mary can't swim very fast Lack of ability (not to know) or capacity (not to be able to): I can't eat a whole cake by myself Prohibition You can't drive without a license Disbelief That can't be the price - it's much too cheap.
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Could It is the past of can and it is used to express: Ability or capacity in the past She could run fast when she was a child Polite request Could you help me with these suitcases? Polite suggestion You could exercise and eat healthier food Possibility –less probable than with can- Mark could join us the cinema.
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May / might Both of them express possibility, but might is more remote. It may / might rain tomorrow In questions, may is the polite way of asking for things. May I have a coffee, please?
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Would In questions, it is a formal way of asking for things. Would you open the window, please? With the verb “like” is used to make offers and invitations. Would you like something to drink?
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Must / Have to Both express obligation, but must is only used in the present and have to in the other tenses. Authority people use must, while have to is used by everybody. You must bring your books to class I have to buy the tickets today. Must is also used to express a logical deduction about present fact. She's got a great job. She must be very happy.
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Need to / Needn't Need to is not a modal, but it is used in affirmative sentences, like have to, to express obligation and necessity. I need to cook dinner tonight. Needn’t, on the contrary, is a modal and indicates lack of oblication and necessity, like don’t have to You needn’t bring anything to the party.
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Musn’t / Don’t have to Musn’t shows prohibition. You musn’t exceed the speed limit Don’t have to means not have to, i.e., lack of obligation and necessity, like needn’t I don’t have to get up early tomorrow
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Should / Ought to Both of them express advise or opinion, but should is used more frequently, since ought to is quite strange in negative and interrogative. You should / ought to improve your pronunciation
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Shall It is used in the interrogative to offer oneself to do something and to make a suggestion. Shall I help you with your luggage?
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PROHIBITION DISBELIEF SUGGESTION / OFFER OBLIGATION / NECESSITY You can "t drive without a license That can" t be the price - it "s much too cheap You could exercise and eat healthier food (plite) Would you like something to drink? You must bring your books to class (strong) I have to buy the tickets today I need to cook dinner tonight. You musn "t exceed the speed limit Shall I help you with your luggage?
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CERTAINTY OF TRUE LACK OBLIGATION / NECESSITY ADVICE / OPINION She "s got a great job. She must be very happy. You needn" t bring anything to the party I don "t have to get up early tomorrow You should / ought to improve your pronunciation CAN BE ABLE TO CAN "T COULD MAY / MIGHT MAY WOULD MUST HAVE TO NEED TO NEEDN" T DON "T HAVE TO MUSTN" T SHOULD / OUGHT TO SHALL
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MODAL PERFECTS Must have + participle It expresses a logical conclusion about a past fact. Rob has arrived late. He must have been in a traffic jam. May / might have + participle We use it to make a supposition about something in the past. She may / might have taken the wrong bus.
Boryakova Yulia Andreevna English teacher MBOU SOSH No. 50, Voronezh
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs
- Modal verbs are called verbs that express not an action, but an attitude towards it: the possibility, necessity, ability, probability, etc. of performing an action expressed by the infinitive of a semantic verb following the modal.
- Modal verbs are always used with infinitive a semantic verb, forming a compound verb (modal) predicate.
- These verbs are also called insufficient, since they lack a number of grammatical forms inherent in other verbs:
- 1 ... They do not change in faces and do not have an ending. –S in the 3rd person unit. numbers (except for modal verb equivalents).
- 2 ... They do not have impersonal forms of the infinitive, participle and gerund, and therefore do not have complex temporal forms (future tense, long-term and perfect forms).
- 3 ... Except for verbs can (could) and may (might) modal verbs have only one present tense.
- They have the following features:
- 1 ... The infinitive of a semantic verb following a modal verb is used without a particle to... But the modal verb ought, Verbs to have and to be in the role of modal, as well as equivalents to be able and to be allowed require after themselves the infinitive with a particle to... These verbs are followed by parentheses with a to particle inside (to) .
- 2 ... In interrogative and negative sentences, they are used without an auxiliary verb (except for the verb to have). In an interrogative sentence, the modal verb (just like the first auxiliary) is placed before the subject.
- 3 ... The negative form is formed by the particle not, which is placed after the modal verb.
Modal verb and its equivalent
Purely modal verbs (4) and their equivalents (2)
Expresses
can[kxn]
to be able (to)
to be able, to be able, to be able
may[meI]
to be allowed (to)
am / is / are able (to)
be able to have permission
must[mast]
was / were able (to)
am / is / are allowed (to)
ought (to)[Lt]
shall / will be able (to)
be to
Equivalents of must verbs(must, ought, shall, should) - 2
should, should
was / were allowed (to)
shall / will be allowed (to)
ought (to)
to have (to)
to be (to)[bJ]
I have to, I have to
Multifunctional verbs as modal (6)
should(according to plan)
have / has (to)
am / is / are (to)
shall[Sxl]
had (to)
should[Sud]
shall / will have (to)
was / were (to)
must, must
will[wIl]
should, should
would[wud]
desire, intend
want; probably; used to
need[nJd]
dare[dFq]
to need
dare
Modal verbs can be used with all forms of the infinitive , wherein :
1) If the action applies to present or future tense , then a simple infinitive (Indefinite) or long (Continuous) is used:
He can play tennis.
He may be sleeping now.
2) If the action applies to the past , then the perfect infinitive is used:
Where could he have been ?
You could have taken care of her.
Control. 1 Insert modal verbs should ooze must.
a) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper.
b) You ... have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.
2. a) She ... have followed the doctor "s advice. She would have recovered by now. B) She ... have followed the doctor" s advice. She looks very fine. 3.a) You ... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That "s why you lost the game. B) You ... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the
game. 4.a) She ... have forgotten to take her medicine, b) She ... have remembered to take her medicine. 5.a) I ... have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing, b) I ... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.
Control. 2 Insert a modal verb may or might. Expand the parentheses using the required infinitive form.
1. ... I (to ask) you to take off your hat? 2. She asked me if she ... (to turn) on the light. 3. I am afraid it ... (not to stop) raining by the morning. 4. Don "t scold her: the task ... (to be) too difficult for her, that" s why she made rather many mistakes. 5. If they "don" t miss the train, they ... (to arrive) in time. 6. Why isn "t he here yet? What has happened? - Oh, he ... (to miss) the train. 7. He ... (to do) very hard work. That" s why he looks so tired now.
Control. 3 Insert modal verbs may, must or need.
1 .... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? - No, you ... not, you ... hand them in after Sunday. 2. ... John really do this today? - No, he ... not, he ... do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You ... not let this cup fall: it ... break. 4. ... I help you with your coat on? 5. ... I take this book for a little while? - I am sorry, but I ... return it to the library at once. 6. Alec ... practice this sound specially, but the other pupils ... not: they all pronounce it properly. 7. They ... come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ... not come if they don "t want to. 8. ... I go there right now? - Yes, you ....
Modal verbs (Modal verbs)
Compiled by:
teacher
of English language
Voronina M.V.
in english
- The main verb after the modal is written without a particle to . She can swim.
- Have no ending -s / -es in the third person, singular present ( except equivalents of modal verbs: to have to, to be to, to be obliged to). She can dance. She has to wake up early.
Features of modal verbs
in english
3. Interrogative and negative forms are formed without auxiliary verbs. Can I help you? He can "t dance. 4. Not all modal verbs have future and past tenses, and when expressed, they are replaced by equivalents.
5. Do not have impersonal forms of the verb (infinitive, participle, gerund).
Modal verbs can be divided into three categories:
1. Modal verbs - can, may, must, ought to.
2. Equivalents - could, to be able to, might, to be allowed to, to have to, to be to.
3. Multifunctional verbs that act as modals - shall, should, will, would, need, dare.
TYPES OF OFFERS
Translation: I can, I can
Meaning: physical or mental ability, the ability to perform an action.
Equivalent: to be able to
- Could- polite request (could you please)
Translation: you can, let me
Meaning: permission, request, opportunity or guess, expresses an actual, one-time opportunity
Equivalents: to be allowed to, to be (un) likely to
will be allowed to
- Might is an indicator of the likelihood that something will happen, but with even greater uncertainty.
Translation: must, must
Meaning: expresses the need, obligation, urgent advice
Equivalents: to be obliged to, to be prohibited to, not to be allowed to
Ought to
Translation: should, should
Meaning: expresses moral duty, desirability, strong advice
Equivalents: should
To be to
Translation: must, must
Meaning: used to express a weak order or command, obligation.
To have to
Translation: compelled, obliged
Meaning: used to express the obligation and necessity, depending on the circumstances.
This modal verb is used to express a threat or warning, as well as a request for direction.
This modal verb is used to express polite requests, permissions, willingness / unwillingness to act.
This modal verb was originally used as the past form of the verb will, therefore it has retained most of its meanings.
It is also used to express polite requests, permission, willingness / unwillingness to act, and to express repetitive actions in the past.
This modal verb has only one form - the real one. In an affirmative sentence, it is used to express the need to perform an action, while in a negative sentence it is used to express the absence of need.
This modal verb translates to having the courage to do something. In a negative sense - how not to have the courage to do something. It has two forms - the real dare and past dared.
Exercise 1
Translate the sentences; explain the usage of the modal verbs:
1. The green wire should be connected to terminal 4.
2. You mustn’t turn the machine when the red warning light is on.
3. This lever can be up or down.
4. We can recycle old products to make new ones.
5. The red switch has to be on.
6. A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance value may be varied.
7. That morning he had to leave his car at home.
8. You can’t ride a motorbike with no helmet.
Exercise 2
Put the verbs into Past Simple. Use the modal verbs and their equivalents:
1. He must work hard to finish his experiment.
2. I can devote myself to scientific work.
3. You may repeat this experiment.
4. He must illustrate this law by several experiments.
5. She can study automation in the college.
6. They may carry out these experiments at the laboratory.
Exercise 3
Put the verbs can, may, must .
- What ____ we see on this map?
- ____ you speak Spanish? - No, unfortunately I ____ not.
- At what time ____ you come to college?
- ____ I come in?
- You ____ not smoke here.
- ____ take your book? - I am afraid not: I need it.
- I have very little time: I ____ go.
- They ____ not go to the cinema today because they are busy.
- You ____ read this text: it is easy enough.
