Seven Years War. Presentation on the generals of the Seven Years War Download the presentation on the Seven Years War
Seven Years War In the middle of the 18th century. international relations in Europe
developed under the sign of the struggle for dominance between
France and the Austrian Empire.
Russia's foreign policy was built on the basis of an alliance with
maritime powers (England and Holland) and Austria.
The opponents of Russia were France and Prussia.
But in the early 1750s. the growing aggressiveness of Prussia forced
Austria to renounce enmity with France and conclude with
her anti-Prussian union. England interested in
diverting French forces from the colonies, supported
Prussia.
Conclusion of the Anglo-Prussian treaty in St. Petersburg
was regarded as a hostile move, which led to the rupture
Russia with England and the conclusion of an alliance with France.
The Russian-Franco-Austrian union opposed the Anglo-Russian one. In 1756 Russia entered the war against Prussia.
France
Spain
Saxony
Sweden
France
Aggravation
geopolitical
contradictions between
two coalitions
European powers
Struggle for the colonies
United Kingdom
Prussia
Austria
The gap
diplomatic
relations of Austria with
Prussia
Accession of Russia
to the Austro-French
union (1756)
Prussia
United Kingdom
Portugal
For hegemony in
Central and
Eastern Europe
A counterweight
Anglo-Prussian
agreement Austrian French king
empress
Louis XV
Maria Theresia
Russian
empress
Elizaveta Petrovna
Opposing coalitions
in Europe 1756
Prussian king
Frederick II
English king
George II
The goals of the powers in the Seven Years War
Great Britain: seizure of French colonies inAmerica and the establishment of complete domination of
seas.
France: the desire to defend their colonies in
America and prevent the strengthening of Prussia, as well as
accession
Hanover - hereditary
possession of the English king.
Prussia: annexation of Saxony and submission
Poland.
Austria: struggle with Prussia for influence in
Central Europe.
Russia: expanding its influence in the west.
Sweden:
capture
Prussian
Pomerania.
Seven Years War
The Russian commander-in-chief wasappointed 54-year-old field marshal
S.F. Apraksin, son of Petrovsky
admiral.
The army set out from Riga in May 1757.
and
moved
across
Poland
to East Prussia.
The army moved slowly, because for her
a huge baggage train followed. Only in
Apraksin's personal wagon train was 250
carts that carried supplies, furniture
and 150 servants.
Commander-in-chief
Russian army
in 1757
Stepan Fedorovich
Apraksin
Seven Years War
August 19, 1757 - battlenear the village of Gross-Jägersdorf.
Apraksin's army (55 thousand.
people) stumbled upon the 28 thousandth Prussian army
Field Marshal G. Lewald.
Prussian cavalry and infantry
attacked
Russians,
who were in the marching
okay.
Shelves
general
V.A.
Lopukhin could not stand it
attacks and began to retreat.
The situation was saved by P.A. Rumyantsev: he broke through with his brigade
across
Forest,
hit
to the Prussians
in
wing
and forced them to retreat.
The battlefield was left to the Russians, which meant victory.
Seven Years War
The offensive of the Russians in 1757-1761After
victories
under
Gross-Jägersdorf
Apraksin is not only not
organized
the pursuit,
but
and
refused
from
taking
Koenigsberg.
Outraged
inactivity
field marshal
Elizabeth
displaced him.
According to one version, Apraksin was waiting for the imminent death of a seriously ill
Elizabeth and wanted to curry favor with her heir Peter III,
who idolized Frederick II.
According to another version, the field marshal was forced to retreat by large
losses.
Seven Years War
The new Russian commander-in-chief wasGeneral V.V. Fermor.
January 1758 - capture by the Russians
troops of Königsberg, accession
the territory of East Prussia to Russia.
However, Frederick II back in the end of 1757
defeated
French
at
Rosbach
and
Austrians
at
Leitene.
In the summer of 1758, Fermor's army
moved towards Berlin. Having learned about this,
Frederick II hurried to meet
Russian troops.
General-in-Chief Willim
Fermor.
Artist A.P. Antropov
Seven Years War
August 1758 - battlenear the village of Zorndorf,
battle
ended
almost a draw, both
the parties suffered large
losses.
"Battle of Zorndorf"
artist A. Kotzebue, 1852
The battle is over
retreat
Russians
troops to Landsberg, and
then across the Vistula, Prussian
- to Kustrin.
Seven Years War
General-in-chiefPeter Semyonovich
Saltykov
By the beginning of the 1759 campaign, the Russian
army
got stronger,
acquired
significant combat experience.
New
commander-in-chief
was
appointed
general
P.S. Saltykov.
Under his leadership, the troops
moved to Silesia to
connect with the Austrians.
Near the village of Palzig near the Oder
40 thousandth
army
Saltykova
smashed
27 thousandth
army
the Prussian General Wedel.
July 21 Saltykov joined
with the 19 thousandth Austrian army.
Seven Years War
“In truth, I believe inthat all is lost. Doom
my
Fatherland
I am
not
I will survive. "
"Battle of Kunersdorf"
Artist A. E. Kotsebue, 1848
August 1759 - Kunersdorf
battle; the defeat of the Prussian
the army of Frederick II by the Russian Austrian troops.
Frederick II - King of Prussia
(1740-1786)
Seven Years War
After the victory at Kunersdorf, the Alliesall that remained was to strike the final blow, to take
Berlin, the road to which was free, and thus
force Prussia to surrender, however
disagreements in their camp did not allow them
use victory and end the war.
Instead of attacking Berlin, they took their
troops off, accusing each other of wrongdoing
allied commitments. Frederick himself called
his
unexpected
the rescue
"Miraculously
Brandenburg House ".
Seven Years War
1760 - capture by the Russian armyBerlin.
Detachments
Russians
generals
Totleben and Z.G. Chernysheva
sudden
blow
captured
Berlin and subjected it to defeat.
December 1761 - Russian victory
troops at the Kolberg fortress on
Baltic.
The position of Frederick II
became
hopeless.
Russia, which at the beginning of the war
was assigned a supporting role,
announced
O
intention
annex East Prussia,
occupied since 1758
“Taking of the Kolberg Fortress”.
Artist A. Kotzebue. 1852 g.
Field marshal general
Zakhar G. Chernyshev
Seven Years War
However, on December 25, 1761 she diedElizaveta Petrovna and the throne
adored Frederick II entered
Peter III.
April 1762 - Petersburg
peace treaty between Russia and
Prussia.
Russia was leaving the Seven Years
war and voluntarily returned
Prussia territory occupied
Russians
troops,
including
Eastern
Prussia
with
Koenigsberg.
Frederick II was granted
building under the command of Z.G. Chernyshev
for the war against the Austrians,
recent allies of Russia.
Only
overthrow
Petra
III
prevented such a course of events.
“I will never stop
mourn Peter III. He
was
my
friend
and
savior. Without him, I
should have lost. "
Frederick II during
Seven Years War
Seven Years War
Peter IIISeven Years War
The policy of Peter III aroused indignation in
Russian
society,
contributed to
decline in its popularity and, ultimately
eventually, his overthrow.
It was not Peter's admiration for Frederick,
Frederick was admired then and then by many, but in that,
that he sacrificed interests to his personal feelings
country, which was called to rule.
Peter III was removed from power and died soon after.
Catherine II, who overthrew him, terminated the union treaty with
Prussia and recalled Chernyshev's corps, but the war again did not
announced, confirming the peace concluded by her husband.
Results of the Seven Years War
Soldier's widowResults of the Seven Years War
During the Seven Years' War, the Russian army acquired
Huge experience. It was she who became the main force
anti-Prussian coalition, but Russia failed
use the fruits of military victories.
War
ended
victory
Anglo-Prussian
coalition. After Russia left the war,
the allies in February 1863 were also forced to
make peace with Prussia, which retained its
conquest.
Ally of Prussia - England finally took possession
a number of French colonies, incl. Canada.
1 out of 13
Presentation on the topic: Seven Years' War 1756-1763
Slide No. 1
Slide Description:
Remember the main directions and tasks of Russian foreign policy in 1725-1762. TURKEY: Russia returned Azov; but could not achieve access to the Black Sea. SWEDEN: preservation of the conquests of Peter I in the Baltic States; annexation of part of the territory of Finland. POLAND: failed to annex Ukrainian and Belarusian lands. KAZAKHI: the adoption by the Younger and Middle Kazakh zhuzes (tribal associations) of Russian citizenship. Kazakh zhuzes asked for Russian citizenship not because of a good life. In the first half of the 18th century, the very existence of the Kazakh people was under threat. From the south, the Khivans and Bukharians attacked the Kazakh nomads, from the north-west - the Yaik Cossacks and Volga Kalmyks, from the east - the Dzungars (western Mongols). The patronage of Russia was very convenient for the Kazakhs, because they received protection from foreigners, but they did not serve Russia and did not pay taxes. But as soon as the Russians tried to turn the nominal power over the Kazakh zhuzes into real, uprisings began. The first flared up during the time of Catherine II. During the reign of Nicholas I, there were two major Kazakh uprisings. The last uprising began in 1916, and its leader Amangeldy Imanov managed to hold out with his rebels until the collapse of the Russian Empire.
Slide No. 2
Slide Description:
SEVEN YEARS WAR Frederick II during the Seven Years War. Artist A. Menzel. Mid-19th century. (1756-1763) Ulyeva OV, teacher of history and social studies, secondary school № 1353. Moscow. Zelenograd AO. UNIVERSAL PLAN FOR STUDYING THEME: CAUSES AND NATURE OF WAR: the main contradictions that led to the war; preparation for war, balance of forces; plans of the parties. PROGRESS OF WAR (main stages): the reason for the war and its beginning; main stages and main battles; the end of the war, the conditions of peace, the results. THE VALUE OF WAR. Economic, social, political and other consequences of the war. Biographical note: Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, also known by the nickname Old Fritz (German Friedrich II., Friedrich der Große, Alter Fritz; January 24, 1712, Berlin - August 17, 1786, Sanssouci, Potsdam) - King of Prussia with 1740. A bright representative of enlightened absolutism and one of the founders of the Prussian-German statehood.
Slide No. 3
Slide Description:
ROLLING OF ALLIANCES Diplomatic revolution (or rollover of alliances) is the breakdown of old diplomatic alliances that for many decades connected France with Prussia, and England with Austria and the creation of new Anglo-Prussian and Austro-French ones. Determined the alignment of forces in Europe on the eve of the Seven Years War. PRUSSIA IS A NEW PLAYER IN EUROPEAN POLITICS REASONS OF WAR FOR RUSSIA: increased influence of Prussia threatens to destroy the existing balance of power in Europe not in favor of Russia; Russia seeks to protect its conquests in the Baltic from Prussia.
Slide No. 4
Slide Description:
Slide No. 5
Slide Description:
BLUE - Anglo-Prussian coalition (Prussia, Great Britain, Portugal with allies) GREEN - Anti-Prussian coalition (France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies) PARTICIPANTS OF THE SEVEN YEARS WAR CAUSES OF WAR: struggle for hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe; the struggle for colonies between Great Britain and France.
Slide No. 6
Slide Description:
PROGRESS OF THE WAR 1757 Russian victory at Gross-Jägersdorf. 1758 Defeat of Prussia at Zorndorf. Elizaveta Petrovna's decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia. 1759 Defeat of Frederick II at Kunersdorf. 1760 Russian troops captured Berlin. 1761 The capture of the Kolberg fortress by the Russians. There was a threat of complete defeat for Prussia. 1761 Death of Elizabeth Petrovna. Accession of Peter III. Russia's withdrawal from the war. Petersburg world (1762).
Slide No. 7
Slide Description:
COMMANDERS OF THE SEVEN YEARS WAR Apraksin Stepan Fedorovich. Defeated the Prussian army at Gross-Jägersdorf. Fermor Willim Willimovich. Under his command, the Russian army occupied all of East Prussia. Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich. Defeated the Prussian army at Kunersdorf. Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin (1702-1758). In 1757, after the victory at Gross-Jägersdorf, knowing about the Empress's illness and Peter Fedorovich's sympathy for Frederick II, he did not pursue the enemy and gave the order to retreat. For this he was removed from office by the Empress and put on trial. During the investigation, he died suddenly. Willim Willimovich Fermor (1702-1771). In August 1758, Russian troops, despite the flight from the battlefield of Commander Fermor, not only withstood the onslaught of the Prussian army led by Frederick II near the village of Zorndorf, but also forced it to a hasty retreat. Fermor returned to the battlefield only towards the end of the battle. In 1759, P.S. Saltykov was appointed commander of the Russian army. Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov (1698-1772). Russian statesman and military leader, Field Marshal (18 August 1759). His name is associated with the greatest successes of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763.
Slide No. 8
Slide Description:
The Berlin Expedition of 1760 is a military operation during which the Russian-Austrian troops captured Berlin. THE BERLIN EXPEDITION HOW THE RUSSIANS TAKEN BERLIN: the Prussian capital did not have ramparts and walls, it was defended only by a garrison of 1,200 men and therefore could not resist; as such, there was no battle, the commandant of Berlin surrendered the city to von Totleben, fearing its destruction; the Russian-Austrian occupation of Berlin lasted 4 days; the allies left Berlin at the news of the approach of Frederick II with the main forces of the Prussians. They took Berlin: Gottlob Kurt Heinrich von Totleben (Russia); Zakhar G. Chernyshev (Russia); Franz Moritz von Lassi (Austria). 1 2 3 A legend is connected with the Berlin expedition, mentioned by A. Pushkin in the "History of the Pugachev rebellion", that Totleben, as if noticing the similarity of Pugachev, who participated in the expedition as a simple Cossack, with the heir to the Russian throne, the future Emperor Peter III, gave Pugachev the idea of becoming an impostor.
Slide No. 9
Slide Description:
Peter III Fedorovich (1761-1762) Karl-Peter Ulrich. Coronation portrait. Artist L. K. Pfanzelt. How was the Russian society supposed to evaluate the Petersburg world? PETERSBURG WORLD (1762) The territories seized by Russia are returned to Prussia free of charge (including East Prussia); Russia and Prussia conclude an allied treatise on friendship and mutual assistance (to be canceled by Catherine II). The treaty subordinated Russia's foreign policy to the interests of Prussia (in secret articles, Russia promised support for Prussia, including military support) "THE MIRACLE OF THE BRANDENBURG HOUSE" January 1762). The nephew Peter III, who replaced her on the throne, being an admirer of Frederick, first of all broke the alliance with Austria and concluded a separate Petersburg Peace with Prussia, which was on the verge of defeat in the Seven Years War due to the complete depletion of human and material resources.
Slide No. 10
Slide Description:
The policy of Peter III caused outrage in Russian society, contributed to the decline in his popularity and, ultimately, to his overthrow. It was not Peter's admiration for Frederick, Frederick was admired then and later by many, but that he sacrificed the interests of the country he was called to rule as a sacrifice to his personal feeling. RESULTS OF THE WAR FOR RUSSIA: at the cost of tremendous effort and human sacrifice, Russia maintained the status of a great power; preserved territorial acquisitions of Peter I; prerequisites have been created for continuing attempts to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. BUT THERE IS ANOTHER ASSESSMENT OF THE PETERSBURG WORLD: The Seven Years War was alien to Russia's interests. Its hasty ending spoke not only of Peter III's sympathy for the Prussian king, but also of his common sense. Russia did not want to shed blood for the sake of the interests of other powers, primarily Austria. Which point of view seems more convincing to you?
Slide No. 11
Slide Description:
Kant's treatise Towards Eternal Peace was the first attempt to justify the unification of Europe after the Seven Years' War. Kant's project is aimed not at solving local conflicts, but at establishing lasting peace on a planetary scale; as a means of establishing peace on the planet, Kant recommends relying on law (law); the Kantian world is based on the idea of human and civil rights, as well as on the idea of international law covering all states; conflicts between states should be resolved through international cooperation and international justice. Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804), German philosopher, founder of German classical philosophy. IN THE TRACT TO ETERNAL PEACE (1795) Immanuel Kant sets out his model of peace between different states: Immanuel Kant lived in Königsberg. During the Seven Years' War from 1758 to 1762, Königsberg was under the jurisdiction of the Russian government, which was reflected in the philosopher's business correspondence. In particular, he addressed a petition for the post of ordinary professor in 1758 to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.
Slide Description:
FOR THOSE WHO WANTS TO KNOW MORE: http://www.litmir.net/bd/?b=133023 - here you will find A. Konstam's book "The Russian Army in the Seven Years War. Infantry" N. Bokhanov. Russian history. XVII-XIX centuries. Part 2: Textbook for grade 10 educational institutions. M .: OOO "TID" Russian Word - RS ", 2006. Alekseev SI, Mazurov B.F. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day in diagrams and tables: grades 10-11: M .: Ventana-Graf, 2013. Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in diagrams and tables. M .: Eksmo, 2012.Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia: the end of the XVI-XVIII centuries: textbook. for 7 cl. general education. institutions. M. Education, 2009. Danilov A.A. History. Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. 7th grade. M. Education, 2011. (Academic school textbook. Spheres) http://school-collection.edu.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/Kant_K_vechnomu_miru.pdf - here you can read I. Kant's treatise "Towards Eternal Peace"
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
One of the largest conflicts of modern times. The Seven Years' War was fought both in Europe and overseas: in North America, in the Caribbean, India, in the Philippines. All the European great powers of that time took part in the war, as well as most of the middle and small states of Europe, some Indian tribes. Winston Churchill even called the war "the first world war."
Slide 4
Slide 5
Participating countries
Blue: Anglo-Prussian coalition. Green: anti-Prussian coalition.
Slide 6
Main characters
Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna
Austrian Empress Maria Theresa
French king Louis XV
Slide 7
King of Prussia Frederick II
King George II of England
Slide 8
In the middle of the 18th century, the leading European powers, England and France, fought colonial rivalry in North America, which eventually resulted in an armed conflict. In 1756, war broke out between these two states and in Europe. Naturally, the confrontation between such powerful powers could not but affect other influential European countries. After Frederick II came to power in Prussia in 1740, this country began to claim a leading role in European politics. This state of affairs has jeopardized the interests of Russia, which fears for its western part of the territory. For the same reasons, Austria joined the anti-Prussian coalition together with Russia. As a result, in 1756, a defensive alliance between Austria and France was created at Versailles, to which Russia joined at the end of 1756.
Causes of the war
Slide 9
Slide 10
The Course of the War
Taking advantage of the fact that the opponents of Prussia had not yet had time to deploy their huge forces, Frederick II suddenly invaded Saxony at the end of August 1756. On September 1, 1756, Russia declared war on Prussia. The actions of the anti-Prussian coalition were disorganized; Frederick II hoped to defeat the allies one by one. At the beginning of 1757, the Prussian army entered the territory of Austria. On May 6, the Prussian forces defeated the latter and blockaded them in Prague. On June 18, 1757, in the vicinity of the city of Colin, the 34,000-strong Prussian army entered into battle with the outnumbered army of Leopold Down. Frederick II lost this battle, losing almost half of his army, which forced him to lift the blockade of Prague and retreat to Saxony.
Earl Leopold Down
Slide 11
France's entry into hostilities
Marshal L. d'Estre
In the spring of 1757, France entered the hostilities. In April, the 70,000-strong French army under the command of Marshal L. d'Estré occupied Hesse-Kassel, defeated the 30,000-strong Hanoverian army and occupied Hanover. The second 40,000-strong French army under the command of Charles de Soubise approached Eisenach in August 1757. Frederick II put forward his main forces against her. On November 5, in the vicinity of the village of Rosbach, the Prussian army, half the size, managed to defeat the French. Exactly a month later, the victory of the Prussians over the Austrian army followed.
Slide 12
Russia's entry into hostilities
In the summer of 1757, Russia entered the hostilities. The 65,000-strong army under the command of S.F. Apraksin arrived in Courland. The instructions to the field marshal were rather confusing: S.F. Apraksin had to either stand at the border, or attack Frederick, or take fortresses, or not start major operations. Therefore, the field marshal tried in every possible way not to take any drastic steps. Apraksin decided to cross the Prussian border only in mid-July.
S.F.Apraskin
Slide 13
Slide 14
Military operations developed successfully for Russia, but on August 27, at the military council of the army, it was suddenly decided to retreat from East Prussia. Apparently, Apraksin was afraid that the ailing Elizabeth from day to day would be replaced on the throne by Peter III, known for his loyalty to Prussia and Frederick II. As a result, Russia's military actions turned out to be meaningless, the Field Marshal was removed from the post of commander-in-chief, recalled to St. Petersburg and arrested.
Russia in the Seven Years War
Slide 15
The new commander was appointed British General-in-Chief Willim Fermor. In early 1758, he took Konigsberg, the main fortress on the way to Berlin. Frederick II immediately moved his troops to meet the Russians. The battle took place on August 14 near the village of Zorndorf. The Russian army had 42,000 soldiers with 240 guns, while Frederick had 33,000 soldiers and 116 guns. At a critical moment in the battle, Fermor left the army and appeared only to the denouement. As a result, both sides suffered huge losses at Zorndorf. The Prussian king gave the Russians the opportunity to leave undefeated in full battle formation. In the future, Fermor showed hesitation and avoided battles with the enemy army.
Slide 16
In 1759, General-in-Chief P.S. Saltykov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army. The 40,000-strong Russian army marched west towards the city of Krosen. In the city of Frankfurt an der Oder, three days before this occupied by Russian troops, the Russian army met with the allies from Austria. On August 12, 1759, the most significant event of the Seven Years War took place - the Battle of Kunersdorf, in which the Allied army won. Frederick gathered the remaining troops and prepared for the defense of Berlin. Austria, fearing the complete defeat of Prussia and the strengthening of Russia's influence, refused to help the Russian army to attack Berlin.
Slide 17
In 1760, the army of Frederick II was 120,000 people. The troops of Russia and its allies by this time numbered up to 220,000 soldiers. However, as in previous years, the inconsistency in the actions of the allied armies affected. Frederick II on August 1, 1760, ferried his thirty thousandth army across the Elbe and arrived in the area of Lignitz. Misleading a stronger enemy, Frederick II, after active maneuvers, decided to break through to Brestlau. On August 15, a clash between the Austrians and the Prussians took place in the Liegnitz area. As a result, both sides suffered heavy losses. On October 8, at the military council in Berlin, a decision was made to retreat, and on the morning of October 9, 1760, the Russian corps under the command of Chernyshov took the city.
Slide 18
However, a small 24-thousandth detachment could not hold the city - the 70-thousandth army of Frederick II approached Berlin, so it was decided to leave the Prussian capital. In the future, the successes of the Russians developed, but on January 5, 1762, after ascending to the throne, Peter III made peace with Prussia. On May 22, 1762, a preliminary peace treaty was signed between Prussia and France, and on November 24, an armistice between Prussia and Austria. In 1763, the Seven Years' War ended: on February 10, the Paris Peace Treaty was concluded between the main rivals - Great Britain and France.
End of the war
Slide 19
Slide 20
The losses over the years of the seven-year war were enormous: In total, about 700 thousand civilians and 600 thousand soldiers were killed from various sides during the war. According to the Paris Treaty of 1763, Canada, East Louisiana, most of the French possessions in India passed to Great Britain. After the war, the territory of Prussia increased from 119 thousand to 195 thousand km. Russia voluntarily gave the conquered territories to Prussia by the decree of Peter III, in addition, the damage was paid to its inhabitants.
Results of the Seven Years War
Slide 21
Thank you for the attention.
Prepared by: Daria Denisyuk 10 "B"
Contents 1. Seven Years War 2. Causes of the War 3. Course of the Seven Years War 4. Military Campaign in 1757 5. Western Theater of the Seven Years War 6. Russia in the Seven Years War 7. Military Campaign in 1758 8. Military Campaign in 1759 9. Last Stage 10 of the Seven Years' War 10 Conclusions
1. Seven Years War Seven Years War () major military conflictXVIII, one of the largest conflicts of modern times. The Seven Years War was fought both in Europe and overseas: in North America, in the Caribbean, India, and the Philippines. All the European great powers of that time took part in the war, as well as most of the middle and small states of Europe, some Indian tribes. The war was even called by Winston Churchill the "First World War". The war is also considered colonial, as the colonial interests of Great Britain, France and Spain clashed in it. Seven Years War Attack of the Prussian infantry at the Battle of Colin.
2. Causes of the war The first shots of the Seven Years War rang out long before its official declaration, and not in Europe, but overseas. In years. Anglo-French colonial rivalry in North America led to border skirmishes between English and French colonists. By the summer of 1755, the clashes had developed into an open armed conflict, in which both the Allied Indians and the regular military units began to participate. In 1756 Great Britain officially declared war on France.
3. Course of the Seven Years War The alliance of Austria, France and Russia against Prussia was concluded in great secrecy, but Frederick II managed to find out about it. He himself decided to be the first to attack the not fully prepared allies in order to prevent them from connecting. The Seven Years' War began with the Prussian invasion of Saxony on August 29, 1756, whose elector sided with Frederick's enemies. The Saxon army (7 thousand soldiers) was blocked in Pirna (on the Bohemian border) and forced to surrender. The Austrian military leader Brown tried to save the Saxons, but after the battle on October 1, 1756 near Lobozits, the Prussians forced him to retreat. Frederick conquered Saxony. Frederick II the Great of Prussia is the protagonist of the Seven Years' War.
4. Military campaign in 1757 The Seven Years' War continued in By the beginning of this year, the Austrians had gathered a large force. Three French armies moved from the west against Frederick, from the east - the Russians, from the north - the Swedes. The German Sejm declared Prussia a peace breaker. The British army arrived to help Frederick in Westphalia. The British thought to shackle the French in Europe with Prussian hands, so that in the meantime they were decisively pressed into the American and Indian colonies. England had enormous maritime and financial power, but its ground forces were weak and commanded by the incapable son of King George II, the Duke of Cumberland. Frederick moved to Bohemia in the spring of 1757 and on May 6, 1757 inflicted a heavy defeat on the Austrians near Prague, taking as prisoners up to 12 thousand soldiers. He locked another 40 thousand soldiers in Prague, and they almost repeated the fate of the Saxons in Pirna. But the Austrian commander-in-chief Down rescued his movement to Prague. Frederick the Great, who thought to stop him, was repulsed with great damage on June 18 at the battle of Kollin and was driven back from the Czech Republic. Lifeguard Battalion at the Battle of Collin, Artist R. Knötel
5. Western Theater of the Seven Years War Each of the three commanders of the French armies wanted to lead the war alone. Accustomed to luxury, French officers saw the campaign as a picnic. Their soldiers needed everything and died in droves of disease. On July 26, 1757 d "Estre defeated the Duke of Cumberland near Hameln. The Hanoverian aristocrats concluded a surrender, which gave all of Hanover to the French. The Duke of Cumberland also wanted to approve of it, but the English government of Pitt the Elder succeeded in removing the duke from command and replacing him with the German Prince Ferweigdin of France. army (Subise), entered Saxony. Frederick the Great had only 25 thousand troops here - half the number of the enemy.But when he attacked the enemies at the village of Rosbach on November 5, 1757, they fled in panic even before the entire Prussian army From Rosbach, Friedrich went to Silesia. On December 5, 1757, he inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrians at Leuthen, throwing them back to Bohemia. On December 20, the 20-thousandth Austrian garrison of Breslavl surrendered, and all of Europe froze in wonder at the exploits of the Prussian king His performance in the Seven Years' War was greatly admired even in France. Tene, Artist Karl Röchling
6. Russia in the Seven Years War The large Russian army of Apraksin entered East Prussia. On August 30, 1757, it defeated the old Prussian Field Marshal Lewald at Gross-Jägersdorf and thus opened its way beyond the Oder. However, instead of further moving forward, Apraksin unexpectedly went back to the Russian border. This act of his was associated with a dangerous illness of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Apraksin either did not want to quarrel with the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, a passionate Prussophile who was supposed to inherit the Russian throne after Elizabeth, or he intended, together with Chancellor Bestuzhev, with the help of his army, to force the unbalanced Peter to abdicate in favor of his son. But Elizaveta Petrovna, who was already at her death, recovered, and the Russian campaign against Prussia soon resumed. Stepan Apraksin, one of the four Russian commanders-in-chief in the Seven Years War.
7. Military campaign in 1758 In the western theater of the Seven Years War, Ferdinand of Brunswick in 1758 pushed the French back to the Rhine and defeated them at Krefeld, already on the left bank of the river. But the French commander-in-chief, Marshal Contad, again invaded the Rhine and in the fall of 1758 passed through Westphalia to the Lippe River. In the eastern theater of the Seven Years War, the Russians, led after the removal of Apraksin by Saltykov, moved from East Prussia to Brandenburg and Pomerania. Frederick the Great himself unsuccessfully besieged the Moravian Olmutz in 1758, and then moved to Brandenburg and on August 25, 1758 gave the Russian army the battle of Zorndorf. Its outcome was indecisive, but the Russians after this battle preferred to retreat from Brandenburg, so it was recognized that they were defeated. Frederick rushed to Saxony, against the Austrians. On October 14, 1758, the rising star of the Austrian army, General Laudon, defeated the king at Gochkirch in a surprise attack. By the end of the year, Frederick's generals had driven the Austrians out of Saxony. Frederick the Great at the Battle of Zorndorf. Artist Karl Röchling
8. Military campaign in 1759 At the beginning of the campaign in 1759, Prince Ferdinand suffered heavy losses from the French general Broglie in the battle of Bergen. In the summer of 1759, the French commander-in-chief Contad went to Weser, but then Prince Ferdinand defeated him at the Battle of Prussian Minden and forced him to retreat beyond the Rhine and Main. Ferdinand could not build on his success: he had to send 12 thousand soldiers to King Frederick, whose position in the east was very bad. The Russian commander Saltykov led the campaign of 1759 very slowly and only reached the Oder in July. On July 23, 1759, he defeated the Prussian general Wedel at Züllichau and Kai. This defeat could have been disastrous for Prussia and ended the Seven Years War. But Saltykov, fearing the imminent death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, continued to hesitate. On August 7, he united with the Austrian corps of Laudon, and on August 12, 1759, he entered the battle of Frederick II at Kunersdorf. In this battle, the Prussian king suffered such a defeat that after him he already considered the war lost and thought about suicide. Laudon wanted to go to Berlin, but Saltykov did not trust the Austrians and did not want to assist them in acquiring unconditional hegemony over Germany. Until the end of August, the Russian commander stood motionless in Frankfurt, citing heavy losses, and in October he returned to Poland. This saved Frederick the Great from inevitable defeat. Pyotr Saltykov, one of the four Russian commanders in chief in the Seven Years War
9. The last stage of the Seven Years' War Frederick began the campaign of 1760 in a desperate situation. On June 28, 1760, the Prussian general Fouquet was defeated by Laudon at Landsgut. However, on August 15, 1760, Frederick the Great defeated Laudon at Lignitz. Saltykov took advantage of this failure of the Austrians to retreat beyond the Oder. The Austrians moved the Lassi corps into a short raid on Berlin. Saltykov sent Chernyshov's detachment to reinforce him. On October 9, 1760, the combined Russian-Austrian corps entered Berlin and took an indemnity from the city. Frederick the Great, meanwhile, continued to fight in Saxony. On November 3, near the Torgau fortress, the bloodiest battle of the Seven Years War took place. The Prussians won a brilliant victory in it, but most of Saxony and part of Silesia remained in the hands of their opponents. Spain joined the alliance against. But the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna soon died, her successor, Peter III, an enthusiastic admirer of Frederick II, abandoned all the conquests made by the Russian armies, and even expressed his intention to go over to the side of Prussia in the Seven Years War. The latter did not happen only because Peter III, after the coup on June 28, 1762, was deprived of the throne by his wife Catherine II. She removed herself from any participation in the Seven Years War, Russia withdrew from it. The Swedes also lagged behind the coalition. Frederick II could now direct all his efforts against Austria, which was leaning towards peace, especially since France fought so ineptly.
Conclusions 1. The war ended in victory for the Anglo-Prussian coalition. As a result of the war, Prussia finally entered the circle of the leading European powers. The process begins, which ended at the end of the 19th century with the unification of the German lands led by Prussia. 2. The Hubertsburg Treaty of 1763 between Prussia, Austria and summed up the Seven Years' War on the continent. 3. In Europe, the former borders have been restored almost everywhere. 4. Russia and Austria failed to return Prussia to the status of a minor power. 5. Frederick the Great's plans for new conquests and weakening of the power of the Habsburg emperors of Germany to the advantage of the Prussians did not come true.
Slide 1
Remember the main directions and tasks of Russian foreign policy in 1725-1762.
TURKEY: Russia returned Azov; but could not achieve access to the Black Sea.
SWEDEN: preservation of the conquests of Peter I in the Baltic States; annexation of part of the territory of Finland.
POLAND: failed to annex Ukrainian and Belarusian lands.
KAZAKHI: the adoption by the Younger and Middle Kazakh zhuzes (tribal associations) of Russian citizenship.
Slide 2
SEVEN YEAR WAR
Frederick II during the Seven Years' War. Artist A. Menzel. Mid-19th century.
(1756-1763)
Ulyeva OV, teacher of history and social studies, secondary school № 1353. Moscow. Zelenograd AO.
UNIVERSAL PLAN FOR STUDYING THEME: CAUSES AND NATURE OF WAR: the main contradictions that led to the war; preparation for war, balance of forces; plans of the parties. PROGRESS OF WAR (main stages): the reason for the war and its beginning; main stages and main battles; the end of the war, the conditions of peace, the results. THE VALUE OF WAR. Economic, social, political and other consequences of the war.
Slide 3
ROLLING ALLIANCES
Diplomatic revolution (or overturning of alliances) - the breakdown of old diplomatic alliances that for many decades connected France with Prussia, and England with Austria and the creation of new Anglo-Prussian and Austro-French ones. Determined the alignment of forces in Europe on the eve of the Seven Years War.
PRUSSIA IS A NEW PLAYER IN EUROPEAN POLITICS
REASONS FOR WAR FOR RUSSIA: the growing influence of Prussia threatens to destroy the existing balance of power in Europe not in favor of Russia; Russia seeks to protect its conquests in the Baltic from Prussia.
Slide 4
MAIN CHARACTERS
Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. French King Louis XV and the Marquis de Pompadour.
King of Prussia Frederick II. King George II of England.
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"SOYUZ THREE BAB"
Slide 5
BLUE - Anglo-Prussian coalition (Prussia, Great Britain, Portugal with allies) GREEN - Anti-Prussian coalition (France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies)
PARTICIPANTS IN THE SEVEN YEARS WAR
CAUSES OF WAR: the struggle for hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe; the struggle for colonies between Great Britain and France.
Slide 6
PROGRESS OF WAR PROGRESS OF WAR
1757 Russian victory at Gross-Jägersdorf.
1758 The defeat of Prussia at Zorndorf. Elizaveta Petrovna's decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia.
1759 Defeat of Frederick II at Kunersdorf.
1760 Russian troops captured Berlin.
1761 The capture of the Kolberg fortress by the Russians. There was a threat of complete defeat for Prussia.
1761 Death of Elizabeth Petrovna. Accession of Peter III. Russia's withdrawal from the war. Petersburg world (1762).
Slide 7
SEVEN YEARS WAR LEADERS
Apraksin Stepan Fedorovich. Defeated the Prussian army at Gross-Jägersdorf.
Fermor Willim Willimovich. Under his command, the Russian army occupied all of East Prussia.
Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich. Defeated the Prussian army at Kunersdorf.
Slide 8
The Berlin Expedition of 1760 is a military operation during which the Russian-Austrian troops captured Berlin.
BERLIN EXPEDITION
HOW THE RUSSIANS TAKEN BERLIN: the Prussian capital did not have ramparts and walls, it was defended only by a garrison of 1,200 men and therefore could not resist; as such, there was no battle, the commandant of Berlin surrendered the city to von Totleben, fearing its destruction; the Russian-Austrian occupation of Berlin lasted 4 days; the allies left Berlin at the news of the approach of Frederick II with the main forces of the Prussians.
They took Berlin: Gottlob Kurt Heinrich von Totleben (Russia); Zakhar G. Chernyshev (Russia); Franz Moritz von Lassi (Austria).
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Slide 9
Peter III Fedorovich (1761-1762) Karl-Peter Ulrich. Coronation portrait. Artist L. K. Pfanzelt.
How was the Russian society supposed to evaluate the Petersburg world?
PETERSBURG WORLD (1762)
The territories seized by Russia are returned to Prussia free of charge (including East Prussia); Russia and Prussia conclude an allied treatise on friendship and mutual assistance (to be canceled by Catherine II). The treaty subordinated Russia's foreign policy to the interests of Prussia (in secret articles, Russia promised support for Prussia, including military)
"MIRACLE OF BRANDENBURGH HOUSE"
Slide 10
The policy of Peter III caused outrage in Russian society, contributed to the decline in his popularity and, ultimately, to his overthrow. It was not Peter's admiration for Frederick, Frederick was admired then and later by many, but that he sacrificed the interests of the country he was called to rule as a sacrifice to his personal feeling.
RESULTS OF THE WAR FOR RUSSIA: at the cost of tremendous effort and human sacrifice, Russia maintained the status of a great power; preserved territorial acquisitions of Peter I; prerequisites have been created for continuing attempts to gain a foothold in the Black Sea.
BUT THERE IS ANOTHER ASSESSMENT OF THE PETERSBURG WORLD: The Seven Years War was alien to Russia's interests. Its hasty ending spoke not only of Peter III's sympathy for the Prussian king, but also of his common sense. Russia did not want to shed blood for the sake of the interests of other powers, primarily Austria.
Which point of view seems more convincing to you?
Slide 11
Kant's treatise Towards Eternal Peace was the first attempt to justify the unification of Europe after the Seven Years' War.
Kant's project is aimed not at solving local conflicts, but at establishing lasting peace on a planetary scale; as a means of establishing peace on the planet, Kant recommends relying on law (law); the Kantian world is based on the idea of human and civil rights, as well as on the idea of international law covering all states; conflicts between states should be resolved through international cooperation and international justice.
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804), German philosopher, founder of German classical philosophy.
IN THE TRACT TO ETERNAL PEACE (1795) Immanuel Kant sets out his model of peace between different states:
Slide 12
Musketeer with regimental artillery teams in the Farmer's division. The year is 1760. Army infantry drummer. 1756 year. "Hunter" of the light battalions of Seconds-Major Miller in summer uniform. 1761 year. Privates and officer of the army grenadier regiment. 1759 year. Infantry headquarters officer. 1756 year. Dragoons of the Farmer's Division. 1759 year.
RUSSIAN ARMY OF THE TIME OF THE SEVEN YEARS WAR
Slide 13
FOR THOSE WHO WANTS TO KNOW MORE:
http://www.litmir.net/bd/?b=133023 - here you will find A. Konstam's book "The Russian Army in the Seven Years War. Infantry"
IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENTATION, THE MATERIALS USED: Sakharov A. N. Bokhanov A. N. Russian history. XVII-XIX centuries. Part 2: Textbook for grade 10 educational institutions. M .: OOO "TID" Russian Word - RS ", 2006. Alekseev SI, Mazurov B.F. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day in diagrams and tables: grades 10-11: M .: Ventana-Graf, 2013. Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in diagrams and tables. M .: Eksmo, 2012.Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia: the end of the XVI-XVIII centuries: textbook. for 7 cl. general education. institutions. M. Education, 2009. Danilov A.A. History. Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. 7th grade. M. Education, 2011. (Academic school textbook. Spheres) http://school-collection.edu.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org
http: //www.civisbook..pdf - here you can read I. Kant's treatise "Towards Eternal Peace"
