the main > Popular pump manufacturers > Color the layer that will delay. An unconventional technique of drawing scratchboard. Oil and enamel compositions. Color the layer that will retain water and show with an arrow in which direction II. Homework check

Color the layer that will delay. An unconventional technique of drawing scratchboard. Oil and enamel compositions. Color the layer that will retain water and show with an arrow in which direction II. Homework check

Due to the fact that I began to receive many requests for creating a lesson after posting one image I colored, I still decided to tear off my butt and write one lesson! I was really flattered by the number of requests as I didn't think my Photoshop coloring technique was that attractive, but I think it's always interesting to see how other artists create their work ... anyway, I hope you find this tutorial interesting ...

My first step was to draw with a clear outline. I scanned the image I had with a high resolution (pixel size 2389x3508), cleaned it up a bit, using the function Brightness / Contrast (Brightness/ contrast), which you find here: Image - Correction - Brightness / Contrast (Image - Adjustments - Brightness/ Contrast). Adjusting the position of the sliders of this function will make the dark areas darker and the light ones brighter ... Very useful for those who sketch very sloppy, like me ...

The next thing I did was create a new layer to overlay the background color. Since my sketch is still on the bottom layer, I changed the settings ( approx. Blend Mode (Blendingmode)) my new layer on Multiplication (Multiply) so I can still see it even after filling it with whatever color I want.

I chose a dark purple for the background and diluted it with a bit of light purple at the bottom left, so I had some fun with the lighting. After I was done with the purple mess, I merged the layers by right clicking on the top layer and selecting Drain (MergeDown). You should now have one layer to work with (I'm too simple to work with a lot of layers).

The next step was to paint directly! I sketched out a very simple palette and started painting over the main color with a regular brush (70% Opacity (Opacity) and 70% Stiffness (Flow)). It looks terrible, but I promise it will be better!

At first I only work on the face, it's just my favorite part (not counting the tummies). So, I pick the colors that I like and start working with the shadows. In the end, I'm already starting to hate this process and get angry, so I get bored with this drawing, and I go to play Mario Kart, lose and turn into emo for a couple of days.

The next thing I did was add more shadows, adding darker colors and blending them. For mixing colors in Photoshop, I just lower the level Opacity (Opacity) brushes (brush) (in this case, 40% opacity (opacity) and 50% stiffness (flow) ). I also used pipette (eyedrop) to sample the color of the shadow from the palette that I already created earlier (hotkey Alt - hold it down and click on the place where you want to take the sample).

Continuing to mix and shade, I added some more colors to my palette as they were too soft. I just mixed them in the process of coloring. I paint over everything I did before, many times, then you will see.

The face was too dark, so I brightened it up a bit, then using airbrush (airbrush) I added some reddish-pink tones to her lips and cheeks. The airbrush is very soft (softer than a regular painting tool), which is why I love using it when I need to do something light like lips or blush.

The airbrush is in instrument settings (toolpresets) for a regular brush as you can see in the image below.

I also gave a little color to the eyes and started shaping and detailing them ... I redid them a million times until I got what you see now.

I softened her face even more with the airbrush and added an even funky purple glow. Zoomed out to see if I liked everything about the face painting ... And I didn't like it. Her eyes were too far apart, making her face look too wide. So I straightened her eyes and finished working on them, adding highlights and more colors to them. I also straightened her lips as her smile looked a little tense.

After I finished (I got tired of) working with her face, I started painting the rest of her body, mixing different colors, as I did before. True, now I take samples of the shadow from the face, since I changed the colors in the process of painting.

Set up lights and shadows to make and maintain a believable light source.

After I set the base colors, I soften her skin and start adding magenta shadows again. For those who may have noticed my grins at purple lighting, I explain: it's because I really hate purple, but for some reason, I like to color them in this moment... Well, okay, let's move on.

As soon as I finished working on her skin (I say “finished” for now because I'm tired of this drawing, but maybe I'll come back and change a few things here, since I'm actually not happy with the result), I start to denote the main colors of her outerwear are hot pink! Yes! It's girly!

I continued to paint her clothes in the same way as the skin - indicating the base colors and then softening them. I also decided to add some purple highlights here, so I made them brighter. I also brightened the color of her lipstick to match the clothes better, and the same goes for the eyeshadows. I really want this image to be dominated by pink!

After adding colors to her lipstick and eyeshadow, I took a hot pink with a slight opacity (opacity) and colored them for them. I mixed it well with the rest of the colors that were already present, then took the instrument Dodge(Clarifier) from range (range) Sveta (highlights) and gave vibrancy to colors that makes lips and eyes attractive and shiny.

For the pearl necklace, I first chose the darkest color, then added highlights to it, using a brush to apply basic highlights, then using the tool Clarifier (Dodge) in the last step to make the pearls shinier. I also added a very subtle magenta highlight at the bottom of each pearl.

After I finished working on the necklace, I started to work out the smallest details: the stone on her collar was painted with the same method as the pearls, the same was applied to the silver setting on the collar. For the lace, I used a small brush with opacity (opacity) 80%.

The piercing is also fun to work with, the main image doesn't show any details, so I showed it here. It was painted in the same way as the pearls - first dark colors and then adding highlights, I used a very small brush as the piercing itself is tiny. I also added shadows to make the piercing shimmer, don't forget about them !!

The last thing I had to do was color my hair, I just hate coloring it in Photoshop for some reason. It takes so much of my time. Oh, anyway, I started by applying base colors, as I always like to do, but of course, I understand intellectually that the texture of the hair is different, so I try to reproduce it as it would look like real hair.

Then I locked in the base shadows and started smoothing them out (this is the point I hate about drawing hair, it takes so long).

After her hair had smoothed out enough, I started adding highlights, for this I used a brush with opacity (opacity) twenty%. Keeping in mind the position of the hair and its individual strands, I begin to lighten them. For the ears and tail, I did the same, since her ears are like a cat's, and the tail has the same texture. Since I used a smaller brush for the ears, they look fluffier.

I added some bright highlights and then some magenta lighting. I scaled down the image to make sure everything is well drawn and to make sure the fur is a little smooth, which is what I was aiming for, so I add some more detail to her top and skirt and add attractive bobby pins and elastic bands to her hair to make her prettier.

The last thing I did was fix some of the things that annoyed me so far (her hair and hands). I also added some sparkles to the background to fill it up a bit.

After adding some small magenta highlights, I am finally done! I liked the result more or less, perhaps because I liked all the girly colors I used in my work, at least I had to use magenta this time.

Anyway, I hope this tutorial gave you an idea of how you can color in Photoshop! I cannot say for sure how long this work took me ... I did not sit on it continuously, but I think, somewhere around 4 hours ...

Photoshop, as an image editor, allows us not only to make changes to ready-made pictures, but also to create our own compositions. This process can also include the simple coloring of the contours, as in children's coloring books.

Today we'll talk about how to set up the program, what tools and with what parameters are used for coloring, and also practice a little.

To work, we need a special work environment, several useful tools and a desire to learn something new.

Workspace

The working environment (it is still quite often called the "Workspace") is a specific set of tools and windows that determine the specifics of work. For example, you can use one set of tools for editing a photo, and another for creating animation.

By default, the program contains a number of ready-made working environments, you can switch between them in the upper right corner of the interface. As you might guess, we need a set called "Painting".

Out of the box, the environment looks like this:

All panels can be moved to any convenient place,

close (delete) by right-clicking and selecting Close,

add new ones using the menu "Window".

The panels themselves and their arrangement are selected individually. Let's add a color adjustment window - we'll have to refer to it quite often.

For convenience, we will arrange the panels as follows:

The workspace for coloring is ready, move on to the tools.

Brush, pencil and eraser

These are the basic drawing tools in Photoshop.

Finger and Mix Brush

Both of these tools are designed to “smudge” the drawn elements.

The tool "stretches" content created by other devices. Works equally well on transparent and color-flooded backgrounds.

2. Mix brush.

A mix brush is a special kind of brush that mixes the colors of nearby objects. The latter can be located both on the same or on different layers. Suitable for quickly smoothing sharp edges. Doesn't work very well on solid colors.

Pen and selection tools

With all of these tools, areas are created to constrain the fill (color). They must be used, as this allows you to more accurately paint areas in the picture.

Fill and gradient

Colors and swatches

Main color so called because it is to them that the tools are drawn Brush, Fill, and Pencil... In addition, this color is automatically assigned to the first stop when the gradient is created.

Background color is especially important when using some filters. This color also has a gradient endpoint.

The default colors are black and white, respectively. Reset by pressing the key D, and changing the main to background - the keys X.

Color adjustment is done in two ways:

Styles

Styles let you apply different effects to the elements contained on a layer. It can be strokes, shadows, glows, overlay colors and gradients.

Settings window by double clicking on the corresponding layer.

Examples of using styles:

Layers

Each area to be painted, including the outline, must be placed on a new layer. This is done for the convenience of subsequent processing.

An example of such work:

Practice

Coloring work begins with finding a path. For the lesson, the following black and white image was prepared:

It was originally positioned against a white background that has been removed.

As you can see, there are several areas in the picture, some of which should have the same color.

We activate the tool "Magic wand" and click on the handle of the wrench.
Clamp SHIFT and select the section of the handle on the other side of the screwdriver.
Create a new layer.
Adjust the color of the painting.
Choosing a tool "Fill" and click on any selected area.
Remove selection using hotkeys CTRL + D and continue to work with the rest of the contour sections according to the above algorithm. Note that the selection is made on the original layer, and the fill is on a new one.
Let's tweak the screwdriver handle using styles. We call the settings window, and first of all add an inner shadow with the following parameters:
The next style is inner glow. The settings are as follows:

The last one will be a gradient overlay.
Let's add some highlights to the metal parts. To do this, select the tool "Straight lasso" and create a selection like this on the screwdriver shaft (on a new layer):
Fill the highlight with white.
In the same way, draw other highlights on the same layer, and then lower the opacity to 80% .

This completes the coloring tutorial in Photoshop. If desired, you can add shadows to our composition. This will be your homework assignment.

This article can be considered the basis for an in-depth study of Photoshop tools and settings. Carefully study the lessons that are on the links above, and many of the principles and laws of Photoshop will become clear to you.

Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever in which the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What are the safest medicines?

To use the preview of presentations, create yourself an account ( account) Google and log into it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

The work was carried out by a student of the 3rd grade of MBOU secondary school No. 1 of Mineralnye Vody Dushenkovsky Zakhar teacher: Fisunova Nina Aleksandrovna 2014-2015 academic year Springs

Fundamental question: Where do springs come from?

Related questions How are springs formed? What springs are there? Why is the composition of the water in the springs different? Are there springs in our area? What is the significance of springs in nature?

What is a spring? Rodnik (source, key, krinitsa) is a natural outlet of groundwater to the earth's surface on land or under water (underwater source). The words spring, homeland, people - "distant relatives", having a common historical root - genus-

How are springs formed? At the lesson " The world»We did an experiment: we took 2 glasses and put funnels in them. Cotton wool was put into the funnel, sand was poured into one funnel, clay into the other. The same amount of water was poured. Sand passes water well, clay retains. Conclusion: in nature, water passes through the layer of earth and lingers above the clay, flows down the slope of the clay and flows out to the surface. When exiting, it is cleaned with a layer of sand. It takes the necessary minerals from the soil. Therefore, the spring water is clean and drinkable.

What springs are there? Springs are: ascending and descending, temporarily operating (seasonal) and permanently operating. By temperature, springs are divided into cold, warm, hot, boiling. In terms of chemical composition and gases, it is mineral, therefore, scientists attribute water to minerals on Earth.

Types of springs Springs ascending descending boiling hot warm cold They have a different chemical and gas composition

Are there springs in our region? Caucasian Mineral Waters are called so for some reason. This area is rich in springs and mineral springs. Some sources and springs are widely known and cultivated, others are unknown.

Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk are resorts. Mineral water in each city differs in chemical composition. Each pump room has a plate with the composition of the water.

The resort town of Zheleznovodsk contains hot, warm and cold springs with Slavic and Smirnov water.

There are about 50 mineral water springs in the resort town of Pyatigorsk. Springs with mineral water accumulate to form lakes or mountain rivers. In the resort town of Pyatigorsk there is a lake "Proval" - the only one in the world with sulfur-hydrogen water with a corresponding pungent smell.

The resort town of Kislovodsk is rich in carbon dioxide sources

In Essentuki there are springs with sodium chloride-hydrocarbonate water. It has a specific salty taste.

Mineral water KMV is a medicinal drinking resource and is sent to many regions of our country and even the world. Key sources of mountain water are good for your health.

All medical and prophylactic health resorts of KMV operate on the basis of mineral springs

Tourist paths Traveling around the Beshtau mountain you can come across a living spring with cold spring water. There are the same springs at the foot of the Zmeyka Mountain. In the area of 4 km, one of them is considered SACRED.

Numerous springs with the cleanest water in the world gush out of the rocks of the Teberda Nature Reserve

The interregional program “Revival of Russian Springs” began with the restoration of the springs of the Moscow Region. When I grow up, I also want to create an environmental project to preserve the springs of our region. In Kangly settlement we saw an abandoned spring.

Conclusion Water is one of the most important minerals on Earth. Water molecules have the ability to gather into clusters, and the structure of the water changes. Spring water has the "correct structure" of "living" water, because it passes in a spring vein for many kilometers through fine sand, is saturated with microelements, clusters of water molecules break up, water is perfectly filtered. The chemical composition of the spring water of the spring water is balanced by nature itself. The temperature of spring (spring) water is up to 6 C, which prevents the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in it. If a person often uses spring water, he is less susceptible to various diseases. It has been proven for centuries that pure spring water heals many diseases and increases life expectancy. Long-livers of the Caucasus consume spring water. Springs are a national treasure and wealth. Springs must be protected: do not litter the surroundings.

Literature Ovchinnikov AM General hydrogeology. M., 1954. Sources, keys or springs // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907. Altovsky M.E. Classification of springs // Questions of hydrogeology and engineering geology, Sat. 19. M., 1961. Klimentov PP General hydrogeology. M., 1971.http: //www.1958ypa.ru/aa.html

If the technology is not followed when painting surfaces, various defects may occur.
Let's try to make out in this article possible paint defects and how to fix them.

Adhesive paints

So, when painting with glue paints, the following defects arise:

The paint layer is shaded and peeled off.
This is due to the fact that there was not enough glue in the composition or chalk with large particles was used.
To eliminate the defect, you need to either add glue, or strain the composition through a sieve and re-paint the surface.

The ink film will crack and peel off.
This is due to a too thick paint composition, due to an excessive amount of glue in it, or because the previous layer of paint has not been cleaned off.
It is necessary to dilute the composition, reduce the amount of glue, clean off all layers of paint, grind, prime and paint the surface again.

If a shines through the previous paint layer, then either the primer is different in color from the paint composition, or there is not enough pigment in it, or the surface was previously painted with water-soluble paints.
It is necessary to prime the surface to match the color of the paint composition, or repaint it by adding pigment to the composition, or thoroughly rinse, dry and re-paint the surface.

The appearance of marble spots occurs when there is an excess of glue in the putty, primer or paint composition.
It is necessary to wash out the paint layer and re-paint or prime the surface with a compound with a sufficient glue content.

Greasy stains on the surface
Appears if there are stains on the substrate from non-drying mineral and vegetable oils. In this case, the contaminated areas of the base are cut down, the surface is re-plastered and painted.

Rusty stains on the painted surface
They appear if water or resinous substances seeped through the plaster for a long time.
It is necessary to remove the cause of the appearance of rust, clean off the rusty plaster, rinse the surface with a warm 3% solution of hydrochloric acid, dry, cover with oil paint or rosin varnish, prime and paint again.

Efflorescence (white crystalline bloom)
Formed if, under the influence of moisture, salts are released from the plaster.
First of all, they eliminate the ingress of moisture, dry and clean the base with a metal brush, paint over the places where there were efflorescence with oil or nitro-enamel whitewash, putty, prime and re-paint.

The color tone of the coloration changes when using pigments that are not resistant to alkalis, light, hydrogen sulfide.
All paint must be washed off, re-primed and painted over.

Dark seams at the joints individual sections of surfaces.
Appear if the surface is not primed before painting.
It is necessary to rinse the surface, prime with vitriol and paint again.

The paint does not stick to the primed surface if there is an excess of soap in the primer.
In this case, you need to add soap to the paint composition.

The painted surface dries unevenly if there were sharp fluctuations in air temperature during painting.
It is necessary to equalize the temperature regime, eliminate drafts.

Lime compositions

When staining with lime compounds, defects can also form.

Lime paint film can shallow.
This happens if the surface was poorly moistened with water or painted during the hot season. It needs to be repainted.

The paint film is peeling off in the event that it is poorly cleaned from the surface.
It is necessary to completely clean the entire surface and re-paint it.

Oil and enamel compositions

Defects are also possible when painted surfaces.

Paint may take too long to dry, if the paint composition contains pigments that delay drying: soot, kraplak, zinc white, sienna, etc., as well as if the drying oil contains mineral oil or other impurities.
In this case, you need to introduce a desiccant into the composition and carefully shade the surface.

The painted surface remains sticky when using poor quality drying oil.
You can rinse the surface with cold acidified water, and if this does not help, clean and re-paint the surface.

Brush marks remain when applying too thick paint and with insufficient shading.
The surface must be cleaned and re-painted with a thinner paint.

The paint on the painted surface is blown up if the surface is not sufficiently dry before painting or the base of the surface is constantly wetted.
It is necessary to clean off the swollen paint, dry and re-paint the surface.
If there is a permanent source of moisture, it must be removed.

Cracks appear on the paint film if the base is not dry enough or the primer contains too much drying oil.
It is necessary to completely clean the surface and paint it again.

Wrinkles appear on the paint film if too thick paint is applied. It is necessary to clean the surface with sandpaper, prime, putty and re-paint it.

Paint drips appear when painting if the paint is too thin or poorly shaded.
It is necessary to clean the surface with glass sandpaper or pumice stone and paint it with a composition normal in density.

Rusty and dark stains appear on the painted surface if oil and resinous stains have not been previously removed from it. Or if the painting was done on insufficiently dried plaster or putty.
In the first case, the contaminated places are cleaned, washed with hydrochloric acid, covered with two or three layers of alcohol varnish and re-painted.
In the second case, the paint is cleaned off in those places where spots have appeared, the surface is dried, primed, putty and re-painted.

Matte stains appear on the painted surface if it is poorly primed.
You need to clean it with fine glass cloth and repaint.

The joints are noticeable if too large areas are painted with quick-drying paint.
In this case, the surface must be repainted.

Rough paint texture it turns out if they use not strained composition or the putty was poorly cleaned and sanded.
The surface should be cleaned with sandpaper and pumice stone and repainted.

The ink film is peeling off the base, if the surface is not dry enough, especially wood, not cleaned and under-olifen.
It is necessary to remove the peeling paint, the surface should be cleaned, rinsed, dried, primed, and repainted.

The colored layer of old paint shines through in the event that the old paint dissolves in the new one.
The dried painted surface must be opened with two or three coats of alcohol varnish or nitro varnish and re-painted.

Allows you to use layers and blend modes as a basis for composing images.

Layers

In order to try to understand “what layers of an image are”, consider two photographs. One of them will be used as the background (or bottom layer), and the other will be used as the first layer to be placed above the background:

You can think of "layers" as multiple transparent slides in one stack. Paint.NET displays this stack of slides as if you were looking at them from above. At the same time, there is no perspective (distant layers do not decrease). In order to better understand how it works, let's look at our layer photos from the side, not from above:

Pixels and transparency

Each layer in Paint.NET is made up of pixels that are stored in RGBA format. The “RGB” part of the abbreviation denotes the colors (red, green and blue) used to convey the intensity of a color. The "A" (Alpha) part denotes a variable used to store information about the transparency of a pixel. Alpha can range from 0 (fully transparent) to 255 (fully opaque). Other programs can use boundaries ranging from 0 to 100%.

If a pixel is transparent, then instead of its color, the color of the pixel located "under it" will be shown, that is, the color of the pixel of the lower layer. In order to display a layered image on a standard computer monitor, Paint.NET uses an alpha channel technique.

However, transparent pixels cannot be displayed on a computer monitor. In order to somehow indicate the transparency of a layer, Paint.NET uses a background that resembles a checkerboard image:

Transparency

If you see such a background, it means that part of your image is transparent. The checkerboard image is not part of the image. You can think of it as a virtual or "ground" background layer that is always located below all other layers displayed in the Layers window.

However, as already mentioned, the "checkerboard" is not part of the image. If you save the image, then when you view it or use it in another program, no "checkerboard" will be there (unless the other program also uses a "checkerboard" to indicate transparency).

Layers and Opacity

While each pixel has transparency information, each layer also has an opacity factor associated with it. These two parameters are similar and can be considered the same in most cases. You can think of a layer's opacity as the alpha value for each pixel in the layer.

For example, if we take the top layer and gradually reduce the opacity from 225 to 0, we will get the following images showing the layers as a stack of slides and as they are displayed on the computer screen:

The top layer is completely opaque

The top layer is translucent

The top layer is completely transparent

Blending modes

The blend mode of a layer indicates how the layer is blended with the layer below it. To change the blending mode, select the required layer in the layers window, and then open its properties. You can open layer properties with a special button in the layers window or in. In any case, the following window will open:

Not all layer blend mode names are "intuitive," so experimenting is recommended anyway. Each blend mode described below is applied to the two layers discussed above with the opacity set to 255.

In the examples below, the term "composition" will be used to refer to the result of mixing the two layers in question. The "final" composition is what you see on your computer screen after applying one or the other blend mode.

Normal
Standard mode is the default. Each pixel in the layer is blended with the composition based on the opacity value. If the top layer is completely opaque, it completely covers the bottom layer. When the transparency of the upper layer decreases, the lower layer begins to show through.

Multiplication
This mode multiplies the visible colors of the lower layer by the colors of the upper one. As a result, the image becomes darker. When white is multiplied with another color, it does not change. A similar effect is obtained by placing two slides (one on top of the other) and directing the images to the same screen.

Adding(Additive)
The color intensity of the pixels of both layers are added together. Composition is always brighter, except for completely black pixels in images.

Color Burn
Creates the effect of incineration of the lower layer under the influence of the upper one. That is, the dark areas of the upper layer are used to darken the lower one. Color multiplication and saturation increase are used. The result looks very contrasting.

Color Dodge
The opposite of the previous mode - the bottom image “fades out” under the influence of the top color. When using this mode, the highlights of the upper layer increase the brightness of the lower layer. Dark areas have no effect. That is, the greatest changes occur in the direction of white.

Reflect
This blend mode can be used to add shine to objects or highlights.

Glow
Same as the previous mode, but as if after changing the order of layers.

Overlay
Depending on the color intensity of the pixels in the layer, Screen Dodge (for dark colors) or Multiply (for light colors) is applied.

Difference
Subtracting the top layer from the bottom. If the pixel on the top layer is white, then the pixel on the bottom layer is inverted. If the pixel on the top layer is black, then the pixel on the bottom layer does not change. If the pixel on the top layer is the same as the bottom one, then the result is a black pixel. That is, the matching colors will be black. The mismatched pieces will be colored.

Negation
At first glance, this mode is similar to the previous one, but in fact it leads to the opposite effect. Instead of making the color darker, it lightens it.

Replace with light (Lighten)
When using this mode, only the lightest colors remain on both layers, which results in a lighter image than with normal overlay layers.

Darken
In this mode, the pixels of a layer are placed in the resulting image only if they are darker than the corresponding pixels of another layer.

Screen lighting
Opposite to the Multiply mode in the sense that it multiplies the color of the bottom layer with the top layer. As a result, the picture will brighten, as if we were projecting it using two overhead projectors.

Exception (Xor)
This mode is mainly used for image analysis rather than image processing or composition.

Subject: The spring and its education.

Lesson type

Combined.

Purpose: Form the students' understanding of the spring.

Tasks

Educational:

to give students an idea of how springs are formed.

Correctional and developmental:

correct the logical thinking of students through the implementation of exercises in the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships
replenish the active and passive vocabulary of students.

Educational:

educate observation and independence.

Equipment

Multimedia equipment, cards for self-study.

During the classes

^ ORGANIZATION OF THE BEGINNING OF THE LESSON

Checking the readiness for the lesson, checking the landing, communicating the topic and the goals of the lesson.

Homework check:

In previous lessons, we got acquainted with land ponds. Let's repeat what water bodies are on land.

^ Work on cards:

Assignment: choose the correct answer, underline it. (attachment)

Assignment: sign which column talks about the dangers of reservoirs, and which - about the benefits (appendix)

As we know, reservoirs are artificial and natural.

^ Work at the blackboard: Underline the names of artificial reservoirs.

The names of the reservoirs are written on the board: POND, RESERVOIR, LAKE, BOLOTO

The rest of the class works with the teacher:

1.Who create natural reservoirs? (Natural reservoirs are created by nature)

2. Name the natural bodies of land

Now let's listen to ________________, who worked on the card.

3. Where lakes are most often formed.

4. Show the flowing lake in the picture

5. Show in the picture a closed lake

6.What do people use ponds for?

7. Tell us about the harm caused by the construction of reservoirs.

8. Tell us about the benefits of reservoirs

^ UPDATING AND CHECKING THE KNOWLEDGE OF STUDENTS ON THE TOPIC

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with such a concept as a spring. The topic of today's lesson is "The Spring and Its Education"

^ Work in a notebook: Open notebooks, write down the number, Class work, lesson topic Spring and his education.

In the course of the lesson, we must find the answer to the question:

^ How is the spring formed? (written on the board)

And the knowledge you gained in the lesson of biology and natural history will help answer this question.

Let's remember where water comes from on Earth?

^ U: falls as precipitation

What kind of precipitation do you know?

U: rain, snow, hail, dew, etc.

So: In the spring the snow melts, in the summer it rains. What happens to the water that falls on the ground?

^ D: puddles and streams appear, flows into rivers.

What happens to water under the influence of the sun?

U: evaporates

As we said, part of the water flows into rivers, part of the water evaporates, while the other part is absorbed into the soil.

What grows on the soil surface? (plants). Do plants need water? Where do they get it from?

So in the soil, the water is sucked up by the roots of the plants.

^ STUDYING NEW MATERIAL

But what happens to most of the water that seeps into the soil?

To answer this question, let's take a close look at the screen.

Slide: Water fell to the ground as rain. What will happen to the water?

Most of it seeped through the soil layer and met a layer of sand on its way (remember, can sand pass water?)

Correctly sand allows water to pass through, therefore layers of soil and sand are called permeable breeds

Through a layer of sand, water reaches a layer of clay or rock.

Remember from your biology course, do clay and hard rocks leak water?

Y: no

Right. Therefore, layers of clay and hard rocks are called waterproof, that is, they do not allow water to pass through.

Water accumulates above these layers. But can water accumulate here indefinitely?

Y: no

Quite right, the water begins to slowly drain in the direction where the rocks are tilted. Water flows underground until it reaches the exit of these layers to the surface. This is a spring, a source, a key.

Slide: with the definition of Nikita A. what is a spring? (is reading)

Work in a notebook: write down the definition of the spring.

SPRING is the place where groundwater comes to the surface of the earth.

FIZMINUTKA

Let's take another look at how the formation of a spring occurs through experience:

I created a small piece of land on the table in a vessel. The bottom layer consists of clays, above is a layer of sand and the topmost is soil. Tubes have been removed from the layer of sand and clay, which will help us see the process of the formation of the spring.

What layer do you expect the water to come out of? (Is it a layer of soil, sand or clay?)

EXPERIENCE: Let's start the experiment: precipitation fell on the ground from the cloud (pour water).

Was our assumption correct?

Which layer stopped the water?

^ Y: layer of clay.

And what is the name of the rocks that do not allow water to pass through?

U: waterproof

What is the name of the place where groundwater comes to the surface?

U: spring

Those who have ever seen the spring raise your hand.

How can you describe spring water?

The water in the spring is clean, clear and cold. Why do you think?

^ Listen to answers

From what water is heated on the surface of the earth: in puddles, rivers, lakes, etc.

U: from the sun

Can the sun heat the water that runs underground?

^ D: no, the sun cannot heat it

Conclusion: therefore the water is cold.

What layers does the water pass through before reaching the surface?

U: through soil and sand

And what happens to dirty water, which is passed through the sand.

^ D: It is clearing.

Conclusion: therefore, the water is clean.

Cold clean water comes out of the ground to the surface. She is digging a hole for herself. The water from the stream gives rise brook.

^ SECURING THE STUDIED MATERIAL

Now I am going to read you a poem, pay attention to how spring water is described in the poem.

Poem: Spring

Ivana Bunin

In the wilderness of the forest, in the wilderness of the green,

Always shady and damp

In a steep ravine under the mountain

A spring beats out of the stones icy:

Boils, plays and hurries,

Spinning crystal clubs,

And under the branchy oaks

Glass melted runs.

And the heavens and the mountain forest

They look, lost in thought,

As in the light moisture of the pebbles

They tremble with a patterned mosaic.

How did Bunin describe the water in a spring in his poem?

Slide : And now let's once again look at the picture of how the spring is formed.

Tell us from the picture, through which layers does the water pass?

What layers retain water

Show on the screen where the water comes out to the surface of the earth

Show the spring in the picture

Show the beginning of the stream in the picture

Slide: K Which layer is waterproof? Choose the correct answer on the screen

^ Game: "Find the mistake"

There are cards attached to the magnetic board that can describe water, but are they all suitable for describing spring water?

Your task is to go to the board and remove a card that is not suitable for describing spring water. Everyone removes only one card.

^ MUDDY, CLEAN, COLD, DIRTY, TRANSPARENT, HOT, TASTY.

The following should remain on the board: CLEAN, COLD, TRANSPARENT, DELICIOUS.

The game:

Each of you has cards in the envelope. The task is to arrange the cards in the sequence that is necessary for the formation of the spring.

Now let's check ourselves. Call one student to the board, he places the cards on the magnetic board.

On the magnetic board there are 4 cards with the image: soil, sand, clay, water (not in order: clay, sand, water, soil, stones). Will there be a spring with such an arrangement of rocks?

^ EXPLANATION AND RECORD HOMEWORK.

Pages 56-57 answer questions 1; 2,3,4

Sketch the education scheme of the spring in notebooks. Color the water-permeable layers with brown pencil, waterproof layers with red pencil.

^ SUMMARIZING

Teacher questions:

What topic was studied in the lesson?
What layers does water pass through when a spring is formed?
How are springs formed?

Grading

Application:

^ POND, RESERVOIR, LAKE, BOLOTO

Independent work:

Each student also has cards on the magnetic board with the definition of the sequence of the formation of the spring. Assignment: arrange the cards in order

Call one of the students to the board, he places the cards in the correct sequence on the magnetic board. The rest are self-checking.

Finally, listen to the story:

Three travelers met at one spring.

A spring flowed out of a rocky place. Around him grew a dense forest, the branches and leaves of which obscured the spring. The water in the spring was clear, cold as ice, and shone like glass. On the place where the water flowed out, someone put a stone with a cauldron the size of, drilled it and cut it, and in the place where the water flowed down, carved the inscription: "Hey, traveler, be as clean as this spring." When three travelers, having drunk plenty of water, read the inscription, one of them, apparently a merchant, said:

Clever words are carved here. A brook from the spring runs day and night, without ceasing, and flows into distant lands; and the further it flows, the more rivulets flow into it. So, flowing, it turns into big river... From this follows the following conclusion: “You, man, also work without stopping, never stop and do not indulge in laziness; if you do this, in the end you will be great and you will achieve your goal. "

The second traveler was a poor sage; he, shaking his head, said:

No, I don't think so. The meaning of this inscription is much more significant than you think. This spring is ready to help everyone: he who is languishing from the heat, he gives coolness and soul - delight, who wants to drink, quenches his thirst - and for all this he does not expect a reward from anyone. And if so, the meaning of this inscription is as follows: if you do someone good, then do not impose on him the obligation, to respond in kind. This is what this inscription says.

The third - a traveler, a very slender, handsome young man stood in silence. His comrades asked him what he thought. The young man replied:

I think otherwise. If the water in this spring stood quietly in one place, then the grasses and debris, getting into it, would muddy and pollute it; then people and animals would not be so fond of the spring. But since the spring flows incessantly day and night, it is purified and everyone loves it for this. If so, then the meaning of the inscription is as follows: keep your soul and body as pure as this spring, because when you look into it, you see how the shine of the sun and the reflections of the grass are reflected in it, if they look into it? therefore, keep your soul, like this spring, open to everyone - let everything be visible in it. That's what I think the inscription is talking about.

Springs have become a symbol of the things most dear to us - our home, the land where we grew up, the Motherland. No wonder the words "Motherland" and "spring" have a common root.

How to recolor anything and everything in Photoshop

Sofya Skrylina, teacher information technologies, Saint Petersburg

The graphics editor Photoshop has a huge number of tools that you can use to recolor various objects. Some of them require preliminary selection of fragments, others do not require the use of selection tools, affecting only certain colors of the image. In this article, we will only work with a background or regular layer, without using any fill layers or layer blending modes.

Color Swap tool

Tool Color swap(Color Replacement) is in the same group with tools Brush(Brush), Pencil(Pencil) and Mix brush(Mixer Brush) and is intended for repainting image fragments. This tool has only four blend modes: Color tone(Hue), Saturation(Saturation), Chromaticity(Color) and Brightness(Luminosity). For repainting fragments, the following modes are used. Chromaticity(Color) and Color tone(Hue). The first mode provides a brighter hue, so when using it, you should choose the shades of the color applied to the object much darker than in the second mode. So, in fig. 1 shows an example of repainting the iris in one shade green: R = 7, G = 95, B = 17. The first result was obtained in blend mode Chromaticity(Color), the second is in the mode Color tone(Hue).

Fig. 1. Results of recoloring the iris with the Color Replacement tool: a - original image; b - chromaticity mode; c - Color tone mode

The tool properties panel has a number of other parameters (Fig. 2):

- All pixels(Discontiguous) - the color is replaced wherever it occurs on the path of the pointer,

- Adjacent. pix(Contiguous) - replaces colors that are close to the color under the mouse pointer,

- Selection of edges(Find Edges) - when replacing colors, sharp edges of objects are simultaneously preserved;

parameter Tolerance(Tolerance) sets the sensitivity of the instrument;
checkbox Smoothing(Anti-alias) sets smooth borders when changing colors, set by default.

In the considered example, the preliminary selection of the object was not carried out, but if you are working with a more complex object that requires processing with a brush in several stages using several blending modes, then, of course, you must first select the object.

Note. Basically, instead of a tool Color swap (Color Replacement) can be used Brush (Brush), which has the same blend modes: Chromaticity (Color) and Color tone (Hue).

Beyond tools Color swap(Color Replacement) and Brush(Brush) color correction tools are used to recolor fragments. To call them, use the menu Picture(Image) -> Correction(Adjustments). Let's take a closer look at these tools.

Dialog window « Hue / Saturation »

For changing the color of an object in a dialog box Hue / Saturation(Hue / Saturation) slider is responsible Color tone(Hue). When selecting an item Everything(Master) replaces all colors within the selected area. At the same time, you can specify one of the base colors of the RGB and CMYK models, which will be affected by the tool (Fig. 3). In this case, if the object is the only one in the image, consisting of one group of colors, there is no need to pre-select it.

Fig. 4. The original image of the girl (a) and the result of recoloring and tanning (b)

So, in fig. 4 to change the color of the jacket from blue to lilac, it was not necessary to highlight it, it was enough to select the blue color to be replaced (see Fig. 3). But to color the rest of the objects, they were preliminary selected.

Note. In the above example, the tool was used to dye the hair and sweatshirt Hue / Saturation (Hue / Saturation), and for tanning - tools Replace color (Replace Color) to darken the skin tone a little, and Color swap (Color Replacement) to repaint the skin in Brown color.

Remember to use the remaining two sliders when changing colors: Saturation(Saturation) to increase or decrease the saturation of the selected color, and Brightness(Lightness) darkens or brightens the selected color.

Change Color Dialog Box

Team Replace color(Replace Color) replaces the color in the image that was selected with the eyedroppers. The first click with the eyedropper selects the color to be replaced, subsequent clicking with the eyedroppers with the “+” or “-” signs specify the color range (Fig. 5). Portions of the image corresponding to the selected colors are shown in the preview area in white. In addition to eyedroppers, a slider is used to expand or contract the selected shades. Scatter(Fuzziness).

Using sliders Color tone(Hue), Saturation(Saturation) and Brightness(Lightness) is the color of the replacement. In addition, you can select the replacement and replacement colors from the color picker, which is invoked by clicking on the color swatch. In most cases, pre-selection of fragments is not required.

Note. Note that the dialog box Replace color (Replace Color) is very similar to the selection tool Color range (Color Range), which selects a fragment by a group of colors. It turns out that the dialog box Replace color (Replace Color) combines the functions of two tools: selection tool Color range (Color Range) and color replacement tool Hue / Saturation (Hue / Saturation).

Optimal results when using a dialog box Replace color(Replace Color) is achieved when the replaced color is close to uniform. Otherwise, noise appears in the image, which you have to get rid of with the help of additional tools. An example of using this tool to recolor tulip petals is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. The original image of the tulip (a) and the result of its recoloring in the Replace color dialog box (b)

Selective color correction

Selective color adjustments are made in a dialog box Selective color correction(Selective Color) (Fig. 7), which allows you to selectively change the volume of a composite color in any of the primary colors without changing the other primary colors.

This tool can be used to recolor parts of an image while maintaining the base color. For example, red can be changed to any color that contains red: from yellow (a mixture of red and green) to lilac (a mixture of red and blue). But, for example, you cannot turn red into blue. This tool is also indispensable in situations where you need to remove a color cast created by a light source, such as a conventional table lamp (Fig. 8).

Using Lab Mode

The Lab color model is based on three parameters: L- brightness (Lightness) and two chromatic components - a and b... Parameter a changes from dark green through gray to magenta. Parameter b contains colors from blue through gray to yellow. This circumstance can be used to quickly recolor parts of the image by inverting the straight line in each channel (provided that this object is easy to distinguish or all other colors in the image are close to neutral). To invert a straight line, just drag the top right point of the straight line down and the bottom left point up.

a you can get the following results:

red and burgundy colors are repainted in green;
green turns light brown.

When inverting a straight line in a channel b you can get other results:

red becomes purple or lilac, depending on the original hue, and magenta and lilac become red;
yellow turns to blue.

Inverting the straight line in both channels simultaneously produces the following results:

red is repainted in blue, the shade of which depends on the original shade of red;
blue and magenta turn green.

Note. Since the Lab color model can display more colors than the RGB color model, converting an image from Lab to RGB and vice versa does not affect image quality. Therefore, the translation can be done as many times as you need.

Now let's look at a few examples. In fig. 9 shows the original image of a jug with a red lid and handle.

First, you need to switch the image to Lab mode by running the command Picture(Image) -> Mode(Mode) -> Lab... In this case, a tool will work well to highlight the lid and the handle. Fast selection(Quick Selection).

Fig. 10. Result of repainting the fragments: a - in green by inverting the straight line in channel a; b - in lilac color by inverting the straight line in channel b; в - in blue by inverting the straight line in channels a and b

In the dialog box Curves(Curves) (called by the key combination Ctrl + M) from the list Channel(Channel) select the channel a and invert the straight line (fig. 10 but).

If you invert the straight line in the channel b without changing the position of the straight line in the channel a, we get a lilac color (Fig. 10 b). Inversion of the straight line in both channels will give blue color (Fig. 10 in).

The color of the image may fade during repainting. You can also increase their saturation in Lab mode, without resorting to a dialog box. Hue / Saturation(Hue / Saturation). To do this, it is necessary to increase the angle of inclination of the straight line in both color channels. In fig. 11 shows the original image of green leaves. When inverting a straight line in a channel a we get a faded brown color (fig. 12).

To increase the saturation of colors and turn the summer landscape into autumn, we will change in the channels a and b the angle of inclination of the straight line (fig. 13).

As you can see, the Photoshop graphics editor offers a really huge selection of tools for recoloring portions of an image. Which of the available tools to use is up to you.

Subject: The spring and its education.

Lesson type

Combined.

Purpose: Form the students' understanding of the spring.

Tasks

Educational:

to give students an idea of how springs are formed.

Correctional and developmental:

correct the logical thinking of students through the implementation of exercises in the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships
replenish the active and passive vocabulary of students.

Educational:

educate observation and independence.

Equipment

Multimedia equipment, cards for self-study.

During the classes

^ ORGANIZATION OF THE BEGINNING OF THE LESSON

Checking the readiness for the lesson, checking the landing, communicating the topic and the goals of the lesson.

Homework check:

In previous lessons, we got acquainted with land ponds. Let's repeat what water bodies are on land.

^ Work on cards:

Assignment: choose the correct answer, underline it. (attachment)

Assignment: sign which column talks about the dangers of reservoirs, and which - about the benefits (appendix)

As we know, reservoirs are artificial and natural.

^ Work at the blackboard: Underline the names of artificial reservoirs.

The names of the reservoirs are written on the board: POND, RESERVOIR, LAKE, BOLOTO

The rest of the class works with the teacher:

1.Who create natural reservoirs? (Natural reservoirs are created by nature)

2. Name the natural bodies of land

Now let's listen to ________________, who worked on the card.

3. Where lakes are most often formed.

4. Show the flowing lake in the picture

5. Show in the picture a closed lake

6.What do people use ponds for?

7. Tell us about the harm caused by the construction of reservoirs.

8. Tell us about the benefits of reservoirs

^ UPDATING AND CHECKING THE KNOWLEDGE OF STUDENTS ON THE TOPIC

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with such a concept as a spring. The topic of today's lesson is "The Spring and Its Education"

^ Work in a notebook: Open notebooks, write down the number, Class work, lesson topic Spring and his education.

In the course of the lesson, we must find the answer to the question:

^ How is the spring formed? (written on the board)

And the knowledge you gained in the lesson of biology and natural history will help answer this question.

Let's remember where water comes from on Earth?

^ U: falls as precipitation

What kind of precipitation do you know?

U: rain, snow, hail, dew, etc.

So: In the spring the snow melts, in the summer it rains. What happens to the water that falls on the ground?

^ D: puddles and streams appear, flows into rivers.

What happens to water under the influence of the sun?

U: evaporates

As we said, part of the water flows into rivers, part of the water evaporates, while the other part is absorbed into the soil.

What grows on the soil surface? (plants). Do plants need water? Where do they get it from?

So in the soil, the water is sucked up by the roots of the plants.

^ STUDYING NEW MATERIAL

But what happens to most of the water that seeps into the soil?

To answer this question, let's take a close look at the screen.

Slide: Water fell to the ground as rain. What will happen to the water?

Most of it seeped through the soil layer and met a layer of sand on its way (remember, can sand pass water?)

Correctly sand allows water to pass through, therefore layers of soil and sand are called permeable breeds

Through a layer of sand, water reaches a layer of clay or rock.

Remember from your biology course, do clay and hard rocks leak water?

Y: no

Right. Therefore, layers of clay and hard rocks are called waterproof, that is, they do not allow water to pass through.

Water accumulates above these layers. But can water accumulate here indefinitely?

Y: no

Slide: with the definition of Nikita A. what is a spring? (is reading)

Work in a notebook: write down the definition of the spring.

SPRING is the place where groundwater comes to the surface of the earth.

FIZMINUTKA

Let's take another look at how the formation of a spring occurs through experience:

What layer do you expect the water to come out of? (Is it a layer of soil, sand or clay?)

EXPERIENCE: Let's start the experiment: precipitation fell on the ground from the cloud (pour water).

Was our assumption correct?

Which layer stopped the water?

^ Y: layer of clay.

And what is the name of the rocks that do not allow water to pass through?

U: waterproof

What is the name of the place where groundwater comes to the surface?

U: spring

Those who have ever seen the spring raise your hand.

How can you describe spring water?

The water in the spring is clean, clear and cold. Why do you think?

^ Listen to answers

From what water is heated on the surface of the earth: in puddles, rivers, lakes, etc.

U: from the sun

Can the sun heat the water that runs underground?

^ D: no, the sun cannot heat it

Conclusion: therefore the water is cold.

What layers does the water pass through before reaching the surface?

U: through soil and sand

And what happens to dirty water, which is passed through the sand.

^ D: It is clearing.

Conclusion: therefore, the water is clean.

Cold clean water comes out of the ground to the surface. She is digging a hole for herself. The water from the stream gives rise brook.

^ SECURING THE STUDIED MATERIAL

Now I am going to read you a poem, pay attention to how spring water is described in the poem.

Poem: Spring

Ivana Bunin

In the wilderness of the forest, in the wilderness of the green,

Always shady and damp

In a steep ravine under the mountain

A spring beats out of the stones icy:

Boils, plays and hurries,

Spinning crystal clubs,

And under the branchy oaks

Glass melted runs.

And the heavens and the mountain forest

They look, lost in thought,

As in the light moisture of the pebbles

They tremble with a patterned mosaic.

How did Bunin describe the water in a spring in his poem?

Slide : And now let's once again look at the picture of how the spring is formed.

Tell us from the picture, through which layers does the water pass?

What layers retain water

Show on the screen where the water comes out to the surface of the earth

Show the spring in the picture

Show the beginning of the stream in the picture

Slide: K Which layer is waterproof? Choose the correct answer on the screen

^ Game: "Find the mistake"

There are cards attached to the magnetic board that can describe water, but are they all suitable for describing spring water?

Your task is to go to the board and remove a card that is not suitable for describing spring water. Everyone removes only one card.

^ MUDDY, CLEAN, COLD, DIRTY, TRANSPARENT, HOT, TASTY.

The following should remain on the board: CLEAN, COLD, TRANSPARENT, DELICIOUS.

The game:

Each of you has cards in the envelope. The task is to arrange the cards in the sequence that is necessary for the formation of the spring.

Now let's check ourselves. Call one student to the board, he places the cards on the magnetic board.

On the magnetic board there are 4 cards with the image: soil, sand, clay, water (not in order: clay, sand, water, soil, stones). Will there be a spring with such an arrangement of rocks?

^ EXPLANATION AND RECORD HOMEWORK.

Pages 56-57 answer questions 1; 2,3,4

Sketch the education scheme of the spring in notebooks. Color the water-permeable layers with brown pencil, waterproof layers with red pencil.

^ SUMMARIZING

Teacher questions:

What topic was studied in the lesson?
What layers does water pass through when a spring is formed?
How are springs formed?

Grading

Application:

^ POND, RESERVOIR, LAKE, BOLOTO

Independent work:

Each student also has cards on the magnetic board with the definition of the sequence of the formation of the spring. Assignment: arrange the cards in order

Call one of the students to the board, he places the cards in the correct sequence on the magnetic board. The rest are self-checking.

Finally, listen to the story:

Three travelers met at one spring.

Clever words are carved here. A brook from the spring runs day and night, without ceasing, and flows into distant lands; and the further it flows, the more rivulets flow into it. So, flowing, it turns into a large river. From this follows the following conclusion: “You, man, also work without stopping, never stop and do not indulge in laziness; if you do this, in the end you will be great and you will achieve your goal. "

The second traveler was a poor sage; he, shaking his head, said:

The third - a traveler, a very slender, handsome young man stood in silence. His comrades asked him what he thought. The young man replied:

Springs have become a symbol of the things most dear to us - our home, the land where we grew up, the Motherland. No wonder the words "Motherland" and "spring" have a common root.

Allows you to use layers and blend modes as a basis for composing images.

Layers

Pixels and transparency

However, transparent pixels cannot be displayed on a computer monitor. In order to somehow indicate the transparency of a layer, Paint.NET uses a background that resembles a checkerboard image:

Transparency

Layers and Opacity

The top layer is completely opaque

The top layer is translucent

The top layer is completely transparent

Blending modes

Not all layer blend mode names are "intuitive," so experimenting is recommended anyway. Each blend mode described below is applied to the two layers discussed above with the opacity set to 255.

Adding(Additive)
The color intensity of the pixels of both layers are added together. Composition is always brighter, except for completely black pixels in images.

Reflect
This blend mode can be used to add shine to objects or highlights.

Glow
Same as the previous mode, but as if after changing the order of layers.

Overlay
Depending on the color intensity of the pixels in the layer, Screen Dodge (for dark colors) or Multiply (for light colors) is applied.

Negation
At first glance, this mode is similar to the previous one, but in fact it leads to the opposite effect. Instead of making the color darker, it lightens it.

Replace with light (Lighten)
When using this mode, only the lightest colors remain on both layers, which results in a lighter image than with normal overlay layers.

Darken
In this mode, the pixels of a layer are placed in the resulting image only if they are darker than the corresponding pixels of another layer.

Exception (Xor)
This mode is mainly used for image analysis rather than image processing or composition.

Modern creativity and handicraft offers a lot of very interesting and unusual techniques, including the technique when pictures are painted by scratching on wax. This technique of drawing is called scratchboard, or waxography. The result of such work is similar to an engraving.

Scratchboard - what is it?

What is scratchboard drawing technique? The literal translation of this term is "scratching" (which comes from the French verb gratter, translated "to scratch"). Scratchboard is essentially a type of engraving. True, on this score the opinions of various artists differ. If we take for an engraving any image obtained by drawing strokes without the presence of paint, then scratchboard is a typical engraving. As, however, and any pencil drawing.

If we take for an engraving only what is applied to a special hard surface (such as wood or metal), then drawing using the scratchboard technique is a kind of imitation of an engraving made on cardboard or very thick paper. Drawings in this technique are made with a slightly sharp object (such as a feather, a special cutter, a pointed stick) on a surface previously prepared for the painting.

Stages of creating a masterpiece using scratchboard technique. Step one - how to choose an engraving base

To create a masterpiece in such an interesting technique, first you need to prepare a cardboard or a sheet of thick paper (you can whatman paper). Further, the artist has several options.

Option one is to leave the paper just white.

The second option is to make this base colored by applying watercolor on it in any creative order.

Option three - paint over the cardboard well with ordinary wax crayons. You can use one color, or you can sketch out multi-colored striped spots (you need a rather thick layer), without leaving empty spots.

Option four - you can take colored cardboard as a basis.

Option five - prepare cardboard with a ready-made pattern on it. For example, a piece of a box of chocolates or a notebook cover, which allows you to try scratching at home with a minimum of materials at hand.

Step two - waxing

Having prepared the base, you need to apply wax to it. This can also be done in various ways.

Option one - rub into the base

Option two - grate the candle into a container and put it in a water bath. After the wax has melted, apply the wax to the prepared cardboard using a small brush.

The third option is to light (this is a small candle-tablet) and collect wax on a brush directly from the candle, transferring it to cardboard.

If you previously applied the wax step to the base, you need to skip it. True, if the application with crayons seemed uneven to you, this can be corrected just at this stage. Try to improve the situation slightly with a solvent (for example, take turpentine).

It is due to the use of such materials that scratchboard is perfect for child development... But professional craftsmen use chalk, special clay, egg yolk instead of wax. But these materials are still for those who have long known what the technique of drawing scratchboard is, in kindergarten the use of such bases is impractical.

Step three - add color

At this stage, you need to paint over the applied wax layer. And there may be options. You can do this with ordinary mascara. Perhaps, in the process of work, it will roll over the surface of the wax, then you will have to be patient and apply several layers. There is also an option to apply mascara with a cotton swab or sponge.

Another option for painting the surface is with gouache. The paint can be absolutely any color, and it can also be applied with spots. True, this method is only good when the artist has a clear idea of the finished result. This type of engraving will be less durable, and in the process of working, the gouache is smeared and stains everything around.

And finally, the third option - the scratchboard drawing technique also implies the use of True, and there are subtleties here - as a rule, acrylic hardens with a film, and, perhaps, scratching with slight irregularities, similar to how polyethylene is scratched. With such a coating, you need to be extremely careful. By the way, it is better to cover the work surface and the floor around the table, otherwise all surfaces will be covered with fine ink-wax crumbs.

Step four - the magic of the engraving appearance

At this stage, the real magic begins. You will need any slightly sharpened object here, for example, a knitting needle, nail, toothpick, disposable fork (which is great for drawing waves on the sea), etc. By the way, the simplest option is a ballpoint pen that has stopped writing. And we start to create! Of course, professional artists, for whom the scratching technique is not a novelty, use special cutters (cutters), but the listed improvised means will be enough for amateurs and beginners. You will scratch the top coat of paint, and white (or colored, if the base was previously painted over) space will appear in the scratches. Naturally, you can scratch not only dots, dashes or stripes, you can also remove, if required, entire areas of the paint layer, drawing, for example, flower petals.

By the way, there is also a variant of the reverse scratching technique - scratching out dark cardboard, which is covered with light paint on top.

If the gouache (or ink) rolls off the previous layer, treated with crayons or crayons, then you can first degrease the base with talcum powder (just sprinkle on top and wipe with a cotton pad).

To prevent the gouache from staining your hands when scratching out the pattern, add a little PVA to the paint before applying it and stir well. Or, while drawing, place a piece of blank paper under the hand that rests on the sheet.

And if you want to know what scratching is and try to transfer any drawing from an album, book, magazine to your sheet, know that this is very simple to do. Transfer the drawing first to tracing paper, and then from tracing paper, slightly pushing through, draw a light outline of your drawing on a sheet prepared in advance for scratching. And only after that, scratch it properly.

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all presentation options. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Lesson objectives:

Give the initial concept of a spring.
Based on the laboratory work, tell about the formation of the spring
To develop the cognitive abilities of students: attention, memory, logical thinking, creative activity and interest in the subject, independence.
To cultivate a respectful attitude towards springs, towards nature, towards your health.

Equipment:

Presentation on the topic of the lesson.
The song "Live, Spring" isp. S. Belikov
Relaxation music
Cartoon "Hare Koska and Spring"
For experience: cups, funnels, clay, sand, soil, water, cotton wool
Drawings
Mineral water and cups.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment(slide 1)

II. Homework check

Group work. The game "Don't let your row down" (slide 2)

The class is divided into 2 teams "Dewdrop" and "Droplet"

- Guess riddles:

I am water, but I also swim on water.
There is a water bridge on the water.

- On a hot summer day, it is very pleasant to drink sparkling water or juice with ice. What properties of ice do people use in this recipe? ( Tones, removes thirst, cools)
- Why did the inhabitants of the Far North used to build their dwellings from snow? ( Because snow and ice do not conduct heat well) Igloo
- Who will name the properties of snow and ice more? ( Snow is white, not transparent, odorless, loose, melts when heated. Ice - colorless, transparent, odorless, hard, melts when heated.)
- What properties of steam make it invisible to us? ( colorless and transparent)
- How can you prove that water easily turns into steam, and steam into water? ( When the water boils, it will start to turn into steam. You need to hold a chilled plate over it. Water droplets will cover the plate.)

III. Announcing the topic of the lesson and explaining the new topic

Viewing the beginning of the cartoon "Hare Koska and the Spring" (until the meeting of the Hare with the Spring)(slide 3)

- What did you learn from the beginning of the cartoon? ( how the hare Koska met Rodnichk)
- We, too, will meet with the fontanel in the lesson today and you will learn a lot about it. The topic of our lesson is called "Springs" (slide 4)
- And what is a spring? ( Source, key)
- Let's play the game “I am a hydrogeologist”. And who knows what this word means? ( This is a man who researches groundwater)

(slide 5) Hydrogeology(from hydro and geology), the science of groundwater, which studies their composition and properties, origin, patterns of distribution and movement, as well as interaction with rocks.

Our task find out how springs are formed, what kind of water they have. Let's carry out laboratory work.

Laboratory work(slide 6)

The surface of our Earth is made up of three layers: soil, sand and clay. (slide 7)

Safety engineering

In front of you are ready-made funnels filled with soil, sand, clay. Let's fill them with water and see what happens. At the end of the work, we will draw a conclusion and learn about the formation of the spring.
The guys pour water into ready-made funnels filled with soil, sand and clay and watch how it seeps out.

conclusions: Water seeps through the soil and sand, and the clay does not allow water to pass through.
- What kind of water is in the glass?
- Clean.
Based on this experience, we will trace the formation of the spring. (slide 8)

It's raining. It goes through soil and sand until it encounters a layer of clay. Water accumulates and flows down an inclined surface until it finds a way out. This outlet is called a spring.
A spring from which a small stream flows may be the beginning of a river. (slide 9) Let's have a little rest and play "Trickle"

IV. Fizminutka(slide 10)

To the song "Live, Spring" isp. S. Belikov children play in a trickle.

V. Messages from children(slide 11)

- And now our young hydrogeologists will tell us what they know about the springs.

- There is no life without water. A person cannot live without water for more than 8 days. Water is a wonderful gift from nature. A person needs clean fresh water for life. Man is 80% water. (Slide 12)
Spring water is called "living" water, because it travels for many kilometers through fine sand, is saturated with trace elements, the water is perfectly filtered.
The temperature of spring (spring) water is up to 6 C, which prevents the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in it. (Slide 13)
If a person often uses spring water, he is less susceptible to various diseases. Pure spring water heals many diseases and increases life expectancy. (Slide 14)
It was found that after 3 hours, spring water largely loses its medicinal properties... Therefore, it is necessary to drink spring water, of course, at the springs themselves. Natural spring water gives energy to those who drink it.
Some of the springs have chapels of historical and cultural value. (Slides 15, 16)
Spring water can be fresh or mineralized. In the first case, we are talking about springs and springs, in the second - about a source of mineral waters. (Slide 17)
Resort town Essentuki famous for the world-famous drinking mineral waters - Essentuki 4 and Essentuki 17, amazing mountain-steppe climate and picturesque hiking trails.
Currently, Essentuki occupies a worthy place among the world's leading resorts specializing in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tract, metabolic disorders.
Salt-alkaline waters form the basis of the resort resources of the Essentuki resort. In total, the resort of Essentuki uses the waters of 20 mineral springs for medicinal purposes.

Vi. Consolidation of what has been learned

1. Work on the textbook p. 34-35 (slide 18)
Read how springs are formed.

2. Independent work in notebooks p. 14 (slide 19)

- Paint the layer that will retain water. Show with an arrow in which direction the water will flow through this layer. Mark the place where the source is formed.

3. Group survey(slide 20)

- Tell us how the springs are formed?
- How can you prove that clay does not allow water to pass through?
- What kind of water is there in springs?
- What water is called mineral?
- How is it useful for health?
- Who has seen springs in nature?
- Why should we take good care of the springs?

4. Relaxation(to the sound of the murmur of a stream) (slide 21)

- Now close your eyes and imagine that you are next to a wonderful spring. Hear how wonderfully he murmurs, how beautifully the birds sing ...

Vii. Summing up

1. - What new have you learned in the lesson?
- Did you like the lesson?
- Well done, you worked well today. ( Lesson grades)
- In the next lesson we will continue our journey on the topic "Water in nature".

2. Assignment at home: pp. 34-35

- Together with a friend, create and draw a poster on the theme "Protect the Springs!"

3. Now let's try the mineral water. (slide 22)

THIS TECHNIQUE REQUIRES DRAWING KNOWLEDGE IN PHOTOSHOP

How to paint using Adjustment Layers in Photoshop. This is a relatively useful drawing technique that I discovered when I was working on Now Arriving, the star of this tutorial.

You will need a graphics tablet and digital drawing skills

WHAT ARE ADJUSTMENT LAYERS?

Adjustment layers help you edit your images in Photoshop without directly altering the pixels they contain. This technique is also called "non-destructive editing", and although it is intended for correcting photographs, it can also be used to quickly sketch a scene.

Adjustment layers can be found in the Adjustments panel in CS4, or via the button

in the Layers panel in Photoshop CS3.

WHAT BASICS DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

When you select the adjustment you want to apply, it is pasted as a separate layer on top of the file you are working on. The adjustment layers are equipped with a Layer Mask.

In the example above, I've added a Photo Filter layer to my image. Note that the adjustment layer has several different components from the regular layer. By double-clicking on the Settings icon, you can change the settings for the adjustment you have selected.

In the case of the Photo Filter, I initially made the scene cold, but then I wanted to insulate it on the contrary. To do this, I only had to double click on the icon to change the settings from Cool (Cooler) to Warm (Warmer)!

This technique beats the regular adjustment filter from the Image menu because the layer never physically affects the pixels. If I want to see how the image looks without any adjustments, I just hide or remove the adjustment layers. Everything is very easy!

The white blank icon to the right of the adjustment icon is the Layer Mask. By clicking on this icon, you will be able to select the areas where the Layer Mask effects should be applied. Thus, you can leave some areas of your drawing untouched, or apply another adjustment layer to these areas.

On the Layer Mask, you can only paint with grayscale. By default, the Layer Mask is white, which means it is “on” around the entire perimeter of the image. Painting with black will "turn off" the areas that you paint over with the brush, thereby revealing the original drawing. Conversely, the lighter the shade of gray you paint with, the stronger the effect of the adjustment layer will be until you completely “turn on” white.

HOW TO USE IT IN DRAWING?

In addition to giving your image some post-processing without losing the original, adjustment layers can be very useful in directly creating detail in your digital artwork. Imagine painting shadows in a scene where you don't actually care about whether or not the colors you paint over are correct? Adjustment layers give you the ability to paint just like this, saving you a huge amount of time in the process.

Here you can see the completed line art of one of my most recent drawings. For this tutorial I will try to show you the whole process of coloring this picture, starting with the creation of a Photo Filter adjustment layer.

I want the drawing to be cool, so I choose a very saturated Cyan filter color with maximum Density. I unchecked the Preserve Luminosity checkbox so that all white is filled with color.

Now I'm going to use the Layer Mask in the Photo Filter to paint the light source in this scene. Since the mask is on, I will have to paint with black to allow the white background to show through.

I start painting on the Layer Mask, quickly applying the light that was already ready in my head. I paint over the areas where the light falls, while everything else remains in shadow.

I keep painting the whole scene until I get this ...

The whole drawing is now drawn. This gives me a very clear sense of which colors to use first. Since this was painted on an adjustment layer, this first step will be very valuable. Now you can take the liberty and play around with the Photo Filter settings and see if I might like something different.

But I decide to leave everything as in the original blue version because I wanted to create a feeling of coldness.

Now that my shadows are drawn with the base color, why don't I work on the lighting as well?

To do this, I'm going to duplicate the Photo Filter layer so that I have two such filters. Then I select the Layer Mask of the duplicate and press Cmd + I (Ctrl + I if you are using Windows) to invert the mask. With this inversion, we will achieve the fact that the entire drawing becomes monochromatic again, without any colors, but this is only temporary.

I'm going to edit the settings of the duplicated Photo Filter and see how the warm ambient light will look ...

Yes, it looks great! But ... I think the light is too intense. The feeling of light outside was lost. Decreasing the saturation of the Photo Filter would not work because it would only reduce the saturation of the warm light ... So I'm going to enable the Preserve Luminosity function for this Photo Filter to allow the white to bleed through and return light to the drawing.

Now I got what I needed! Without any additional painting steps, I made the light warm, while the shadows stayed cool! Conversely, the shadows outside were warmer because they were drawn with less saturation than the interior setting. The warm filter appears more in the figure, thereby establishing that the temperature outside is warmer than inside the car.

Now, Photo Filters cannot apply any actions to this picture. They can't give enough darkness to the areas that I need. So I'm going to add a new adjustment layer to achieve the desired darkness in certain areas.

I add an Exposure Adjustment Layer and adjust the Exposure, Offset and Gamma sliders until I get a very high contrast, darker version of the picture.

It looks, of course, scary, but remember that this effect as strong as the Layer Mask allows. I wanted to make sure I could achieve dark enough in any given area. So, just like I painted the shadows in the first Photo Filter, I'm going to use the Exposure filter's Layer Mask to paint on the darker areas.

For detailing smaller areas, as in this case, it is a good idea to first invert the Layer Mask so that you can paint with White on Black.

It already looks more realistic. By using several shades of gray here on the Layer Mask, I was able to control the amount of darkness in certain areas of the drawing. Here you can see how I left the areas on the inside of the door frame and the bottom of the trolley bag darker.

For now, it's time to think about adding base colors that these adjustment layers will interact with. For now, it's best to turn off all Adjustment Layers so that you can focus on your painting only.

On a new clean layer below all the adjustment layers and line art, I'm going to fill the picture with simple base colors.

Please note that there are ONLY basic colors in the picture. There is not even a hint of shades or light. 100% pure colors of the main set.

Now that the base colors are overlaid, you can re-enable all adjustment layers.

Now, it looks like something! Adjustment layers interact with base colors exactly as they should!

This is where the adjustment layers did their job. All that's left to do is add some background details, so I'm going to paint them on a separate layer below the base colors.

It was very easy to draw the background, it was behind the base colors.

But ... there is no sense of harmony, as if something is wrong. The sky should be blue, not orange! Sometimes you will have to edit an adjustment layer that doesn't work the way it should. In this case, the Photo Filter, which we duplicated before to add warm light, turns out to be the culprit in this situation. Adjustment layers are here in all their glory! We can WITHOUT PROBLEMS edit the layer with the Photo Filter and reduce its brightness, and even remove the areas that cover the sky so that it remains blue.

I'm going to make the Photo Filter less saturated, and erase the areas where the sky is visible on its Layer Mask.

After these changes, the picture looks almost ready for printing! But there is one more adjustment layer that I would add to make sure 100% that the result is really perfect ...

On top of all layers I add a Color Balance adjustment layer. Color Balance will allow me to make final touches on the temperature of the drawing and the colors in the drawing. Almost all of the drawings would be useful to work with Color Balance. Sometimes the result can be much better than it was. And sometimes it will not be needed at all.

That's all! I decided to tweak the colors and temperatures a little more to achieve the result that I REALLY wanted to see. [Increasing the Red level helped to match the skin tone better, and Yellow slightly diluted the cyan saturation.]

The drawing is now safely printable, and even better, I can easily and quickly edit any of the adjustment layers in the future if I need it.

A FEW TIPS AND TIPS

There are a bunch of adjustment layers, and each of them has certain, only inherent, effects that, in one way or another, help your drawing. The trick here is to try all of them and find the most strengths, which can later be used in their work. This tutorial is just the beginning if you are thinking about how all these special layers can do so much for you.

Conversely, remember that Adjustment Layers cannot do absolutely everything for you. There will always be things that you will need to draw yourself. You shouldn't rely entirely on adjustment layers, they are not made for this. The most important thing here is that the Adjustment Layers act as ASSISTANTS, moving you towards the desired result.

It is quite possible to use adjustment layers to achieve a decent level of the final drawing, then just paint the details and objects on new layers on top of the previous ones.

When painting, one of the most important characteristics of the Layer Mask can be noted - the Eyedropper "listens" only to the shades of gray on the mask. You can, for example, paint shadows, and worry ONLY about picking up the saturation of the shadows with the eyedropper. The eyedropper will simply ignore everything else and only work on the layer mask you are editing.

Layer Masks can be applied to any layer, not just Adjustment Layers. Want to delete something, but don't know if you want to put it back later? Just apply a Layer Mask and make the area invisible by painting with black on the mask! This way, what you have deleted will never be lost - but simply hidden! Paint over the mask with white and everything will come back when you want it.

To make a Layer Mask appear, you just need to select the desired layer and click on the button (a rectangle with an oval inside), which is located at the bottom of the Layers panel. And then you know what to do!

Layer Masks can be extracted and copied to other layer masks, so don't worry that what you paint will be locked on this adjustment layer forever. To transfer what you painted on the layer mask onto the layer itself, just select everything, copy and paste the layer mask. It will appear as a black and white drawing on top of your drawing.

To insert shades on a new one clean mask a layer from another layer mask or from something that you painted before, select the Layer Mask you want to transfer the picture to and open the Channels panel. An additional channel will appear in your list, which is the Alpha of the layer mask [or transparency]. Select this channel and make it visible, then just paste what you want to this channel. If you hide the channel, you will see a layer mask containing what you just pasted onto it, and you will get the result that you wanted to achieve this way.

This concludes the lesson! I hope you find this information useful.

YOUR POTENTIAL AND YOUR WORKS ARE SO LIMITED AS YOU LIMIT YOURSELF. NEVER STOP EXPERIMENTING!

Click on the picture to see the image in full size and 100% quality.

“Nothing is better than a tried and true method. THROUGH PRACTICE, I REACH THE IDEAL, and I do what I can to help myself with this "(c) Matt Laskovsky.

Lesson topic: "Springs"

Lesson objectives:

Give the initial concept of a spring.

Based on the laboratory work, tell about the formation of the spring

To develop the cognitive abilities of students: attention, memory, logical thinking, creative activity and interest in the subject, independence.

To cultivate a respectful attitude towards springs, towards nature, towards your health.

Equipment:

Presentation on the topic of the lesson.

The song "Live, Spring" isp. S. Belikov

Relaxation music

Cartoon "Hare Koska and Spring"

For experience: cups, funnels, clay, sand, soil, water, cotton wool

Drawings

Mineral water and cups.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment (slide 1)

II. Homework check

Group work. The game "Don't let your row down" (slide 2)

The class is divided into 2 teams "Dewdrop" and "Droplet"

– Guess the riddles:

I am water, but I also swim on water.

There is a water bridge on the water.

– On a hot summer day, it is very pleasant to drink soda water or juice with ice. What properties of ice do people use in this recipe? (Tones, removes thirst, cools)
- Why did the inhabitants of the Far North used to build their dwellings from snow? (Because snow and ice do not conduct heat well) Igloo
- Who will name the properties of snow and ice more? (Snow is white, not transparent, odorless, loose, melts when heated. Ice - colorless, transparent, odorless, hard, melts when heated.)
- What properties of steam make it invisible to us? (colorless and transparent)
- How can you prove that water easily turns into steam, and steam into water? (When the water boils, it will start to turn into steam. You need to hold a chilled plate over it. Water droplets will cover the plate.)

III. Announcing the topic of the lesson and explaining the new topic

Viewing the beginning of the cartoon "Hare Koska and the Spring" (until the meeting of the Hare with the Spring) (slide 3)

– What did you learn from the beginning of the cartoon? (how the hare Koska met Rodnichk)
- We, too, will meet with the fontanel in the lesson today and you will learn a lot about it. The topic of our lesson is called "Springs" (slide 4)
- And what is a spring? (Source, key)
- Let's play the game “I am a hydrogeologist”. And who knows what this word means? (This is a man who researches groundwater)

(slide 5)Hydrogeology (from hydro and geology), the science of groundwater, which studies their composition and properties, origin, patterns of distribution and movement, as well as interaction with rocks.

Our task find out how springs are formed, what kind of water they have. Let's carry out laboratory work.

Laboratory work (slide 6)

The surface of our Earth is made up of three layers: soil, sand and clay. (slide 7)

Safety engineering

conclusions : Water seeps through the soil and sand, and the clay does not allow water to pass through.
- What kind of water is in the glass?
- Clean.
Based on this experience, we will trace the formation of the spring. (slide 8)

IV. Fizminutka (slide 10)

To the song "Live, Spring" isp. S. Belikov children play in a trickle.

V. Messages from children (slide 11)

– And now our young hydrogeologists will tell us what they know about the springs.

– There is no life without water. A person cannot live without water for more than 8 days. Water is a wonderful gift from nature. A person needs clean fresh water for life. Man is 80% water. (Slide 12)
Spring water is called "living" water, because it travels for many kilometers through fine sand, is saturated with trace elements, the water is perfectly filtered.
The temperature of spring (spring) water is up to 6 C, which prevents the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in it. (Slide 13)
If a person often uses spring water, he is less susceptible to various diseases. Pure spring water heals many diseases and increases life expectancy. (Slide 14)
It was found that after 3 hours, spring water largely loses its medicinal properties. Therefore, it is necessary to drink spring water, of course, at the springs themselves. Natural spring water gives energy to those who drink it.
Some of the springs have chapels of historical and cultural value. (Slides 15, 16)
Spring water can be fresh or mineralized. In the first case, we are talking about springs and springs, in the second - about a source of mineral waters. (Slide 17)
Resort townEssentuki famous for the world-famous drinking mineral waters - Essentuki 4 and Essentuki 17, amazing mountain-steppe climate and picturesque hiking trails.
Currently, Essentuki occupies a worthy place among the world's leading resorts specializing in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tract, metabolic disorders.
Salt-alkaline waters form the basis of the resort resources of the Essentuki resort. In total, the resort of Essentuki uses the waters of 20 mineral springs for medicinal purposes.

Vi. Consolidation of what has been learned

1. Work on the textbook p. 34-35(slide 18)
Read how springs are formed.

2. Independent work in notebooks p. 14(slide 19)

– Color in the layer that will retain water. Show with an arrow in which direction the water will flow through this layer. Mark the place where the source is formed.

3. Group survey (slide 20)

– How are the springs formed?
- How can you prove that clay does not allow water to pass through?
- What kind of water is there in springs?
- What water is called mineral?
- How is it useful for health?
- Who has seen springs in nature?
- Why should we take good care of the springs?

4. Relaxation (to the sound of the murmur of a stream) (slide 21)

– Now close your eyes and imagine that you are near a wonderful spring. Hear how wonderfully he murmurs, how beautifully the birds sing ...

Vii. Summing up

1. - What new have you learned in the lesson?
- Did you like the lesson?
- Well done, you worked well today. (Lesson grades )
- In the next lesson we will continue our journey on the topic "Water in nature".

2. Assignment at home: pp. 34-35

– Together with a friend, design and draw a poster on the theme "Protect the Springs!"

3. Now let's try the mineral water. (slide 22)

Articles by topic:

What can and cannot be done for the Annunciation What date is the Annunciation celebrated in 2019? What is the history and background of this holiday? Read about it in the article Pravda-TV. Annunciation in 2019 - April 7 The beginning of our salvation Annunciation in Orthodoxy is included in the list of twelve feasts	Basal exchange. Basic metabolism. Calorie needs determination methods 0 4078 2 years ago When considering drawing up their own meal plan for losing weight or for gaining muscle mass, people begin to count the calorie intake. Earlier we have already considered that for weight gain, you need about 10% overabundance,
International Day of Human Space Flight Purchase of the Sea Launch floating cosmodrome MOSCOW, December 15 - RIA Novosti. The outgoing year 2016 in the Russian space industry was remembered for a number of victories and a series of failures. The Soyuz carrier rocket was launched for the first time from the new Russian Vostochny cosmodrome, and the first ever collaboration was launched to Mars.	Is protein harmful for men's health: reviews Protein is good or bad Often, protein is understood as a sports supplement in the form of a powder from which cocktails are made and drunk in training, mainly by athletes to build muscle or lose weight. There is still debate about the benefits and dangers of this supplement, many are often confused

Popular

2021-07-13 05:15:39	Diet Oatmeal Cookies
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Parent's Saturday: when it comes, where to go, what to say and do
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Eating the Right Bodybuilder - The Scientific Approach to Nutrition Bodybuilding Diet
2021-07-13 05:15:39	L-glutamine: what is it, what is it for, how to take it?
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Raises the body on the bench
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Healthy dinner: what is better to eat in the evening?
2021-07-13 05:15:39	When, how and what kind of sports nutrition is best to take for gaining mass
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Training programs for girls
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Lunar calendar of manicure and pedicure by days of the week
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Nutritionist advice - how to start losing weight correctly?

New

2021-07-13 05:15:39	Sports nutrition for gaining muscle mass
2021-07-13 05:15:39	How to build a beautiful abs at home
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Bodybuilding porridge Protein shakes for weight loss: features
2021-07-13 05:15:39	classification of food by groups
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Lavender - composition, useful properties, application
2021-07-13 05:15:39	Diet for weight loss, eat tasty and healthy
13.07.2021	What is the difference between protein and protein: description and differences Proteins and everything about them
02.07.2021	Red currant - benefits, harm and contraindications Red currant is useful for women
02.07.2021	The effect of beer on the female body: benefits and harms
02.07.2021	Carrots: benefits and harms to the body, useful properties of juice and boiled carrots
02.07.2021	Pros and Cons of Neck Tattoos Cons of Color Tattoos
02.07.2021	Ten foods to reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery from a tough workout