General purpose bookbinding. Automated in-line production of cover editions Description of the technology for producing notebook cover material
Theme: Making a gift notebook
The purpose of the lesson: Create conditions for mastering the skill of making a notebook
Tasks:
1.to form the ability to plan and carry out technological operations based on the instruction card
2. to cultivate respect for the book, responsibility for the results of educational work.
3. to develop artistic and design and technological abilities.
Equipment: glue, colored paper, cardboard, awl, needle, thread, scissors, paper clips, books for repair (from the school library), textbook E.A. Luttseva "Technology"
Lesson type: DISCOVERY OF NEW (lesson - workshop)
Class: 3
| Stages | Teacher activity | Student activities | |
| SELF-DETERMINATION TO ACTIVITY | Conversation Read the proverb on the chalkboard: A book is the best gift. How do you understand the meaning of this proverb? | Children answer teacher questions | Personal Forming the ability to assess life situations when friends come to the rescue Communicative We form the ability to formulate our thoughts, the formation of the ability to cooperate in a team |
| KNOWLEDGE UPDATE AND RECORDING OF DIFFICULTY | Cognitive and analytical conversation Take a look at the slides. What is depicted on them? On-screen pictures:
What do these products have in common? Look again at the pictures on the slide presented on the screen and tell me which product is different from the rest and why? What are notebooks for? | These are books and a notebook. They have the same design: spine, binding, book block Notebook. The book block contains no information in it. Important information is entered into notebooks. | Cognitive UUD 1. We form the ability to extract information from diagrams, illustrations. 2. We form the ability to identify the essence and features of objects. 3. We form the ability to draw conclusions based on the analysis of objects. Regulatory UUD We form the ability to express our assumption |
| STATEMENT OF THE LEARNING PROBLEM | Product analysis “Every gift, even the smallest one, becomes a great gift if you make it with love.” How do you understand this statement? - What do you think we have to do today? What do you already know and know how to do? What difficulty will you be experiencing? | Children's answers Teacher's Day To make a gift notebook for the teachers of our school. We know the design of the book and are able to repair them. Make a notebook yourself. | Regulatory UUD |
| BUILDING A PROJECT OUT OF PROBLEM | Discovery of practical skill Maybe some of you have guessed how to make a notebook? - Let's open the tutorial on p. 35-36 and check our assumption. What is the instruction card for? | Students make their assumptions. Open the textbook on pages 35-36, examine the instruction card. Shows the order of work. | Communicative UUD 1. We form the ability to listen and understand others. 2. We form the ability to build a speech utterance in accordance with the tasks. 3. We form the ability to formulate our thoughts orally. Cognitive UUD We form the ability to acquire new knowledge by observing ready-made samples garlands, information processing: comparison with a template |
| Planning of the upcoming practical work (building the sequence for the manufacture of the product) What are the stages of work The work is very voluminous. How can you speed up the work process? Imagine what your notebook will look like? Will all notebooks be the same? | 1. Make blanks 2.Collect book block 3.Attach the template and make holes with an awl 4. Sew the book block 5. Glue the spine You can do the work in pairs. The notebooks will be all different. They will have different covers and can be decorated in different ways. | Regulatory UUD We form the ability to predict the upcoming work (draw up a plan), we form the ability to carry out cognitive and personal reflection. Regulatory UUD We form the ability to express our assumptions, the ability to evaluate educational actions in accordance with the task. |
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| Self-practical work When working with which tool do you need to be careful? Think about how not to ruin the desk with an awl when punching holes? How to properly place tools and material on the workbench so they don't get in the way? Don't forget that you are working in pairs, Observe the rules for working in pairs | You need to carefully work with an awl, needle and scissors, as you can get hurt. Possible solutions are suggested. Pupils organize their jobs. Independent work using the instruction card | Communicative UUD We form readiness for cooperation, the ability to negotiate |
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| PRIMARY ATTACHMENT (SPEECHING IN EXTERNAL SPEECH) | Cleaning of workplaces. Generalization. Complete the sentences I learned (learned) ... It was interesting to me… It was difficult for me ... | Children express their opinions | Personal UUD We form motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity |
| REFLECTION | Assessment of practical activities What was the goal we set at the beginning of the lesson? Let's discuss and evaluate the finished products according to the criteria: quality, originality, independence. - Remember, every gift, even the smallest one, becomes a great gift if you make it with love !!! | Learn to make a notebook as a gift for a teacher. We design an exhibition of notebooks, evaluate their work and classmates. | Personal UUD We form the ability to describe our feelings, evaluate work |
Used Books:
E.A. Lutseva, TP Zueva “Technology. Organizer for the teacher. ", Moscow, publishing house" Ventanagraf ", 2015
E.A. Lutseva, TP Zueva “Technology. Workbook", Moscow, publishing house" Ventanagraf ", 2015
Lesson presentation
Current page: 15 (total of the book has 23 pages) [available passage for reading: 16 pages]
8th grade
I quarter
Introductory lesson
Learning objectives in grade 7. The importance of the printing industry in the economy and culture of the country. Integrated automation and mechanization of production. New materials in the printing industry. Production of raw materials and supplies for the printing industry.
Basic information about binding and stitching processes
Theoretical information. Books and brochure - differences in the workflow. Brochure production (equipment of sites and workshops). Elements of the book and equipment of the sections of the bookbinding shop. Concepts flow process, step-by-step performance of work. General concept organization of printing production. Products manufactured by the printing industry and the requirements for them.
Excursion. Printing house. Bookbinding and stitching shop.
Practical work. Acquaintance with the table, which conventionally depicts the workshops and areas where the main binding and stitching processes are performed. Working with the book model and table.
Making models of books in solid and composite bindings
Products. Observation diary. Office book. Hardcover for a battered book.
Theoretical information. Semi-finished book (block and cover). Types of block sewing. Purpose of a bound endpaper. Block details. Appointment of the capital. Calculation of the size of the cover for the block. Details of the cover. Appointment of lagging behind, partings. The template for the space. Safety rules when cutting blocks on a paper cutter. Calculation of the size of the cover according to the drawing and the detachable layout of the book.
Exercises. Calculation of the size of the cover for the given block sizes. Collective drawing up of a plan for future work.
Practical work. Folding sheets in a notebook. Bonding endpapers. Sewing with block threads. Sealing the block spine. Trimming on three sides of the block. Rounding of the block spine. Gluing the captal and glueing the spine with a strip of paper. Manufacturing of binder covers in composite and all-fabric bindings. Inserting the block and crimping it in the press.
Cover finish
Theoretical information. Binding cover finishes: (colorful and colorless). Foil stamping. Relief stamping (relief). Requirements for the quality of the finish of the cover. The device of the gold-plating press PZ-1. Temperature regime work depending on the type of cover material. Appointment of a cliché.
Skills. Orientation in the device of the PZ-1 press. Preparing the press for work. Determination of types of embossing. Installation and preparation of clichés on the desktop.
Exercises. Preparation of the PZ-1 press for work. Test embossing.
Practical work. Trial embossing on waste material. Embossing of the cover and its spines. Cleaning covers and spines with a cloth.
Album screen
Products. Album for postcards. Album for exhibition exhibits. Album for records.
Theoretical information. Purpose and details of the album-screen. Design features. Taking into account the direction of fibers in cardboard, paper and technical fabric. Materials used to make a screen album. Appointment of binding in binding. Horizontal and vertical arrangement of the wings in the screen album.
Practical work. Selection of materials for album sheets, spines, edging, pasting and gluing of the product, taking into account the direction of the fibers and the texture of the materials. Cutting of album sheets, edging, paper for pasting and pasting of album sheets. Assembling the screen with fabric strips. Stripe edging. Glueing the roots. Pasting the spines on both sides with paper. Cover gluing. Pressing and drying the cover.
Independent work
Making a model of a bound book No. 7 with embossing on the cover. Analysis of the quality of work.
II quarter
Introductory lesson
Standard binding
Products. Models of books in bindings № 1-8. Observation diary. Notebooks.
Theoretical information. Acquaintance with samples of standard bindings. Features for determining the type of binding (design features, properties and type of cover material). Technical specifications standard bindings. The order of binding. Ways to connect a block in different bindings. The use of straight and rounded spines in different bindings. The device of a paper-cutting machine, a cardboard-shredder KN-1 machine, a squeezing press and safety rules for working on them.
Practical work. Block blank with different connection methods for bindings No. 1–3. Cut, gluing the cover to the block. Trimming bindings No. 1–3. Connecting the block with the cover (binding # 2). Sewing with threads of the block for bindings No. 4-8. A selection of materials, cut details for each cover. Binding cover assembly. Insert block. Crimping in presses and block drying. Finishing of covers in bindings No. 5, 7 and 8.
Classification of book covers and their application
Theoretical information. Features for the classification of the cover (design features - solid and composite, edged and edged, properties of cardboard - hard and flexible, types of materials - paper, fabric, cardboard). The use of covers of various numbers in the publication of books of educational, fiction and reference literature.
The exercise. Determination of details and design features of the cover of different models.
New printing materials
Theoretical information. Appointment of technical fabric. Types of technical fabric substitutes (balacron, fiberglass, bumvinyl, reinforced paper).
Skills. Performing individual operations when working as a team. Selection of binding for a product of a certain volume and format. Analysis of the binding design.
The exercise. Determination of the type of fabric substitute according to the sample in the catalog.
Practical repetition
Types of work. Production of notebooks in bindings of various designs. Book repair.
Independent work
Making one of the types of standard binding. A written or verbal answer to the question of the classification of bookcases. Analysis of the work.
III quarter
Introductory lesson
Fundamentals of the organization of modern printing production
Theoretical information. Printing house device (workshops and sections). Operational division of labor (sections) in the binding and stitching and folder shops. Basic machines and machines for binding and stitching processes. Manufacturing technology of products at the base enterprise. Requirements for the quality of parts and the finished product. Rational techniques and methods of labor organization.
Skills. Reading the scheme of printing production. Orientation in performing machine bookbinding in production and in a school workshop. Determining the difference between a typographic product and a product made in a school workshop.
Practical work. Performing operations in the areas of the basic production and in the school workshop.
Swivel album for photos
Products. Albums for photographs and for stamps.
Theoretical information. General idea of the organization of production for the production of white goods. Album types on hinges by design and purpose. Features of designs. Using a template for assembling curtains on fabric tears.
Skill. Technical drawing orientation. Analysis of the quality of work.
Exercises. Preparation and marking of a template for assembling curtains on fabric tears. Assembling the wings according to the template and by eye.
Practical work. Cutting the cardboard into the wings with an allowance for cutting the block. Hinge cutting. Cutting tissue tears. Preparation of a template and its marking for assembling the wings on fabric tears. Assembling the wings on fabric tears in pairs in a block. Block gasket and trim on three sides. Captal gluing and spine gluing. Binding cover manufacturing taking into account the size of the block. Cover finish. Inserting the block into the binding cover.
Practical repetition
Types of work. Production of classroom and exhibition albums of various designs by order of the school and organizations.
Independent work
Making an album on hinges for photographs (20 wings each, format 350 × 250 mm).
IV quarter
Introductory lesson
Organization of printing production4
Taking into account the specialization of the base enterprise.
Theoretical information. Organization of the site and workshop in the printing house. Manufacturing control. Placement of workshops and their purpose. Equipment for workshops and sections. Types of published book and magazine products. Specialties in the printing industry. Payroll in accordance with the production rate and product prices. Form of maintenance of the order.
Folders of different designs and purposes
Products. Folder for papers with flaps. Address folder. Folder for sketches and drawings. Folder for magazines.
Theoretical information. Types of folders by design and purpose. Technological requirements for the manufacture of a folder. General and specific operations for making folders. Details in different kinds of folders.
Practical work. Cut cardboard sides, outer material, frame template. Build a folder. Manufacturing and bonding of valves. Internal gluing. Folder finishing.
Briefcase folder
Theoretical information. Assigning a detail to a portfolio folder. Appointment of a pocket with "fur", a tongue and holders. Marking and insertion of the lock, tongue and holders. Purpose of a paperback bound.
Exercises. Marking the base of the pocket with "fur". Cut fabrics for "fur". Defining the center of the folder by eye. Marking of the slots for the holders and the tongue and their manufacture.
Practical work. Cut the details for the folder 5
You can make a portfolio folder with overhead locks.
Chamfering from cardboard sides. Build a folder. Gluing the spine. Fastening the holders and the tongue. Manufacturing and gluing of valves. Making a pocket with "fur". Gluing a pocket with "fur". Pasting inside folders.
Practical repetition
Types of work. Making a portfolio folder for a writing set. Making a box, case and folder for storing didactic material. Repair of visual aids.
Test
At the teacher's choice, performing one of the types of standard binding.
Grade 9
I quarter
Introductory lesson
Objectives of the course of study in the 9th grade. The importance of training qualified personnel for the printing industry. Concept polygraphy. Branches of the printing industry. Cardboard factories and white goods factories.
Manual and machine folding, collating and joining technology
Products. Redesigned notebook. Binding for a selection of magazines or documents. Hardcover for a battered book.
Theoretical information. Folding methods (parallel, perpendicular and combined). Folding types (manual and machine). Manual folding methods. Organization of the workplace for manual folding. Machine folding (knife and cassette). Types of endpaper by design. The use of the endpaper in different products. Formats of printed sheets. Printed sheets and text arrangement (imposition). The order of folding the printed sheet, taking into account the signature. Block fastening methods (sewing and non-sewing, block-by-block and potetrade). Taking into account marks on the spines of notebooks when sewing a book block. Types and methods of sewing a block with threads (by hand and on a sewing machine). Purpose and device of the sewing machine. Rules for safe work on it.
Exercises. Pushing the printed sheets. Signature folding of printed sheets. (It is advisable to use printed sheets of the supplement to the magazine "Polygraphy".)
Practical work. Folding sheets of plain and printed sheets in different ways. Manufacturing different types endpaper. Connecting the block in different ways. Linking according to the signature of the notebooks in the book block. Cutting the block from three sides. Coloring of the cutoffs. Block spine design. Execution of book covers of standard and non-standard designs. Inserting the block into the binding cover.
Manufacturing of cases and boxes for storing didactic material and documents
Products. Case 230 × 320 × 70 mm for storing documents and business files. Cases for a book, an album. Boxes of various designs for storing didactic material.
Theoretical information. Materials for cardboard works (manufacture of cases and boxes). Calculation of the sweep of the case and box. Taking into account the direction of fibers in cardboard and paper in the manufacture of boxes and cases. Assembling the case on a blank.
Skill. Self-filling of technological maps for the product. Report on the quality of the work performed.
Organization of product quality control
Theoretical information. Concepts quality and quantity of products. The responsibility of enterprises and each worker for the quality of their products. Requirements of standards for the quality of printing products. Uniform measures and methods of measurement. Indicators of quality and durability of printing products and forms of quality control. Organization of technical control at a printing company. Methods of rewarding for high quality products.
Laboratory works. Pasting the case, taking into account the direction of the fibers of the material and its costs for one-piece and composite structures.
Practical work. Marking and cutting of parts according to the drawing. Assembling the parts of the case according to the template. Pasting and pasting of the product. Finishing of cases.
Practical repetition
Types of jobs. Repair of books from the school library. Weaving a selection of magazines in a punctured way. Execution of a production order to assess the correctness of work planning, a selection of tools and materials, the ability to bind book and magazine products in the required way.
Independent work
Orientation by drawing and sample. Making a bound notebook with a soft backing with a pocket and a fastener (tongue and holder). Analysis of the quality of work.
II quarter
Introductory lesson
Making a notebook of different designs
Products. Redesigned softcover pocket notebook. Desktop notebooks of various designs.
Theoretical information. Purpose of a notebook and its difference from a notebook. Features of the technology for the manufacture of white goods. Types of notebooks (pocket and desktop, flexible and hardcover, edged and edged, open and closed). Closed desk notebook with soft backing. Pasting of booklets in white goods. Finishing the notebook by hand on a PZ-1 gilding press. Finishing types.
Exercises. Dissolution of sheets for "softness" in the cover of the notebook. Making a soft backing from foam rubber or waste paper. Binding cover assembly. Finishing the cover with shading with a trowel in a colorful and paintless way. Blint and relief stamping with printing foil.
Practical work. Cutting stacks of paper into blocks for a notebook. Perforation of sheets. Pushing sheets together. Spine gluing. Sewing a block set-in on a wire stitch machine. Spine edging with fabric. Trimming a block. Calculation and cutting of details for the cover. Chamfering. Making "softness". Cover assembly. Finishing. Inserting the block into the lid and crimping in the presses.
Types of endpapers and their use in bindings
Products. Endpapers of different designs.
Theoretical information. Purpose and types of endpaper. Endpaper characteristics (design, method of connection with notebooks, design). Requirements for the materials used to make the flyleaf. The use of one or another type of endpaper, taking into account the method of fastening the block. Dissolution of sheets. Making stitched and sewn on endpapers with folds. Composite glue endpaper with fold. Machines for gluing endpapers in production.
Exercises. Cut the material on the endpaper, taking into account the direction of the grain and the density of the paper. Determination of the reasons for marriage. Dissolution of sheets in the manufacture of stitched and sewn on endpapers with folds.
Practical work. Folding and execution of a simple glue endpaper. Harvesting a folder. Cutting paper for the endpaper. Dissolution. Spreading the endpaper with glue. Bonding a fabric folder. Lapping the folder with a trowel. Endpaper crimping and drying. Making a composite glue endpaper with a fold. Cutting sheets of thick paper, folds. Sticking sheets to a folder. Sealing with a cartridge and gluing the endpaper to the first and last notebooks. Revealing defects in the manufacture of endpapers and ways to eliminate it.
Book block processing for insertion into the binding cover
From the product."Library" binding. Book model. Shared notebook.
Theoretical information. Book block processing. Types of technological processing of the book block. Methods for gluing the spine of a book block manually and on a block-sealing machine in production. Requirements for the glue for gluing the spine. Crimping the roots in presses and drying. Evaluation of the quality of gluing, crimping and drying of the spine. Block trim quality for different bindings. Purpose and methods of filling in the cutoffs. Block spine shape. The technology of rounding the spine and folding the folds (lamination) of the block. Bonding reinforcing parts (two caps, a paper strip or a strip of technical gauze) to the spine of the book block.
Skill. Selection necessary material to work according to sketch and sample.
The exercise. Rounding the block spine with a mallet and pads to give the desired geometric shape.
Practical work. Book repair (parsing the block, repairing sheets and sewing using previously made endpapers. Bonding and drying. Trimming from three sides. Rounding the spine to give the desired geometric shape. Bonding reinforcing parts to the block).
Practical repetition
Types of work. Making book covers for previously made blocks. Insertion into block lids and crimping in the press.
Independent work
Making a desk notebook on the back wall with a soft cover. Orientation by drawing and sample. Finishing the notebook with shading on foil with a heated knife tip or embossed lid. Analysis of the quality of work.
III quarter
Introductory lesson
Information about the labor legislation.
Labor Code
Theoretical information. Basic rights and obligations of workers and employees. Labor contract. Termination of an employment contract. Transfer to another job. Suspension from work. Work time and rest time. Wage. Labor of adolescents. Labor collective law.
Manufacturing technology of covers and binder covers of nine types in accordance with GOST 22240-76
Products. Binding for documents or magazine selections with block binding. Nine standard covers for model books.
Theoretical information. Cover and binding cover as elements of the external design of the book. Types and uses of standard covers and book covers. Determination of the dimensions of cover and binder cover parts. Binding materials and requirements for them. Methods for cutting cardboard sides and cover material. Cutting cardboard into strips and sides. Materials for the lagging behind. Cut the fabric for the spine. Manufacturing of a plastic cover. Reasons for marriage and ways to eliminate it. Checking the quality of the finished lid.
Exercises. Comparison of bindings made according to the old and new GOST. Determination of the causes of marriage in the cover and ways to eliminate it.
Practical work. Calculation of material for the cover and binder cover according to the size of the block. Cut the details. Bonding covers in bindings No. 1–4. Bonding of edging material in binding No. 4. Cutting of details for binding No. 5. Manufacturing, insertion into the binding cover and crimping in block presses.
Cover finishing technology on a gilding press
Products. Bindings of various types.
Theoretical information. Cover finish (colorful and colorless). Embossing as a physical and chemical process. Embossing methods and schemes (blind, using printing foil). Stamps and dies for different embossing methods. Types of foil for embossing. Checking the quality of the embossing. Equipment for a manual gilding press PZ-1. Industrial gold plating presses. Embossing modes depending on the cover material. Preparing the gold press for work. Safety precautions when working on a gilding press.
Exercises. Test embossing on a PZ-1 press.
Practical work. Preparation of the PZ-1 press for work, taking into account the methods of embossing. Blind embossing of the cover using printing foil and hot stamping.
Fire safety at work and in the school workshop
Theoretical information. The importance of compliance with fire safety rules. Possible reasons fires. Causes of fire in electrical installations and electrical networks. Providing fire safety when performing cardboard binding works. Fire safety on the territory of the enterprise and in the school workshop. Fire message. Rules of conduct in case of fire. Using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Evacuation of people and material values in case of fire. The first health care to the victim in a fire.
Technical rationing, worker qualifications and wages at a printing company
Theoretical information. Concept rationing of labor. Time and production rates. The terms of the operational time spent on the execution of the technological operation (main, auxiliary, on the maintenance of the workplace, on rest). The main signs of a worker's qualifications (the amount of theoretical and practical knowledge, skills and abilities). Tariff categories and qualification characteristics of different professions. Dependence of the worker's wages on the tariff category (tariff coefficient, tariff rate). Various forms of remuneration. Brigade form of work and wages with it.
Album making
Products. Album on a rod for photographs. Album on screws for photographs. Album for stamps.
Theoretical information. Album types by purpose and design. The main details of the album. Methods for fastening the album (using a rod, fabric tears, lacing, wire spiral, screws). Concept curtain... Album cover types. Materials for making an album. Technique of safe work when binding an album.
Practical work. Cut the material into the wings. Laying the wings with tracing paper. Binding the album block. Calculation and production of the cover. Inserting the block into the cover in albums of different designs. Album decoration. Production of a hinged and screw-on cover with a soft backing for scrapbooks.
Types of gears in mechanical bookbinding equipment
Theoretical information. Types of gears (belt, gear, crank). The use of cylindrical and oval-shaped parts in machines for processing bookbinding and stitching products.
Practical repetition
Type of work. Production of exhibition albums for schools and various organizations (productive labor).
Independent work
Making an album with clasps for records. Analysis of the quality of work.
IV quarter
Introductory lesson
Mechanization and automation of binding and stitching processes
Theoretical information. Mechanization and automation of binding and stitching processes in production. Manufacturing of book and magazine, sheet and booklet products in large printing houses of the country. Mechanized and manual labor (productivity and quality). The use of hand presses in bookbinding, bindery shops and sites. The use of manual processes in the manufacture of miniature and facsimile publications. Programmed machines. Manual and mechanized packaging of book and magazine products. Types of pack formation. Marking, transportation and storage of finished publications. Mechanization and automation of the processes of assembling, folding of notebooks, cutting materials and cutting blocks, gluing capitals and pieces of paper, making book covers. Reducing the number of manual operations through the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation. The importance of increasing productivity and quality of labor, increasing output per unit of production area. Reducing the cost of manufactured products. Automatic and semi-automatic production lines.
Making a writing set in a portfolio folder
Products. Notebook. Notebook. Briefcase folder with a lock.
Theoretical information. White goods and stationery. General idea of the organization and technology for the manufacture of white goods. Types of solid-bound notebook and notebook. The use of printing waste for the manufacture of notebooks. Handmade notebook and notepad in the school workshop. Making a portfolio folder (cutting parts, chamfering from cardboard sides, making a soft backing, assembling a folder with flaps in a full-fabric binding).
Skills. Drawing up technological maps and making sketches of product details.
Written report on the work done.
Practical work. Manufacturing of a notebook and a notebook with finishing of covers by stamping with printing foil. Making a portfolio folder. Making a pocket with "fur" and gluing it to a folder. Finishing the portfolio folder. Pasting folders. Fastening the lock. Filling the folder with a written set of notebooks.
Insulating and lubricating materials
Theoretical information. Types and application of heat-insulating material (mineral wool, tow, fiberboard, polystyrene). Waterproofing materials based on polymers, polyethylene film. Types and application of electrical insulating material. Plastics and mineral materials, types and uses of lubricants. Properties of lubricants.
Practical repetition
Types of work. Manufacturing of a case for books and visual aids of various designs, a cassette case with edging, layouts of various types of book bindings, boxes, folders.
Test
Making a writing set in a cassette case.
Listed below are the features that allow you to learn everything about this type of business.
Before opening a company for the production of diaries you need to clearly understand for which audience the products will be produced... An enterprise may specialize in the manufacture of certain types of diaries.
Simple notepads for teens
The target audience for this type of product is schoolchildren and students up to 20-25 years old, who use notebooks everywhere.
Such products do not differ in originality and individuality, they are simple notebooks of a low price category.
Classic organizers
Higher priced products typically used by entrepreneurs and office workers. Standard variations of this type of notebook include a leather organizer or custom-designed notebook.
Quite voluminous, include complete delineation of each page and are convenient for doing business.
Business planners
The most lucrative of the category, which products are made-to-order notebooks. Typically, these types of notebooks are ordered by firms or companies in fairly large volumes for their employees, for holding promotions and sweepstakes.
As a rule, these are diaries with a logo, which are distinguished by ease of keeping records, uncommon design and low price level. However, profits are growing due to sales volumes.
With a sufficient level of investment, production can cover all of these categories.
Technical support
To make notebooks, you will need the following equipment:
- Printing machines;
- Crimping press;
- Sheeting machines;
- Folding machine;
- Wire stitching machines;
- Perforating machine;
- Foil stamping machines;
- Three-knife paper cutting machines.
Depending on the equipment used, the scale of production and its orientation, it may be required different level investment.
The cost of a number of devices exceeds 50-100 thousand rubles, therefore the purchase of all the necessary machines will require about 5 million rubles. However, used equipment can be used for initial production, which will significantly reduce costs.
Premises and staff
Small offices and premises will not be enough to run this one. The firm will need to rent a workshop with a fairly large area. The average day planner company uses a space of at least 1000 square meters. Smaller workshops may not be able to accommodate everything necessary equipment.
To put the production of diaries on stream, it will take about 70-80 employees, each of whom will be responsible for his own segment of the workflow.
Production technology
First of all, when making diaries, their exact the target audience... The design and features of the diaries, which should be of interest to buyers, are selected for the selected audience.
Depending on the type of notebook, the course of its production may vary. Simple notebooks require only cut sheets of paper, fastened with a designer cover with springs on wire stitchers.
More complex types products that include custom covers, leather materials, page designs, etc. will require additional machines. However, the cost of such diaries is much higher.
Payback and profit
If you decide to open a printing enterprise for the production of medium-sized diaries, an investment of 10 million rubles will be required. Half of them will be spent on the purchase of the necessary equipment, but with a competent approach, part of the funds can be saved by purchasing high-quality used equipment.
In case of systematic distribution of products and stable operation of the enterprise, it will take 3 or more years for the full payback of the project. The low level of payback is due to the low cost of the final product, the need to purchase expensive equipment and a large volume of personnel.
The level of profit varies depending on the volume of sales and the audience chosen. Simple diary notebooks, due to their low cost, cannot provide a high margin. Therefore, it is recommended to focus on this category as an additional one, making classic and individual organizers. The average cost of these can vary between 100-200 rubles per copy. Their stable sales will provide an annual income of 2.5-3 million rubles.
Features of the production of diaries
Diaries has its own characteristics. Customers often fall for modern design, popular themes and appearance notebooks. Therefore, one of the priority directions in production is the selection of experienced designers and a careful selection of organizer features.
Pay attention to the quality of the paper, aesthetic features of notebooks. They are often purchased for long-term use, therefore, should not "crumble" after the first year. The whiteness standard of the paper varies from 92 to 95 percent, and the paper weight should correspond to 65-75 gsm.
As you can see, this production, although it requires serious investments, is a profitable medium option, since the demand for this product is quite stable.
Single-step equipment is usually used for the production of publications in small or medium runs. The production of large editions is carried out on production lines. Their organization can be achieved as a result of the fulfillment of the following conditions:
1. the entire technical process is divided into separate operations, each of which is assigned to a separate machine;
2. All equipment is located in a strict sequence of operations and is connected by transport links, forming a production line;
3. all semi-finished products must be immediately transferred from one operation to another;
4. all equipment must be interconnected;
5. Lines should be equipped with automatic quality control devices.
Automatic lines have significant advantages in comparison with operational ones: cycle time and product processing time are reduced; productivity is increasing and the number of workers is decreasing, and the structure of their labor is changing.
Production of inlaid editions
For the production of publications, complete with inlay, automated lines are widely used, performing a complex of stitching operations.
Insertion-sewing-cutting units (VKSH) carry out the collection of publications, stitching with wire stitching and trimming.
The production process of the publication is as follows: stacks of notebooks and covers are loaded into stores. During operation, each feeder separates the notebook from the foot, opens and puts it on the conveyor. After collating, the publication is straightened and wire-stitched in the sewing section. The stitched editions are trimmed in the cutting section and sent to acceptance. Maximum speed work - up to 18 thousand cycles / h.
VKSh began to be equipped with many additional devices for:
- loading of shops with feeders;
- completing packs of finished publications;
- attachment of applications;
- folding covers, etc.
These units are transformed into complete automatic lines for the production of publications, from picking to packaging.
Abroad, various systems for mechanizing the acceptance of notebooks, their storage, transportation and entry into feeder shops are produced. For example, one of the automatic systems collects pallets- large packs of up to 40 kg, ties them with a wide polypropylene tape and places them on pallets for storage in a warehouse.
Production of compilation editions
Automatic binding lines for collated publications only use block stapling. The method of stitching does not fit into the automatic line due to the varying productivity of the automatic sewing machines, depending on the volume of the blocks.
According to the method of binding, stitching lines can be divided into two main types:
1. Mechanized using wire stitching. They were not widely used due to the intensive development of adhesive bonding of book blocks.
2. Automatic with adhesive bonding. Use the glue method of fastening with cutting off the spine folds of notebooks and gluing the spine with hot melt glue or "cold glue" (PVA or dispersion). The use of hot melt glue simplifies the equipment and the technological process, but, in comparison with "cold glue", lowers the strength and durability and increases the price. Depending on technological capabilities, automatic lines can be divided into three groups:
a. The simplest and cheapest. The line consists of a collating machine and a glue binding machine with a cover unit. Here, the block is selected, the spine folds are cut and the spine is roughened, the glue is applied and it is dried and cooled. Further operations are performed on the operating equipment.
b. The lines consist of a collator (8–24 sections), a gluing and covering machine, a three-side trimming machine and a receiving-completing device.
v. They differ from the lines of the second group by the presence of devices for cutting doubles(editions containing two copies in height), machines for packing and strapping packs, as well as the presence of microprocessor technology.
Automatic printing and binding lines
The traditional production organization scheme involves printing in parts, and stitching processes after the accumulation of the entire publication. This breaks up and slows down the process and requires a lot of production space and manual labor. The use of automatic stitching lines does not reduce labor costs, but almost completely eliminates the disadvantages of the traditional production organization.
Printing and binding line (PBL)- a technological complex of equipment, connected to an automatic line, which prints all pages and all stitching operations. The production of books and magazines at the PBL is the most productive, shortens the time of publication of the publication, and reduces waste and labor costs.
PBL can be divided into two groups:
1. PBL for publications, complete with a tab. They are not serially produced, but they are necessary for the publication of magazines in mass circulation. Each line is designed to be published in a constant volume and format.
2. PBL for publications completed with a selection. On lines using this technology, you can make book blocks with glued endpapers for insertion into binding covers.
Currently, two types of PBL are known:
1. With a constant length of the mold. Printing plates are placed on plate cylinders. Due to the limitation of the media, you can print a certain number of pages at a time, but this is compensated large size printing plates and plate cylinders.
2. With variable length of the mold. The printing forms are fixed on a form-carrier tape, which allows printing editions of various formats in the volume of 80–1152 pages of text or black-and-white images. However, this design is more expensive.
- Bitrix24
- Google services
- Vkontakte, Instagram
It would seem, is it wise in our turbulent digital age to invest in paper? Against the background of the unfolding economic crisis think about product aesthetics and “special quality”? Reinvent bike notebook? Worried about customer tactile sensations? Two Petersburg daredevils - Andy Martin and Elena Shvarova, co-owners of BOOKOVSKY - answered “yes” to all these questions. And that's what came of it.
How it all began
Still, fate takes entrepreneurs to the starting point by winding paths. Could an 18-year-old student, who chose the fascinating path of a mechanical engineer, know that he would not be an engineer or a mechanic, but a graphic designer Andy Martin (a pseudonym that became a name), art director of a branding studio, and even the founder of his own brand fashion stationery? Unlikely. And yet.
Andy Martin
Over the past 20 years, Andy Martin has worked in various design studios in Moscow and St. Petersburg, received several professional awards and even became a co-owner of a branding bureau.ODB... Why did he need with all this BOOKOVSKY - it's hard to say in a nutshell.
“I have always had an interest in pencils and good paper. This feeling - contact with magic - comes from childhood, in any case - Soviet. For a long time I fussed with the thought that a notebook is not just a notebook or a diary, it can be a part of a style, an identifier, an indicator of status. At some point, I decided: I should either make my own notebooks, or throw them out of my head. "
In June 2014, Andy came up with the concept for the first notebook. After the prototype appeared, Elena Shvarova joined the business, who eventually became a partner and co-owner of the company. She came up with a name BOOKOVSKY , Andy made a logo: "Then it was just hard to stop."
Elena Shvarova
There was another reason why it appeared BOOKOVSKY ... Andy spent two decades in branding, working with other people's products. “In the end, I wanted to look at the situation from the inside.”
Finally, theoretical training also played a role - Andy had been reading the Sekret Firmy magazine for several years, and he still has two drawers of magazines. This interest, in turn, was influenced by the book "Parkinson's Laws" (Cyril Parkinson is the author of satirical works on the problems of business, management and political science), read somehow in the 90s. But an even greater impression on the aspiring entrepreneur was made by the story of the founder Starbucks : "I was simply amazed at how persistently a person can achieve his goal." Elena experienced a similar effect from the book "To hell, take it and do it" - a manifesto of the extravagant Richard Branson.
However, Andy adds, stories about other people's successes and interesting startups can add motivation to an entrepreneur, but they will not teach business tricks. When the owners BOOKOVSKY faced with a lack of understanding when and how to reduce the cost or increase it, what are the pitfalls in contracts with large networks etc. - they received really valuable information from their entrepreneurial friends.
Specific market
The idea to make a product, and not just sell, arose from observations of the Russian notebook market. According to entrepreneurs, this market, on the one hand, is motley, on the other, extremely conservative: there are many products of the same type from different manufacturers. Most of the offer on it is made up of the office, produced in industrial scale... Both international brands (Moleskine, Leuchtturm, Arwey) and Russian (InFolio) are active here. The niche of original products was almost completely occupied by hand-made: kraft paper, recycled paper, webbing, etc.
“Such interesting serial production as in Smythson, Midory, Field Notes nobody produces in Russia. Our original “stationery” looks something like this: these are stitched sheets of paper or even just folded, wrapped in a sheet of leather and tied with an elastic band. It is hand-made without standards. We decided to show that a small brand can be of comparable quality to large brands. That there may be an original product, but not hand-made in the usual sense. "
The mass market assumes large circulations, and, as a rule, Chinese assembly and printing are cheaper. Large players (as a rule, these are Moscow companies) take in volumes, not ideas - the more universal the model, the better it will sell. This is exactly what we see in most stationery stores. Originals are more likely to work with bookstores, where entry is easier and competition is less competitive.
“We didn’t have a task to“ break ”others, we wanted to offer the market an alternative, make serial notepads, but with a strong personality. A product that is not inferior in quality to large brands, while not assembled on an industrial scale somewhere in China, but in small batches in St. Petersburg, where we ourselves could control the quality and the entire production process "
According to Elena, this niche cannot be called quiet: lately, the stationery market has been developing precisely due to new brands that produce notebooks and handmade sketchbooks. However, although there are many players here, their products are very similar. There is no specialized community of small stationery manufacturers - every man for himself. There is active interaction with paper suppliers and printing houses - they are more interested in cooperation and exchange of ideas.
The first steps
The entrepreneurs were going to conduct sales with the help of partners - by providing their products to retail and online stores in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The first four months were spent on the production of test samples: calculating designs, making concepts, looking for the face of the product - so as not to get what is already on the market.
“I kept thinking: what do we want to do, for whom? Money cannot be the goal of a business. He must have an idea. If you want to make money, you have to make sense of the business. "
It would seem, who needs notebooks in our digital age through and through?
Initially, BOOKOVSKY products were positioned as notebooks for urban life - compact, convenient, which you want to carry with you, since they are part of the style. Who needs it? Students, journalists, business people. It is important for them that every detail matches the image.
"It creative people for whom self-expression is important, aesthetics. - explains Elena. - They care where they write or draw. The notebook itself inspires you. And here the quality of the paper is of great importance ”.
“It's hard to explain,” Andy adds. “To understand the difference, you have to run your hand over the cover or try writing a pencil on paper. In addition, m we deliberately left the lined or checkered sheets in order to leave the person with a blank sheet of paper and more possibilities for creativity. At the same time, there is a special liner in the notebook with a lining. A person can put it under the sheet and write straight. It's a trifle, but it's nice that they thought of you. These are also brand standards ”.
In choosing paper, Andy drew on a wealth of experience in communicating with printers. In addition, entrepreneurs stood out with non-standard sizes and proportions of notebooks - there were simply no such ones on the market. During testing, some types of paper were rejected for technical reasons - some were badly creased (creasing - squeezing out lines along which the sheet is then easily bent), while others crumbled when cutting.
To please a discerning audience, there were thousands of nuances to consider. So, a sketchbook is intended primarily for drawing, so its sheets should be suitable for sketching with any material - pencil, ink, watercolor. In search of the optimal weight, I had to try many different papers. The entrepreneurs drew and watched so that the paper, for example, would not curl up when it got wet. We drew until we found what we needed.
“A notebook is generally a pleasant way to keep the most important things. Especially for kinesthetic aesthetes "
First sales
The production of BOOKOVSKY notebooks is entirely concentrated in St. Petersburg. Andy makes all the models, prototypes, graphics on his own. Elena has ideology and communication with shops.
The first "official" series of notebooks BOOKOVSKY was released in the fall of 2014. It cost partners a thousand dollars - so much paper, springs, wire, ordering covers in the printing house. However, the first sales happened even earlier - test samples from entrepreneurs were bought by acquaintances who told their friends about the brand, and they told their friends. So word of mouth worked. In November, a group on VKontakte was opened: here it was possible to place an order. At that time, the assortment of Petersburgers included two models of notebooks and branded black pencils. Your online store seemed like an overkill then.
And today Instagramand the group in " In contact with»Are the main channels for brand promotion. However, there are complaints about the effectiveness of the latter - so BOOKOVSKY are eyeing Facebook.
In the first batch mentioned, there were only 100 pieces of two types of notebooks: City Notes and Coffee Notes. The first is a city notebook for notes, notes and sketches. A distinctive feature is the cover, made of a material that is pleasant to the touch (touch cover), which wipes off over time and becomes even more pleasant. The cover features a map of London - this is a gimmick: people want to pick up a notebook and look at the map, looking for familiar names. Coffee Notes with detachable sheets is made on the principle of "notes on napkins" when you need to quickly write down your thoughts or leave someone a phone number.
In January 2015 BOOKOVSKY decided to offer their notebooks to shops. The first was the book "Subscription Editions" - simply because he liked it himself - for the atmosphere and good books... "Editions" took a trial batch for implementation - 10 notebooks of each model and 10 pencils. The batch was sold in a month. The next delivery has already included a new model of notebooks - a sketchbook on a spring.
Today, the company has about twenty such points of sale - mainly, these are bookstores in the central part of the city, although notebooks of the St. Petersburg brand can also be found in stores. fashionable clothes, such as LUUK and Bolshoi.
Shopping
“Friends warned that it would be very difficult to“ get on the shelf ”. - says Elena, - When we went to negotiate in the first store, we were ready to refuse. In fact, 9 out of 10 stores are willing to take notebooks for sale. True, then, it happens, there are difficulties with the control of payments. Well, there is probably no getting away from this. "
According to the entrepreneurs, they were allowed to enter all stores where BOOKOVSKY products are offered today without an entrance fee. Andy and Elena explain this approach by the profile of their activity: stationery and bookstores are not chain retail: if they like the product, they take it with interest. However, only on terms of implementation, throwing on top of their 50-100%. Nobody wants to take additional risks.
For a year now, BOOKOVSKY has been eyeing Moscow - there, large stores, including chain stores, are of greatest interest to the St. Petersburg brand. Alas, this means a margin of 150% and what is delicately called “not always comfortable payment terms” - the same delays in payments. So for now, the conquest of the capital has been postponed.
A few months ago, notebook manufacturers began to cooperate with illustrator Ekaterina Khozatskaya, who is leading a project about St. Petersburg establishments. Between the Bars Now they make notebooks with Catherine's illustrations on the cover. They work on pre-order, making notebooks with illustrations to choose from, and there are already more than 40 of them with images of various bars and cafes. Such notebooks are bought, firstly, by admirers of Ms. Khozatskaya's creativity. And, secondly, BOOKOVSKY offers the institutions shown in the illustrations to sell products as promotions in their bars.
“Our competitors now are those with whom we find ourselves next to on the shelves in stores. These are manufacturers of our rank - for example, Voodoo Book and Memorandum , and big brands like Moleskine. But we do not focus on them in production. We are closest to the American spirit Field Notes ... They are different, completely independent "
FamilyBOOKOVSKY
Today the creators BOOKOVSKY offer customers six models of notebooks and sketchbooks. Two more are coming soon - a sketchbook and an A5 size notebook. Distinctive feature of all Petersburg stamp notebooks are unlined sheets. There are three varieties in the assortment - on a spring (for drawing and sketches), on a paper clip (for notes and sketches), tear-off (for notes). In addition, there are branded pencils - their rigidity is best suited for the paper that is used in notebooks. They are made of ebony, which means that when you sharpen a pencil it is still black. The pencil complements the notebook, they are made in the same style.
The brand is based on three basic models.BOOKOVSKY City Notes - this is a black notebook on a paper clip, with milk paper inside, format 105x145. This is a notebook for every day, with an original cover that wipes off over time like denim. BOOKOVSKY Cafe Notes - a narrow notebook for notes, tear-off with perforation, with a leather-like cover. Personable and looks like an accessory. BOOKOVSKY Sketchbook Travel is a square 20x20 cm album for sketches and illustrations.
“Now we are planning to release a branded diary. It will be undated and unlined. Not a "clerical" diary, but rather a partner for every day. For me, in this sense, the reference is the notebook. Smythson and their philosophy, the tradition of using a notebook as a travel aid. To paraphrase a phrase from the film by Guy Ritchie, if you got the Smithson at the meeting, then you can immediately see: you are a well-mannered person, you have taste, and you can deal with. We also try to make such notebooks, ”says Andy.
Manual assembly
All notebook models BOOKOVSKY standardized, that is, for each it is known in advance what kind of paper is used, what kind of cover will be, what sizes, etc. As a rule, everything starts with the purchase of the required volume of paper, then the entrepreneurs order the cover separately from the printing house. After readiness, the assembly begins: the paper is cut, run, the inner sheets and the cover are fastened together, and the paper is trimmed again. At the last stage, the corners of the notebook are rounded.
“In-house assembly, as opposed to typographic, allows for quality control,” explains Andy. - Of course, I had to buy some accessories (rounders, cutters, booklet makers, stamps, presses, paper clip installers), but we are even glad. It is difficult to implement any ideas in general in typography - for example, no one makes notebooks with loose leaves in the cover. "
For the year production of notebooks BOOKOVSKY little has changed: they are assembled by hand in the workshop, which is part of the office. Records of sales and stock balances are kept. By the way, at the time of assembly, the company's staff grows to three people - there is an assistant who comes. Complex internal blocks with perforation are outsourced.
Basically, Petersburgers use imported design paper, most often from the German factory Gmund. There are not so many notebooks made of such materials on the market. In the mass market, simpler and cheaper paper is usually used.
“We buy paper from the companies“ Bereg ”,“ Antalis ”and a little from“ Double V ”. The material is imported, so prices are linked to the currency. If a year ago a sheet of colored paper 100x70cm cost about 200 rubles, now it is 400-500. We cannot choose a cheaper paper - the tactile sensations from touching the brand are very important to us. The paper we have chosen is the brand identity, the style by which our notebooks are recognized. Alas, design paper is not produced in Russia. With tinted problems in general - it is not enough. Tinted paper is a special aesthetics, after that you don't even want to look at ordinary office paper. "
Ride out the storm
The margin that manufacturers put into the selling price is floating and depends on the model. They try to keep the prime cost no more than two dollars - this is from 20 to 50% of the price of a notebook (the average price is 300 rubles). According to entrepreneurs, from 5 to 10 copies are sold at one point every month. Of course, the figures are modest. In addition, because of the crisis, profits fell - paper prices went up, and St. Petersburg residents did not raise prices for notebooks. The logic is simple: you have to ride out the storm.
“The office is not a basic necessity, so now many people are saving on such pleasure,” admits Elena. "But as soon as the economic situation in the country improves, the demand for stylish office supplies will begin to grow."
The cost of notebooks is mainly generated by materials and printing costs. The purchase of equipment also demanded a decent investment. And although entrepreneurs did without loans and external investments (and there were no people willing to invest), today everything that they earn is invested in development.
Lack of staff - significant savings on wages. “We started the business together, and now we are working. We develop notebook models ourselves, groups in social networks we do it ourselves, we negotiate with the stores and we do the reporting ourselves. So far we are coping ”- sums up Elena.
Business leaves partners time for other things. Both Andy and Elena continue to strategize and design in the branding studio.
Work on bugs
“I thought: let's make a cool product, and it will immediately be in demand by the consumer. Practice has shown that not everything is so simple, it is still necessary to reach this consumer. - Andy recalls. - For example, at first we hit corporate sales. It seemed that it would be more effective. We still have a share of such orders, but now I am confident that the mass market is a much better path for our product. It is interesting for its diversity, gives freedom of maneuver. In corporate sales, as a rule, only 1-2 models are in demand ”.
In addition, manufacturers are faced with a wary attitude of the audience towards the brand.
“A hand-made notebook made of good paper is not a cheap pleasure,” admits Elena. - Many do not yet understand what they are paying for. That is, people like individual models, and they would be happy to receive something from BOOKOVSKY , but they are not always ready to buy for themselves, they say - "expensive". In addition, the consumer is accustomed to the fact that if the brand is not massive, then this is a clearly pronounced hand-made - with the use of craft, leather, ribbons and other things. We are just getting used to the serial office, which is assembled by hand ”.
“Now the main emphasis in sales is shifted to working with stores. - says Elena. - There are plans to increase the number of outlets, start cooperation with Moscow stores. We also made sure that you can't do without your own online store - uh then, first of all, the consumer's comfort: there he can independently place an order and immediately pay in a convenient way. V modern world everyone is used to it, so you have to match the level. We are in the process of launching an online store right now. "
The stationery business - like any other business - has its own specifics. Here you need not only to understand the materials. It is also necessary to guess the still unformed desires of the audience, constantly monitor the market, and not only the Russian one, to get acquainted with the novelties and approaches of other manufacturers. You need to understand the nature of demand. It turned out that there is also a seasonality factor in sales of representative office supplies, although not very pronounced. In souvenir shops, notebook sales peak during the tourist season. In addition, stationery is actively procured by students before starting school year, however, in the high price segment, there is no noticeable surge in demand.
The past year has taught Andy a lot: “For example, the peculiarity of our printers is that they always strive to simplify everything. To do it as it is more convenient for them. If you need a certain type of tinted paper, make sure that it is in the final circulation, and not a similar analogue. In the end, we now buy all the paper ourselves - it also comes out cheaper ”.
Another important conclusion that the owners made for themselves BOOKOVSKY - you cannot be a brand for everyone at the same time.
“We followed the lead of the market - we released a whole series of“ gift ”notebooks with colored covers, textured paper, and embossing. Spent a lot of time, but these notebooks were not very much in demand. I have read many times that when a company, in addition to basic models, begins to produce some fashionable or seasonal items, as a result, the understanding of who it is, for whom and for what purpose is blurred. Of course, when you read about it, you think - I won't do that, but in the real market, mistakes are inevitable. I had to stay within my style. "
"We saw, we saw, well done"
BOOKOVSKY promotion built mainly via the Internet. In this sense, groups on social networks work well. In addition, the company cooperates with the student marketing competition "Marketorium" - this is a direct contact with the target audience.
A full-fledged website with an online store will be launched very soon, where you can buy any model of notebooks and sketchbooks. Finally, stores are also a promotion channel where a person can look and touch (which is important) all the notebooks.
“When you come to a new store to negotiate cooperation, they say to you:“ we heard about you ”- it's nice. In general, the stores themselves are a good tool for promotion: even if people don’t buy, they still see the brand and remember ”
Elena is sure that BOOKOVSKY it will be possible to bring it to the western market - the brand's style and quality are quite consistent with the European level. In addition, there are thoughts of selling a franchise. So far, no one has offered to buy a business to the St. Petersburg manufacturers of the conceptual "stationery". Although the major market players received good reviews - they say, they saw, they saw, well done.
