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Pavel Trofimovich Morozov biography. The fictional story of Pavlik Morozov (1 photo). And how it really was

His name became a household name, he was used in politics and propaganda. Who was Pavlik Morozov really?
He twice became a victim of political propaganda: in the era of the USSR, he was portrayed as a hero who gave his life in the class struggle, and in perestroika times - as an informer who betrayed his own father. Modern historians have questioned both myths about Pavlik Morozov, who became one of the most controversial figures in Soviet history.

Portrait of Pavlik Morozov based on the only known photograph of him

House where Pavlik Morozov lived, 1950

This story took place in early September 1932 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tobolsk province. The grandmother sent her grandchildren to fetch cranberries, and a few days later the bodies of the brothers with traces of violent death were found in the forest. Fedor was 8 years old, Pavel - 14. According to the canonical version generally accepted in the USSR, Pavlik Morozov was the organizer of the first pioneer detachment in his village, and in the midst of the struggle against the kulaks he denounced his father, who collaborated with the kulaks.

As a result, Trofim Morozov was sent into 10-year exile, and according to other sources, he was shot in 1938.

In fact, Pavlik was not a pioneer - a pioneer organization appeared in their village only a month after his assassination. The tie was later simply added to the portrait for him. He did not write any denunciations against his father. His ex-wife testified against Trofim at the trial.

Pavlik only confirmed the testimony of his mother that Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, being the chairman of the village council, sold certificates to the resettled kulaks about the postscript to the village council and that they had no tax arrears to the state. These certificates were in the hands of the Chekists, and Trofim Morozov would have been tried without the testimony of his son. He and several other district leaders were arrested and sent to prison.

N. Chebakov. Pavlik Morozov, 1952

Relations in the Morozov family were not easy. Pavlik's grandfather was a gendarme, and grandmother was a horse thief. They met in prison, where he was guarding her. Pavlik's father, Trofim Morozov, had a scandalous reputation: he was a reveler, cheated on his wife and, as a result, left her with four children. The chairman of the village council was really dishonest - all the villagers knew that he made money on fictitious certificates and appropriated the property of the dispossessed.

There was no political subtext in Pavlik's act - he simply supported his mother, who was unjustly offended by his father. And the grandmother and grandfather for this hated both him and the mother. In addition, when Trofim left his wife, according to his law, the land plot passed to his eldest son Paul, since the family was left without means of subsistence. Having killed the heir, the relatives could count on the return of the land plot.

Relatives who were accused of the murder of Pavlik Morozov

An investigation began immediately after the murder. Bloody clothes and a knife were found in the grandfather's house, with which the children were stabbed. During interrogations, Pavel's grandfather and cousin confessed to the crime: allegedly, the grandfather held Pavel while Danila stabbed him with a knife. The case had a very big resonance. This murder was presented in the press as an act of kulak terror against a member of the pioneer organization. Pavlik Morozov was immediately proclaimed a pioneer hero.

Pavlik Morozov - a pioneer hero in the era of the USSR

Only many years later, many details began to raise questions: why, for example, Pavel's grandfather, a former gendarme, did not get rid of the murder weapon and traces of the crime. Writer, historian and journalist Yuri Druzhnikov (aka Alperovich) put forward a version that Pavlik Morozov reported on his father on behalf of his mother - in order to take revenge on his father, and was killed by an OGPU agent in order to cause massive repression and the expulsion of kulaks - this was the logical conclusion of the story about villainous fists who are ready to kill children for their own benefit.

Collectivization took place with great difficulties; the pioneer organization was poorly received in the country. In order to change the attitude of people, new heroes and new legends were needed. Therefore, Pavlik was just a puppet of the Chekists, seeking to arrange a show trial.

Yuri Druzhnikov and his sensational book about Pavlik Morozov

However, this version drew widespread criticism and was defeated. In 1999, the relatives of the Morozovs and representatives of the Memorial movement obtained a review of this case in court, but the Prosecutor General's Office concluded that the murderers had been convicted reasonably and were not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds.

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the Sverdlovsk region, 1968. Pavlik's mother Tatyana Morozova with her grandson Pavel, 1979

Pioneers visit the place of death of Pavlik Morozov, 1968

The writer Vladimir Bushin is sure that it was a family and everyday drama without any political overtones. In his opinion, the boy was counting only on the fact that his father would be intimidated and returned to the family, and could not foresee the consequences of his actions. He thought only about helping his mother and brothers, since he was the eldest son.

The school where Pavlik Morozov studied, and now there is a museum named after him

At the Pavlik Morozov Museum

No matter how the story of Pavlik Morozov is interpreted, this does not make his fate less tragic. For the Soviet government, his death served as a symbol of the struggle against those who do not share its ideals, and in the perestroika era was used to discredit this government.

Monuments to Pavlik Morozov

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the city of Ostrov, Pskov region

For those who do not remember who Pavlik Morozov is, we offer the official version of those events .

| Patriotic, spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren | Young heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pioneer Heroes of the Great Patriotic War | Pavlik Morozov

Pioneer Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Pavlik Morozov

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov (Pavlik Morozov; November 14, 1918, Gerasimovka, Turinsky district, Tobolsk province, RSFSR - September 3, 1932, Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Ural region, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet schoolboy, student of the Gerasimov district of the Ural school of the Tavdinsky region during the Soviet era, he gained fame as a pioneer hero who resisted the kulaks in the person of his father and paid for it with his life.

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Pavlik Morozov was “the organizer and chairman of the first pioneer detachment in the village. Gerasimovka ". Monuments were erected to Pavlik Morozov in many cities and pioneer camps of the Soviet Union.

Pavel Trofimovich Morozov was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tavda district of the Ural region. His father, Trofim Morozov, became the chairman of the village council of his native village. It was a difficult time.

Back in 1921, the villagers of Central Russia started a riot, rebelling against the Bolshevik surplus appropriation system, which took the last grain from the people for the proletarians.

Those of the rebels who survived the battles left for the Urals or were convicted. Some were shot, others were amnestied a few years later. Two years later, five people, the Purtov brothers, who played their part in the tragedy of Paul, also fell under the amnesty.

The boy's father, when Pavlik reached the age of ten, abandoned his wife and children, leaving for another family. This event forced young Morozov to become the head of the family, taking upon himself all the worries about his relatives.

Knowing that the power of the Soviets was the only shield for the poor, with the onset of the 1930s, Paul joined the ranks of the pioneer organization. At the same time, my father, having taken a leading position in the village council, began to actively cooperate with the kulak elements and the Purtov gang.

This is where the story of Pavlik Morozov's feat begins.

The Purtovs, having organized a gang in the forests, hunted in the vicinity by robbery. On their conscience only proven robberies 20. Also, according to the OGPU, the five brothers were preparing a local coup against the Soviets, relying on special settlers (kulaks). They were actively assisted by Trofim Morozov. The chairman provided them with blank documents, issuing fake certificates of poor condition.

In those years, such certificates were an analogue of a passport and gave the bandits a quiet life and legal residence. According to these documents, the bearer of the paper was considered a peasant of Gerasimovka and did not owe anything to the state. Pavel, who fully and sincerely supported the Bolsheviks, reported the actions of his father to the competent authorities. His father was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.

Pavlik paid for this report by losing his life, and his younger brother Fyodora was deprived of his life. While picking berries in the forest, they were slaughtered by their own relatives. At the end of the investigation, four were convicted of the murder: Sergei Morozov - paternal grandfather, Ksenia Morozova - grandmother, Danila Morozov - cousin, Arseny Kulukanov - Pavel's godfather and his uncle.

Kulukanov and Danila were shot, grandfather and grandmother died in custody. The fifth suspect, Arseniy Silin, was acquitted.

09/10/2003 The secret of the life and death of Pavlik Morozov

Tyumen. September 3 marks the 71st anniversary of the death of Pavlik Morozov. Together with his younger brother Fedya, he was killed for reporting his father to the Chekists. The village of Gerasimovka, where Pavlik was born and buried, is located 40 kilometers from the regional center of Tavda, Sverdlovsk region.

In Soviet times, when the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov was a model for the younger generation, an asphalt road was laid in the village and the House-Museum was rebuilt. Tourists from all over the country were taken by buses - 10-15 excursions a day. Now Gerasimovka is known only to old-timers and historians. The memorial complex is closed and is in a deplorable state.

A trail of mystery

The name of Pavlik Morozov is still worn by streets in dozens of Russian cities, although the main monument to the hero with a banner in his hand has long been removed from its pedestal in a park on Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya. After his death, he was forever inscribed in the history of the pioneer as number 001, and now his name has become a symbol of betrayal.

"There is still no clarity in this case. Even in the materials that are available, one can find inconsistencies, but no re-analysis has been carried out," says Anna Pastukhova, chair of the Yekaterinburg branch of the Memorial human rights society. She believes that the case of Pavlik Morozov, "who has become a bargaining chip in the games of adults," is too early to close.

After several decades, it is already difficult to understand where is the myth about a 14-year-old boy who allegedly sacrificed his life in the fight against the "fists" who sheltered bread from the village poor, and where real life a semi-literate teenager from a large village family.

Scammer 001

The first attempt to make an independent investigation into Pavlik's life was made back in the mid-1980s by the Moscow prose writer Yuri Druzhnikov, who later wrote the book "Informer 001, or the Ascension of Pavlik Morozov", translated into several foreign languages... During the investigation, Druzhnikov was able to talk with some of the boy's surviving relatives, including his mother Tatyana Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda turned into the heroic mother of the pioneer hero.

Pavlik's death was blamed on his closest relatives - grandfather Sergei Morozov, his wife Ksenia, cousin Danila and godfather - Armenia Kulukanov. Druzhnikov was the first to question the verdict. The process itself was carried out in violation of legislative norms, and "the main evidence of the guilt of the defendants was quotes from the reports of Stalin and Molotov that the class struggle in certain areas is intensifying, and the defendants were an illustration of the correctness of their statements."

Druzhnikov, now a professor at the University of California, believes that Pavlik's denunciation of his father was made by him "at the instigation of his mother, whom his father left by going to another."

“He has never been a pioneer either, he was made a pioneer after his death,” Druzhnikov says. “And most importantly, I revealed secret documents that it was not kulaks who killed Pavlik and his brother, but two NKVD officers: one voluntary and the other a professional. They killed and pinned the blame on relatives who did not want to join the collective farm. By the way, the convicts were not fists either. They were forced to dig a hole for themselves, stripped naked and shot for example. This is how Stalin's directive on total collectivization was carried out locally. it was needed two years later, when the Writers' Union was created and the boy was named the first positive hero of socialist realism.

Chapter seven. WHO IS THE KILLER ?. "Informer 001, or ..."
litresp.ru ›chitat… druzhnikov-yurij / donoschik-001… 8
Druzhnikov Yuri. ... So, on September 12, the OGPU organized a collective farm, and Kartashov spoke at the meeting on behalf of the public, demanding the execution of the murderers. ... In this protocol, Ivan Potupchik showed that the murder was committed "from a political point of view, since Pavel Morozov was a pioneer and activist, often ...

Immortal Soviet Legend | Nomad | 11/16/2002
nomad.su ›? a = 15-200211160017
Druzhnikov is convinced that Kartashov, with the help of Potupchik, organized the murder of the boys in an attempt to intimidate the villagers and force them to join the collective farm. He believes that they had the tacit permission of the Stalinist special services for this. Prosecutor. Once upon a time there was a deputy head of a rehabilitation ...

Unhappy Pavlik Morozov

On September 3, 1982, the country widely celebrated the 50th anniversary of the death of the pioneer hero Pavlik Morozov, who was brutally killed by bandits-fists. And a few years later, the debunking of the memory of the hero began, who supposedly turned out to be a minor informer against his own father. Meanwhile, the famous Shlisselburg revolutionary N. Morozov told the truth about the tragedy unfolding in the Urals to the writer Alexei Tolstoy back in 1939 ... mysterious history is told in an article by the Tsarskoye Selo ethnographer, our longtime author Fyodor Morozov.

About twenty years ago, I remember, Lenin's rooms in secondary, music and sports schools all over the country were pasted over with portraits of Pavlik Morozov. And stories about a young pioneer who allegedly exposed the hostile activities of his father, a kulak, hiding grain from starving workers, and for this brutally killed by his own grandfather and brother - podkulachnikov, diluted the air of the Mayak and Yunost radio stations almost every Saturday.

During the reign of Andropov, Pavlik's feat received a new interpretation. His father, from a kulak, turned into a village headman, who enjoyed a reputation among his fellow villagers as a respected, decent person, but succumbed to intimidation by bandit kulaks hiding in the forests, to whom he issued false certificates. And in 1984, unexpectedly, it turned out that Pavlik Morozov himself was not at all the one for whom he had been issued for fifty years ...

The family of Trofim Morozov, the headman of the village of Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, was, it turns out, very pious and did not miss a single Sunday service and church holiday... Moreover, both the elder's sons, Pavel and Fyodor, often helped the local priest, for which he taught them to read and write. On the day of their death, September 3, 1932, when both brothers were returning home from the local priest, they were stabbed to death not far from their native village.

In 1989, the Ogonyok magazine published new version, according to which it turned out that Pavlik Morozov, in principle, could not be a pioneer, since the nearest pioneer organization at that time was located 120 kilometers from Gerasimovka. The reason for his murder seemed to be purely everyday. Pavlik's own mother allegedly died, and his relationship with his stepmother did not work out. A strange and terrible role in the events was played by the jealousy of Morozov's neighbor, who wrote a denunciation on behalf of Pavlik to the Tavdinsky department of the GPU, casting a shadow of suspicion on the unsuspecting boy. During interrogations, Pavlik allegedly answered insulting questions with silence, which was perceived as his confession in writing a denunciation. Distraught with shame and grief, grandmother Aksinya decided to deal with Pavlik and his brother in her own way. Watching them on a forest road in the late evening of September 3, 1932, she strangled them ...

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, this story looks different. Pavlik Morozov handed over his father, who allegedly sold documents to the enemies of the people, to the secretary of the Tavdinsky district party committee back in 1930 and then appeared in court as the prosecutor of his own ancestor. At the same time, Pavlik Morozov was allegedly elected chairman of the council of the pioneer detachment of Gerasimovka. And in 1932, Pavlik, being a 14-year-old teenager, allegedly headed the local food detachments to seize surplus grain from the kulaks of the entire Tavda region, for which the kulaks slaughtered him along with his brother on a forest road (TSE 1954, vol. 28, p. 310 ).

Meanwhile, back in 1939, the famous honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Shlisselburg revolutionary Nikolai Morozov, outraged by the proximity of his surname with the Pavlik surname in the first Soviet encyclopedia of 1936, undertook an investigation of this case, so to speak, in hot pursuit. And I found out that everything was not at all the way it was said and written in all the then official sources. According to the Morozov investigation, it turned out that Pavlik was not a pioneer after all, just as he was not an informer. At the trial against the head of the family, he acted as a witness and shielded his father with all his might, to which there were still a lot of witnesses: the trial in Tavda was held at open doors.

The honorary academician failed to talk with the secretary of the Tavdinsky district committee, to whom Pavlik allegedly whispered in his ear about the atrocities of his father: by that time the official had already been shot as an enemy of the people. But in the case of the murder of Pavel and Fyodor Morozovs, Nikolai Alexandrovich found testimony from members of the Morozov family - mother, sister and uncle. In her explanatory note, Tatiana Semyonovna - Pavel's mother - clearly called her son an informer under dictation, and blamed his grandfather, grandmother and uncle Danila for his death. In the same note, she first named Pavlik a pioneer. "My son Pavel, no matter what he saw or heard about this kulak gang, he always reported them to the village council. Therefore, the kulaks hated him and in every possible way wanted to exterminate this young pioneer from the face of the earth." (An interesting detail: Pavlik's father was the chairman of the Gerasimov village council, so it turns out that he passed denunciations about his father and relatives to his father himself!)

As a result of meetings and conversations with the surviving Morozov family, the academician found out that a conflict had been ripening in the family for a long time. By writing out leftist documents, Trofim Morozov brought terrible trouble to the family. Endless showdowns at night eventually led to divorce and division of property. Taking advantage of this opportunity, numerous "well-wishers" intervened in the case, a train of denunciations against Trofim Sergeevich, grandmother Aksinya and grandfather Sergei was drawn to the Tavdinsky district committee and the district police department. All slander was allegedly written from Pavlik's words by local policeman Ivan Fellow traveler and hut Pyotr Yeltsin. On their basis, the trial of Trofim Morozov was hastily concocted.
Pavlik by that time knew how to write himself, so the denunciations, allegedly written from his words, that went to the district, were one hundred percent fakes! For some reason, Paul was not asked questions about his "denunciations" at the trial. Nevertheless, although Trofim Sergeevich's guilt was not proven, he got a sentence, and the Morozov family was almost repressed as a kulak. This happened, however, two years later, and the district police officer demanded that Pavel himself testify against his respected grandfather and grandmother. Morozov, as their eldest grandson, responded with a resolute refusal, stating that he would beg his acquaintance priest for such thoughts and proposals to anathematize the district police officer. Pavel's conversation with the district police officer took place on September 1, 1932, and Pavel managed to convey its contents to his confessor. And on September 3, returning from church with his brother, he did not make it home ... Two days later, the bodies of the tortured brothers were found literally a stone's throw from the village. On the same day, the district police officer had terrible suspicions, and he conducted searches in the house of Pavlik's grandfather and his cousin Danila, where he found bloody trousers, a shirt and a knife. What kind of fool keeps such evidence in the house? The district policeman did not intend to answer such a stupid question from his fellow villagers; he did not care about the little things.

On September 8, the district police officer with the support of the opera from Tavda knocked out a testimony from Danila Morozov that the brothers were stabbed to death by the Morozovs' neighbor Efrem Shatrakov, who, Danila, only held both "pioneers". In the case of the murder of the brothers, the district police officer I.Poputchik spiked the last, allegedly written with the words of Pavlik by the hand of the district police officer, a "denunciation" against the neighbor Shatrakov, who was allegedly hiding large surplus grain. On the same day, a strange explanatory note from Pavlik's mother appeared, in which he appears already as a pioneer and informer, and the main culprits of the tragedy are named his grandfather, grandmother and cousin Danil.

On September 12, Danila changed his testimony and declared guilty of the death of the brothers, their own 80-year-old feeble grandfather Sergei Sergeevich, who was not even able to keep up with his grandchildren, let alone raise a knife over their heads! The final version of the investigation already indicates that the bloody "evidence" was found in the house of his grandfather, S. S. Morozov ...

The court sentenced Pavlik Morozov's grandfather and cousin, and at the same time the grandmother “for non-reporting” to be shot, while Shatrakov’s neighbor, as a “repentant”, was released from the courtroom ...

According to Tatyana Semyonovna, Pavlik's mother, the testimony against her grandfather was knocked out of her by the employees of the Tavdinsky department of the OGPU by threats of reprisals against the whole family.

Honorary Academician NA Morozov brought this maternal recognition with him from Gerasimovka in 1939; he showed it to his acquaintances, in particular, the writer Alexei Nikolayevich Tolstoy, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the SySR. However, I was afraid to use the document.

Before his death in 1946, Morozov conveyed the confessions of Pavlik's mother to the Tsarskoye Selo local historians, from whose funds they were stolen in April 1951. Vladimir Nikolaevich Smirnov, at that time the deputy chairman of the local history section, told me about this.

Before the war, no one tried to shoot even a small documentary about the most legendary pioneer of the era ... Is it because, apart from the Tavda Chekists and their rough cooking, there was nothing to film?

The name of Pavlik Morozov has always remained nasty, the truths of all generations beat him at every corner and, no matter how scary, they still beat him. Who and when will anathematize them for such fanaticism and mockery of the memory of innocent people?

Watch preliminarily "Logicology - about the fate of man"

Consider the tables of the FULL NAME code. \ If on your screen there is an offset of numbers and letters, adjust the scale of the image \.

13 28 45 60 69 84 87 103 104 107 113 125 144 161 176 197 207 220 235 238 248 272
M O R O Z O V P A V E L T R O F I M O V And Ch
272 259 244 227 212 203 188 185 169 168 165 159 147 128 111 96 75 65 52 37 34 24

16 17 20 26 38 57 74 89 110 120 133 148 151 161 185 198 213 230 245 254 269 272
P A V E L T R O F I M O V I Ch M O R O Z O V
272 256 255 252 246 234 215 198 183 162 152 139 124 121 111 87 74 59 42 27 18 3

PAVEL MOROZOV = 272.

120 = GARDEN
________________________
162 = WITH FINNISH KNIFE

110 = BARS (th)
______________________________
183 = HARD FINANCE (kim ...)

38 = (stabbed) ND
__
246 = BUTTED FINNISH BUT (pom)

254 = SNAPPED FINNISH KNIFE (ohm)

27 = ZAR (ezan)

269 ​​= BONDED FINNISH KNIFE (m)
______________________________________
18 = (h) AR (esan)

13 = (knife) M
_____________________________________
272 = (for) CHECKED WITH FINNISH KNIFE

57 = (call) YOU
__________________________________
234 = FINNISH KNIFE IN THE HEART

Reference:

The history of the appearance of the Finnish NKVD knife, its main ...
posuda-gid.ru ›nozhi / boevye / 297-finka-nkvd
Great popularity in Russian Empire, and later in the USSR, used the Finnish knife. The history of its formation was long - from a tool for household needs to military weapons used ...

(s) M (erteln) O R (anen) (knife) O (m) + Z (lodeisk) O (e) (killer) B (o) + P (dropping) (p) A (nenie) B (heart ) E + (bend) L (b) + (ubi) T (ud) RO (m) FI (nki) + M (gn) OV (en) I (e) + (con) H (ina)

272 =, M, O R, O, + Z, O, V, + P, A, B, E +, L, +, T, RO, FI, + M, OV, I, +, H ,.

19 36 42 61 90 96 114 120 134 153 185 187 204 236
T R E T E S E N T Y B R Z
236 217 200 194 175 146 140 122 116 102 83 51 49 32

In-depth decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

T (heavy) R (aneni) E + (death) Tb (s) E (rdtsa) + S (oversh) EH (non) (pres) T (upleni) I + (gi) B (e) P (anenie) + (deceased) I.

236 = T, P, E +, Tb, E, + C, EH, T, I +, B, P, +, Z.

We look at the columns in both tables of the FULL NAME code:

103 = (stabbed) KNIFE
_________________________
185 = THIRD SEPTEMBER (brya)

103 = (stabbed) KNIFE
__________________________
185 = BARNED KNIFE

185 = BARNED KNIFE
__________________________
111 = (h) ACOLOTY

DATE OF DEATH code: 3.09.1932. This is = 3 + 09 + 19 + 32 = 63 = FALL (t).

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: THIRTEEN = 138.

19 36 46 60 61 66 89 90 109 138
THIRTEEN
138 119 102 92 78 77 72 49 48 29

In-depth decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

T (heavy) R (anen) I (e) N (standby) + (stop) A (ser) DTSA + (death) Tb

138 = T, R, I, N, +, A, dtsa +, t.

We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

89 = TRINADES
__________________________________
198 = KNIFE DIES

89 = (ka) TASTRO (fa)
_________________________________
198 = WOUND IN THE HEART OF THE KNIFE (m)

198 - 89 = 109 = THIRTEEN (s).

During the investigation and trial of the father who abandoned their family, Trofim Morozov, chairman of the Gerasimov village council, testified against him in support of his mother's testimony. A few months later, Pavel and his 8-year-old brother Fyodor, who went to the forest for berries, were found dead with stab wounds.

Their own grandfather Sergei (Trofim Morozov's father) and 19-year-old cousin Danila, as well as grandmother Ksenia (as an accomplice) and Pavel's godfather, Arseny Kulukanov, who was his uncle (as a village "fist" - as the initiator and the organizer of the murder). After the trial, Arseny Kulukanov and Danila Morozov were shot, eighty-year-old Sergei and Ksenia Morozov died in prison. Another uncle of Pavlik, Arseny Silin, was also accused of complicity in the murder, but during the trial he was acquitted.

According to the official version, the young pioneer Pavlik Morozov courageously exposed the crimes of the kulaks against the Soviet regime and was killed by them out of revenge.

Biography

Official portrait of Pavlik Morozov. Made on the basis of a photograph with classmates - the only one in his life.

A family

Born into the family of Trofim Morozov, a red partisan, then the chairman of the village council, and Tatyana Semyonovna Morozova, nee Baidakova. The father, like all the villagers, was an ethnic Belarusian (a family of Stolypin settlers, in Gerasimovka). Subsequently, the father abandoned his family (a wife with four sons) and lived in a second family with Antonina Amosova; as a result of his departure, all the worries of the peasant economy fell on the eldest son Pavel. According to the recollections of the teacher Pavel, his father regularly drank and beat his wife and children both before and after leaving the family. Pavlik's grandfather also hated his daughter-in-law because she did not want to live with him on the same household, but insisted on partition. According to Alexei, Pavel's brother, the father "loved only himself and vodka," he did not spare his wife and his sons, let alone foreign immigrants, from whom "he tore three skins for letterheads with seals." Pavel's grandfather and grandmother also treated the family abandoned by his father to the mercy of fate: “Grandfather and grandmother were also strangers to us for a long time. They never treated me to anything, did not greet me. Grandfather did not let his grandson, Danilka, go to school, we only heard: Tatiana's puppies you have laborers "".

According to the memoirs collected and presented in his book by Yuri Druzhnikov, Pavel was a physically weak, sickly, nervous and unbalanced boy. According to Solomein's record, Pavlik "liked to bully, fight, quarrel, sing bad songs, smoke." Druzhnikov, referring to the words of Zoya Kabina, writes that Pavel studied poorly and rarely attended school, liked to play cards for money and sing thieves' songs. He loved to tease, persecute someone: “No matter how much you persuade, he will take revenge, he will do it in his own way. He often fought out of malice, just out of a tendency to quarrel. " In view of the poverty of the family, he wore sandals and his father's tattered coat; was the dirtiest in the class, rarely washed. He was tongue-tied: he spoke with breaks, gekaya, it is not always clear, in a semi-Russian-semi-Belarusian language, like: "It’s balsha ne to go through”. Druzhnikov points out that in 1931 Pavel entered the first grade for the third time and was transferred to the second grade in the middle of the year, since he finally learned to read and write. However, it should be borne in mind that often Paul was not up to study - as the eldest in the family, he had to work hard to feed the large family left by his father and try to escape from poverty.

Pavel's teacher recalled the general appalling poverty in the village of Gerasimovka:

The school she was in charge of worked in two shifts. At that time, we had no idea about radio, electricity, in the evenings we sat by a torch, saving kerosene. Even that there was no ink, they wrote with beet juice. Poverty was generally appalling. When we, teachers, started going home, enrolling children in school, it turned out that many did not have any clothes. The children were sitting on the beds naked, covered with some rags. The kids climbed into the oven and basked there in the ash.
We organized a reading room, but there were almost no books, and local newspapers very rarely came. To some now, Pavlik seems to be a kind of boy stuffed with slogans in a clean pioneer form shape I didn’t see it in my eyes, I didn’t participate in pioneer parades, and I didn’t wear Molotov’s portraits like Amlinsky, and didn’t shout "toast" to the leaders.

Forced in such difficult conditions to provide for his family instead of his father, Paul nevertheless invariably showed a desire to learn. According to his teacher L.P. Isakova:

He was very eager to learn, he took books from me, only he had no time to read, he often missed lessons because of his work in the field and around the house. Then he tried to catch up, did well, and even taught his mother to read and write ...

Doom

Pavel and Fyodor went to the forest, suggesting to spend the night there, on September 2 (in the absence of their mother, who had gone to Tavda to sell the calf). Their bodies were found on September 6. The protocol, drawn up by the district policeman Yakov Titov, informs:

Pavel Morozov lay 10 meters away from the road, with his head to the east. A red bag is put on his head. Paul was dealt a fatal blow in the belly. The second blow was struck in the chest near the heart, under which were scattered cranberries. One basket stood beside Paul, the other was thrown aside. His shirt was torn in two places, and a crimson blood stain on his back. Hair color - light brown, white face, blue eyes, open, mouth closed. At the feet are two birches (...) The corpse of Fyodor Morozov was fifteen meters from Pavel in a swamp and shallow aspen forest. Fedor was hit in the left temple with a stick, his right cheek was stained with blood. The knife inflicted a fatal blow in the belly above the navel, where the intestines came out, and the hand was cut with a knife to the bone.

Trial

The case of the murder of pioneer Pavel Morozov
Show trial of the chairman of the village council s. Gerasimovka, Tavdinsky district, Morozov Trofim gathered hundreds of people.
Read the indictment. The interrogation of witnesses began. Suddenly the thickened silence of the measured course of the trial was permeated by a sonorous child's voice:
- Uncle, let me tell you!
A commotion arose in the hall. The spectators jumped up from their seats, the back rows poured into those sitting, there was a crush at the door. The president of the court with difficulty restored order ...
- It was I who filed a lawsuit against my father. As a pioneer, I give up my father. He was creating a clear counter-revolution. My father is not a defender of October. He helped the kulak Kulukanov Arsentiy in every possible way. It was he who helped the fists to escape. It was he who hid the kulak property so that the collective farmers would not get it ...
“I ask that my father be held accountable so as not to give others the habit of defending their kulaks.
12-year-old pioneer witness Pavel Morozov finished his testimony. No. This was not a testimony. It was a merciless indictment of the young defender of socialism against those who stood on the side of the fierce enemies of the proletarian revolution.
Unmasked by his pioneer son, Trofim Morozov was sentenced to 10 years in prison for communicating with local kulaks, fabricating false documents for them, and hiding kulak property.
Pioneer Pavel Morozov after the trial came to the family of Sergei Morozov's grandfather. The fearless whistleblower was greeted unfriendly in the family. A blank wall of hidden enmity surrounded the boy. The pioneer detachment was native. Pasha ran there as if to his own family, there he shared his joys and sorrows. There they taught him a passionate intolerance for the kulaks and their singers.
And when Pasha's grandfather, Sergei Morozov, hid the kulak property, Pasha ran to the village council and exposed his grandfather.
In the city of winter, Pasha brought Arseny Silin's kulak to fresh water, who had not fulfilled a firm task, and sold a cart of potatoes to his kulaks. In the fall, dispossessed Kulukanov stole 16 poods of rye from a rural Soviet field and again hid them with his father-in-law, Sergei Morozov. Pavel again exposed Kulukanov's grandfather and kulak.
At meetings during sowing, at the time of grain procurement, pioneer activist Pasha Morozov everywhere exposed the intricate machinations of kulaks and podkulachnikov ...
And gradually, thoughtfully, they began preparations for the terrible and bloody massacre of the pioneer activist. First Danila Morozov, Pavel's cousin, and then his grandfather, Sergei, were dragged into the criminal conspiracy. For a fee of 30 rubles, Danila Morozov undertook with the help of his grandfather to finish off his hated relative. Kulak Kulukanov skillfully fueled enmity towards Pavel Danila and his grandfather. Paul was increasingly greeted with brutal beatings and unambiguous threats.
“If you don’t get out of the squadron, then I’ll slaughter you, the damned pioneer,” Danila wheezed, beating Pavel until he lost consciousness ...
On August 26, Pavel filed a threat statement to the district police officer. Whether for political myopia, or for other reasons, the local policeman did not manage to intervene in the case. On September 3, on a clear autumn day, Pavel, together with his 9-year-old brother Fedya, ran into the forest for berries ...
In the evening, calmly in full view of everyone, Danila Morozov and his grandfather Sergei finished the struggle and sat down and headed home.
On the road we turned unnoticed into the forest. We met Fedya and Pasha very close ...
The massacre was short. The knife stopped the rebellious heart of the young pioneer. Then, just as quickly, they did away with an unnecessary witness - nine-year-old Fedya. Danila and his grandfather calmly returned home and sat down to dinner. Grandma Xenia also calmly and busily began to soak the bloody clothes. In a dark corner, a knife was hidden behind the holy images ...
One of these days, the case of the murder of pioneer-activist Pavel Morozov and his nine-year-old brother will be heard on the spot by a show trial.
In the dock are the active inspirers of the murder - the kulaks Kulukanov, Silin, the killers Sergei and Danila Morozov, their accomplice Ksenia Morozova ...
Pavel Morozov is not alone. There are legions like him. They expose the graspers of bread, the plunderers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their podkulach fathers to the dock ...

The role of Morozov in his father's case is not entirely clear. Together with his mother, he testified at the preliminary investigation, saying that his father had beaten his mother and brought things into the house that he received as payment for issuing false documents (in fact, he could not see this, because his father had not lived with his family for a long time). In the murder case, it is noted that “on November 25, 1931, Pavel Morozov filed an application investigating authorities about the fact that his father Morozov Trofim Sergeevich, being the chairman of the village council and being connected with local kulaks, is engaged in forging documents and selling them to kulaks-special settlers ”. The denunciation was connected with the investigation into the case of a false certificate issued by the Gerasimov village council to a special settler; he allowed Trofim to be involved in the case. Trofim Morozov was arrested and tried in February of the following year.

Pavel, following his mother, appeared in court, but in the end he was stopped by the judge due to his small age. In the case of the murder of Morozov it is said: "At the trial, son Pavel outlined all the details about his father, his tricks." The speech, allegedly delivered by Pavlik, is known in 12 versions, mostly dating back to the book of the journalist Peter Solomein. In a recording from the archives of Solomein himself, this accusatory speech is conveyed as follows:

The background, it is believed, was domestic: Tatyana Morozova wanted to take revenge on her husband who had abandoned her and hoped, by frightening, to return to the family.

The official version of the prosecution

The version of the prosecution and the court was as follows. On September 3, “kulak” Arseny Kulukanov, having learned about the boys leaving for berries, conspired with Danila Morozov, who came to his house, to kill Pavel, giving him 30 rubles and asking him to invite Sergei Morozov, “with whom Kulukanov had an agreement before,” for the murder. Returning from Kulukanov and finishing the harrowing (that is, harrowing, loosening the soil), Danila went home and passed the conversation over to his grandfather Sergei. The latter, seeing that Danila was taking the knife, without a word left the house and went with Danila, saying to him: "Let's go kill, don't be afraid." Finding the children, Danila, without saying a word, took out a knife and hit Pavel; Fedya rushed to run, but was detained by Sergei and also stabbed to death by Danila. " After making sure that Fedya was dead, Danila returned to Pavel and stabbed him several more times.».

The murder of Morozov was presented as a manifestation of kulak terror (against a member of a pioneer organization) and served as a pretext for widespread repression on an all-Union scale; in Gerasimovka itself, it finally made it possible to organize a collective farm (before that all attempts were thwarted by the peasants). In Tavda, in the Stalin club, a show trial of the alleged murderers took place. At the trial, Danila Morozov confirmed all the accusations, Sergei Morozov behaved inconsistently, either confessing or denying his guilt. According to other sources, he did not confess to the murder at all. All other defendants denied their guilt. The main pieces of evidence were a household knife found at Sergei Morozov's, and Danila's bloody clothes, soaked but not washed by Ksenia (before that Danila had killed a calf for Tatyana Morozova). Of the accused, Arseny Silin was acquitted, the rest were sentenced to death; Kulukanov and Danila were shot, eighty-year-old Sergei and Ksenia Morozov died in prison.

Yuri Druzhnikov's version

Decision of the Supreme Court of Russia

Nevertheless, the attempt to present the murderers of the Morozov brothers as victims of political repression and subject to immediate rehabilitation ended in failure. The General Prosecutor's Office of Russia, having carefully considered the case, having studied all the documents, having weighed all the pros and cons, taking into account all the attendant circumstances, came to the following conclusion:

Uralsky's verdict regional court of November 28, 1932 and the determination of the judicial-cassation board of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR of February 28, 1933 in relation to Kulukanov Arseny Ignatievich and Morozova Ksenia Ilyinichna to change: to re-qualify their actions from Art. 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR at Art. Art. 17 and 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, leaving the same punishment. To recognize Morozov Sergei Sergeevich and Morozov Daniil Ivanovich reasonably convicted in the present case for committing a counter-revolutionary crime and not subject to rehabilitation.

This conclusion, together with the materials of the additional investigation of case No. 374, was sent to Supreme Court Russia, who in 1999 made the final decision and refused rehabilitation to the murderers of Pavlik Morozov and his brother Fyodor.

Reaction to Druzhnikov's book

Yuri Druzhnikov said that Kelly used his work not only in valid references, but also repeating the composition of the book, selection of details, descriptions. In addition, Dr. Kelly, according to Druzhnikov, came to the opposite conclusion about the role of the OGPU-NKVD in the murder of Pavlik.

According to Dr. Kelly, Mr. Druzhnikov considered Soviet official materials to be unreliable, but used them when it was beneficial to back up his story. According to Katriona Kelly, Druzhnikov published, instead of a scientific exposition of the criticism of her book, a "denunciation" with the assumption of Kelly's connection with the "organs". Dr. Kelly not found big difference between the conclusions of the books and attributed some points of criticism of Mr. Druzhnikov to his lack of knowledge of English language and English culture.

Disagreements

Veronika Kononenko asserts, referring to Morozov's teacher Zoya Kabin, "that it was she who created the first pioneer detachment in the village, which was headed by Pavel Morozov." According to the testimony of a professor at the University of California, Yuri Druzhnikov, however, Kabina told him: “There was no question of pioneers. I couldn’t tell Solomein anything about admission to the pioneers ”. He also quotes a phrase from Solomein's archive: “And if you adhere to the historical truth, then Pavlik Morozov not only never wore, but never saw a pioneer tie”, which contradicts the recollections of Pavel's first teacher Larisa Isakova: “I did not then managed to organize it, it was created after me by Zoya Kabina, but I also told the guys about how children are fighting for better life in other cities and villages. Once she brought a red tie from Tavda, tied it to Pavel, and he ran home joyful. At home, his father tore off his tie and beat him terribly. " It is also possible that Paul did not see not a pioneer tie, but a pioneer shape: “To some now Pavlik seems to be a kind of boy stuffed with slogans in a clean pioneer form... And because of our poverty this shape and never saw ... ".

Druzhnikov claims that after the events described, Morozov earned universal hatred in the village; they began to call him "Pashka-Kumanist" (communist). According to the official biographies, Pavel Morozov actively helped to identify the graspers of bread, those who conceal weapons, plotting crimes against the Soviet regime, etc. Druzhnikov considers these descriptions to be too exaggerated in terms of both the number and the duration of Paul's cooperation with the authorities; according to fellow villagers, Pavel was not a serious informer, since “to inform is, you know, a serious job, but he was like that, a nit, a petty dirty trick”. In the murder case, only two such denunciations were documented: “In the winter of 1932, Pavel Morozov informed the village council that Arseny Silin<его дядя>, having failed to fulfill the firm assignment, he sold a cart of potatoes to the special settlers. " Another denunciation was about the peasant Mizyukhin, whom Pavel's grandfather Sergei allegedly hid the "walker" (cart; Mezyukhin's house was searched, but nothing was found).

In fact, the main informant in the village was Pavel's cousin Ivan Potupchik (later an honorary pioneer; convicted of raping a minor).

Similar processes

In the days of the campaign related to the murder of Pavlik, another well-known case was launched about the killing of Kolya Myagotin, a pioneer in the village of Kolesnikovo, Kurgan Region, with his fists on October 25. In this case, 12 people were convicted, 3 of them were shot. In 1996, the convicts were rehabilitated, as it turned out that Kolya, who had never been a pioneer, was shot at night by a soldier-watchman while stealing sunflower seeds... Yuri Druzhnikov counted in 1932 (after the murder of Pavel and Fedya) - 3, in 1933 - 6, in 1934 - 6 and in 1935 - 9 cases of murders of children, qualified by the authorities as murders of pioneers for denunciations; in total, during the Stalinist era, he noted 56 such cases.

Among the "pioneer-heroes" of this kind, there were simply fictitious figures, like Grisha Hakobyan from Ganja, allegedly killed by the "kulak sons" in October 1930 (invented on the instructions of the Central Committee of the Young Communist League of Azerbaijan).

Glorification

Pavlik Morozov denounces his father. Rice. from the newspaper "Pionerskaya Pravda"

The name Morozov was assigned to the Gerasimov and other collective farms, schools, pioneer squads. Monuments were erected to Pavlik Morozov in Moscow (in the children's park named after him on Krasnaya Presnya; demolished in), the village of Gerasimovka () and in Sverdlovsk (). Poems and songs were composed about Pavlik Morozov, an opera of the same name was written. In 1935, film director Sergei Eisenstein began working on the script by Alexander Rzheshevsky "Bezhin Meadow" about Pavlik Morozov. The work could not be completed. Maxim Gorky called Pavlik "one of the little miracles of our era."

Pavlik Morozov in the public mind

Assessments of Pavlik Morozov's personality and especially the propaganda campaign around his name have always been ambiguous. Along with glorification, negative attitudes towards it were widespread, although during Soviet times it could not be expressed publicly.

In an adult environment, the attitude towards Pavlik Morozov was determined by the fact that he turned into a symbol of such a phenomenon that pervaded Soviet society as denunciations. So, Galina Vishnevskaya wrote:

With the beginning of perestroika, this attitude found public expression and became dominant. Pavlik Morozov began to act as a symbol of betrayal, along with Judas. In this spirit, for example, Pastor Stanislav Vershinin mentions him in a sermon on the subject of Judas' sin: “Nevertheless, few people want to see Judas Iscariot in themselves - it’s better to admit the presence in your“ I ”of the nature of a murderer, Cain, than such a vile traitor ! Is it so? Have you never betrayed yourself or your neighbor? Is Pavlik Morozov not among us?". In the song of the same name by the rock group "Crematorium" Pavlik Morozov is presented as an ineradicable evil passing from one era to another:

Now the prevailing perception is Pavlik Morozov as a victim of the political "games" of adults. It should be emphasized that the overwhelming majority of the polemicizing are extremely politically engaged and biased persons, not interested in establishing an objective picture of what happened.

Many people mention him very often, but often they know very little. And if they do know, it is not a fact that the truth.

He twice became a victim of political propaganda: in the era of the USSR, he was portrayed as a hero who gave his life in the class struggle, and in perestroika times - as an informer who betrayed his own father.

Modern historians have questioned both myths about Pavlik Morozov, who became one of the most controversial figures in Soviet history.

House where Pavlik Morozov lived, 1950

This story took place in early September 1932 in the village of Gerasimovka, Tobolsk province. The grandmother sent her grandchildren to fetch cranberries, and a few days later the bodies of the brothers with traces of violent death were found in the forest. Fedor was 8 years old, Pavel - 14. According to the canonical version generally accepted in the USSR, Pavlik Morozov was the organizer of the first pioneer detachment in his village, and in the midst of the struggle against the kulaks he denounced his father, who collaborated with the kulaks. As a result, Trofim Morozov was sent into 10-year exile, and according to other sources, he was shot in 1938.

In fact, Pavlik was not a pioneer - a pioneer organization appeared in their village only a month after his assassination. The tie was later simply added to the portrait for him. He did not write any denunciations against his father. His ex-wife testified against Trofim at the trial. Pavlik only confirmed the testimony of his mother that Trofim Sergeevich Morozov, being the chairman of the village council, sold certificates to the resettled kulaks about the postscript to the village council and that they had no tax arrears to the state. These certificates were in the hands of the Chekists, and Trofim Morozov would have been tried without the testimony of his son. He and several other district leaders were arrested and sent to prison.

N. Chebakov. Pavlik Morozov, 1952

Relations in the Morozov family were not easy. Pavlik's grandfather was a gendarme, and grandmother was a horse thief. They met in prison, where he was guarding her. Pavlik's father, Trofim Morozov, had a scandalous reputation: he was a reveler, cheated on his wife and, as a result, left her with four children. The chairman of the village council was really dishonest - all the villagers knew that he made money on fictitious certificates and appropriated the property of the dispossessed. There was no political subtext in Pavlik's act - he simply supported his mother, who was unjustly offended by his father. And the grandmother and grandfather for this hated both him and the mother. In addition, when Trofim left his wife, according to his law, the land plot passed to his eldest son Paul, since the family was left without means of subsistence. Having killed the heir, the relatives could count on the return of the land plot.

Relatives who were accused of the murder of Pavlik Morozov

An investigation began immediately after the murder. Bloody clothes and a knife were found in the grandfather's house, with which the children were stabbed. During interrogations, Pavel's grandfather and cousin confessed to the crime: allegedly, the grandfather held Pavel while Danila stabbed him with a knife. The case had a very big resonance. This murder was presented in the press as an act of kulak terror against a member of the pioneer organization. Pavlik Morozov was immediately proclaimed a pioneer hero.

Only many years later, many details began to raise questions: why, for example, Pavel's grandfather, a former gendarme, did not get rid of the murder weapon and traces of the crime. Writer, historian and journalist Yuri Druzhnikov (aka Alperovich) put forward a version that Pavlik Morozov denounced his father on behalf of his mother - in order to take revenge on his father, and was killed by an OGPU agent in order to cause massive repression and the expulsion of kulaks - this was the logical end of the story about villainous fists who are ready to kill children for their own benefit. Collectivization took place with great difficulties; the pioneer organization was poorly received in the country. In order to change the attitude of people, new heroes and new legends were needed. Therefore, Pavlik was just a puppet of the Chekists, seeking to arrange a show trial.

Yuri Druzhnikov and his sensational book about Pavlik Morozov

However, this version drew widespread criticism and was defeated. In 1999, the relatives of the Morozovs and representatives of the Memorial movement obtained a review of this case in court, but the Prosecutor General's Office concluded that the murderers had been convicted reasonably and were not subject to rehabilitation on political grounds.

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the Sverdlovsk region, 1968. Pavlik's mother Tatyana Morozova with her grandson Pavel, 1979

Pioneers visit the place of death of Pavlik Morozov, 1968

The writer Vladimir Bushin is sure that it was a family and everyday drama without any political overtones. In his opinion, the boy was counting only on the fact that his father would be intimidated and returned to the family, and could not foresee the consequences of his actions. He thought only about helping his mother and brothers, since he was the eldest son.

The school where Pavlik Morozov studied, and now there is a museum named after him

At the Pavlik Morozov Museum

No matter how the story of Pavlik Morozov is interpreted, this does not make his fate less tragic. For the Soviet government, his death served as a symbol of the struggle against those who do not share its ideals, and in the perestroika era was used to discredit this government.

Monuments to Pavlik Morozov

Monument to Pavlik Morozov in the city of Ostrov, Pskov region

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