Literature is one of the art forms. Features of fiction as an art form. The fable has a number
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- Spatial types of art: painting, sculpture and architecture, art photography. They have the name "spatial" because the objects they represent are perceived by a person in a motionless form, as if frozen in space.
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- heuristic (cognitive) function (study of the surrounding world);
- aesthetic function (fostering a sense of beauty);
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- Baroque is a direction characterized by a combination of realistic descriptions with their allegorical depictions. Symbols, metaphors, theatrical techniques, saturation with rhetorical figures, antitheses, parallelisms, gradations, oxymorons were widely used. Baroque literature is characterized by a striving for diversity, for the summation of knowledge about the world, inclusiveness, encyclopedism, which sometimes turns into chaos and collecting curiosities, a striving for the study of being in its contrasts (spirit and flesh, darkness and light, time and eternity).
- Classicism is a direction, the main subject of creativity of which was the conflict between public duty and personal passions. "Low" genres also reached high development - fable (J. La Fontaine), satire (Boileau), comedy (Molière).
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- Naturalism is a late stage in the development of realism in the literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The writers strove for the most dispassionate and objective reproduction of reality by the methods of literary "recording", for the transformation of novels into a document about the state of society in a certain place and time. The publication of many works was accompanied by scandals, since naturalists did not hesitate to openly record the life of dirty slums, hot spots and brothels - those places that were not usually portrayed in earlier literature. Man and his actions were understood as conditioned by physiological nature, heredity and environment - social conditions, everyday and material environment.
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- Postmodernism is a trend in literature based on playing with meanings, irony, non-standard construction of texts, mixing genres and styles, involving the reader in the creative process.
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Fiction as the art of words
Fiction(from Lat. "letter") - a type of art in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life.
Art Is the reproduction of life in artistic images. Art is one of the most important factors in the spiritual life of mankind, it stimulates creative activity, enriches a person's life with emotional experiences and reflections.
Kinds of art
V different types art, one and the same law operates: empty material is organized by the artist into a life-like form that expresses a certain ideological and aesthetic content. Moreover, each type of art uses "its" material: music - sound, painting - paints, architecture - stone, wood, metal, etc. Literature works with the word, therefore it is able not to be limited in the image, disclosure of the inner and outside world a person, his subtlest experiences. This is its main difference from other types of art. The divine essence of the word was proclaimed in the Bible (the Gospel of John). The word is the main element of literature, it creates a connection between the material and the spiritual.
The German philosopher Hegel called the word the most plastic material. Indeed, by means of words it is possible to reproduce what is depicted by any other kind of art. Thus, poetry approaches music by the methods of its sound organization, prosaic verbal images can create the illusion of a plastic image, etc. In addition, the word makes it possible to depict human speech. Words can describe sound, color, smell, convey a mood, “tell” a melody, “paint” a picture. The verbal image can compete with the pictorial and musical one. And yet it has its limits - literature uses only words.
In prehistoric times, literature existed orally. With the emergence of writing, a new stage in the development of literature began, although folklore does not lose its significance as the basis of literature to this day. In many literary works one can find echoes of the "origins" of literature (in the works of NS Leskov, IS Turgenev, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, etc.).
One can hardly exaggerate the influence of literature on the formation of personality. The art of speech has long been a part of the social and cultural environment in which every person develops. Literature preserves and transfers from generation to generation universal human spiritual values, referring directly to human consciousness, since the material carrier of imagery in literature is the word. The interrelation of words, more precisely, speech and thinking, has been studied for a long time and there is no doubt: the word is the result of thought and its instrument. With the help of words, we not only express what we think: the thought process itself has a verbal (verbal) basis and is not possible outside of speech. And if the word forms a thought, then the art of the word can influence the way of thinking. In the history of literature, you can find many examples to prove this. Not infrequently, the art of words was directly used as a powerful ideological weapon, literary works became an instrument of agitation and propaganda (for example, works of Soviet literature). Of course, these are extreme manifestations, but even in the case when literature does not directly claim to be an agitator and mentor, it conveys to a person the idea of certain norms, rules, finally, offers him a certain way of seeing the world, forms his attitude to the information that a person receives on a daily basis.
Main functions fiction :
Literature as an art form. Place of literature among other arts.
The abstract was completed by the 1st year student of the ZO P.A.Khorunzhaya
Krasnoyarsk State University
Faculty of Philology and Journalism
Department of Journalism
Krasnoyarsk 2006
Introduction.
Literature works with the word - its main difference from other arts. The meaning of the word was given back in the Gospel - a divine idea of the essence of the word. The word is the main element of literature, the connection between the material and the spiritual. The word is perceived as the sum of the meanings that culture gave it. Through the word is carried out with the common in world culture. Visual culture is one that can be perceived visually. Verbal culture - more meets the needs of a person - the word, the work of thought, the formation of personality (the world of spiritual entities). There are cultural areas that don't need to be taken seriously (Hollywood films don't require a lot of internal feedback). There is literature at depth, which requires a deep relationship, experience. Literary works are a deep awakening of the inner forces of a person in different ways, because literature has material.
Literature as the art of words.
Fiction- an art form that uses words and structures of a natural language as the only material. The specificity of fiction is revealed in comparison, on the one hand, with types of art that use other material instead of verbal and linguistic (music, visual arts) or along with it (theater, cinema, song, visual poetry), on the other hand, with other types verbal text: philosophical, journalistic, scientific, etc. In addition, fiction, like other types of art, unites author's (including anonymous) works, in contrast to works of folklore that do not have an author in principle.
Material carrier of imagery literary works is the word that has received written embodiment ( lat. littera - letter). A word (including an artistic one) always means something, has an objective character. Literature, in other words, belongs to the number fine arts , in the broad sense of the subject, where individual phenomena are recreated (persons, events, things, something caused by the mentality and impulses of people directed at something). In this respect, it is similar to painting and sculpture (in their dominant, "figurative" variety) and differs from the non-pictorial, non-objective arts. The latter are usually called expressive, it is imprinted in them general character experiences outside of his direct connections with any objects, facts, events. These are music, dance (if it does not turn into pantomime - into the image of action through body movements), ornament, so-called abstract painting, architecture.
Literature by birth
Eh? Pos(Old Greek? πος - "word", "narration") - a narration about events assumed in the past (as if accomplished and remembered by the narrator). Epic works describe an objective reality external to the author. The description of the characters is focused on their behavior and actions, and not on the inner world as in the lyrics. Biography novels, very popular in the 19th century, are epic works. Examples include Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, Stendhal's Red and Black, Galsworthy's Forsyte Saga, and many others. The genre got its name from folk song-poems composed in antiquity, also called epics.
Epic genres: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic, artistic sketch.
Lyrics- a kind of literature, which is based on an appeal to the inner sphere - to the states of human consciousness, emotions, impressions, experiences. Even if there is a narrative element in the works, the lyric work is always subjective and centered on the hero. The characteristics of a lyric work are "conciseness", "monologue", "unity of the lyrical plot" and "instantaneousness" ("punctuality", "modernity"). Most of the lyric works are related to poetry.
Lyric genres: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram, madrigal, eclogue, epitaph.
Drama- a kind of literature that reproduces, first of all, the world external to the author - actions, relationships between people, conflicts, but unlike the epic, it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form. In dramatic works, the text on behalf of the author is episodic, mostly limited to remarks and explanations of the plot. Most of the dramatic works are written for subsequent production in the theater.
Dramatic genres: drama, comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, vaudeville, farce, melodrama.
Types of text by structure
Prose
A literary text is considered prosaic in which a separate rhythm independent of speech does not intrude into the linguistic fabric and does not affect the content. However, a number of borderline phenomena are known: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (one can mention the highly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or the rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Gift). The dispute between literary critics continues on the exact boundaries between prose and poetry different countries over the past century.
Prose is widely used in fiction - when creating novels, short stories, etc. Some examples of such works have been known for many centuries, but they have developed into an independent form of literary works relatively recently.
novel- the most popular variety of modern prose (however, a novel in verse is also known in literature) - is a fairly long story covering a significant period in the life of one or several characters and describing this period in great detail. As a widespread genre, novels appeared relatively late, although already in late antiquity, an antique novel was formed, in many respects close in structure and tasks to the modern one. Among the early classic examples of the European novel are Gargantua and Pantagruel (1533-1546) by François Rabelais and Don Quixote (1600) by Cervantes. In Asian literature, earlier works are close to the novel in the modern sense - for example, the Chinese classic novel "Three Kingdoms" or the Japanese "Genji-monogatari" ("The Tale of Prince Genji").
In Europe, early novels were not considered serious literature, and their creation seemed not at all difficult. Later, however, it became clear that prose can provide aesthetic pleasure without involving poetic techniques. In addition, the absence of a rigid framework for poetry allows authors to focus deeper on the content of the work, to work more fully with the details of the plot, in fact, more fully than can be expected even from narratives in poetic form. This freedom also allows authors to experiment with different styles within the same piece.
Poetry
In general, a poem is a literary work with a special rhythmic structure that does not follow from the natural rhythm of the language. The nature of this rhythm can be different depending on the properties of the language itself: for example, for languages in which the difference in vowel sounds in longitude is of great importance (such is, for example, the ancient Greek language), it is natural for the emergence of a poetic rhythm, built on the ordering of syllables by longitude / brevity, and for languages in which the vowels differ not in length, but in the force of exhalation (the overwhelming majority of modern European languages are arranged this way), it is natural to use a poetic rhythm that orders syllables according to stress / unstressed. This is how different systems of versification arise.
For the Russian ear, the familiar look of the poem is associated with the syllabo-tonic rhythm and the presence of rhyme in the poem, but neither one nor the other is in reality a necessary feature of poetry that distinguishes it from prose. In general, the role of rhythm in a poem consists not only in imparting a kind of musicality to the text, but also in the effect that this rhythm has on meaning: thanks to the rhythm, some words and expressions (for example, found at the end of a poetic line, rhymed) are highlighted in poetic speech accented.
Poetic speech, earlier than prosaic speech, was recognized as a special phenomenon characteristic of a literary text and distinguishing it from ordinary everyday speech... The first known literary works - for the most part, ancient epics (for example, the Sumerian Legend of Gilgamesh, dating from about 2200-3000 years BC) - are texts of poetry. At the same time, the poetic form is not necessarily associated with artistry: the formal features of poetry help it fulfill a mnemonic function, and therefore at different times in different cultures scientific, legal, genealogical, pedagogical compositions in verse were widespread.
Artistic methods and directions
Artistic image
Speaking about the sign process in the composition of the life of mankind ( semiotics), experts identify three aspects of sign systems: 1) syntactics(the relationship of signs to each other); 2) semantics(the relation of a sign to what it means: the signifier to the signified); 3) pragmatics(the relation of signs to those who operate with them and perceive them).
Signs are classified in a certain way. They are grouped into three large groups:
Thus, the concept of "sign" did not abolish the traditional ideas about the image and imagery, but put these ideas in a new, very broad semantic context. The concept of a sign, which is vital in the science of language, is also significant for literary criticism: firstly, in the field of studying the verbal fabric of works, and secondly, when referring to the forms of behavior of the characters.
Artistic fiction
Artistic fiction in the early stages of the formation of art, as a rule, it was not realized: the archaic consciousness did not distinguish between historical and artistic truth. But already in folk tales who never pass themselves off as a mirror of reality, conscious fiction is quite pronounced. We find a judgment about artistic fiction in Aristotle's Poetics (Chapter 9 - the historian talks about what happened, the poet - about the possible, about what could have happened), as well as in the works of philosophers of the Hellenistic era.
For several centuries, fiction has appeared in literary works as a common property, as inherited by writers from their predecessors. Most often these were traditional characters and plots, which were somehow transformed each time (this was the case, in particular, in the drama of the Renaissance and classicism, which widely used ancient and medieval plots).
Much more than before, fiction manifested itself as an individual property of the author in the era of romanticism, when imagination and fantasy were recognized as the most important facet of human existence.
In the post-romantic era, fiction narrowed its scope somewhat. The writers of the 19th century fly by the imagination. often preferred direct observation of life: the characters and plots were closer to their prototypes... According to N.S. Leskova, a real writer is a “recorder”, not an inventor: “Where a writer ceases to be a recorder and becomes an inventor, all connection between him and society disappears”. Let us also recall the well-known judgment of Dostoevsky that the intent eye is capable of discovering in the most ordinary fact "a depth that Shakespeare does not have." Russian classical literature was more a literature of conjecture than fiction as such. At the beginning of the XX century. fiction was sometimes regarded as something outdated, rejected in the name of recreation real fact, documented. This extreme has been disputed. The literature of our century - as before - is widely based on both fiction and non-fictional events and persons. At the same time, the rejection of fiction in the name of following the truth of the fact, in some cases justified and fruitful, can hardly become the mainstream of artistic creation: without reliance on fictional images, art and, in particular, literature are unimaginable.
The concept of fiction clarifies the boundaries (sometimes very vague) between works that claim to be art and documentary information. If documentary texts (verbal and visual) exclude the possibility of fiction from the "threshold", then works with an orientation towards their perception as artistic ones willingly admit it (even in those cases when the authors limit themselves to recreating actual facts, events, persons). Messages in fiction texts are, as it were, on the other side of truth and falsehood. At the same time, the phenomenon of artistry can also arise when perceiving a text created with a documentary mindset: “... for this it is enough to say that we are not interested in the truth of a given story, that we are reading it,“ as if it were a fruit<…>writing ".
At the same time, there are two trends in artistic imagery, which are denoted by the terms convention(the author's emphasis on the non-identity, or even the opposition between the depicted and the forms of reality) and lifelike(leveling such differences, creating the illusion of the identity of art and life).
Literature as the art of words
Fiction is a multifaceted phenomenon. Two main aspects can be distinguished in its composition. The first is fictitious objectivity, images of "extra-verbal" reality, which was discussed above. The second is the actual speech constructions, verbal structures. The two-aspect nature of literary works gave scientists reason to say that literary literature combines two different arts: the art of fiction (manifested mainly in fictional prose, relatively easily translated into other languages) and the art of the word as such (defining the appearance of poetry, which is lost in translations are perhaps the most important thing).
The verbal aspect of literature itself is, in turn, two-pronged. Speech here appears, firstly, as a means of representation (material carrier of imagery), as a way of evaluative illumination of extra-verbal reality; and secondly, as subject image- someone belonging and someone characterizing statements. Literature, in other words, is able to recreate the speech activity of people, and this distinguishes it especially sharply from all other types of art. Only in literature, a person appears as a speaker, to which M.M. Bakhtin: "The main feature of literature is that language is not only a means of communication and expression-images, but also an object of the image." The scientist argued that "literature is not just the use of language, but its artistic knowledge" and that "the main problem of studying it" is "the problem of the relationship between depicting and depicted speech."
Literature and synthetic arts
Fiction belongs to the so-called simple, or one-piece arts based on one material carrier of imagery (here it is a written word). At the same time, she is closely associated with the arts. synthetic(multi-component), combining several different carriers of imagery (such are the architectural ensembles that "absorb" sculpture and painting; theater and cinema in their leading varieties); vocal music, etc.
Historically, early syntheses were "a combination of rhythmic, orchestical (dance. - V.Kh.) movements with song-music and word elements." But this was not art itself, but syncretic creativity(syncretism is fusion, indivisibility, which characterizes the initial, undeveloped state of something). Syncretic creativity, on the basis of which, as A.N. Veselovsky, later formed verbal art (epic, lyric, drama), had the form of a ritual chorus and had a mythological, cult and magical function. In ritual syncretism, there was no separation of the persons acting and perceiving. All were both co-creators and participants-performers of the performed action. Round dance "pre-art" for archaic tribes and early states was ritually obligatory (compulsory). According to Plato, "absolutely everyone should sing and dance, the whole state as a whole and, moreover, is always diverse, ceaselessly and enthusiastically."
With the consolidation of artistic creation as such, one-piece arts acquired an increasing role. The undivided domination of synthetic works did not satisfy humanity, since it did not create the preconditions for the free and wide manifestation of the artist's individual creative impulse: each separate art form in the composition of synthetic works remained constrained in its capabilities. It is not surprising, therefore, that the centuries-old history of culture is associated with a steady differentiation forms of artistic activity.
However, in the XIX century. and at the beginning of the 20th century, another, opposite trend repeatedly made itself felt: the German romantics (Novalis, Wackenroder), and later R. Wagner, Vyach. Ivanov, A.N. Scriabin attempted to return art to its original syntheses. Thus, in his book Opera and Drama, Wagner regarded the departure from the early historical syntheses as the fall of art and advocated a return to them. He talked about the huge difference between "separate types of art", egoistically disconnected, limited in their appeal only to the imagination, and "true art", addressed "to the sensuous organism in its entirety" and combining various types of art.
But such attempts at a radical restructuring of artistic creativity were not crowned with success: one-component arts remained an indisputable value of artistic culture and its dominant. At the beginning of our century, it was said, not without reason, that “synthetic searches<…>take outside the boundaries of not only individual arts, but art in general. "
Literature has two forms of existence: it exists both as a one-piece art (in the form of works readable), and as an invaluable component of synthetic arts. This applies to the greatest extent to dramatic works, which in their essence are intended for the theater. But other types of literature are also involved in the synthesis of the arts: the lyrics come into contact with music (song, romance), going beyond the bounds of book existence. Lyric works are readily interpreted by actors-readers and directors (when creating stage compositions). Narrative prose also finds its way onto the stage and onto the screen. And the books themselves are often presented as synthetic works of art: in their composition, the writing of letters is also significant (especially in old handwritten texts, and ornaments, and illustrations. conductor of arts.
Literature and mass media
In different eras, preference was given to different types art. In antiquity, sculpture was the most influential; as part of the aesthetics of the Renaissance and the 17th century. dominated by the experience of painting, which theorists usually preferred to poetry; in line with this tradition - the treatise of the early French enlightener J.-B. Dubo, who believed that "the power of Painting over people is stronger than the power of Poetry."
Subsequently (in the 18th century, and even more so in the 19th century), literature came to the fore in art, and accordingly there was a shift in theory. Lessing in his Laocoon, in contrast to the traditional point of view, emphasized the advantages of poetry over painting and sculpture. According to Kant, “of all the arts, poetry". With even greater energy, V.G. Belinsky, who asserts that poetry is "the highest kind of art", that it "contains all the elements of other arts" and therefore "represents the whole whole of art."
In the era of romanticism, music shared the role of leader in the art world with poetry. Later, the understanding of music as the highest form of artistic activity and culture as such (not without the influence of the Beggars) became unprecedentedly widespread, especially in the aesthetics of the Symbolists. It is music, according to A.N. Scriabin and his associates, is called upon to concentrate all other arts around itself, and ultimately to transform the world. The words of A.A. Blok (1909): “Music is the most perfect of the arts, because it most expresses and reflects the idea of the Architect<…>Music makes the world. She is the spiritual body of the world<…>Poetry is exhaustible<…>since its atoms are imperfect - less mobile. Having reached its limit, poetry is likely to drown in music. "
XX century (especially in its second half) was marked by serious shifts in the relationship between the types of art. Artistic forms arose, consolidated and gained influence, based on new means mass communication: with the written and printed word, oral speech, sounding on the radio, and, most importantly, the visual imagery of cinema and television, began to compete successfully.
In this regard, concepts appeared that, in relation to the first half of the century, it is legitimate to call "cinema-centric", and to the second - "telecentric". The television theorist M. McLuhan (Canada), known for his harsh, in many ways paradoxical judgments, argued in his books of the 60s that in the 20th century. the second communication revolution took place (the first was the invention of the printing press): thanks to television, which has an unprecedented informative power, a “world of universal momentary” arises, and our planet turns into a kind of huge village. The main thing is that television is acquiring an unprecedented ideological authority: the television screen imperiously imposes on the audience a particular view of reality.
In contrast to the extremes of traditional literary centrism and modern telecentrism, it is legitimate to say that literature in our time is the first among the equal arts.
In its best examples, literary creativity organically combines loyalty to the principles of artistry not only with broad knowledge and deep understanding of life, but also with the direct presence of the author's generalizations. Thinkers of the XX century. argue that poetry belongs to other arts, as metaphysics to science, that it, being the focus of interpersonal understanding, is close to philosophy. At the same time, literature is characterized as "materialization of self-consciousness" and "memory of the spirit about itself." The fulfillment of non-artistic functions by literature turns out to be especially important at moments and periods when social conditions and the political system are unfavorable for society. “Among the people deprived of public freedom,” wrote A.I. Herzen, - literature is the only tribune from which he makes one hear the cry of his indignation and his conscience. "
In no way claiming to rise above other types of art and even more so to replace them, fiction thus occupies a special place in the culture of society and humanity as a kind of unity of art itself and intellectual activity, akin to the works of philosophers, scientists. humanities, publicists.
One of the tasks that society puts before modern system education, is the upbringing of a cultural personality, the formation of her not only material, but also spiritual needs. This task became urgent in connection with the revision in modern society... The formation of the cultural needs of the new generation is carried out through familiarization with the best examples, with the artistic values accumulated by human civilization throughout its existence. In addition, children need to be introduced to the history of culture.
Literature is interested in the phenomena of nature and society, social issues, psychological and spiritual problems of the individual and much more that exists in real world... The system and genres reflect certain aspects of reality through dramatization, epic narration or lyrical immersion.
Classification of literature can be carried out by dividing it into fiction, scientific, educational, historical and reference. In addition to these, there are many other types of literature and new ones are constantly appearing.
In turn, fiction as an art form is subdivided into the following genera: epic, lyric and drama. The epic includes genres such as epic, novel, short story, story, story, etc. The lyrics include a poem, ballad, poem, etc. Drama - tragedy, comedy, etc.
The epic is one of the three main literary genera, reflecting real life through narration, description and reasoning.
Lyrics is the main type of fiction, reflecting reality through a variety of personality experiences. The main form of the lyrics is poetic.
Drama, along with epics and lyrics, is the main type of literature, which is represented by works created in the form of dialogues and intended, as a rule, for staging on stage.
Literature as an art form is a historical phenomenon, all of its constituents and individual elements are in permanent interaction. Literature is a living and mobile process, an artistic system of images that sensitively responds to everything, even the slightest changes, taking place in real life.
