An interesting history of architecture: The Architecture of China. Pagodas. Why are the roofs of Chinese pagodas curved? The history of religions in India is divided into three periods
Reverent admiration, pleasing and amazing the imagination, arises when contemplating and visiting the quite often found in China and Japan, India and Vietnam, Cambodia and Korea, Thailand and other countries that preach Buddhism.
Miraculous properties
A pagoda is a multi-tiered temple tower (obelisk, pavilion) with numerous bright decorations and cornices. Initially, it served as a memorial, preserving numerous relics - the remains of Buddhas and the ashes of monks. The construction of the very first pagodas dates back to the beginning of our era.
Having appeared in China, they spread widely throughout Southeast Asia and the Far East. According to ancient Chinese legends, pagodas were intended to heal people from illnesses, to comprehend the truth through meditation, and also to gain the ability to become invisible to enemies. However, too many bad human actions led to the fact that these structures began to “hide” their miraculous power.
Mysterious treasures
The meaning of the word "pagoda" literally translated from Portuguese (pagoda) and Sanskrit ("bhagavat") is "tower of treasures." Most of the monastery buildings have retained their original purpose, but access for travelers to active monasteries is limited. The park buildings play a rather symbolic role, attracting many tourists with their unique interior decoration and the opportunity to view the surrounding area from the height of any tier. But you cannot see ritual ceremonies and truly sacred objects in them.
The brilliant splendor of sacred buildings, perfectly combined with noble tranquility, resembles, and often is, palace complexes. The Imperial Pagoda is stylized with special pomp and grandeur, covered with yellow tiles, the color of which symbolized the supreme power.
Architectural delights
Chinese builders erected structures using original technology based on the wooden frame structure “dougong”, translated as “bucket and beam”. Not a single iron nail was used in the construction of such houses. Having arranged the pillars in a certain order and fastened them with crossbars, the Chinese installed a frame, which was subsequently covered with a roof made of heavy tiles. But the most interesting thing: to relieve pressure on the pillars, the Chinese built truncated pyramids from the wide bases of which rested on the upper ceiling, and the tops on the pillar. As a result, the entire load falls on these blocks, which differed in size and shape and were called “dow” - “bucket”, respectively, “gun” - “beam”.
Thus, the pagoda is an amazing structure in which the walls do not bear any load. They perform the functions of partitions and allow you to install windows and doors in any quantity.
Intricate Features
The earliest Chinese pagodas were built in the shape of a square, and later buildings became hexagonal, octagonal and dodecagonal, some round. You can find wooden and stone buildings, but bricks, iron and copper were often used. The number of levels in ancient Chinese pagodas is usually odd; the most common buildings are those with 5-13 levels. The imagination of the architects erected elegant buildings that miraculously fit into the surrounding natural space and form a unique structure. Traditionally, such buildings were built in mountainous areas, away from the noisy central regions of China.
Pagoda in Shanxi province, palace buildings
Of particular interest is the uniqueness of the 9-level pagoda (its height is 70 meters) in Shanxi province, built about a thousand years ago. This is the oldest wooden building in the world that has survived to this day. Moreover, the uniqueness of the anti-seismic design saved it from numerous destructive earthquakes.
Chinese pagodas in the style of palace buildings focus on the greatness of the emperor. Graceful, curved roofs, decorated with figures of birds and animals, serve to drain rainwater away from the base of the building. This allows you to protect wooden walls from moisture and makes these structures more durable.
Japanese pagoda - music of Buddha
Creating an atmosphere of spirituality, it is customary to build a Japanese garden on hills, natural or artificial. Traditionally, when arranging a garden, a gate is first installed, and then a Japanese pagoda, which is the central compositional object.
The height of the structure is not limited by anything except... stone lanterns, which should be 1.5-2 times lower than the pagoda. In the land of the rising sun, they can be very small (up to 1 meter), located in a miniature garden. This means that there are no stone lanterns in the visibility zone at all. According to classical canons, a pagoda is a structure consisting of individual stones and forming a square at the base. Its vertical section is a trapezoid with curved sides. The most interesting thing is that the stones in the Japanese pagoda are not fixed to each other, and the building is supported by their own weight. Therefore, when constructing it, careful calculation and accuracy are very important.
Against the backdrop of magnificent landscapes, multi-tiered pagodas reign in a calming and spiritual atmosphere, differing in shape, height and bright colors. They invariably attract attention and excite human imagination.
The East is not at all like the West. You could even say that he is the complete opposite. Many things in Asian countries are a curiosity for tourists: from ingredients in dishes to architectural techniques.
One of these wonders is the pagoda. What kind of building is this? What function does it serve? And why are there so many of them in the most populated and largest city in Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh City?
A pagoda is a religious building in the Buddhist and Hindu religions. In different Asian countries, “pagoda” is understood as functionally different structures. For example, in Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, pagodas mean stupas, that is, monumental monuments, memorial complexes, and repositories of sacred objects.
In countries such as India, Vietnam, Korea, China, Japan, a pagoda is a Buddhist temple that has a characteristic shape - a multi-tiered tower. Eastern philosophy was based on the principle of cyclicality, repetition, and spiral development, which was reflected in such an architectural structure as the pagoda.
You can enjoy the unique lines and precise symmetry of Vietnamese pagodas in Ho Chi Minh City.
The Jacques Lam Pagoda (Giác Lâm Pagoda) is rightfully considered the oldest. It was built back in the 19th century, namely in 1774. In addition to its antiquity, it is also attractive to tourists for its huge number of wooden, bronze and cement statues, high reliefs, and wall decorations. It consists of three halls: the main assembly hall, the hall for dharsa sermons and the hall for meals.
Its last reconstruction was carried out between 1970 and 1993. Its protracted nature is explained by the war, which brought many disasters to the Vietnamese people.
The Jade Emperor Pagoda is characterized by contrast, which is manifested in the contrast between the bright and elegant external decoration of the pagoda and the gloominess of the interior.
The construction of this pagoda was dedicated to the god of heaven Ngoc Hoang - the Jade Ruler, whose statue is located in the central hall. It ended in 1909. Places of interest to tour groups are the Hell Room and the Altar of the Mother of the Five Buddhas.
An image of the ten circles of hell adorns the walls of the hell room. In the center of it stands a statue of the Devil.
Vin Ngem Pagoda is a whole temple complex with a forty-meter tower - Guan Yin, in which a bell hangs, a prayer room, a tower for urns with ashes, a lake and other buildings. It was based on the model of the Vinh Nghiem Bac pagoda, which was located in Giang province in the 11th century.
The construction of the modern pagoda was completed a little over 40 years ago - in 1971. Its architecture combines Japanese and Vietnamese motifs. The harmonious combination of modern and traditional elements gives this pagoda an inimitable appearance.
Temples of different religions Prepared by Liana Vitalievna Vasilyeva, a 4b grade student.
It is a separate building with a gambis dome, sometimes the mosque has a courtyard, for example the Al-Haram Mosque. Towers-minarets numbering from one to nine are attached to the mosque as an outbuilding. The prayer hall is devoid of images, but verses from the Koran in Arabic may be inscribed on the walls. The wall facing Mecca is marked by an empty niche in which the imam prays with a mihrab. To the right of the mihrab there is a pulpit-minbar from which the preacher imam reads his sermons to believers during Friday prayers. As a rule, madrasah schools operate at mosques. Mosque Islam Sign of Islam
The Mikdash is a religious building that was the center of the religious life of the Jewish people. According to the Bible, the portable Tabernacle of Meeting served as a temporary temple after the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt and before the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem temple was a building and in this way differed from the altar and the open sanctuary (bama). In the Temple there were objects symbolizing the presence of God (the Ark of the Covenant with the Tablets of the Covenant and cherubs), as well as utensils for sacred service. The most important items of temple utensils are: The large altar of burnt offerings, on which animals dedicated to God were sacrificed, as well as grain offerings and wine libations. The golden altar of incense on which incense was burned. The Golden Menorah, which illuminated the Temple with its light. The Golden Table of Showbread, on which the sacred “showbread” was placed. Mikdash Judaism Sign of Judaism
Treasure Tower is a Buddhist or Hindu building of a religious nature. In different countries, different types of buildings are classified as pagodas. In Nepal, northern India, Tibet, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, as well as in Western countries, multi-tiered towers used as temples are called pagodas. It is believed that the first pagodas of this kind appeared in Nepal, after which Nepalese architects spread pagodas throughout the Far East. The prototype of the Nepalese pagoda is the Buddhist stupa, which in Theravada Buddhist countries is still called a pagoda; in other countries, pagodas and stupas are distinguished from each other. In Nepal, Hindu temples are built in the form of a pagoda. Pagoda Buddhism Pagoda at Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto (Japan) Yakushiji Pagoda near the city of Nara (Japan) Sign of Buddhism
The main church of a city or monastery is usually called a cathedral. A cathedral is usually called the temple where the chair of the ruling bishop (bishop) is located. An Orthodox or Catholic church consists of at least an altar section and an adjoining room for worshipers. Each church has golden crosses and golden onion-shaped domes. And on the walls there are various icons and gold patterns. Of course, a church cannot do without candles, and that’s why there are practically no chandeliers or lamps in churches. And the ceilings do not go unnoticed; angels or the Virgin Mary can be painted on them. Church Orthodoxy Sign of Orthodoxy
Buddhism Islam Judaism Orthodoxy
Thank you for your attention.
Whether you go to the mosque on Fridays, attend synagogue on Saturdays, or pray in church on Sundays, religion has touched your life in one way or another. Even if the only thing you ever worshiped was your favorite couch and your best friend the television, your world was still shaped by the religious beliefs and practices of other people.
People's beliefs influence everything from their political views and works of art to the clothes they wear and the food they eat. Religious beliefs have more than once quarreled nations and inspired people to violence; they also played an important role in some scientific discoveries.
It’s not news to anyone that religion greatly influences society. Every civilization, from the ancient Mayans to the Celts, had some kind of religious practice. In its earliest forms, religion provided society with a system of beliefs and values according to which it could reproduce and educate youth. In addition, it also helped explain the processes and phenomena of such a beautiful and such a complex and sometimes frightening world around us.
Evidence of some rudiments of religion has been found in artifacts of the Neolithic era, and although religion has greatly evolved compared to the primitive rituals of that time, no faith really dies. Some, such as the worldview of the Druids, continue to live to the present day, while others, such as the ancient Greek and Roman religions, live on as components and some separate aspects of later Christianity and Islam.
Below we have made a short overview of 10 religions. Despite their ancient origins, many of them have clear parallels with major modern religions.
10: Sumerian Religion
Although there is anecdotal evidence indicating that people may have been practicing religion as early as 70,000 years ago, the earliest reliable evidence of an established religion dates back to approximately 3500 BC. That is, by the time the Sumerians built the world's first cities, states and empires in Mesopotamia.
From the thousands of clay tablets that are found in the areas where the Sumerian civilization was located, we know that they had a whole pantheon of gods, each of whom “managed” their own sector of phenomena and processes, that is, people explained for themselves the mercy or wrath of a particular god something that could not be explained otherwise.
All the Sumerian gods were “linked” to specific astronomical bodies, and they also controlled natural forces: for example, the rising and setting of the sun were attributed to the sparkling chariot of the sun god Utu. The stars were considered to be the cows of Nannar, the moon deity who traveled across the sky, and the crescent moon was his boat. Other gods represented such things and concepts as the ocean, war, fertility.
Religion was a central part of life in Sumerian society: kings claimed to act at the will of the gods and thus fulfilled both religious and political duties, and sacred temples and giant terraced platforms known as ziggurats were considered the dwellings of the gods.
The influence of the Sumerian religion can be seen in most existing religions. The Epic of Gilgamesh, the earliest surviving work of ancient Sumerian literature, contains the first mention of the great flood, which is also found in the Bible. And the seven-tiered Babylonian ziggurat is probably the same Tower of Babel that quarreled the descendants of Noah.
9: Ancient Egyptian Religion
To be convinced of the influence of religion on the life of Ancient Egypt, just look at the thousands of pyramids located in the region. Each building symbolizes the Egyptian belief that human life continues even after death.
The reign of the Egyptian pharaohs lasted from approximately 3100 to 323 BC. and consisted of 31 separate dynasties. The pharaohs, who had divine status, used religion to maintain their power and subjugate absolutely all citizens. For example, if a pharaoh wanted to gain the favor of more tribes, all he had to do was adopt their local god as his own.
While the sun god Ra was the main god and creator, the Egyptians recognized hundreds of other gods, approximately 450. And at least 30 of them received the status of the main deities of the pantheon. With so many gods, the Egyptians were uncomfortable with true coherent theology, but they were bound by a common belief in an afterlife, especially after the invention of mummification.
The manuals, called "coffinerary texts", gave those who could afford this guidance in funeral arrangements a guarantee of immortality. The tombs of wealthy people often contained jewelry, furniture, weapons, and even servants for a fulfilling afterlife.
Flirting with Monotheism
One of the first attempts to establish monotheism occurred in Ancient Egypt, when Pharaoh Akhenaten came to power in 1379 BC. and declared the sun god Aten to be the only god. The pharaoh tried to erase all mention of other gods and destroy their images. During Akhenaten's reign, the people tolerated this so-called "Atonism", however, after his death he was declared a criminal, his temples were destroyed, and his very existence was erased from records.
8: Greek and Roman Religion
Gods of Ancient Greece
Like the Egyptian, the Greek religion was polytheistic. Although the 12 Olympian deities are most widely recognized, the Greeks also had several thousand other local gods. During the Roman period of Greece, these gods were simply adapted to Roman needs: Zeus became Jupiter, Venus Aphrodite, and so on. In fact, much of Roman religion was borrowed from the Greeks. So much so that the two religions are often referred to under the general name of the Greco-Roman religion.
The Greek and Roman gods had rather bad characters. They were no strangers to jealousy and anger. This explains why people had to make so many sacrifices in the hope of appeasing the gods, making them refrain from causing harm, and instead help people, do good deeds.
Along with sacrificial rites, which were the primary form of Greek and Roman religion, festivals and rituals occupied an important place in both religions. In Athens, at least 120 days a year were holidays, and in Rome, not much business was undertaken without first performing religious rituals that guaranteed the approval of the gods. Special people followed the signs sent by the gods, observing the chirping of birds, weather events or the entrails of animals. Ordinary citizens could also question the gods at sacred places called oracles.
Religion of Rite
Perhaps the most impressive feature of Roman religion was the important role of ritual in virtually every aspect of daily life. Not only were rituals performed before every senate meeting, festival, or other public event, but they also had to be performed flawlessly. If, for example, it was discovered that a prayer had been misread before a government meeting, then any decision made during that meeting could be invalidated.
A religion based solely on nature, Druidry emerged from shamanic practices and witchcraft in prehistoric times. Initially, it was distributed throughout Europe, but then became concentrated in the Celtic tribes as they moved towards the British coast. It continues to be practiced today among small groups.
The main idea of Druidry is that a person should perform all actions without causing harm to anyone, even himself. There is no other sin than harming the Earth or others, the Druids believe. Likewise, there is no blasphemy or heresy, since man is unable to harm the gods, and they are able to defend themselves. According to Druid beliefs, people are only a small part of the Earth, which in turn is a single living being inhabited by gods and spirits of all kinds.
Although Christians tried to suppress Druidry for its polytheistic pagan beliefs and accused its followers of performing cruel sacrifices, the Druids were actually peaceful people who practiced meditation, reflection and awareness rather than sacrificial acts. Only animals were sacrificed and then eaten.
Since the entire religion of Druidry was built around nature, its ceremonies were associated with the solstices, equinoxes and 13 lunar cycles.
Somewhat similar to the pagan faith of Wicca, Asatru is a belief in the pre-Christian gods of Northern Europe. Dating back to the beginning of the Scandinavian Bronze Age around 1000 BC. Asatru took much from the ancient Norse Viking beliefs, and many of Asatru's followers continue to replicate Viking customs and traditions, such as sword fighting.
The main values of the religion are wisdom, strength, courage, joy, honor, freedom, energy and the importance of ancestral ties with ancestors. Like Druidry, Asatru is based in nature, and the entire faith is tied to the changing of the seasons.
Asatru states that the universe is divided into nine worlds. Among them are Asgard - the kingdom of the gods and Midgard (Earth) - the home of all humanity. The connection of these nine worlds is the World Tree, Yggdrasil. The main god and creator of the universe is Odin, but Thor, the god of war, the defender of Midgard, was also highly respected: it was his hammer that the Vikings depicted on their doors to ward off evil. The hammer, or Mjollnir, is worn by many Asatru followers in the same way that Christians carry a cross.
Tax exemption
Although some aspects of Asatru may seem implausible to the uninitiated, it is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world. In addition to being a registered religion in Iceland and Norway, it is exempt from taxes in the United States.
To be fair, it needs to be clarified that, technically, Hinduism is not one religion. This concept actually encompasses many beliefs and practices originating in India.
Hinduism is one of the oldest existing religions, with roots traced back to approximately 3000 BC. Although some of its supporters claim that the doctrine has always existed. The religion's scriptures are collected in the Vedas, the oldest known religious works in the Indo-European languages. They were collected approximately between 1000 and 500 BC. and is revered by Hindus as eternal truth.
The overarching idea of Hinduism is the quest for moksha, belief in destiny and reincarnation. According to Hindu beliefs, people have an eternal soul, which is continuously reborn in different incarnations, according to its lifestyle and actions in previous lives. Karma describes the consequences that follow from these actions, and Hinduism teaches that people can improve their destiny (karma) through prayer, sacrifice and various other forms of spiritual, psychological and physical disciplines. Ultimately, by following righteous paths, a Hindu can be liberated from rebirth and attain moksha.
Unlike other major religions, Hinduism does not claim any founder. Its connection with any specific historical event cannot be traced. Today, almost 900 million people around the world consider themselves Hindus, with the majority of them living in India.
4: Buddhism
Buddhism, which originated in India around the 6th century BC, is similar to Hinduism in many ways. It is based on the teachings of a man known as Buddha, who was born as Siddhartha Gautama and raised as a Hindu. Like Hindus, Buddhists believe in reincarnation, karma and the idea of achieving complete liberation - Nirvana.
According to Buddhist legend, Siddhartha had a rather sheltered youth and was amazed when he discovered that people around him seemed to experience such things as grief, poverty and illness. After meeting a group of people seeking enlightenment, Siddhartha began searching for a way to end human suffering. He fasted and meditated for a long time, and finally achieved the ability to break out of the eternal cycle of reincarnation. It was this achievement of "bodhi", or "enlightenment", that led to him now being known as the Buddha, or "Enlightened One".
Four Noble Truths: (chatvari aryasatyani), the four truths of the Holy One are one of the basic teachings of Buddhism, which all its schools adhere to.
1. All existence is suffering.
2. All suffering is caused by human desires.
3. Renunciation of desires will end suffering.
4. There is a path to the end of suffering - the Eightfold Path.
Buddhism does not place too much emphasis on deity; self-discipline, meditation and compassion are much more important. As a result, Buddhism is sometimes regarded more as a philosophy than a religion.
Path
Like Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism are more philosophies than religions. Both originated in China in the 5th and 6th centuries BC. both are actively practiced in China today. Taoism, which is based on the concept of "Tao", or "Way", greatly values life and preaches simplicity and a relaxed approach to life. Confucianism is based on love, kindness and humanity.
Another religion originating from India. Jainism proclaims the achievement of spiritual freedom as its main goal. Originates from the lives and teachings of the Jains, spiritual teachers who achieved the highest level of knowledge and understanding. According to Jain teachings, followers of the religion can achieve freedom from material existence or karma. As in Hinduism, this liberation from reincarnation is called moksha.
Jains also teach that time is eternal and consists of a series of ascending or descending movements that last for millions of years. During each of these periods, there are 24 Jainas. Only two of these teachers are known in the current movement: Parsva and Mahavira, who lived in the 9th and 6th centuries BC, respectively. In the absence of any higher gods or a creator god, followers of Jainism revere the Jains.
Unlike Buddhism, which condemns suffering, the idea of Jainism is asceticism, self-denial. The Jain way of life is governed by the "Great Vows", which proclaim non-violence, honesty, sexual abstinence, renunciation. Although these vows are strictly observed by hermits, Jains also follow them in proportion to their abilities and circumstances, with the goal of self-development along the 14-stage path of spiritual growth.
Although other religions have had brief periods of monotheism, Judaism is considered the world's oldest monotheistic faith. Religion is based on what the Bible describes as agreements between God and some of the founding fathers. Judaism is one of three religions that trace their origins to the patriarch Abraham, who lived in the 21st century BC. (The other two are Islam and Christianity.)
The Five Books of Moses are included at the beginning of the Hebrew Bible, forming the Torah (Pentateuch), the Jewish people are the descendants of Abraham and will one day return to their country Israel. Therefore, Jews are sometimes called the “chosen people.”
The religion is based on the Ten Commandments, which represent a sacred agreement between God and people. Along with 613 other guidelines contained in the Torah, these ten commandments determine the way a believer lives and thinks. By following the laws, Jews show their commitment to God's will and strengthen their position in the religious community.
In rare unanimity, all three major world religions recognize the Ten Commandments as fundamental.
Zoroastrianism is based on the teachings of the Persian prophet Zarathustra, or Zoroaster, who lived between 1700 and 1500 BC. His teachings are revealed to the world in the form of 17 psalms called Gathas, which constitute the Holy Scripture of Zoroastrianism, known as the Zend Avesta.
A key aspect of the Zoroastrian faith is ethical dualism, the constant struggle between good (Ahura Mazda) and evil (Angra Mainyu). Personal responsibility is of great importance to Zoroastrians, since their destiny depends on the choice they make between these two forces. Followers believe that after death, the soul comes to the Bridge of Judgment, from where it goes either to heaven or to a place of torment, depending on what actions predominated during life: good or bad.
Because positive choices are not so difficult to make, Zoroastrianism is generally seen as an optimistic faith: Zarathustra is supposedly the only child who laughed at birth instead of crying. Currently, Zoroastrianism is one of the smallest among the world's major religions, but its influence is felt widely. Christianity, Judaism and Islam were all formed on its tenets.
- (Indian distortion bhagavati holy house). 1) Asian idolatrous temple, especially among the Chinese, Hindus and Siamese. 2) small comic figures with bobbing heads. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
pagoda- Cm … Synonym dictionary
pagoda- (wrong pagoda and pagoda) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language
pagoda- y, w. pagode f. Sanskrit. bhagavat divine, holy. Buddhist temple. BAS 1. The present temple of their Indians is nothing more than a kind of alcove, where idols stand on the steps behind a silk curtain. Izmailov Putesh. at noon Russia 4,141… Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
PAGODA- (Portuguese pagoda from Sanskrit bhagavat sacred), a Buddhist memorial structure and repository of relics; pagodas have the appearance of a pavilion or tower (often multi-tiered), arose at the beginning of the century. e. in China, known in Korea, Japan, Vietnam... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PAGODA- PAGODA, pagodas, women. (Prakrit bhagodi sacred). Buddhist temple (in India, Japan, China, etc.). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
pagoda- PAGODA, s, women. Buddhist or Hindu temple, repository of religious relics. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Pagoda- (Portuguese pagoda, from Sanskrit bhagavat sacred; Chinese bao ta, literally treasure tower), a Buddhist memorial structure and repository of relics. Pagodas arose at the beginning of our era in China, are known in Korea, Japan, and the countries of Southeast... ... Art encyclopedia
Pagoda- (the Indian word bhagavati, distorted by Europeans, i.e. Holy house) is the name of Indian temples built in the open air... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Pagoda- (port. pagoda) – a Buddhist memorial structure and repository of relics; pagodas have the appearance of a pavilion or tower (often multi-tiered), arose at the beginning of our era. in China, known in Korea, Japan, Vietnam. Large explanatory dictionary of cultural studies..… … Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
pagoda- Multi-tiered tower for storing relics; type of religious and memorial building of Asian Buddhists [Terminological dictionary of construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Subjects of buildings, structures, premises EN pagoda DE Pagode FR… … Technical Translator's Guide
Books
- Conan and the Pagoda of Sleep, D. Brian, M. Leonetti. The greatest of the heroes of the Hyborian world, the fierce Conan the Cimmerian fights tirelessly against sorcerers and necromancers when their magic threatens himself or his friends. But this time he... Buy for 380 rubles
- Pagoda of the Crane Scream, Vladimir Fedorovich Vlasov. “Pagoda of the crane squawk” is a certain sphere where the bird’s language becomes clear - squawk, the language of the most perfect birds in their structure, so similar to people who visit Heaven and know...
