Natural features and resources of the republic of chechnya. Mineral deposits Chechen Republic What are the minerals in Chechnya
The resource and engineering-geological potential of the territory is defined as geographic location both natural conditions and the structure of the geological environment, within which engineering and economic activities are carried out. Occupying a relatively small territory, the republic is characterized by a significant variety of natural conditions: climate, relief, soil, flora, geological structure, engineering and geological conditions of construction, the distribution of minerals, etc. Natural conditions are decisive in carrying out one or another economic activity on the territory of the Republic.
Climate
The Chechen Republic is located in the southern part of the temperate climatic zone. Despite its small territorial size, the climate changes significantly with increasing altitude and moving from north to south.
The arid continental climate of the northern semi-desert regions of the republic is harsh temperature regime and high frequency of dry winds and dust storms. To the south, as we approach the ridges of the Greater Caucasus, the climate softens and becomes more humid. In the foothills, a warm, moderately humid climate favors the growth of abundant vegetation. With the rise in the mountains, the climate becomes colder, excessively humid, less continental, and in the high-mountainous zone it acquires the features of the climate of regions of eternal snow.
The climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic, unequal in terms of the degree of favorableness for the construction and economic development of the territory, largely predetermined the territorial distribution and organization of production.
Hydrographic network
The republic's hydrographic network belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The main river of the republic, crossing it from west to east, is the Terek River.
The distribution of the hydrographic network over the territory of the republic is extremely uneven. The density coefficient of the river network reaches its highest value in the south of the territory in the mountainous regions of the northern slope of the Main Caucasian ridge (0.5-0.6 km / km2). Moving to the north (up to the Grozny-Gudermes line), the density of the river network decreases to 0.2-0.3 km / km2.
The territory north of the Terek River is characterized by an almost complete absence of permanent watercourses.
The complex network of natural watercourses on the territory of the republic is thickened by an artificial irrigation and watering system.
The largest rivers flowing on the territory of the republic are Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Aksai, as well as Fortanga, Gekhi, Martan, Goyta, Sharoargun, Dzhalka, Belka, Hulhulau, etc.
Hazardous geological processes
Hazardous geological processes are widespread on the territory of the Chechen Republic, which have a significant impact on the engineering and geological conditions of construction. The most important of them are seismicity, subsidence, talus, avalanches, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, karst, sand shifting, salinization and waterlogging of soils, erosion, flooding by flood waters.
Seismicity. Within the republic, seismicity varies from 7.5 to 9.0 points.
On the territory of Chechnya, the possibility of man-made earthquakes is noted, the cause of which is the intensive pumping of oil.
Minerals and resources
At present, oil, gas, cement raw materials, and mineral waters have been discovered and explored in the Chechen Republic.
The explored reserves do not exhaust the mineral resources of the republic, the degree of geological exploration of which is relatively low.
The geological structure of the territory predetermines the presence of a diverse complex of new types of valuable minerals.
The foothill part of the Republic is promising for strontium and sulfur, the mountainous part for lead-zinc and copper ores, as well as for facing and building stone of high quality. The strip adjacent to the Main Caucasian Ridge is promising for polymetals.
In addition, the Republic as a whole, and especially the Tersko-Sunzhensky region, is promising in terms of obtaining geothermal energy. The expected temperature is 160-340˚.
Combustible minerals
Oil and gas
The main oil and gas reserves of the North Caucasus (over 50%) are accounted for by the Chechen Republic, which has historically been one of the country's leading oil production and refining centers.
The Chechen Republic is part of the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya oil and gas province. Commercial oil and gas content is associated with deposits of the Neogene, Paleogene Cretaceous and Jurassic ages.
Oil and gas reservoirs are sands, fractured sandstones, cavernous and fractured limestones, marls, separated by the Upper Jurassic salt-bearing rocks and Neogene, Paleogene and Cretaceous clays.
According to existing estimates, the initial geological resources of hydrocarbons amount to about 1.5 billion tons of fuel equivalent. To date, the cumulative production of oil and gas has reached more than 500 million tons.
For more than a century of oil and gas exploration, more than 30 fields have been discovered, containing about 100 oil and gas deposits at depths from several hundred meters to 5-6 km.
Starogroznenskoe Goryacheistochnenskoe
Khayan-Kortovskoe Pravoberezhnoe
Oktyabrskoe Goyt-Kortovskoe
Gorskoe (village Ali-Yurt) Eldarovskoe
Bragunskoe Severo-Bragunskoe
Benoyskoe Datykhskoe
Gudermes Mineral
Severo-Mineralnoe Andreevskoe
Red Khankalskoe
Mesketinskoe Severo-Dzhalkinskoe
Lesnoe Ilyinskoe
Construction Materials
In connection with the large volume of upcoming construction work, the extraction and production of building materials is of particular importance.
For the production of building materials, clay and limestone have been explored - for cement raw materials, gypsum and anhydrite, building stone, brick and expanded clay, limestone - for lime, sand-gravel mixture, building and silicate sands. Deposits are located mainly in the immediate vicinity of industrial centers, within the middle part of the Republic
Fresh groundwater
Fresh groundwater reserves of the republic are estimated at 30-40 m3 / sec, which is approximately 30-40% of the surface runoff. These values give an approximate idea of the water supply in the republic.
The total amount of groundwater used in the republic is a small part of the forecast resources.
Only central part of the republic is assessed as sufficiently provided with groundwater for household and drinking water supply. The northern part is insufficiently provided and the southern part is not provided with groundwater.
The problems of the northern and southern parts of the territory could be solved more intensively by exploiting the existing aquifers... It is also possible to increase the available reserves of groundwater by intensifying the work on their search and exploration.
Mineral water
Mineral underground waters on the territory of the republic are known and studied in the valley of the river. Chanty-Argun, on the slopes of the Gudermes and Bragun ranges. Mineral waters come out in the form of springs and are penetrated by wells, they are diverse in composition.
The exploitable reserves of mineral waters of the Chechen Republic have been approved for two deposits: Chanty-Argunskoye and Isti-Su.
Surface water resources
The overwhelming majority of the republic's rivers, both in terms of runoff characteristics and mineralization, can serve as a source of water supply. Currently, rivers are only used for watering and irrigating drylands.
The rivers of the republic have significant hydropower potential. The gross hydropower potential of the most studied rivers in 2003 was estimated at 10.4 billion kW, incl. technically available for development 3.5 billion kW / h (in an average water content year). The tributaries of the river have the largest energy resources. Terek - r. Argun, Sharo-Argun.
The rivers of the Chechen Republic are the repository of biological resources. In the rivers are found: carp, catfish, pike perch, and in mountain reservoirs - trout. Recently, due to significant pollution of rivers, the amount of fish in them has greatly decreased.
Forests and timber resources
Forests occupy about 1/5 of the territory of the republic and they are concentrated mainly in its southern part.
The Chechen Republic belongs to the forest-deficient regions of the country.
More than ¾ of the territory of the Chechen Republic is agricultural land, a fifth is forest land and land of trees and shrubs.
Agricultural lands make up about 64% of the entire territory of the Chechen Republic. Among them, the most significant in terms of pasture area - 57% of agricultural land, more than 36% of the total area of the republic (of which the main part is steppe, semi-desert and alpine).
The Chechen Republic is located in the central part of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (altitude up to 4493 m, the city of Tebulosmta), the adjacent Chechen plain and the Terek-Kum lowland.
The length of the territory from north to south is 170 km, from west to east - 110 km.
Borders: in the south - with the Republic of Georgia, in the southeast, east and north-east - with the Republic of Dagestan, in the north-west - with the Stavropol Territory, in the west - with the Ingush Republic.
In terms of relief, the territory of the republic is divided into flat northern (2/3 of the area) and mountainous southern (1/3 of the area). The south of the Chechen Republic is made up of the foothills and slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range, the northern part is occupied by the plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland. The republic's hydrographic network belongs to the Caspian Sea basin. The main river of the republic, crossing it from west to east, is the Terek River. Rivers in the territory of the Chechen Republic are unevenly distributed. The mountainous part and the adjacent Chechen plain have a dense, highly ramified river network. And on the Terek-Sunzhskoy Upland and in the regions north of the Terek, there are no rivers. This is due to the features of the relief, climatic conditions and, above all, the distribution of precipitation. According to the water regime, the rivers of the Chechen Republic can be divided into two types. The first includes rivers, in the feeding of which glaciers and alpine snows play an important role. These are Terek, Sunzha (below the confluence of the Lesa), Assa and Argun. In the summer, when snow and glaciers are vigorously melting high in the mountains, they overflow. The second type includes rivers originating from springs and devoid of glacial and alpine snow supply. This group includes the Sunzha (before the confluence of the Assa), Valerik, Gekhi, Martan, Goyta, Dzhalka, Belka, Aksai, Yaryk-Su and others, less significant. They don't have high water in summer.
Mineral resources of the Chechen Republic include fuel and energy resources, such as: oil, gas, condensate, common minerals are represented by: deposits of brick raw materials, clays, building sands, sand and gravel mixtures, building stones, reserves of cement marls, limestones, dolomites, gypsum ... Also, the republic is rich in hydropower resources, first of all, r. Argun, r. Assa et al. (Explored resources amount to 2000 MW) and heat and power resources located on the plain.
The main role in the development of the Republic in the near future will belong to the fuel and energy complex. The main wealth of the Chechen Republic's subsoil is oil and gas, the explored reserves of which, as of 2005, are estimated at 40 million tons and gas at 14.5 billion cubic meters.
Oil
The beginning of the republic's industrial oil production was laid back in 1893, when the first oil fountain gushed in the Starogroznensky district. Over the century-long history of the industry, 420 million tons of oil have been extracted from the bowels.
For the first 60 years, prospecting and exploration work here was carried out exclusively on oil and gas deposits in the Miocene sediments. Before the start of World War II, the republic produced about 4 million tons of oil per year. During the war years, the oil industry in Grozny was almost completely destroyed. A new stage in the development of the industry began in the late 1950s, when highly productive deposits in deep-seated Upper Cretaceous deposits were identified and put into development. During the 1960s, oil production grew progressively until 1971, when it reached a peak level of 21.3 million tons and amounted to more than 7% of the total Russian In the 1970s, as the productivity of these facilities naturally decreased, the annual production level decreased three times. In the 1980s - early 1990s, due to the discovery of new, but less productive deposits, production stabilized at the level of 5-4 million tons. In the 1990s, oil production plummeted.
According to the published data of the Ministry of Petroleum and chemical industry Chechen Republic, as of 01.01.93, there were 23 fields in development, containing 44 oil and one oil and gas condensate deposits. Most of the deposits were already at the stage of natural depletion and increasing water cut. The degree of depletion of the deposits was almost 80% - the highest in Russia. The most significant deposits are Starogroznenskoye, Bragunskoye, Oktyabrskoye, Eldarovskoye, Pravoberezhnoye and Goryacheistochnenskoye, which produced about 70% of the total production of the republic. The degree of depletion of the first four of them is almost 95%, and the other two, from which 30% of the production came, exceeds 60%.
The total well stock as of the above date was 1456 units, and only 9 of them are new. In 1993-94, about 880 wells produced production, including 7 new ones, and at the beginning of December 1994 only about 100 wells were in operation. The average productivity of the well did not exceed 4 thousand tons per year.
The level of exploration of the initial resources of the republic is almost 80%. It is believed that large structures are practically identified, however, the prospects for discoveries of deposits with smaller reserves in deeper horizons are quite high. The potential oil resources of the Chechen Republic are estimated at about 100 million tons.
In addition to discoveries of new deposits, the reserve for increasing production may be additional development of depleted deposits, re-commissioning of flooded deposits, the residual reserves of which are estimated at 150 million tons.
Since the late 1950s, the republic has been intensively developing gas industry... Less than 0.1 billion cubic meters were produced annually at five free gas fields. Much greater importance in the economy of the republic has associated petroleum gas, the production of which in 1992 amounted to 1.3 billion and in 1993 - 1.0 billion.
According to the composition of the oil of the Chechen Republic, they are mainly paraffinic with a high content of gasoline. Most of the fields are located within the Terskiy ridge system, however, oil producing wells are located both on the Sunzhenskiy ridge and on the monocline of the Black Mountains. There is also an oil field in the valley of the Fortanga River.
Other minerals of Chechnya
In addition to oil and gas, the Chechen Republic has large reserves of raw materials for the development of the construction industry. Huge reserves of cement marl, limestone, dolomite, gypsum are concentrated in mountainous regions. The most significant reserves of cement marls are explored in the Chanty-Argun valley. On their base, as well as using the nearby deposits of the Verkhniy Maikop clays, the Chir-Yurt cement plant, restored after the war, operates. Limestone deposits are practically inexhaustible, and there are limestones of beautiful colors. They are easy to grind and can be used as a facing material.
Deposits of gypsum and anhydrite are located between the Gekhi and Sharo-Argun rivers. The largest deposit is located north of the village of Ushkaloi. The gypsum-anhydrite suite reaches 195 meters here. Some types of gypsum and anhydrite can be used as an ornamental stone for making souvenirs and art products.
Explored in Chechnya and several sandstone deposits, the largest of which are Sernovodskoe, Samashkinskoe, Chishkinskoe. They are used to obtain wall and rubble stone. Quartz sands suitable for glass production are also found here. Near the village of Malye Varandy there is a deposit of mineral paints - ocher, mummy. In the mountains, there are also deposits of sodium chloride and potassium salts. The explored deposits of hard and brown coal have not yet been developed due to their low quality and small reserves.
The ore content of the Chechen Republic has not yet been sufficiently studied. In the mountainous part, there are several deposits of copper and base metals. Antimony-tungsten deposit containing tin, tantalum and niobium was discovered in the upper reaches of the Sharo-Argun. The sulfur deposit near the village of the Zone is also of interest. On the Chechen plain there are numerous deposits of brick-tile and pottery clays, gravel. On the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya Upland, large deposits of building and glass sands, shell limestone, sandstone, brick-tile and bleaching clays are known.
The use of coal reserves is currently not profitable for reasons common to the coal mining industry in Russia, as well as due to the depletion of coal seams and the complexity of the development of KChR deposits. Coal mining in 1996-1997 was only 35 thousand tons per year.
The extraction of copper-pyrite ores with a high copper content and associated zinc is of great industrial importance. The main deposit? Urupskoe (6 more explored, including the large copper Bykovskoe in the Labinsky gorge). Urupsky mining and processing plant (GOK) is the main copper mining enterprise in the industry, the second in importance is Zelenchuksky GOK.
On the territory of the KChR, deposits of gold (near Rozhkao) and silver have been identified. There are significant reserves of polymetallic ores (the Khudesskoye deposit - the eastern region of the copper-bearing zone), some of which contain copper, zinc, cobalt, etc.
The republic needs investments for the development of promising deposits:
- tungsten ores (Kti-Teberdinsky - a feasibility study for the construction of the Aksautsky tungsten mining and processing plant has been prepared);
- hematite ores (Biychesyn-Bermamytskoye deposit with an annual production of 120-150 thousand tons, they can be used to supply iron-containing additives for JSC Kavkazcement and other regions of Russia);
- copper-pyrite and sulfur-pyrite ores (Khudessky);
- porcelain stone (Marinsky currently porcelain and ceramic factories in Russia are experiencing a shortage of raw materials, which in average annual terms is estimated at 350-400 thousand tons);
- gold-bearing ores, which, with the necessary additional exploration and development, will ensure the production of over 100 tons of gold.
Nadterechny municipal district is one of the fifteen municipal districts of the Chechen Republic. In addition to regional municipalities, the Republic also includes two urban districts - the city of Grozny and the city of Argun.
The Municipal Formation "Nadterechny Municipal District" is located on the northwestern outskirts of the Chechen Republic. The Nadterechny district borders in the north with the Stavropol Territory and the Naursky District of the Chechen Republic, in the east and south with the Grozny District, in the southwest with the republics of North Ossetia-Alania and Ingushetia.
Intra-regional connections provide communication of the Nadterechny municipal district with neighboring municipalities, as well as with the capital of the Republic - the city of Grozny.
The territory of the region is divided into two geomorphological elements, which differ sharply from each other. The first geomorphological element includes the northern part of the area's land use, and the second, the southern one.
The area of the republic is 16.139 km2. Population - 1.2 million people. The capital is the city of Grozny. Administratively, the republic is divided into 15 districts. Located in the southeastern part of the North Caucasus, on the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge and adjacent plains. In the west, the Chechen Republic borders with Ingushetia and North Ossetia, in the north - with the Stavropol Territory, in the north and east - with the Republic of Dagestan and in the south - with the Georgian Republic.
The southern border runs along the ridges of the ridges, for the rest of the length there are no clearly defined natural boundaries and the border is drawn along conditional lines. The Chechen Republic stretches for 170 kilometers from the north to the south, and 150 kilometers from the west to the east. The geographical position of the Chechen Republic is favorable. Important railways and highways pass through its territory, connecting the main regions of the North Caucasus with the Transcaucasus and the European part of the country.
The Chechen Republic is a land of amazing contrasts of nature. It is rare where you can find such an extraordinary variety of natural landscapes in such a small area. The majestic beauty of mountain landscapes: snowy peaks and gigantic rocky cliffs, turbulent rivers and azure-blue lakes, dense forests and colorful subalpine meadows - is replaced on the plains by no less remarkable views of endless steppe expanses, amazing pictures of a wavy sea of sandy breakers, among which there are areas sand dunes - typical landscapes of the deserts of Central Asia.
The nature of the Chechen Republic is not only diverse, but also rich. Its bowels store large reserves of "black gold" and building materials. Long hot summers and fertile soils make it possible to cultivate a wide variety of, moreover, very valuable agricultural crops. Extensive natural pastures provide an excellent base for the development of animal husbandry. Mountain beech forests provide the most valuable timber. A variety of mineral springs, clean mountain air, an abundance of sun, favorable climatic conditions, beautiful landscapes are those healing powers that can be widely used to organize recreation and restore the health of workers. The main reason for the diversity of the natural conditions of the Chechen Republic is the features of the structure of its surface.
Relief and minerals.
The varied relief of the surface of the Chechen Republic is due to its complex geological history. In a relatively recent geological period, powerful mountain-building processes took place here, as well as throughout the Caucasus.
As a result of these processes, mountain folds appeared in some places, in others - troughs and depressions. The primary relief, created by the internal forces of the earth, underwent further profound changes under the influence of external forces: water, air temperature, wind.
About half of the area of the Chechen Republic is occupied by mountains and highlands, and the rest of the territory is occupied by lowlands and plains. In the north of the republic is spread Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, which is part of the vast Caspian lowland. Its flat surface has a slight slope towards the Caspian Sea. To the east of the village of Kargalinskaya, it lies already below sea level.
Representing a sagging section of the earth's crust, in historical time the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland was repeatedly flooded with the waters of the Caspian and layers of marine sediments were layered on its surface. The rivers flowing into the ancient Caspian basin deposited fine clastic material in their mouths, creating large sandy deltas.
Now these deltas are preserved in the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland in the form of large sandy massifs. With their highly hilly relief, they sharply stand out from the surrounding plain. Only the southern part of the Terek-Kum lowland belongs to the territory of the Chechen Republic. Almost three quarters of its entire area is occupied by the Pryersky sandy massif. Its aeolian relief was formed under the influence of the eastern winds prevailing in the lowlands.
Here you can observe the most varied forms of sandy relief. Ridge and hilly sands overgrown with herbaceous vegetation are widespread. And in the northern and eastern parts of the massif there are areas of loose sand dunes. Dune sands were formed as a result of the scattering of ridge sands. The reason for their scattering was the destruction of the vegetation that binds the sands as a result of excessive grazing or improper plowing.
Within the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, the valley of the Terek River stands out. Its left slope has a number of distinct terraces here. The lower terraces are covered with forest and shrubs, and are swampy in places. To the south of the Terek River, Tersko-Sunzha Upland. It consists of two low ridges - Tersky and Sunzhensky, which are separated by the narrow Alkhanchurt valley.
Both ridges have a folded structure, highly complicated by numerous faults and secondary folds. They are composed of rocks of the Cenozoic age, among which shaly clays, sandstones, and conglomerates are widespread.
In many places, these rocks are covered from above with a thick layer of loose loess-like loams. The ridges are soft, rounded. Their gentle, mostly soddy slopes are strongly dissected by numerous ravines and ravines. Both ridges rise towards the west. The height of the Sunzha ridge reaches 872 meters (Mount Kurp), while individual peaks of the Tersk ridge do not rise, higher than 700 meters above sea level.
The Bragun and Gudermes ridges can be considered a continuation of the Tersk ridge in the eastern part, although in terms of geological structure they are independent mountain folds. There is a small Grozny ridge, on which the Old Crafts are located. The Grozny ridge is connected with the Sunzhensky ridge by a narrow bridge. In the southeastern part of Grozny it rises Novogroznensky ridge(New trades), or Aldyn Upland, dissected by the Khankala gorge into two separate massifs.
The Nadterechnaya Plain stretches between the Terek ridge and the Terek River. Its width reaches 10-12 kilometers. Consists of several river terraces descending in steps to the Terek. The space between the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya Upland and the forward chain of the Caucasus Mountains is occupied Chechen foothill plain. The valley of the Sunzha River in the west connects with the Ossetian foothill plain, part of which is included in the territory of the Chechen Republic.
Geologically, the Chechen Plain is a deep foothill trough in the form of a huge depression. During the era of the Quaternary glaciation, clastic material was deposited in this basin, which was brought by high-water rivers from the then vast mountain glaciers.
Glacial and alluvial deposits, consisting of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand and clay, completely filled the basin and gave it the appearance of a plain inclined to the north. From above, these deposits are covered with young river sediments. The Chechen plain is the most populated place in the republic. Large Chechen villages and Cossack villages, immersed in the greenery of orchards, are picturesquely spread over its entire area. The entire southern mountainous part of the republic is located on the slope of the Greater Caucasus, which is the northern wing of the huge Caucasian fold.
The alternation of solid and easily destructible rocks in the sedimentary strata of the northern slope of the Caucasian ridge led to its dissection into a number of longitudinal ridges. Ridges were formed where resistant rocks were exposed, and the valleys separating them arose in places where less resistant rocks were spread.
Thus, four parallel ridges were formed, rising to the south in the form of giant steps. The northernmost of these ranges is Black mountains- is composed mainly of sandy-argillaceous rocks of the Cenozoic age, which is why its relief has soft, rounded outlines of typical low mountains. Their height rarely exceeds a thousand meters above sea level.
From the foothills to the peaks, the Black Mountains are overgrown with forest, which gives them a dark color from afar. Hence their name arose. Low, with a highly dissected relief, the Black Mountains are a foothill zone.
South of the Black Mountains stretches Pasture ridge. In the west, it branches into two, and in some places into three separate ridges. It got its name from the abundance of beautiful mountain pastures on its slopes. Many peaks of the Pasture Range rise to a height of over 2 thousand meters.
Behind the Pasture Range, there are jagged ridges and bizarre cliffs. Rocky ridge. The peaks of the Rocky Ridge reach a height of 3,000 meters.
The pasture and Skalisty ridges are composed of Mesozoic limestones and have different structures of their northern and southern slopes. The northern slopes, which coincide with the direction of the fall of the rock layers, are long and more or less gentle. The southern slopes, on the contrary, are short and cut off by steep ledges. The landscape of the southern slope of the Rocky Range is especially majestic. Here, almost along its entire length, it forms a sheer rock. And on this light, with a pinkish-yellowish tinge of limestone, individual trees and shrubs are molded at a terrible height.
The river valleys crossing limestone ridges have a peculiar structure. They alternate between narrow and widened sections. Where the river cuts into the strong limestone rocks that make up the ridges, its valley looks like a deep narrow gorge with steep rocky slopes. Even on a hot, sunny day, darkness and coolness reign in the gloomy gorges of such a gorge. The river valleys in the intervals between the ridges are completely transformed. Here the mountains seem to part, forming vast light hollows, elongated along the course of the river. The predominant clayey composition of the rocks composing the depressions determines here soft, rounded relief forms with gentle slopes. In such places, convenient for settlement, mountain villages are usually located.
A chain of silvery-white snow peaks stretches along the southern border of the republic Lateral ridge. The Lateral Ridge is composed of sandy-clayey sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic age. In this section of the Caucasus, the Lateral Range is almost 1,000 meters higher than the Main Range. The peak located on it Tebulos-Mta rises to 4,494 meters above sea level. This is the highest peak not only in the Chechen Republic, but also in the Eastern Caucasus.
In the Chechen Republic, the links of the Lateral Ridge are Piriki-Tel ridge with the peaks Tebulos-Mta, Kamito-Dat, X-court (4,271 m.), Donos-Mta (4,178 m.) and Snow ridge the highest point of which is Mount Diklos-Mta (4,274 m.).
All these peaks are covered with eternal snow and glaciers. The snow line in the Chechen Republic runs at an altitude of 3700-3800 meters. On the territory of the republic, glaciers are located in four groups. In the west, the first glaciers appear in the upper reaches of the Armkhi River. The next small group is concentrated on the top of Mahis-Magali (3,986 meters). Further to the east, along the entire length of the Lateral Range to the summit of Tebulos-Mta, there are no firn fields and glaciers. On Tebulos-Mta, glaciers occupy both the northern and southern slopes. There are more and larger glaciers on the northern slope. The most significant development of firn fields and glaciers is in the fourth group, which stretches for a strip of 30 kilometers between the peaks of Kachu and Diklos-Mta. In total, the Chechen Republic has 58 glaciers with a total area of 27 square kilometers. Geography of the Chechen Republic - A.L. Ustaev
Natural features of the Republic of Chechnya
The Chechen Republic is located in the northeast of the North Caucasus and Eastern Ciscaucasia.
The western border runs with Ingushetia, in the north-west it borders the Republic of North Ossetia Alania. The northern border runs with the Stavropol Territory, and in the east, the border runs with Dagestan. The ridges of the Caucasian ridges separate it from Georgia in the south.
The length of the Republic from north to south is 170 km, and from west to east - more than 100 km.
A distinctive feature of the Republic is the exceptional variety of natural conditions, which is clearly expressed in the soil and vegetation cover, in the differences in relief and climate.
The relief is divided into four parts - plain, foothill, mountain, high mountain:
- The flat northern part is occupied by the Terek sandy massif with a height of 0 to 120 m. In the northeast there is a flat plain of the Terek delta. In the east is the Gudermes Plain;
- The foothill part is formed by the Tersky, Sunzhensky, Grozny, Gudermes ranges and an elevated plain south of the Sunzha River. The heights of this part are not more than 500 m. The Sunzha Plain from the north adjoins the ridges of the Black Mountains;
- South of the Black Mountains is the Rocky Range;
- In the south of the Republic, the Lateral Ridge is located - this is a high-mountainous part of the territory. The heights here become much higher and reach 1000-2500 m.
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The temperate climate of the Republic changes with altitude and with movement from north to south. The climate is formed in the process of interaction between local and general climatic processes. Hot and long summers, short and rather mild winters.
On the plains and in the foothills, continental air of temperate latitudes dominates throughout the year.
The temperature distribution is greatly influenced by the altitude above sea level. Most high temperatures on the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland in July they reach +25 degrees. On the Chechen plain + 22 ... + 24 degrees, and in the foothills it is already + 21 ... + 20 degrees.
The temperature in January decreases with altitude - on the Chechen Plain the temperature is -4 ... -4.2 degrees, in the foothills -5 ... -5.5 degrees. At an altitude of 3000 m, it drops to -1, and in the area of eternal snow it is already -18 degrees.
Precipitation is unevenly distributed. The smallest amount of 300-400 mm falls on the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland, and to the south it gradually increases to 800-1000 mm.
Remark 1
The Republic is characterized by dangerous geological processes, including seismicity, subsidence, talus, landslides, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, karst, erosion, floods.
The varied climate and relief create the preconditions for the diversity of the flora. Forb-fescue vegetation is characteristic of the desert steppes of the Terek sandy massif in its northern part.
Saline-meadow and saline-marsh vegetation grows in the lower reaches of the Terek in the extreme north-east of the Republic.
Floodplain meadows in combination with shrub and forest vegetation grow in the depressions of the Terek and Sunzha valleys.
In more humid areas, natural vegetation is represented by feather grass steppes. In the low mountains oak forests grow, in the middle mountains beech already predominates.
Subalpine meadows are replacing solid forest vegetation in the upper midlands. At an altitude of 1800-2800 m, they occupy vast territories.
Alpine meadows begin at an altitude of 2700-3500 m.
Remark 2
Almost all of the vast expanses of flat areas have been plowed up, and natural vegetation has been replaced by cultural vegetation.
Natural resources of the Republic
The main wealth of the Chechen subsoil is oil - there are about 30 hydrocarbon deposits in total. There are 20 deposits within the Tersky Range, 7 deposits on the Sunzhensky Range, and 2 deposits in the Black Mountains monocline.
Remark 3
Of the total number of fields, 23 are oil, 4 are gas and oil, and 2 are purely gas fields. Chechen oil is paraffinic in composition with a high gasoline content.
Chechnya is rich in building materials. A large deposit of cement marls has been explored in the valley of the Chanty-Argun River. Huge reserves of limestone. There are beautifully colored limestones in the Assinsky Gorge.
Gypsum and anhydrite deposits are located between the Gekhi and Sharo-Argun rivers. Large sandstone deposits of Sernovodsky, Semashinsky, Chishkinsky deposits.
Mumil and ocher are mined here from mineral paints.
There are known deposits of coal and brown coal, but the reserves and quality are low, so they have no industrial value.
Ore deposits have not been sufficiently studied, there are several deposits of copper and polymetals in the upper reaches of the Armkha and Chanty-Argun rivers.
Mineral sulphate-calcium hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen sulphide-chloride-sodium springs with high salinity and high content of hydrogen sulphide are highly appreciated.
Underground fresh waters The republic is not well provided for.
Surface waters are unevenly distributed - the mountainous part and the Chechen plain have a dense and ramified river network. The territories north of the Terek have almost no rivers, which is associated with the peculiarities of the climate. The main river is the Terek, the second largest is the Sunzha river.
In addition to rivers, Chechnya has lakes found both in the plains and in the mountains.
There are few lakes, but they are diverse in origin and water regime - there are eolian, floodplain, landslide, dammed, karst, tectonic and glacial lakes. Aeolian lakes often dry up in summer.
Alpine snows and glaciers are natural reservoirs in Chechnya. Large glaciers are associated with the northern slope of the Lateral Ridge. Morphological types of glaciers in Chechnya are valley, tar, hanging.
There are 10 valley glaciers, 23 caras and 25 hanging glaciers within the Republic.
Chechen forests cover an area of 361 thousand hectares or 18.7% of the territory of the Republic. In the forest fund there are relict beech forests, which are suppliers of valuable timber. In addition to them, forest-forming species are Caucasian hornbeam, low-stemmed birch, ash, light maple. For development recreational resources there are all the necessary natural conditions.
Environmental problems of the Republic
Environmental problems are also typical for this Caucasian Republic.
Among them, the most serious are:
- pollution of air, water, soil at the local level of the zone of untouched landscapes;
- destruction of flora and fauna in areas of industrial influence;
- intensive use of resources, leading to the depletion of renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Regarding regional environmental issues, then they are determined by the level of anthropogenic load and natural features of the region.
Natural and climatic conditions, the history of the formation of the territory determine the ecological situation of the capital - the city of Grozny, especially its industrial zone, which is located in an enclosed space from the point of view of geomorphology.
In such a space, emissions of industrial enterprises into the atmosphere stagnate for a long time, and the natural renewal of air is small.
The main air pollutants are JSC "Nurenergo", oil refining, oil production and construction industries.
Pollutants are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides.
Reasons for air pollution:
- enterprises are unsatisfactory in implementing security solutions the environment;
- large irrecoverable losses;
- weak control over the state of the environment by departmental organizations;
- weak control over the operation of treatment facilities;
- low efficiency of the installed gas scrubbers.
As a part of nature, society should strive for mutually beneficial cooperation with nature.
