Presentation for a biology lesson "Charles Darwin and the doctrine of evolution." Presentation on the topic Charles Robert Darwin Presentation on the topic Charles Darwin biology
DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Chemistry and biology teacher
Lepeshenko Tatyana Ivanovna
GBOU NPO RO PU No. 61
Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov region
The purpose of the lesson:
Consider Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as a holistic teaching; form an idea of the main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
Updating of reference knowledge
Why in the 19th century? it became possible
creation and justification
evolutionary doctrine?
Choose the correct answer: option 1 – Zh.B. Lamarck option 2 – C. Linnaeus
- Created the first natural classification
- Believed that species exist and do not change
- Created the best artificial system
- Reinforced the use of binary nomenclature for the species
- Created the first evolutionary theory
- Described more than 8,000 species
- I asked science 3 questions
8. He considered the cause of evolution to be the desire of organisms for improvement
9. Believed that acquired characteristics are inherited
10. Made a great contribution to the development of science.
Compose a syncwine about C. Linnaeus,
J.B. Lamarque
Ch. Darwin
"The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" or the preservation of favorable breeds in the struggle for life"
Charles Darwin
Place of Birth: Shrewsbury, England
A place of death: Down, England
Scientific field: Biology, Geology, Paleontology
Place of work: Royal Geographical Society
Naturalist's Voyage on the Beagle 1831-1836
Captain Robert Fitz Roy
Darwin's handwritten diary
The main provisions of Darwin's evolutionary teachings.
The diversity of animal and plant species is the result of the historical development of the organic world.
The main driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection. The material for selection provides variability. The stability of the species is ensured by heredity.
The role of natural selection in the formation of adaptations
The evolution of the organic world predominantly followed the path of increasing complexity in the organization of living beings.
Convergent evolution: the development of soaring adaptations in vertebrates.
Darwin's main scientific works
- 1839 – A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle
- 1842 – Zoology of travel – (participation in a multi-volume monograph)
- 1851-54 – Barnacles
- 1859 - Origin of species...
- 1862 – Pollination in orchids
- 1868 – Variability of animals and plants in the domesticated state
- 1871 – The origin of man and sexual selection
- 1872 – Expression of emotions in humans and animals
- 1876 – The effect of cross-pollination and self-pollination in the plant world.
Consolidation of knowledge
The essence of Darwin's concept of evolution comes down to a number of logical, experimentally verifiable and confirmed by a huge number of factual provisions. Was Darwin the first and only?
Answer
In 1858, the young English scientist Alfred Wallace sent Darwin the manuscript of his article “On the Tendency of Varieties to Deviate Unlimitedly from the Original Type.” This article contained an exposition of the idea of the origin of species through natural selection.
The meaning of evolutionary theory.
- The patterns of transformation of one organic form into another have been revealed.
- The reasons for the expediency of organic forms are explained.
- The law of natural selection was discovered.
- The essence of artificial selection is revealed.
- The driving forces of evolution have been identified.
Question
Today, Darwin's teachings are recognized by many scientists. Do you agree with them?
Summing up the lesson
- What provisions of the theory of evolution make you feel unproven, disagree, or doubt?
- How do you yourself assess the reason for your attitude towards this theory?
Homework
- Answer to the question in the form of a message: What is the significance of Mendel's laws for understanding the mechanism of evolution?
- Prepare a message and presentation on the topic “Darwin and the trip around the world on the Beagle.”
- Page 153 - 159 Textbook “Biology” for NPOs and SPO V.M. Konstantinov et al. M., Academy, 2014.
- Answer questions 1 – 7 on page 159 of the textbook.
Prepared by: biology teacher of the Makaryevsky branch of the OGBPOU "Kostroma Road College" Nadezhda Borisovna Solodova
Presentation on general biology on the topic: “Biography of Charles Darwin”
Charles Robert Darwin(02/12/1809-04/19/1882)
Only the frail and weak die. Healthy and strong always emerges victorious in the struggle for existence. (C. Darwin)
Biography
(1809 -1882) - English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book “The Origin of Species,” Darwin called natural selection and uncertain variability the main driving force of evolution. The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory of natural selection, as the main explanation of evolution, became generally accepted only in the 30s of the 20th century. Darwin's ideas and discoveries, as revised, form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity.
Childhood
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on the family estate Mount House. The fifth of six children of wealthy physician and financier Robert Darwin and Suzanne Darwin.
Robert Darwin
Studies
By the time he entered day school in 1817, the eight-year-old Darwin had already become accustomed to natural history and collecting. This year, in July, his mother dies. Since September 1818, he and his older brother Erasmus attended the nearby Shrewsbury Anglican School as a boarder. Before going with his brother Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh in the summer of 1825, he acts as an apprentice assistant and assists his father in his medical practice, caring for the poor of Shropshire.
Seven year old Charles Darwin
Edinburgh period of life 1825-1827
Charles Darwin studied medicine at university. During his studies, he found lectures boring and surgery painful, so he abandoned his medical studies. Instead, he studies taxidermy with John Edmonstone. The following year, as a natural history student, he joined the Plinian Student Society, which actively discussed radical materialism. During this time, he assisted Robert Grant in his studies of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates. At the meetings of the society in March 1827, he presented brief reports about his first discoveries, which changed the view of familiar things.
Cambridge period of life 1828-1831
Darwin's father, having learned that his son had abandoned his medical studies, was annoyed and invited him to enter Cambridge Christian College and be ordained as a priest of the Church of England. According to Darwin himself, the days spent in Edinburgh sowed doubts in him about the dogmas of the Anglican Church. Therefore, before making a final decision, he takes time to think. At this time, he diligently reads theological books, and ultimately convinces himself of the acceptability of church dogmas and prepares for admission. While studying in Edinburgh he forgot some of the basics necessary for admission, and so he studied with a private tutor in Shrewsbury and entered Cambridge after the Christmas holidays, at the very beginning of 1828.
Further studies at Cambridge
Darwin began to study, but, according to him, he did not go very deep into his studies, devoting more time to horse riding, shooting a gun and hunting. His cousin William Fox introduced him to etymology and brought him into contact with a circle of people interested in collecting insects. As a result, Darwin develops a passion for collecting beetles. Some of his findings were published in Stevens's book Illustrations of British Entomology. As exams approached, Darwin concentrated on his studies. At the conclusion of his studies, in January 1831, Darwin made good progress in theology, studied the classics of literature, mathematics and physics, eventually becoming 10th in the list of 178 who passed the exam.
Naturalist's Voyage on the Beagle 1831-1836
In 1831, after graduating from university, Darwin set off as a naturalist on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle, from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1936. The journey lasted almost 5 years. Darwin spends most of his time ashore, studying geology and collecting natural history collections, while the Beagle, under the leadership of Fitzroy, carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coast. During the trip, he carefully records his observations and theoretical calculations. From time to time, whenever the opportunity presented itself, Darwin sent copies of the notes to Cambridge, along with letters including copies of parts of his diary, for relatives. During the trip, he made a number of descriptions of the geology of various areas, collected a collection of animals, and also made a brief description of the external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates. In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself to be a skilled collector, collecting specimens for specialist study.
Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin's Major Scientific WorksEarly Works (Before Origin of Species)
Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in writing the five-volume monograph “Zoology of Travel” (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world’s best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph “Cirripedes” which zoologists use. still.
The history of the writing and publication of “The Origin of Species”
Since 1837, Darwin began keeping a diary, in which he entered data on breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties, as well as ideas about natural selection. In 1842 he wrote the first essay on the origin of species. Beginning in 1855, Darwin corresponded with the American botanist A. Gray, to whom two years later he outlined his ideas. Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Charles Lyell, Darwin in 1856 began preparing a third, expanded version of the book. In June 1856, when the work was half completed, I received a letter from the English naturalist A. Wallace with the manuscript of the latter’s article. In this article, Darwin discovered an abbreviated statement of his own theory of natural selection.
Two naturalists independently and simultaneously developed identical theories. Both were influenced by the work of T. Malthus on population; both were aware of Lyell's views, both studied the fauna, flora and geological formations of island groups and discovered significant differences between the species inhabiting them. Darwin sent Lyell Wallace's manuscript along with his own essay, as well as sketches of his second draft and a copy of his letter to A. Gray. Lyell turned to the English botanist D. Hooker for advice, and on July 1, 1859, they together presented both works to the Linnean Society in London. In 1859, Darwin published the work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life,” where he showed the variability of plant and animal species and their natural origin from earlier species.
Later works (after Origin of Species)
In 1869, Darwin published his second work related to the theory of evolution, “Variability of Animals and Plants under Domestication,” which included many examples of the evolution of organisms. In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared - “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection”, where Darwin argued in favor of the natural origin of man from animals (ape-like ancestors). Darwin's other notable late works include Pollination in the Orchids; “The expression of emotions in humans and animals”; “The effect of cross-pollination and self-pollination in the plant world”
Thank you for your attention!
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Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in the writing of the five-volume monograph “Zoology of Travel” (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world’s best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph “Cirripedes”, which zoologists have been using until now. until now. Soon after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title “A Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World on the Beagle” (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in writing the five-volume monograph “Zoology of Travel” (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world's best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph “Barnacles,” which zoologists still use today.
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Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on the family estate Mount House. The fifth of six children of wealthy physician and financier Robert Darwin and Suzanne Darwin.
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Charles Darwin's father Robert Waring Darwin Charles Darwin's mother Susanna Darwin House in Shrewsbury (England) where Charles Darwin was born
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On January 29, 1839, Charles Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood. The wedding ceremony was held in the traditions of the Anglican Church and in accordance with Unitarian traditions. The couple first lived on Gower Street in London, then moved to Down (Kent) on 17 September 1842. The Darwins had ten children, three of whom died at an early age. Many of the children and grandchildren have achieved significant success themselves.
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In 1831, after graduating from Cambridge University, Darwin set out as a naturalist on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle, from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1836. The journey lasted almost five years. Darwin spends most of his time on the shore, studying geology and collecting natural history collections.
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After his journey, Darwin began to keep systematic records of evolution. From 1837 to 1839, he created a series of notebooks in which he sketched out thoughts about evolution in a brief and fragmentary manner. In 1842 and 1844 in two steps he briefly outlined a sketch and essay on the origin of species
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THE RESULT WAS: The Journal of a Naturalist, 1839, Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle, 1840, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1842 ) and etc.
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Darwin was secretary of the Geological Society of London from 1838–1841. He married in 1839, and in 1842 the couple moved from London to Down (Kent), where they began to live permanently. Here Darwin led a solitary and measured life as a scientist and writer. The Darwins had ten children, three of whom died at an early age. Many of the children and grandchildren have achieved significant success themselves.
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Darwin's second generalization relates to the problem of secular movements of the earth's crust. Over geological periods of enormous duration, the continent of South America experienced repeated uplifts and subsidences, which alternated with periods of relative peace. Darwin painted with broad strokes the origin of the Patagonian Plain and the gradual weathering (denudation) of the CORDILLERA
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In 1846, Darwin completed his last monograph on geology and planned to take a closer look at questions of evolution. He wanted to devote several months to studying barnacles. But this work lasted until 1854
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In 1868, Darwin published his second work, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestification, which included many examples of the evolution of organisms. In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared - The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.
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Darwin's theory was developed so carefully, relied on such a wealth of facts, explained so many mysterious phenomena, and finally indicated so many new paths for research that it established itself in science with remarkable speed, despite the fierce attacks of opponents of transformism.
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The terms “Darwinist”, “Darwinism”, “struggle for existence” have become common; D.'s name acquired such popularity that no other scientist had ever achieved; In general, his theory made an impression unprecedented in the history of science.
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However, even during Darwin’s lifetime, along with the widespread recognition of his theory, various currents of anti-Darwinism arose in biology, denying or sharply limiting the role of natural selection in evolution and putting forward other factors as the main forces leading to speciation.
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Biography of Charles Darwin
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Short biography. Childhood and adolescence.
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Charles received communion in the Church of England, but at the same time Charles and his brothers attended the Unitarian Church with their mother. By the time he entered day school in 1817, the eight-year-old Darwin had already become accustomed to natural history and collecting.
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Edinburgh period of life 1825-1827.
He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. The following year, as a natural history student, he joined the Plinian Student Society, which actively discussed radical materialism. At the meetings of the society in March 1827, he presented brief reports about his first discoveries, which changed the view of familiar things.
During this time he studied the classification of plants and took part in working with the extensive collections at the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe of that period.
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Cambridge period of life 1828-1831.
Darwin's father invited him to enter Cambridge Christian College and become a priest of the Church of England. Darwin began to study, but according to Darwin himself, he did not study too deeply, devoting more time to horse riding, shooting a gun and hunting. In college, Darwin began to study insects. As a result, Darwin develops a passion for collecting beetles.
Sample text Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level
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In 1831, after graduating from university, Darwin set off as a naturalist on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle, from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1836. Darwin spends most of his time ashore, studying geology and collecting natural history collections, while the Beagle, under the leadership of Fitzroy, carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coast. During the voyage, he made a number of descriptions of the geology of various areas, collected a collection of animals, and also made a brief description of the external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates. In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself to be a skilled collector, collecting specimens for specialist study. Despite frequent cases of poor health associated with seasickness, Darwin continued his research on board the ship; Most of his notes on zoology were on marine invertebrates, which he collected and described during times of calm at sea.
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Charles Darwin became famous in London scientific circles even before his return from his voyage thanks to the interesting collections sent from his voyage, as well as his observations in the field of geology. Darwin's teacher and friend, professor of botany at Cambridge University J. Henslow, considered the geological notes sent to him by Darwin from his trip on the Beagle so interesting and significant that he read them out at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society on November 16, 1835.
Diary where Darwin recorded his observations during the journey
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The ship "Beagle".
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Voyage of the Beagle
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1839 - Darwin moves to London and marries his cousin Emma Wedgwood. In total, Charles and Emma had ten children during their marriage. Three of them died at an early age, some others were sickly. Darwin explained this by the fact that he and his wife were closely related. This theory was reflected in some of the scientist’s later works.
Emma Darwin
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On 14 September 1842, Charles, his wife Emma and their children moved from London to Down House, an estate located 16 miles south in Kent, near the village of Down.
It was here that Darwin spent the rest of his life; works were written that changed the ideas of his contemporaries about the structure of nature. Children were born and raised here.
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In 1837, Darwin began keeping a diary, in which he entered data on breeds of domestic animals and varieties of plants, as well as ideas about natural selection. In 1842 he wrote the first essay on the origin of species. Beginning in 1855, he corresponded with the American botanist A. Gray and in 1857 outlined his ideas to him. Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Charles Lyell, Darwin in 1856 began preparing a third, expanded version of the book
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In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, which showed the variability of plant species and animals, their natural origin from earlier species.
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