Pd element of the periodic table. Mendeleev's periodic system. Chemical elements of the periodic table. What can we say about names?
Four ways to add nucleons
The mechanisms of nucleon addition can be divided into four types, S, P, D and F. These types of addition are reflected by the color background in the version of the table presented by D.I. Mendeleev.
The first type of addition is the S scheme, when nucleons are added to the nucleus along the vertical axis. The display of attached nucleons of this type, in the internuclear space, is now identified as S electrons, although there are no S electrons in this zone, but only spherical regions of space charge that provide molecular interaction.
The second type of addition is the P scheme, when nucleons are added to the nucleus in the horizontal plane. The mapping of these nucleons in the internuclear space is identified as P electrons, although these, too, are just regions of space charge generated by the nucleus in the internuclear space.
The third type of addition is the D scheme, when nucleons are added to neutrons in the horizontal plane, and finally, the fourth type of addition is the F scheme, when nucleons are added to neutrons along the vertical axis. Each type of attachment gives the atom properties characteristic of this type of connection, therefore, in the composition of the periods of the table D.I. Mendeleev has long identified subgroups based on the type of S, P, D and F bonds.
Since the addition of each subsequent nucleon produces an isotope of either the preceding or subsequent element, the exact arrangement of nucleons according to the type of S, P, D and F bonds can only be shown using the Table of Known Isotopes (nuclides), a version of which (from Wikipedia) we used.
We divided this table into periods (see Tables for filling periods), and in each period we indicated according to which scheme each nucleon is added. Since, in accordance with microquantum theory, each nucleon can join the nucleus only in a strictly defined place, the number and patterns of nucleon addition in each period are different, but in all periods of the D.I. table. Mendeleev's laws of nucleon addition are fulfilled UNIFORMLY for all nucleons without exception.
As you can see, in periods II and III, the addition of nucleons occurs only according to S and P schemes, in periods IV and V - according to S, P and D schemes, and in periods VI and VII - according to S, P, D and F schemes. It turned out that the laws of nucleon addition are fulfilled so precisely that it was not difficult for us to calculate the composition of the nucleus of the final elements of the VII period, which are in the table of D.I. Mendeleev's numbers are 113, 114, 115, 116 and 118.
According to our calculations, the last element of the VII period, which we called Rs (“Russia” from “Russia”), consists of 314 nucleons and has isotopes 314, 315, 316, 317 and 318. The element preceding it is Nr (“Novorossiy” from “ Novorossiya") consists of 313 nucleons. We will be very grateful to anyone who can confirm or refute our calculations.
Honestly, we ourselves are amazed at how accurately the Universal Constructor works, which ensures that each subsequent nucleon is attached only to its only correct place, and if the nucleon is placed incorrectly, then the Constructor ensures the disintegration of the atom, and assembles a new atom from its spare parts. In our films, we showed only the main laws of the work of the Universal Designer, but there are so many nuances in his work that to understand them will require the efforts of many generations of scientists.
But humanity needs to understand the laws of the work of the Universal Designer if it is interested in technological progress, since knowledge of the principles of the work of the Universal Designer opens up completely new prospects in all areas of human activity - from the creation of unique structural materials to the assembly of living organisms.
Filling out the second period of the table of chemical elements
Filling out the third period of the table of chemical elements
Filling out the fourth period of the table of chemical elements
Filling out the fifth period of the table of chemical elements
Filling out the sixth period of the table of chemical elements
Filling out the seventh period of the table of chemical elements
Classified sections of the periodic table June 15th, 2018
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
The discovery of the table of periodic chemical elements was one of the important milestones in the history of the development of chemistry as a science. The discoverer of the table was the Russian scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. An extraordinary scientist with a broad scientific outlook managed to combine all ideas about the nature of chemical elements into a single coherent concept.
Table opening history
By the middle of the 19th century, 63 chemical elements had been discovered, and scientists around the world have repeatedly made attempts to combine all existing elements into a single concept. It was proposed to place the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and divide them into groups according to similar chemical properties.
In 1863, the chemist and musician John Alexander Newland proposed his theory, who proposed a layout of chemical elements similar to that discovered by Mendeleev, but the scientist’s work was not taken seriously by the scientific community due to the fact that the author was carried away by the search for harmony and the connection of music with chemistry.
In 1869, Mendeleev published his diagram of the periodic table in the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society and sent notice of the discovery to the world's leading scientists. Subsequently, the chemist repeatedly refined and improved the scheme until it acquired its usual appearance.
The essence of Mendeleev's discovery is that with increasing atomic mass, the chemical properties of elements change not monotonically, but periodically. After a certain number of elements with different properties, the properties begin to repeat. Thus, potassium is similar to sodium, fluorine is similar to chlorine, and gold is similar to silver and copper.
In 1871, Mendeleev finally combined the ideas into the periodic law. Scientists predicted the discovery of several new chemical elements and described their chemical properties. Subsequently, the chemist’s calculations were completely confirmed - gallium, scandium and germanium fully corresponded to the properties that Mendeleev attributed to them.
But not everything is so simple and there are some things we don’t know.
Few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the first world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century, who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Existence and to improve the economic life of people.
There is an opinion that the periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table.
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).
The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.
The same table is immortalized by the “BLOODY TYRAN” comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)
The monument-table of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D. I. Mendeleev was made with mosaics under the direction of Professor of the Academy of Arts V. A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of D. I. Mendeleev’s Fundamentals of Chemistry. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue.
Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so brazenly and openly?
The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D. I. Mendeleev
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, until until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.
But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century, who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing secrets Being and to improve the economic life of people.
There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery was “Periodic law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.
And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.
In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results.
Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x”—“Newtonium”—to the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is the substantial argument of the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.
Sources:
Periodic law D.I. Mendeleev and the periodic table of chemical elements is of great importance in the development of chemistry. Let's plunge back to 1871, when chemistry professor D.I. Mendeleev, through numerous trials and errors, came to the conclusion that “... the properties of the elements, and therefore the properties of the simple and complex bodies they form, are periodically dependent on their atomic weight.” The periodicity of changes in the properties of elements arises due to the periodic repetition of the electronic configuration of the outer electron layer with an increase in the charge of the nucleus.
Modern formulation of the periodic law is this:
“the properties of chemical elements (i.e., the properties and form of the compounds they form) are periodically dependent on the charge of the nucleus of the atoms of the chemical elements.”
While teaching chemistry, Mendeleev understood that remembering the individual properties of each element caused difficulties for students. He began to look for ways to create a systematic method to make it easier to remember the properties of elements. The result was natural table, later it became known as periodic.
Our modern table is very similar to the periodic table. Let's take a closer look at it.
Mendeleev table
Mendeleev's periodic table consists of 8 groups and 7 periods.
The vertical columns of a table are called groups . The elements within each group have similar chemical and physical properties. This is explained by the fact that elements of the same group have similar electronic configurations of the outer layer, the number of electrons on which is equal to the group number. In this case, the group is divided into main and secondary subgroups.
IN Main subgroups includes elements whose valence electrons are located on the outer ns- and np-sublevels. IN Side subgroups includes elements whose valence electrons are located on the outer ns-sublevel and the inner (n - 1) d-sublevel (or (n - 2) f-sublevel).
All elements in periodic table , depending on which sublevel (s-, p-, d- or f-) valence electrons are classified into: s-elements (elements of the main subgroups of groups I and II), p-elements (elements of the main subgroups III - VII groups), d-elements (elements of side subgroups), f-elements (lanthanides, actinides).
The highest valency of an element (with the exception of O, F, elements of the copper subgroup and group eight) is equal to the number of the group in which it is found.
For elements of the main and secondary subgroups, the formulas of higher oxides (and their hydrates) are the same. In the main subgroups, the composition of hydrogen compounds is the same for the elements in this group. Solid hydrides form elements of the main subgroups of groups I - III, and groups IV - VII form gaseous hydrogen compounds. Hydrogen compounds of type EN 4 are more neutral compounds, EN 3 are bases, H 2 E and NE are acids.
The horizontal rows of a table are called periods. The elements in the periods differ from each other, but what they have in common is that the last electrons are at the same energy level ( principal quantum numbern- the same ).
The first period differs from the others in that there are only 2 elements: hydrogen H and helium He.
In the second period there are 8 elements (Li - Ne). Lithium Li, an alkali metal, begins the period, and the noble gas neon Ne closes it.
In the third period, just like in the second, there are 8 elements (Na - Ar). The period begins with the alkali metal sodium Na, and the noble gas argon Ar closes it.
The fourth period contains 18 elements (K - Kr) - Mendeleev designated it as the first large period. It also begins with the alkali metal Potassium and ends with the inert gas krypton Kr. The composition of large periods includes transition elements (Sc - Zn) - d- elements.
In the fifth period, similar to the fourth, there are 18 elements (Rb - Xe) and its structure is similar to the fourth. It also begins with the alkali metal rubidium Rb, and ends with the inert gas xenon Xe. The composition of large periods includes transition elements (Y - Cd) - d- elements.
The sixth period consists of 32 elements (Cs - Rn). Except 10 d-elements (La, Hf - Hg) it contains a row of 14 f-elements (lanthanides) - Ce - Lu
The seventh period is not over. It begins with Franc Fr, it can be assumed that it will contain, like the sixth period, 32 elements that have already been found (up to the element with Z = 118).
Interactive periodic table
If you look at periodic table and draw an imaginary line starting at boron and ending between polonium and astatine, then all metals will be to the left of the line, and non-metals to the right. Elements immediately adjacent to this line will have the properties of both metals and non-metals. They are called metalloids or semimetals. These are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium.
Periodic law
Mendeleev gave the following formulation of the Periodic Law: “the properties of simple bodies, as well as the forms and properties of compounds of elements, and therefore the properties of the simple and complex bodies they form, are periodically dependent on their atomic weight.”
There are four main periodic patterns:
Octet rule states that all elements tend to gain or lose an electron in order to have the eight-electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Because Since the outer s- and p-orbitals of the noble gases are completely filled, they are the most stable elements.
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom. According to the octet rule, as you move across the periodic table from left to right, it takes more energy to remove an electron. Therefore, elements on the left side of the table tend to lose an electron, and elements on the right side tend to gain one. Inert gases have the highest ionization energy. The ionization energy decreases as you move down the group, because electrons at low energy levels have the ability to repel electrons at higher energy levels. This phenomenon is called shielding effect. Due to this effect, the outer electrons are less tightly bound to the nucleus. Moving along the period, the ionization energy smoothly increases from left to right.
Electron affinity– the change in energy when an atom of a substance in a gaseous state acquires an additional electron. As you move down the group, the electron affinity becomes less negative due to the screening effect.
Electronegativity- a measure of how strongly it tends to attract electrons from another atom associated with it. Electronegativity increases when moving in periodic table from left to right and from bottom to top. It must be remembered that noble gases do not have electronegativity. Thus, the most electronegative element is fluorine.
Based on these concepts, let us consider how the properties of atoms and their compounds change in periodic table.
So, in a periodic dependence there are such properties of an atom that are associated with its electronic configuration: atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity.
Let us consider the change in the properties of atoms and their compounds depending on their position in periodic table of chemical elements.
The non-metallicity of the atom increases when moving in the periodic table left to right and bottom to top. Due to this the basic properties of the oxides decrease, and the acidic properties increase in the same order - when moving from left to right and from bottom to top. Moreover, the acidic properties of oxides are stronger, the higher the oxidation state of the element that forms it.
By period from left to right basic properties hydroxides weaken; in the main subgroups, from top to bottom, the strength of the foundations increases. Moreover, if a metal can form several hydroxides, then with an increase in the oxidation state of the metal, basic properties hydroxides weaken.
By period from left to right the strength of oxygen-containing acids increases. When moving from top to bottom within one group, the strength of oxygen-containing acids decreases. In this case, the strength of the acid increases with increasing oxidation state of the acid-forming element.
By period from left to right the strength of oxygen-free acids increases. When moving from top to bottom within one group, the strength of oxygen-free acids increases.
Categories ,Ether in the periodic table
The periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.
The same table was immortalized by the “bloody tyrant” Comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)
Monument-table Periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaics under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m. m
.jpg)
Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so openly?
The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev
1. Suprema lex – salus populi
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, until until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.
But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.
There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.
And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.
In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?
2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi
It is only now, from the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) through practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding, but an immoral politician, military man, lawyer, or, at best, an “outstanding” highway bandit.
Society was instilled with the idea that the world's academic scientific community is a caste of celestials, monks, holy fathers who care day and night about the welfare of the people. And mere mortals must simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.
In fact, the criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than among the same politicians. In addition, criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but “scientifically based” activities of “prominent” and “authoritative” scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades , in his own “public skin”.
Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor of scientific activity (let’s call it the psi-factor), as a result of which a posteriori an unexpected (?!) negative result is obtained: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, those. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires comprehensive scientific understanding.
Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (BTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into a closed box of court healers who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.
It is necessary to keep in mind that, firstly, in all so-called “civilized countries” their so-called. “national academies of sciences” formally have the status of state organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (the real name of which the world does not know), which develops a single strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a single so-called a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the revelation of the laws of existence, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for the sake of credibility) as “court healers” of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, to gain the glory of priests and prophets, influencing, like a demiurge, the very course of human history.
Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi factor” that we introduced, was predicted with great accuracy and justification by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of the closed scientific corporation of members of the Russian Academy Sciences who viewed the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.
In one of his letters 100 years ago to Kyiv University professor P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev openly admitted that he was “ready to incense himself to smoke the devil out, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia.”
As we see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his homeland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi factor discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.
3. Fin de siècle
Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of “liberalism,” there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and a quantitative increase in the theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.
By the end of the 19th century, competition for “a place in the sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a consequence of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel according to moral criteria has increased. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.
The revolutionary enthusiasm of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intelligentsia, intoxicated by their quick learning and the impatient desire to become famous at any cost in the scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and established traditions that previously counteracted the unbridled growth of the psi factor.
Revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, overthrowers of thrones and government systems in European countries, extended the gangster methods of their ideological and political struggle against the “old order” with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also into the field of scientific and technical activity. In student classrooms, laboratories and at scientific symposiums, they ridiculed the supposedly outdated common sense, the supposedly outdated concepts of formal logic - the consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one’s opponents, through mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered the fashion of scientific debates (or rather, burst in with a squeal and roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached an extremely high level, experiencing its extreme in the 30s.
As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the “enlightened” intelligentsia, in fact, violently, i.e. revolutionary, in a way that replaced the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science with its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it the pseudoscientific form of the theory of universal relativity (cynicism!).
The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, the search for and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their own selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public benefit, while the second did not imply this.
From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value in the early and mid-19th century.
For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and private lives of people, we introduce the concept of a normalized psi factor.
The normalized value of the psi factor equal to one corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e. such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that declared a priori a positive result (i.e. a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), in which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the moment of the introduction of a certain block of scientific programs.
4. Kill with kindness
The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the world scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century is the main cause of all human ills in this “atomic”, “cosmic” century of so-called “scientific and technological progress”. Let's look back - what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially beneficial act of the worldwide brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural and social sciences that would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. But there is just the opposite: merciless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of a person, his healthy lifestyle and his habitat under various plausible pretexts.
At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” professing a dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.
It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, senior statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of degradation of matter-energy,” i.e. the universal disintegration of previously emerged - no one knows how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - “entropy”, was put.
5. Littera contra littere
According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World environment is an absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without remainder the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature - indestructible “forces of motion” , "forces of action".
In contrast to this, according to the currently dominant view in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy” is proclaimed to be an absolute fundamental essence, and also some “information”, which the world’s academic luminaries, in all seriousness, recently proclaimed so-called. “Universal fundamental essence”, without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.
According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local updates (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.
According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, is moving into the abyss of general degradation, equalization of temperatures towards general, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World supercomputer, which owns and disposes of some “information”.
Some see around them the triumph of eternal life, while others see around them decay and death, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.
The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is the central point of the biography of humanity. And the stakes in this struggle are of the highest degree.
And it is absolutely no coincidence that the entire 20th century, the world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy, the theory of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, toxic substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are now not even hidden from the public.
The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and globally powerful spheres of human activity, created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, were: pornography, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.
Further. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” the near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects of turning this space into a garbage dump for their “high” technologies. These gentlemen academicians are literally bursting with the coveted satanic idea of managing the circumsolar space, and not just on Earth.
Thus, the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic brotherhood of free masons is laid on the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called scientific paradigm is based on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.
But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth reaches out to the Sun, so the mind of a certain part of modern scientists and natural scientists, not burdened by the clan interests of the universal brotherhood, reaches out to the sun of eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through knowledge of the fundamental truths of Existence and the search for the main goal function existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let’s take a look at the Table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
6. Argumentum ad rem
What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev” is an outright fake.
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).
And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev “Periodic table of elements by groups and series” (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)
After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation - the son of his friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev's Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolaevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.
The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. The tables are at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.
To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.
“...If argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special zero group should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others...
Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.
Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether. This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).
“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed earlier (!!!) than elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.
This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.
Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.
These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).
7. Punctum soliens
The following clearly follows from these quotes.
- Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
- A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x” - “Newtonium” - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantial argument for the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.
Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.
8. Corpus delicti
In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was precisely what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements a row lower and combining the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there was no place left for either element “y” or element “x” in the falsified table.
But even this was not enough for the relativist brotherhood. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. is distorted. Mendeleev about the particularly important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev, without any embarrassment, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N., unparalleled in its cynicism. Menshutkina:
“Thus (?!) we return again to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia of the Romans). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter" (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current situation of the periodic law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).
9. In rerum nature
Assessing the views of D.I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, it is necessary to note the following.
Most likely, Mendeleev unwittingly made a mistake in the fact that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (i.e., a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the “world ether” is a true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, is not a “substance”; and it does not possess “elementary chemistry”, i.e. does not have “extremely low atomic weight” with “extremely fast intrinsic partial motion.”
Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken about the “materiality” and “chemistry” of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of a great scientist; and in his time this is excusable, because at that time these terms were still quite vague, just entering scientific circulation. But something else is completely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right in that the “world ether” is an all-forming essence - the quintessence, the substance from which the entire world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element “x” as an exceptional entity.
So, “world ether”, i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, has no partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. correctly noted. Mendeleev, - the world ether is “not capable of chemical interactions”, and therefore is not a “chemical element”, i.e. “elementary substance” - in the modern sense of these terms.
Dmitry Ivanovich was also right that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “guardian” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.
From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist, Torricelli (1608 - 1647): “Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel except in the innermost substance of material things.”
So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev’s “Newtonium” is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but this is a kind of “crown” of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown, which forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all matter. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-substance” of any substance) is the Natural environment, set in motion and encouraged to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute essence, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about forms and ways of movement of Matter in the Universe." More details about this can be found in the journal “Russian Thought”, 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.
We chose “O”, zero, as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “womb” as the semantic symbol. In turn, we chose “1”, one, as the mathematical symbol of the Substance Flow, and “one” as the semantic symbol. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of movement of matter in nature:
This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets - set “O” and set “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the bosom” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.
In religious doctrines, this “open interval” is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of God’s creation of all matter in the World from Matter-Substance, with Which He continuously remains in a state of fruitful copulation.
The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”). Now it is time to summarize our research outlined in this dissertation.
10. Errata: ferro et igni
The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) has precisely given rise to the whole gamut of problems for humanity in our technocratic age.
The main one of these problems is fuel and energy.
It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and at the same time crafty) conclusion that a person can only produce useful energy for his daily needs by burning, i.e. irreversibly destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then, supposedly, there is only one thing left: to produce nuclear (ecologically the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, littering and poisoning immeasurably our own habitat.
It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for “salvation” in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles in special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments, they want to discover and subsequently use the so-called “for the good”. “quark-gluon plasma”, according to their false ideas - as if “pre-matter” (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang of the Universe".
It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. “the most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists” is inadvertently achieved, then this will most likely be a man-made end of all life on earth and the end of planet earth itself - truly a “Big Bang” on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.
Therefore, it is necessary to stop as quickly as possible this crazy experimentation of world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.
D.I. Mendeleev turned out to be right: “The problem of gravity and the problems of all energy cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances.”
D.I. Mendeleev was also right in that “someday they will realize that entrusting the affairs of a given industry to the people who live in it does not lead to the best results, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”
“The main meaning of what has been said is that general, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first rather than the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the knowledge of Russia.” 1906
So, the world ether is the substance of every chemical element and, therefore, of every substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.
The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
Bess Ruff is a graduate student from Florida working toward a PhD in geography. She received her Master's degree in Environmental Science and Management from the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016.
Number of sources used in this article: . You will find a list of them at the bottom of the page.
If you find the periodic table difficult to understand, you are not alone! Although it can be difficult to understand its principles, learning how to use it will help you when studying science. First, study the structure of the table and what information you can learn from it about each chemical element. Then you can begin to study the properties of each element. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.
Steps
Part 1
Table structure-
The elements in the table are arranged from left to right in increasing order of their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons are contained in one atom. In addition, as the atomic number increases, the atomic mass also increases. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, its atomic mass can be determined. As you can see, each subsequent element contains one more proton than the element preceding it.
- This is obvious when you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase by one as you move from left to right. Because elements are arranged in groups, some table cells are left empty.
-
For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, they are located on opposite edges because they belong to different groups. The elements of each group are located in the corresponding vertical column. They are typically identified by the same color, which helps identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
- Hydrogen can be classified as both alkali metals and halogens. In some tables it is indicated in both groups.
- In most cases, the groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be specified in Roman (eg IA) or Arabic (eg 1A or 1) numerals.
- When moving along a column from top to bottom, you are said to be “browsing a group.”
-
Find out why there are empty cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also by group (elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties). Thanks to this, it is easier to understand how a particular element behaves. However, as the atomic number increases, elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, so there are empty cells in the table.
- For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells because transition metals are only found from atomic number 21.
- Elements with atomic numbers 57 to 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are usually placed in their own subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.
-
Each row of the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals in which the electrons in the atoms are located. The number of orbitals corresponds to the period number. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.
- For example, atoms of elements of the first period have one orbital, and atoms of elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
- As a rule, periods are designated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
- As you move along a line from left to right, you are said to be “scanning the period.”
-
Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it is. For convenience, in most tables metals, metalloids, and nonmetals are designated by different colors. Metals are on the left and non-metals are on the right side of the table. Metalloids are located between them.
Part 2
Element designations-
Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the element symbol is shown in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is a shortened name for an element that is the same in most languages. Element symbols are commonly used when conducting experiments and working with chemical equations, so it is helpful to remember them.
- Typically, element symbols are abbreviations of their Latin name, although for some, especially recently discovered elements, they are derived from the common name. For example, helium is represented by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is designated as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.
-
Pay attention to the full name of the element if it is given in the table. This element "name" is used in regular texts. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are names of elements. Usually, although not always, the full names of the elements are listed below their chemical symbol.
- Sometimes the table does not indicate the names of the elements and only gives their chemical symbols.
-
Find the atomic number. Typically, the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It may also appear under the element's symbol or name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.
- The atomic number is always an integer.
-
Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of an element remains constant. Otherwise, you would get a different chemical element!
- The atomic number of an element can also determine the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom.
-
Usually the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. The exception is the case when the atom is ionized. Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. Because atoms are usually neutral, they contain the same number of electrons and protons. However, an atom can gain or lose electrons, in which case it becomes ionized.
- Ions have an electrical charge. If an ion has more protons, it has a positive charge, in which case a plus sign is placed after the element symbol. If an ion contains more electrons, it has a negative charge, indicated by a minus sign.
- Plus and minus signs are not used if the atom is not an ion.
-
The periodic table, or periodic table of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the last row of the table (lower right corner).
