Feedback: Excursion around the city of Dyatlovo (Belarus, Grodno region) - a nice regional town. Buy a palace, where Peter I came, and see "toy" houses. Five reasons to visit Dyatlovo How many people are in Dyatlovo
Abolished village councils in the region:
Geography
The area is 1500 km² (8th place among the districts of the Grodno region).
The territory of the Dyatlovsky region with its rivers and streams belongs to the Neman hydrological region. There are 89 small rivers and streams on the territory of the district, their length is 566 km.
Distribution of the population by place of residence
National composition
Population distribution by industry
The average number of the distribution of the working population by industry from January to July 2008.
Demographic situation
In 2007 in the region: born - 274 people died - 766 people
Number of families (according to the 1999 census) - 11182
The average family size is 2.8.
Notable natives and residents
- Vyacheslav Adamchik (1933 - 2001) - Belarusian writer, translator, screenwriter. Laureate of the Yakub Kolas State Prize of the Byelorussian SSR (1988). The village of Varakomshchina.
- Stepan Alexandrovich (1925 - 1986) - Belarusian Soviet writer, doctor of philological sciences, professor.
- Ignat Dvorchanin (1895 - 1937) - Belarusian public and political figure, philologist, philosopher. v. Pogiri
- Vikenty Dmokhovsky - artist. The village of Nogorodovichi.
- Ignatius Domeiko (1802 - 1889) - ethnographer, geologist, national hero of Chile. Zhibortovshchina estate.
- Tomasz Zhabrovsky (1714 - 1758) - architect, astronomer, philosopher, professor at Vilna University.
- Yulyan Korsak is a poet. Arrow Village.
- Alexander Lokotko (1955 - present) - Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus. Village Kuzmichi
- Ulrich Krishtof Radziwiłł - playwright.
- Mechislav Grib (1938 - present) - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus in 1994-1996.
Industry
The industry of the Dyatlovsky district is represented by eleven industrial enterprises, which employ 1200 people.
Seven enterprises are focused on the processing of local agricultural raw materials.
The largest share in the industrial production of the region is occupied by OJSC "Dyatlovsky cheese-making plant".
Three enterprises of the system of the Grodno regional unitary food industry enterprise "Grodnopischeprom" operate on the territory of the district - separate structural subdivisions "Porechsky distillery", "Dyatlovsky wine and vodka plant" and OJSC "Borkovsky starch plant".
For the first time in Belarus, the production of motor fuel based on rapeseed oil was mastered by JSC Novoelnyansky Mezhrayagrosnab. In addition, rapeseed cake is a highly effective protein feed additive for animals. Further implementation of this technology will not only solve the problem of producing alternative import-substituting waste-free technologies, but also improve the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex.
For more than 60 years, the staff of the DP "Dyatlovskaya Selkhoztekhnika" has been working in the area. And all this time, the enterprise maintains the technical condition of the machine and tractor fleet and equipment at the livestock farms of the region at the proper level, manufactures and repairs machines and equipment for animal husbandry and fodder production.
Four enterprises of the republican form of ownership operate in the district, these are RUE “Novoelnyansky combine of bakery products”, PUE “Dyatlovsky coopzagotprom” of the Dyatlovsky district consumer society, and since 2008, the Novoelnyansky section of Grodnogazstroyizolyatsiya OJSC and the Novoelnyansky section of the Lida workshop of the Republican Unitary Enterprise “Grodnovtormet” have been included in the industry of the Dyatlovsky district.
As a result of the purposeful work carried out in agricultural organizations to increase the volume of agricultural production in 2007, the yield of grain and leguminous crops was 33.0 / ha, potatoes - 208 / ha, sugar beet - 422 / ha, rapeseed oil seeds - 15.3 / ha , vegetables - 228 /ha.
The SPK "Zhukovshchina" has 100 hectares of garden.
The development of the livestock sector has stabilized.
In SEC "Granit-Agro" milk yield per cow exceeded five thousand kilograms of milk.
There are two livestock complexes in the district: the pig-breeding complex "Vorokomshchina" for 24 thousand heads of fattening pigs per year in the SEC "Granit-Agro" and the complex "Podvelikoye" of the SEC "Glory to Labor" for the cultivation and fattening of cattle.
The public sector contains 33.1 thousand heads of cattle, including 10.5 thousand heads of cows and 21.2 thousand heads of pigs.
Trade
Trade services in the district are carried out by 193 commercial objects of all forms of ownership with a trading area of 12.9 thousand m², of which 100 objects are in rural areas with a trading area of 5.6 thousand m².
There are 47 public catering facilities for 2.4 thousand seats, including a public network represented by 24 facilities for 884 seats. Among them - 2 restaurants, 7 bars, 4 cafes, 7 eateries, 2 cafeterias, 2 canteens.
There are 2 markets for 221 trading places.
The provision of the population of the district with retail space is 390.4 m² per 1000 inhabitants with a standard of 260 m², the provision of places in the public catering network is 26.6 seats per 1000 inhabitants with a standard of at least 15.
Household services to the population of the district are provided by 80 business entities of all forms of ownership, the largest share is occupied by the unitary communal enterprise "Dyatlovsky Combine of Consumer Services for the Population". The rural population is served by 12 comprehensive collection points, in the city of Dyatlovo and two urban settlements there are 3 households.
The existing network of public service facilities makes it possible to fulfill the standard for providing jobs per 1,000 inhabitants by types of household services provided for by the minimum list of state social standards in the field of public services for the population.
Transport and communications
The regional passenger transport network includes 25 suburban and 5 intercity routes. The routes are served by the subsidiary unitary enterprise "Automobilny park No. 16" of the republican motor transport unitary enterprise "Grodnooblavtotrans" and 4 individual entrepreneurs.
Carriage of goods by rail is carried out by the Novoelnya station of the Baranovichi branch of the Belarusian Railway.
Communication services in the district are provided by the Dyatlovsky regional electrical hub and the regional postal communications hub. The regional telecommunications center is constantly expanding the regional telecommunications network. The capacity of the telephone network as of May 1, 2008 was 11,100 numbers.
- - per 100 inhabitants - 35.08 telephones;
- - per 100 families in urban areas - 103.9 telephones;
- - per 100 families in rural areas - 71.8 telephones.
| Highways passing through the Dyatlovsky district | Notation |
|---|---|
| Border of the Republic of Lithuania (Benyakoni) - Lida - Slonim - Byten | M11 E 85 |
| Baranovichi - Molchad - Dyatlovo | P108 |
| Zelva - Derechin - Medvinovichi | R142 |
| Lyubcha - Novogrudok - Dyatlovo | P10 |
culture
The preservation of historical and cultural heritage, the creation of conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual, the growth of his creative initiative, the satisfaction of spiritual and aesthetic needs, the development of cultural and leisure activities are priority areas for the development of the cultural sphere of the Dyatlovsky district.
There are 28 club-type cultural institutions in the district, including: the House of Folklore, the House of Crafts, the House of Social and Cultural Services, the Club-Museum of Folk Life, rural and urban Houses of Culture. There are 180 club formations working at club institutions, including 103 children's ones, in which 1994 people work, including 1126 children. Different genres of amateur art circles and amateur associations help develop the creative potential of participants and represent a wide palette of amateur creativity in the Dyatlov region.
Nine teams have the title of "People's": the choir of veterans "Veterans in the ranks" - Dyatlovsky GDK; brass band - Novoelnyansky GDK; variety orchestra "Accent" - Novoelnyansky GDK; folklore groups of Okhonovsky, Pogirsky village clubs and Studerovsky House of Folklore; the theater of the studio of the game "Prymayu" - Dyatlovsky RMC; Ensemble of folk instruments "Dyatlovsky kaleidoscope" - Dyatlovskaya Children's Art School; drama group "Hope" - Kozlovshchinsky GDK.
Outside the district and the region are well known: the brass band and the variety-brass band "Accent" of the Novoelnyansk City House of Culture, the choir of war and labor veterans "Veterans in the ranks" of the Dyatlovsky District House of Culture, folklore groups of the villages of Studerovshchina, Pogiry, Okhonovo, an ensemble of folk instruments "Dyatlovo kaleidoscope" of the Dyatlovo children's art school.
In club-type cultural institutions, special attention is paid to studying the needs of the population in various areas of cultural services. Cultural and educational forms of work with war veterans, the disabled, the elderly, and dysfunctional families are being improved. It has become a good tradition to hold holidays in sparsely populated and remote villages.
The network of libraries in the Dyatlovsky district consists of 27 institutions.
More than 22 thousand readers are served annually, the library fund has more than 453 thousand copies of books.
There are 2 children's music schools and 3 children's art schools in the district. In 2007, the Gezgalovsky Children's Art School was opened. The schools are open: arts and crafts, choral departments. There are branches in the village of Palace (Novoelnyanskaya Children's School of Art), the village of Leonovichi (Kozlovshchinskaya Children's Music School). In total, 509 children study in schools and branches, which is 16.1% of the total number of students in secondary schools in the district.
The Dyatlovo Local History Museum annually serves more than 6 thousand people, organizes about 10 exhibitions and 120 excursions. Expositions are systematically updated, new exhibits are acquired.
Mass media
There are 21 priests in total, including:
- Orthodox - 9
- Catholic - 6
- shepherds - 6
Architectural monuments
- Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Dyatlovo ()
- Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dyatlovo ()
- Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Venzovets ()
- Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in the village of Voynevichi ()
- Church of the Body of God in the village of Dvorets ()
- Church of the Protection of the Holy Mother of God in the village of Dvorets (1869)
- Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Nogorodovichi (second half of the 19th century)
- Church of the Holy Martyrs of the Blessed Princes Boris and Gleb in the village of Nakryshki ()
- Church of the Holy Guardian Angels in the village of Rohotno (XIX century)
- The estate of Ignatius Domeika in the village of Zhiborty ()
Climate
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Dyatlovo is the administrative center of the Dyatlovsky district of the Grodno region. The city is located 180 km from Minsk and 134 km from Grodno on the Dyatlovchanka River. On the territory of the Dyatlovsky district there is a railway line Lida - Baranovichi, and the roads M11 (Border of the Republic of Lithuania (Benyakoni) - Lida - Slonim - Byten), P10 (Lyubcha - Novogrudok - Dyatlovo) and P108 (Baranovichi - Molchad - Dyatlovo) pass through the city itself ).
open all textHistory of development - Dyatlovo
The first mention of the city Dyatlovo date back to 1498, when the place of Zdecholo was donated to Hetman Konstantin Ostrozhsky from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander. At the same time, he gave him the right to establish a place here, which at that time was very profitable. Konstantin Ivanovich did a lot for this settlement, but eventually sold the land. Further, Dyatlovo passed from one owner to another. At various times, the owners were representatives of the Sapieha, Polubinsky, Radziwillov, Soltanov. It was under Sapieha in 1646 that they built in the town, which has survived to this day.
During the Northern War, Dyatlovo visited himself Peter I, since its leading forces are located here in winter quarters. Thus, the Russian army waited out the cold season in 1707-1708. After separation Commonwealth between the three states, the place passed to Russian Empire as part of Slonim County. Having survived the occupation during the First World War and the Soviet-Polish wars of the 20th century, this territory became subordinate to the Polish state until 1939.
A real tragedy for the residents of the Dyatlovsky district was The Great Patriotic War. For almost the entire period, the city and the surrounding villages were under German occupation, during which more than 12 thousand inhabitants died. Many villages, Velikaya Volya, Gorodki, Dubrovka and others, suffered the fate of Khatyn. It is worth noting that a partisan detachment, in which the hospital was located, was actively operating near the city. Here everyone knows the hero Iosif Yuryevich Filidovich, who repeated the feat of Ivan Susanin, showing the Germans the way to the swamp. In the summer of 1944, the city was liberated during Operation Bagration.
Today Dyatlovo- a modern city of the Grodno region, which has a great tourism potential. The economy and cultural life, as well as sports are actively developing here - there is a football team "Belaya Rus". In 2017, a new temple was opened - the Cathedral in honor of the New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Church. Well-developed, historical monuments and the good nature of the locals will surprise and delight all guests of the city.
open all textTourism potential - Dyatlovo
The city of Dyatlovo today is an attractive place for tourists. It has its own historical monuments, which are covered with exciting legends, religious buildings, as well as unique healing springs. At the same time, the city has where you can comfortably relax, and various places for entertainment. It is good to come here for a relaxing holiday, healing and enjoying the spirit of history.
One of the main attractions of the city has become. Someone calls him by the name of the creator Radzivilovskiy, someone - by the name of the last owner - Soltana. This family nest was built in 1751. It was decorated with decorative elements that are inherent in the Baroque and Rococo styles, and next to it were farm buildings and an English-style park. At one time, luxurious receptions, balls and other events were held here, but the last owner, Adam Soltan, was convicted by the authorities for participating in the uprising of 1830-1831. As a result, the palace passed into state ownership and became a hospital. After that, it had barracks, an elementary school, a boarding school for girls and a dental clinic. Today the building needs a new owner. And on the main square you can see development- beautiful unusual houses, which, both before and now, are occupied by shops.
Among the religious monuments stands out. This temple was built in 1624 on the initiative of Leo Sapieha, however, during its existence, it often experienced fires and destruction. As a result, he acquired the features of the Vilna baroque. The temple is still active today. Another monument is, which was first discovered in the 18th century, and then replaced by a stone building. This temple has many secrets and legends. It is believed that it was in it that Peter I said his prayers, and during the war in 1942, medical operations were performed on partisans right on the altar. Another interesting architectural monument is catholic chapel XIX century, which is located in the local cemetery.
The Dyatlovo region is also famous for its unique sources that are used in medicine to improve the body. They are considered extremely useful, because they were built next to their field, which today are very popular not only among Belarusians, but also among foreign citizens. Dyatlovo is a neat Belarusian town that can be an excellent choice for a short trip around the Grodno region.
The small town of Dyatlovo is located in the east of the Grodno region. As in other similar places, everything is close and nearby. Once upon a time there was a wooden castle-fortress in the city, and the area was called "Zdziatsela Yard". The town was once owned by the famous and rich princes Radziwill, Soltana and Sapieha.
Reason one. Baroque church with a unique bas-relief
The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin is located in the very center of the town. It rises above the old two-story buildings and is the architectural dominant of the city. As guidebooks say, this is one of the brightest architectural representatives of the Baroque period. The initiator of the construction of the temple in 1645 was the Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lev Sapieha.
In 1743 the church was badly damaged by fire. The best architects of that time came to restore it, because it had to be significantly repaired and reconstructed. But then they tried to leave it in its original form. This is how he came to us. Outside, above the entrance, unique stone bas-reliefs have been preserved, and inside - baroque stone altars.
During World War II, the Germans tried to take the old organ out of the church. It was this story that became one of the storylines of the film Oginsky's Polonaise.
There is also a large Orthodox church in Dyatlovo, built recently. And next to it is a small old wooden church building, erected at the beginning of the 18th century.
The second reason. Old "toy" houses
In Dyatlovo, the authentic layout of the city center has been preserved. In the center there is an old building - small two-story houses. As before, there are shops on the first floors. And in the century before last, artisans offered their goods here. True, the main square has retained its historical appearance only partially. In the 1960s and 70s, some of the small two-story houses were demolished, and a department store building was built in their place.
Once upon a time, traditional crowded fairs were held on the main square of the town twice a year - people gathered from all the surrounding villages.
Reason three. The Radziwill Palace, which you can buy
One of the main attractions of Dyatlovo is the palace, which is located on the territory of the district hospital. Once a luxurious building, now it is not in its best condition. Nevertheless, the former greatness is felt in it and one can imagine how representatives of rich princely families lived here.
The palace in Dyatlovo was built on the site of a fortress visited by Peter I.
The sign on the building says that the Russian monarch once stayed here. The palace itself used to look different: slender turrets towered on the sides, the facade was decorated with stucco, the building was surrounded by pavilions, bridges, and sculptures. Near the palace complex there was a landscape park. Part of it has survived to our times.
The palace was built in 1751 by Nikolai Faustin Radziwill, the father of the future writer, poet and historian, statesman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire Ulrik Krishtof Radziwill. Over time, the building began to look a little different, but the features of baroque and rococo are still guessed in it.
The palace was recently put up for sale. The price of the former princely possessions starts from the amount of about 115 thousand dollars. Until recently, there was a clinic here, but now the building is empty and is waiting for its new owner.
Reason four. Jewish cemetery and old synagogue
There are several ancient cemeteries in Dyatlovo: Orthodox, Catholic and Jewish. On the first two, you can see the old tombs, and the third is interesting because centuries-old tombstones have been preserved here.
Before World War II, there was a strong Jewish community in the town: almost 2.5 thousand Jews lived here. There was also a synagogue. The building now houses the fire station. Unfortunately, during the war years, the Jewish population of the city was almost completely destroyed.
Reason five. Radon waters, nature and surrounding estates
Near Dyatlovo there are famous sanatoriums with unique natural sources of radon waters.
In general, there are many interesting places in the vicinity of the town. For example, the estate Zhibortovshchina, which was built at the beginning of the 19th century. It is located just 1.5 kilometers from Dyatlov. One of the most famous Belarusians in the world, Ignatius Domeiko, once lived here. About this, on the almost destroyed building, there is a sign: “Here, in 1884−1888, the bastards zhyў vyadoma ў vece vuchon, the national hero of Chyli Ignat Dameyka.”
Ignaty Domeiko is a member of the liberation movement in Belarus, a national hero of Chile, a world-famous mineralogist, and a long-term rector of the University of Chile. He left his mark in a variety of sciences: mineralogy and geology, physics, chemistry and metallurgy, geography and ethnography, botany and zoology.
Unfortunately, almost nothing remains of the once large estate.
15 kilometers from Dyatlovo there is a village with an unusual name Rogotno. There is a church built in honor of the Guardian Angels, which is a monument of late classicism. Modest, but massive, it rises above the town.
And on the way, by the way, you can admire the surrounding landscapes - here they are almost mountainous: on the high hills there are modern windmills, old farms with wooden houses and half-abandoned villages, which are gradually becoming a fading nature.
Dzyatlava, Zdzięcioł, זשעטל, Zietela, Dyatlovo.
At different times the city had different names:
Zdzetsel or Zdzyatsel (Old Belarusian: Zdetel) - a historical Belarusian name, found in documents from the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania;
Zdzięcioł - Polish name;
Zietil is the Hebrew name in Yiddish;
Zietela - Lithuanian name;
Dyatlovo - Russian name;
Dzyatlava is the name of the city in the modern Belarusian language.
Variants of the name in historical sources: Zdzentsel, Zdzechal, Zdzentsel, Zdetel, Zetel, Zetelya, Zetsel, Dzentsel, Dzentselki, Dzentsel, Zetsel, Zdzechalo. This discrepancy may have been influenced by local Jews. There is no “dz” combination in Yiddish, so the Jews could change it to “z” and instead of “Detsel” it turned out to be “Zetsel”, especially in Yiddish “tel” is a city.
In the diary entries of Bernard Pinsky, a resident of Canada, which were kept for several years and where the memories of his elderly father Rubin Pinsky, a native of Dyatlov, were recorded, the place is called Gzhetl.
The origin of the toponym "Zdzetsel" was first tried to be explained by the Belarusian geographer V. Zhuchkevich. He came to the conclusion that the settlement got its name from the Zdziecielka (Dzyatlovka) river, on which it is located, and the river - from the bird species. Ukrainian linguist A. Nepakupny investigated the linguistic basis of the name Zetelo - the name of the river and the city. He believed that it came from the name of the lake, which was located at the headwaters or in the riverbed, since only in this case the suffix "ate" is used. The remains of the ancient lake have survived to our time. According to V.A. Danilchik, the aikonym Zdzechalo could be formed from the same root as the word "saddle" or "village", since among the Eastern Slavs the sound combination "dl" turned into one sound "l" (mydla - soap). In addition, the settlement could have received the name Dzyantsel from the surname or nickname of a person who, in turn, could acquire it from his professional occupation - chiselling a log for bees, troughs, boats (“hollowed like a woodpecker”), or his heirs.
The modern name of the city - Dyatlovo - was introduced in 1866 in connection with the policy of the Russian authorities aimed at the total Russification of the region after the suppression of the uprising of 1863-1864. The Lithuanian State Historical Archive keeps a document showing the intervention of the Russian administration in the local toponymic landscape, when all the names with the so-called “Polish”, Catholic content fell under the renaming. In a letter from the Grodno Statistical Committee to the Vilna Governor-General dated August 29, 1866, it was noted that during a topographic survey in the Grodno province, Lieutenant Colonel Strauss was instructed to compile a list of settlements whose names "were subjected to distortion during the Polish domination in this region" and which it is necessary to return "local Russian names". In addition to Zdenciol, 558 (!) settlements of the Grodno province fell under the renaming. The Belarusian “dz” disappeared from the names, all the names of the settlements that ended in -shchyzna were transformed (for example, “Kuntsaushchyzna” became “Kuntsovka”, “Yanaushchyzna” - “Ivanovka”, “Kazloushchyna” - “Kozlovka”), Zhukevichi turned into Zhukovka , Zdzitovo - in Zhitovo, Yuzefpol - in Osipovka, the estate "Zhydomlya" was renamed into "Annunciation", etc. i
KEY HISTORICAL FACTS
Dyatlovo is a city in the Grodno region, the administrative center of the Dyatlovo district. In the past - a typical place, known since the XV century. like Zdzecel. From the end of the XV century. possession of the princes Ostrozhsky, later Sapieha, Polubinsky, Radziwill, Soltanov. For the participation of Stanislav Soltan in the anti-Russian uprising of 1830-1831. The place was confiscated and became state-owned. In 1837, the Grodno Treasury Chamber proposed to give the town of Dyatlovo the status of a city, but this initiative was not approved by the governorii.
Dyatlovo, like the vast majority of towns in Belarus, was multi-ethnic and multi-confessional. Local history developed in the classical triangle: church - church - synagogue.
As part of the Russian Empire, Dyatlovo was the center of the volost of the Slonim district, as part of interwar Poland - the center of the commune of the Novogrudok district, in Soviet times - the center of the region. The town (since 1940 - an urban settlement, since 1990 - a city) has been and remains a local administrative, economic, cultural, and religious center.
MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE
Catholic chapel, 19th century
Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya church, wooden, 18th century
Synagogue (late 19th century)
Estate of the Domeyko family "Zhybartoushchyna" (beginning of the 19th century)
Jewish cemetery
cemetery christian
NATURE
The surface of the Dyatlov region is hilly and flat. The northern and western parts of the region are occupied by the Neman lowland, the eastern part by the spurs of the Novogrudok Upland. Heights of 140-200 m prevail, the maximum is 283 m (southeast of the city of Dyatlovo). The main river Neman with tributaries Molchad with Dyatlovka and Shchara with Podyavorka. Gezgal reservoir. Under the forest, mostly pine, 42% of the district.
In the Dyatlovsky district there is a part of the landscape reserve of republican significance Lipichanskaya Pushcha. There are hunting grounds: on the territory of the Dyatlovsky hunting economy and the Dyatlovsky forest hunting economy. Geological monument of nature of republican significance - Stone-strongman (v. Vasevichi). The resort of republican significance Novoelnya with the tuberculosis hospital of the same name of republican significance, the sanatorium "Radon" with the children's department "Borovichok" (the village of Boroviki), the children's regional rehabilitation and health center "Lastochka" (the village of Gezgaly). There are many local recreation areas. In Dyatlov, a recreation area is a park and an embankment of the river. Dyatlovka.
STORY
The first written mention of Zdziecele dates back to 1440-1450s. At that time, the area was part of the Troki Voivodeship. Around 1492, Grand Duke Casimir financed the construction of the Assumption Church here. In 1498, Grand Duke Alexander transferred the Zdzecel volost to the hetman of the Lithuanian prince Konstantin Ivanovich Ostrozhsky for perpetual use with the right to found a township. K. Ostrozhsky at the beginning of the 16th century. built a wooden castle in the town, which for some time had an important defensive value (in the documents it is referred to as the Zdzetelo courtyard). The Ostrozhskys built a wooden church in the town (a new one was erected in the 19th century, but has not been preserved).
At the end of the XV - the first half of the XVI century. Zdzieciel is part of the Troki Voivodeship. According to the administrative-territorial reform (1565-1566), Zdzecel became part of the Slonim district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship. As of 1580, there were 118 courtyards, a market and 5 streets. At the beginning of the XVII century. Zdzecel passed into the possession of Sapieha. In 1624-1646. Prince Sapieha founded a stone church of the Assumption of the Virgin in the town, at which a hospital operated. Since 1656 the Polubinsky dukes owned Zdzecel, since 1685 - the Radziwills. At the end of the XVII century. The Radziwills built a two-storey palace, which was destroyed during the Great Northern War (rebuilt in 1751 on the site of a castle in the 16th century)iii. In 1689 there were 126 courtyards and 9 streets iv.
During the Northern War in January 1708, the main group of Russian troops was located in the vicinity of Zdziecela for some time. Tsar Peter I of Moscow lodged in the town itself for a week. Later, Zdzeciel was occupied by the Swedes, who burned it along with the castle. In 1743 the town suffered from a fire. In 1784 there were 176 yards, 5 streets and 3 lanes; 3 mills, a school, a hospital, a bathhouse worked. At the end of the XVIII century. the area passed into the possession of the Soltans.
As a result of the third partition of the Commonwealth (1795), Zdzieciel became part of the Russian Empire. It turned into the center of the volost of the Slonim district. The town served as an administrative, economic, cultural, religious center for the rural population of the surroundings.
The class and ethno-confessional structure of the population of Dyatlov was characterized by diversity. In 1829-1830, there were 564 men in Dzetsele, of which 8 were representatives of the nobility, 7 of the spiritual state, 444 philistine Jews, 102 philistine Christians and peasants, and 3 beggars. Documents of the first half of the 19th century. among the residents of Dyatlov they also name merchants (19 people), military men (21 people), single-palace dwellers (10 people), raznochintsy (6 people) v. In addition to Belarusians and Jews, Tatars lived in Dyatlovo. Yes, in the early 1930s. XIX century there were 2 Tatar courtyards in the townvi.
The last owner of the town, Stanislav Soltan, participated in the uprising of 1830-1831, for which the Russian authorities confiscated his estates, which passed into the possession of the royal treasury. The military was placed in the palace and the master's buildings. During the uprising of 1863, the palace was converted into a military hospital. At the beginning of the twentieth century. a 2-class teacher's seminary was located here, in which in 1912 the activist of the Belarusian national movement, poet, literary critic Ignat Dvorchanin (1895 - 1937) studied.
In 1866, Zdzecel was renamed Dyatlovo.
In the second half of the XIX - early XX century. handicraft and industrial production, trade developed in Dyatlov. Its industrial significance was determined by the presence of mills, dye houses, mead factories, sawmills, tanneries, a brick factory, a cotton factory, and yew enterprises. Dyatlovo was famous for making parquet, known under the name "Dyatlovo". Here is how Arkady Smolich describes Dyatlovo in his book "Geography of Belarus":
“To the north of Slonim, not far from the Neman, in a mountainous area lies the industrial town of Dyatlovo. The local artisans produce the best parquet. The place is generally trading and rich with a population of about 5 thousand people.
The main forms of trade were weekly auctions (on Tuesdays), annual fairs, shop and delivery trade.
From autumn 1915 to December 1918 Dyatlovo was occupied by Germany. Since March 1918, as part of the proclaimed Belarusian People's Republic. In it was 1919-1920. occupied by Polish troops. According to the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, Dyatlovo became part of the Polish Republic, where it became the center of the commune of the Novogrudok povet of the Novogrudok voivodeship.
Since the end of 1939, Dyatlovo was in the BSSR, where on January 15, 1940 it received the official status of an urban-type settlement and became the center of the region of the Baranovichi region (from January 8, 19 the period of the Second World War from June 30, 1941 to July 9, 1944, Dyatlovo was under German occupation The Nazis killed 4716 people.
On December 25, 1962, the Dyatlovsky district was disbanded, its territory became part of the Slonim, Novogrudok and Lida regions. On January 6, 1965, it was reinstated as part of the Grodno region. June 21, 1990 Dyatlovo received the status of a city. On December 1, 2004, the city coat of arms and flag were officially approved.
The population of Dyatlovo in 1971 was 4.5 thousand people, in 1991 - 8.1 thousand people, in 1993 - 8.7 thousand people, in 2004 - 8.3 thousand people ., 2006 - 8.2 thousand people, 2009 - 7.8 thousand people.
HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY DYATLOVO
The history of the Jewish community in Dyatlovo dates back to the end of the 16th century. In the inventory of the estate for 1580, among 10 householders on the market square of the town, “Misan Zhid” is named. It is known that until 1670 the qahal functioned.
According to the inventory of 1699, there were 126 houses in Dyatlovo, of which 25 belonged to Jews, which is approximately 20%iii. Gradually, the Jewish population in Dyatlovo increased, especially during the period of the Russian Empire, when the Jewish Pale of Settlement was introduced, and Jews were forbidden to live in the countryside.
In 1863, there were 1276 people in Dyatlovo, of which 525 were state peasants, 751 Jews (59%), there were 22 Jewish artisans, and 10 peasant artisans.iv
According to statistics at the end of the 1860s. 1576 people lived in Dyatlovo, of which 1241 were Jews (or 78.7% of the entire population of the town and 100% of Dyatlov merchants and townspeople) v.
Archival documents also store information on the number of born, married, and deceased Jews by shtetl for different years. For example, in 1840, 14 Jewish boys and 14 Jewish girls were born in Dyatlovo; 7 males and 19 females died; 6 marriages took place.
In 1840, 3 divorces were recorded in the town, the document names the reason: "They did not like" i. Despite the fact that the tradition orients the Jews on the obligation of marriage, Judaism allows divorces, the reasons for which may be: the refusal of one of the spouses to perform marital duties during the year, insulting the parents of the opposite side, foul language in relations between husband and wife, etc. It was quite simple and the divorce ceremony: the husband gave his wife a get - a document acknowledging that she was free and could remarry.
In addition to the restrictive policy of tsarism, the position of the Jews was complicated by military operations and requisitions in 1812, as well as frequent fires. According to statistics on the reduction of the male population of the town associated with the war of 1812, the number of deaths was 25 people, missing - also 25 people; if, according to the revision of 1811, there were 161 men in Dyatlovo, then 110iii remained. The impoverishment of the inhabitants was reflected in the growth of arrears of state taxes: for example, in 1814-1815. on Dyatlov's kagal was 1288 rubles. shortfall in the poll tax iv.
Dyatlovo, like other places built mainly of wood, burned very often. Thus, fires occurred in 1789, 1806, 1850, 1868, 1874, 1881, 1882, 1894 and 1897. The fire of 1874 destroyed the Jewish synagogue, 211 residential buildings and 119 outbuildings, the loss amounted to 134,500 rublesv.
Fires were also caused by arson. So, from April 7 to April 21, 1844, there were eight fires in Dyatlovo as a result of arson: on the night of April 7 to 8, i.e. From Friday to Saturday, the shed of the Jew Wolf Bolsin caught fire, the next night - the shed of the Jew Wolf Razvazhsky, then the shed of Leizer Gertsovsky, the barn of the peasant Mikhaila Chucheika, the barn of the peasant widow Anna Graevskaya. On suspicion of arson, three of the lower ranks of the horse-artillery light battery No. 5, who lodged in the town, were arrested, as well as one peasant from the Dyatlov m. Petr Burdun, over some other persons (five lower ranks and two civilians, including Berka Leizerovich) made an observation.
On the night of October 19-20, 1844, a fire broke out on Kostelny Lane - the stable and barn of the Jew Abram Movshevich Levin burned down, the loss was 423 rubles. 75 kop. The Jews of Dyatlovo, in the amount of 35 people, filed a petition in which, due to the devastation of society from fires, they petitioned for benefits in paying taxes and cash benefits for rebuilding houses destroyed by fire. The decision of the provincial authorities was as follows: to release 50 roots from forest dachas for nine families, whose living quarters were exterminated, for the rest - 30 each. However, this was not done, since “the forests closest to Dyatlovo are not able to satisfy even the needs of state-owned peasants for timber” vi.
The next petition of the Dyatlovo Jews preserved in the correspondence of officials dates back to 1847 and contains requests to the Vilna governor-general of the headman of the Jewish society Dyatlovo Wulf Slutsky to suspend the collection of 150 rubles from the society. ser. in favor of the heirs of the former owner of the town of Rogoza until the consideration of this dispute in the Senate.
In 1862, the Jews of Dyatlov appealed to the Governor-General of Vilna with a request to let them lease the quitrent farm of the Dyatlov state estate, which was created on the former owner's land of Soltan. The petitioners complained about the plight of the Jewish population of the shtetl, who hardly earned their livelihood, expressed a desire to engage in agriculture. The petition stated that the Jews of Dyatlov repeatedly applied to the State Property Department with a similar request, but were refused on the grounds that, according to the law, in the western provinces, Jews are not allowed to rent state-owned farms. Further, the petitioners indicated that the farm was rented out without public auction to the nobleman Olshansky for the amount of 429 rubles. 67 kop. silver per year, and proposed to increase it by 50% in the event that the land of the state farm was transferred to them for 24 years. “If, according to this petition of ours, it will not be possible to obtain satisfaction before the expiration of the contract and not otherwise than by handing over this farm for maintenance at a public auction, then we most convincingly (...) ask us to allow us to participate in the auction on this subject.” The petition was signed by 45 Jews - residents and householders of the town of Dyatlovviii. As you can see, the Jews were persistent in the struggle for their rights and repeatedly turned to various authorities to resolve their problems.
In the early 1860s about Dyatlov, as well as about other towns of the Grodno province, detailed information was collected about the population and its occupations: 1276 people (Jews made up 58.9%). In addition, Jews who were not registered according to the revision, but permanently living in the town: 79 men and 83 women. Houses and other real estate in the town are owned by: 2 noblemen, 84 peasants, 202 Jews, 2 "different persons". Trade happens on the following items: bread, flax, potatoes, livestock, and other household products. It consists of 1 merchant of the 2nd guild, who declared a capital of 2400 rubles, sells bread in other places. There are no out-of-town merchants and peasants trading in the town. There are 17 shops for petty sales. There is only one fair for household products of little importance - on April 23rd. Bazaars from July 1 to October 1 - on Sundays, and from October 1 to July 1 - on Tuesdays, insignificant. 7 inns, 2 taverns. Craft establishments: 5 blacksmiths, 10 shoemakers, 6 carpentry, 1 turner, 7 tailors. Handicrafts are engaged from local peasants - 10, from Jews - 22. Products are sold both in the town itself and in other places, especially carpentry, all kinds products up to 1000 rubles. ser. in year. A mustard plant is operating - sales are local in the town and in different places. Passports were issued for absences - 18 Jews, 23 peasants.
Detailed information about the towns of the Belarusian-Lithuanian region was also collected in 1880 - they again demonstrate the predominance of Jews (Jews) over representatives of other ethno-confessional groups of the population, as well as the employment of Jews in non-agricultural business. In 1880, 2166 people lived in Dyatlovo, its structure was as follows: by estates - nobles: 2, clergy: 3, bourgeois: 1318, peasants: 843; by religion - Orthodox: 356, Catholics: 496, Jews: 1314. It was noted that the Jews "earn their livelihood" by petty local trade and crafts, and the peasants by agriculture. Real estate is subject to state tax in the amount of 272 rubles, 94 kopecks. A petty-bourgeois council was established in the town.
According to updated data, the population turned out to be somewhat larger: husband. 1315, female 1392, all - 2707; estate and confessional composition of the male population: 3 nobles (Orthodox), 3 clergy (Orthodox priest - 1, Catholic priest - 1, rabbi - 1), 379 peasants (123 Orthodox, 256 Catholics), bourgeois Jews 930xi. The economic potential of the town in 1880 was as follows: 7 factories, 3 mills, 53 shops, 13 taverns, the income from them for private owners was 16,000. The amount of working capital was 8,000 wholesale, 19,000 gross. The number of residents involved in trade - 200; handicraft and needlework - 250; seasonal trades - 30, services - 20, agriculture - 379. The most important means of subsistence are agriculture among the peasants, and petty trade among the Jewsxii.
The petty-bourgeois self-government in the places of the Jewish Pale had a significant feature: it was represented, as a rule, exclusively by Jews, although, according to the Russian authorities, “decent” self-government bodies should have consisted of 2/3 of Christians. It was not possible to fulfill this norm, since there were practically no philistines of the Christian faith in the towns. For example, in 1884 there were 1383 petty bourgeois in Dyatlovo, they are all Jews, the petty-bourgeois headman is Abram Patsovsky, his assistant is Leizer Rabinovich, they have been in office since 11/15/1879 xiii
Officials in Jewish religious institutions (synagogues, prayer houses) were elders, treasurers, scientists. In 1867, in Dyatlovo, in 1 wooden synagogue and 4 prayer houses, there was a headman, a treasurer, and a scientist. Jewish cemeteries are divided into five categories, with payment of the following amounts of money: 1st category - 15 rubles, 2nd category - 10 rubles, 3rd category - 5 rubles, 2nd category - 2 rubles, 1st category - free of charge. Assistant Rabbi - Aizik Kalmanovich Moguskyxiv.
According to "Słownika geograficznego Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich" in 1893, there were 3233 inhabitants in the town, of which about 400 were Orthodox, 700 were Catholics, and the rest were Jews. According to the confessional groups of the population, a church, a church, 2 synagogues and several prayer houses operated xv.
In 1896, the number of male Jews was 982, of which 70 were declared insolvent (in terms of paying taxes).xvi
In 1897, 3,033 Jews lived in Dyatlovo, which accounted for 76% of the entire population of the town.
In 1900, the Dyatlov Jews asked to be allowed to release 2035 rubles. from the free remains of the box collection for the repair of two prayer schools, of which one replaces the synagogue. The request was grantedxvii.
The most successful Jewish entrepreneurs of Dyatlov got on the pages of the address-calendar "All Russia: Russian Book of Industry, Agriculture and Administration." So, in 1900, the following industrial and commercial enterprises belonging to the Dyatlov Jewsxviii were indicated there.
On February 21, 1903, the Society for Helping Poor Jews was founded in Dyatlovo with the aim of "delivering funds to improve the material and moral condition of the poor Jews of Dyatlov without distinction of gender, age, ranks and conditions." The charter of the society contained a list of its members: Hirsh Solomyansky, Menachem Vernikovsky, Isaac Leizerov Rabinovich, Israel Ganuzozich, Yankel Leib Bresky, Shebshel Shushan, Iovna Leib Khlebnikov, Joseph Vinetsky, Hertz Girshovsky, Leizer Kantorovich, Berko Dvoretsky, J. Hirsh Langbort, Wulf Dvoretsky . Chairman - Itsko Leizerovich Rabinovich, secretary - Iosel Leibov Vinnitsky. As a local official in Vilna reported, the meetings of the society were in the nature of a small circle of leaders in the apartment of one of the members, without any participation of the majority of the local Jewish population. The society organized an intensive collection of money in the town, the accounting books and documents of the society were conducted randomly and in bad faith.
A police investigation revealed that Rabinovich had resigned as chairman, and the society was run by individuals with no specific occupation or with such a suspicious occupation as secret advocacy. Collected enough large amount for a small town - 250 rubles. The spending of the collected funds is completely out of control. The governor petitioned for the closure of the society "in view of the errors committed in the maintenance of accounting books, giving reason to assume the possibility of an unseemly way of spending the collected amounts." The decision followed: such an extreme measure as the compulsory closure of a charitable society is possible only by obtaining the Supreme Command through the Committee of Ministers in the presence of undeniable evidence of outstanding abuses, irremediable by the usual measures of supervision.
In 1907, more than 20 Jewish savings and loan associations operated in the Grodno province, including Dyatlovo, which was reported to have been founded in April 1907 and unites 126 Jews. In addition, in Dyatlov, back in 1844-1846. a small credit institution of the type of worldly loan or borrowed capital was established
In the interwar period, Jews made up about 75% of all residents of Dyatlov. In 1926, there were about 3,450 Jews in the town. Of the 621 Jewish families, 303 lived on crafts (mostly tailors and shoemakers), 210 families lived on trade.
The bakery (Slonimskaya St.) was owned by Vinokur, the sawmill by Kaplinsky, the hotel (on the Market) by Rabinovich, and the inn (along Slonimskaya St. in front of the lake) by Shushen. In Dyatlovo there were 4 mills, 3 locomobiles that generated electricity and gave light to the town. One light bulb per house. The light was on until 12 noon.
In the interwar period, religious educational institutions of the Jews continued to operate in Dyatlovo: heders, Talmud-toras. From the diary of Bernard Pinsky:
“When my father was six years old, he was sent to one of the four Gzhetl schools, which was called the Talmud Torah, a Jewish religious school that also taught Polish. In Gzhetl, they spoke Yiddish, prayed in Hebrew at home, studied Polish at school, and spoke Belarusian with their non-Jewish neighbors. Officials such as police, judges, city administration did not speak Jewish. In the Talmud Torah, lessons were taught in Hebrew, while non-religious subjects were studied in Polish. Other religious subjects were taught in Hebrew but were translated into Yiddish for discussion. Somehow the children coped with this mainstay of biblical society.
In 1921 a school teaching in Yiddish was founded, in 1929 a school teaching in Hebrew of the Tarbut system, whose task was to prepare for emigration to Eretz Israel. Zionist and other Jewish political organizations were activeiii.
According to the memoirs of Ermolovich C.I., an old-timer of Dyatlov, circus performances were organized in the town (artists came with lions, tigers), film shows, dances, there was an orchestra (Jewish musicians), football matches were held (teams were mixed according to national composition, from Jewish football players were Dahl and Nota)iv.
From the memoirs of Lisa Kaplinsky about the pre-war Dyatlov:
“The population of the city was six thousand souls, among them four and a half thousand were Jews, the rest were Belarusians, a few Poles. Of the cultural institutions in Dyatlovo, there was a Jewish school (about 100 children and 6 teachers); Hebrew school (250 children and 7 teachers); religious school for poor children Talmud-Torah, founded in 1909 (100 children and 4 teachers). Jewish children also went to the state Polish school - seven years. Jewish youth continue their education in the secondary schools of Grodno, Lida and Vilna. Movies were constantly shown in the town. The Jewish drama club showed performances. There was a large Jewish library. Of the other social institutions in the town were the union of artisans, the union of merchants, a bank, a credit office, a nursing home. Of the political organizations were: the Zionist parties of all directions, the Aguda, the Bund, and the underground communist organization. Many sofers lived in Dyatlovo - they wrote sacred books, prayers and mezuzahs for America. The rabbis were: Rabbi Sorokoshkin, a sage (Gaon), a former deputy of the Polish Sejm and the last Rabbi Raitzer»v.
Dyatlovo was occupied by the troops of the Third Reich on June 30, 1941. Shortly after the arrival of the Nazis, 50 people of Jewish origin were arrested. From July 14, 1941, all Jews were required to wear yellow stars on their clothes, and a few days later, the Nazis killed about 120 representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia in Novogrudok. A Jewish council, the so-called Judenrat, was founded in the town. On November 2, 1941, the occupiers forced the Jews to surrender their gold and other valuables. During this action, two people died. On December 15, 1941, about 400 Jewish workers were deported to the ghetto in the Palace.
On February 22, 1942, the occupation authorities issued an order to create a ghetto in Dyatlovo. There were about 4500 people in it. The ghetto could not accommodate such a large number of people. All the houses were very crowded. The territory of the ghetto was surrounded by a fence. The occupying authorities forbade the Jews to leave the ghetto. It was guarded by the police. Inside the ghetto, the Jewish police kept order.
Back in December 1941, a resistance movement was created in Dyatlovo. Its members tried to acquire weapons and ammunition, contacts were also established with partisan detachments. On April 28, 1942, the Nazis got on the trail of the organization and arrested one of the conspirators.
On April 30, 1942, the Nazis rounded up people in the market square with the support of the local police. Persons found in hiding places or who offered at least some resistance were killed on the spot. Among the people concentrated in the market, the Germans selected people with various professional specializations. The rest were taken to the nearby forest - Kurpeshovsky. About 1,200 people were killed there that day. For unknown reasons, members of the resistance did not attempt to revolt.
The next extermination action took place on August 6, 1942. After the selection, the Germans stopped about 200 young people. The rest were taken to the Jewish cemetery. There, people were forced to dig a mass grave for themselves. As a result of this action, about 2,000 people were killed. Some 600 people are believed to have fled, some of whom joined the guerrilla units. The 200 selected young people were deported the next day to Novogrudok. The Jewish community of Dyatlov ceased to exist.
Churilo Artemy Mikhailovna, born in 1933, a resident of Dyatlovo, recalls:
“The whole street was from the square to the ring, the whole street was loaded with Jews, and they were driven into the forest here. So they already shouted, so they already said goodbye. Here they come to the house and shout: "Farewell! Get out!". So then they said: "What were you going for? There were more of you. Why couldn't you deal with these policemen or Germans?" "We were supposed to be exterminated according to the law. We are sinners before God and therefore we had to pass this test" vi.
After the war, only a few Jews lived in Dyatlovo. Jewish life in the town was not restored. According to the 2009 census, 5 Jews live in Dyatlovo.
ARCHEOLOGY
In the inventory of the XVI century. two centers are mentioned in Dyatlovo: Rynok (now September 17 Square) and Zamok (the place is not exactly defined). In 1990 P.A. Rusov conducted archaeological research: pits were laid on the territory of the former Market and the proposed territory of the Castle (the western outskirts of the city, on the left bank of the Dyatlovka, a few meters from the brick palace of the 18th century). A cultural layer of up to 2 m was found near the palace. Remains of a building with a foundation and walls of 1.4 m were found, objects of the 16th-17th centuries: fragments of Western European-made ceramic utensils with an inscription in Gothic script; tiled fragments, according to which the belonging of the castle to Pavel Sapieha in the second quarter of the 17th century was determined; red clay flower girl with two decorative ring-shaped handles, glass bottoms of bottles stamped in Latin letters, many silver hairpins, Polish and Lithuanian minted coins of the middle of the 17th century. On the territory of the former Market, the cultural layer is up to 0.8 m, damaged by buildings of the 18th - 20th centuries. Found kitchen ceramics XVI - XVII centuries.vii
RELIGION
The Orthodox Church was founded in the town in the 16th century. at the expense of Prince K. Ostrozhsky, in the 19th century. A new church was erected on the same site. Later, the Dyatlovskaya church became a Uniate one. Documentary confirmation of this is a document of 1837-1838. on the composition of the population of the Dyatlov estate by religion, according to which the Dyatlov peasants were Uniates (380 men and 309 women) and Catholics (709 men and 714 women)viii.
The current building of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior was erected in the 18th century. According to the "Grodno Orthodox parish calendar" (vol. 1. 1899), in 1839 the church was rebuilt by the parishioners; it contains the icon of St. George the Victorious, revered by the local population, received in 1870; there were 4213 parishioners.
Near the wooden Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior at the end of the 20th century. stone construction has begun.
The Dyatlovsky Church of the Assumption of the Virgin was erected in stone in 1624 - 1646 by the foundation of the Sapieha princes (previously there was a wooden one, which until 1492 was financed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir, and it was built in 1515). The church is active.
In Dyatlovo there are also registered religious communities "Church of Evangelical Christians" (a wooden church was built), "Church of Evangelical Christians Baptists".
The Jews had several religious institutions. So, in 1867 in Dyatlovo there were 1 wooden synagogue, 4 prayer housesix, in 1893 - 2 synagogues and several prayer housesx. The building of the preserved stone synagogue of the end of the 19th century. used today by the fire department. Nearby there was a second synagogue, a bank was built in its place.
In Dyatlov, as in other shtetls, there was a religious education system, represented by heders and the Talmud Torah, and in the interwar period also by the school of the Tarbut system.
SECULAR ORGANIZATIONS
Since Dyatlovo performed and still performs an administrative function - the center of a volost, gmina, district - this led to the presence of appropriate structures in it: the volost administration, later - the commune and district.
As a trade center, Dyatlovo had such institutions of a periodic form of trade as fairs (two a year: on April 23 - on the day of St. George and on May 30 - on the day of the Holy Trinity) and weekly auctions (on Tuesdays); stationary trade was carried out mainly through shops. According to information for 1834, there were 19 stationary shops in the town. Taverns, taverns, taverns, restaurants, etc. were also trading points.
In the 30s of the nineteenth century. the first small industrial enterprises appear: 3 leather workshops, 3 mills. At the end of the 60s of the nineteenth century. 2 leather, 3 brick, 6 turpentine enterprises, 15 breweries worked in Dyatlovo.
In Dyatlovo, the center of education, there were educational institutions. In 1833 a parochial schoolxii was established in Dyatlovo. According to information in 1878, a public school, a post station, a volost government, shops, 6 inns, taverns, a pharmacy worked in the town, auctions were held on Tuesdays, 2 fairs a year, 2 mills, 2 dye houses, several small tanneries.
In 1897, the presence of a public school, a parochial school, a private hospital for 6 places (2 doctors), a pharmacy, a post office, a store, 2 yew factories, a small workshop for the production of "Dyatlov parquet" (from local oak), which in great demandxiii, 2 meaderies, more than 40 workshopsxiv. In 1914, a cotton factory, 5 mead factories, a sawmill, a brick factory, and 2 tanneries (48 workers) worked.
According to the memoirs of Lisa Kaplinsky, in the pre-war Dyatlovo, among the cultural institutions, there was a Yiddish school, a Hebrew school, a cinema was constantly working, a Jewish drama club was operating, there was a large Jewish library. Of the social institutions, one can note the union of artisans, the union of merchants, the bank, the credit office, the nursing home; from political organizations - Zionist parties of all directions, Aguda, Bund and an underground communist organization.
Currently, Dyatlovo has enterprises for the production of building materials, food, woodworking industries, 2 secondary schools, a gymnasium, a boarding school, a music school, a kindergarten, a cultural center, two libraries, a hospital, and a post office. At the service of tourists is the Dyatlovsky Museum of Local History, the Center for Tourism and Local Lore, the Lipichanka and Uncle Vanya hotels, the Zhemchuzhina and Veterok public catering establishments, etc. The Peramoga regional newspaper is published.
URBAN PLANNING
In Dyatlovo, a radial-ring planning structure has been preserved, which developed in the 17th-19th centuries. on the basis of three streets - the roads to Lida, Novogrudok, Slonim (the modern main streets are Sovetskaya, Lenina, Mitskevich, Kirov, Slonimskaya, Novogrudskaya, built up with public and two-story residential buildings). The center of the composition is a rectangular market square (the former Rynok, in the interwar period it was called November 11 Square, during the Second World War it was named after Hitler, at present it is September 17 Square), from which the main streets go in radial directions.
Modern Lenin Street was previously called Zamkovaya, Lipovaya, Dvornaya, Kostelnaya. Krasnoarmeyskaya was previously Slonimskaya, Sovietskaya - Novogrudskaya, Frunze - Dvoretskaya (led to the Palace metro station). Oktyabrskaya Street was called Lysogorskaya and Yavorskaya, and behind the “Polish clock” - Kostyushki Street.
The planning and building of the square and the streets adjacent to it, which developed in the second half of the 17th-19th centuries, have been preserved quite well, representing the "architectural landscape" characteristic of small Belarusian settlements. A group of old houses of merchants and artisans (10-12 buildings) located on the eastern side of the square and st. Gorky, is of significant historical and ethnographic interest as examples of the ordinary building of the settlement of the 19th - the first third of the 20th centuries.
The main architectural object of the square is the church, which occupies an island position on it and unites the surrounding one- and two-story buildings with its dominant feature.
Unfortunately, the reconstruction of the square on September 17 in the 1960s and 70s. destroyed the historical part of its southern and western sides. For example, during the construction of a department store, several old-world shtetl houses were demolished, including the one shown in this photo.
ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnographic material is contained in the memoirs of the old-timers of the town about the religious and secular traditions of its inhabitants.
Churilo Artemy Mikhailovna, born in 1933, recalls that Jewish Passover is one of the Jewish holidays: “It was called peys, they wore matzah for this Passover. As we have a tradition of giving painted eggs, so they had a tradition of giving this matzo.” When asked if they said in the shtetl that the blood of Christian children was added to the matzah, the informant replied: distribute." Also A.M. Churilo said that the Jews had "a terrible night when they went to the forest, the field, made such huts there, sat, and someone was supposed to disappear that night." On Shabbat, there were “continuous mass festivities of Jews in the town - it was impossible to walk along the street, along the sidewalk. Youth in droves. And they walked, and in the evening, and late at night, and that's all.
According to Churilo A.M., the Jews in the shtetl dressed well and were very smart. Different from the rest of the Jews, the one who worked in the fire department and trumpeted during the fire, he wore a hat and sidelocks. Among themselves, the Jews spoke Hebrew, but with us - "in a simple language." The Jews had such a curse: "God grant him guests every day" i.
Ermolovich Cheslav Iosifovich, born in 1930, recalls that on Shabbat he rendered services to Jews: he lit candles (for five groschen). He remembered that on the jambs of Jewish doors there were “some plaques with holy inscriptions on pieces of paper” (mezuzah). According to Jewish rules, the chicken had to be slaughtered the first time. There were special cutters. “When a Jew dies, they were not allowed to cry, they hired ours to cry”ii.
Every craftsman or merchant considered it an honor to hang a sign in front of his workshop or shop. From it it was easy to understand what and who is producing or selling here. For example, scissors were depicted on the tailor's house, caps were depicted on the hatter's houseiii.
Old-timers of the town can tell interesting stories about many historical buildings. For example, house No. 10 on the market square: before the fire of 1874, a one-story wooden house on the stone foundation of Mordukh Tsitkovitsky stood in its place. By 1894, it was rebuilt as a two-story Murovanka (stone house) by the same owner. In the 1930s, this building housed a bakery. Downstairs, in the basement, rolls were baked, and on the top floor there was a tea room, where they were treated to tea with bakery products. Old people remember: young guys from the surrounding villages often lingered in the town after dancing. In order not to go home in the dark, they went into the tea room, got the owner out of bed, ordered a glass of tea, a bun, and spent time talking until dawn. The owner had been dozing at the counter all this time, propping his head on his hands. In the post-war period, Promtovary, Molochny, Rybny stores were located here, since the late 1990s. - company store "Pishchevik" of the Dyatlovsky wine and vodka factory.
Building No. 9 on the central square (now the Veterok diner) was built in stone after the fires of 1874 and 1881 damaged the former one-story wooden house. Morduch Kaufman was its owner before and after the fires. In the 1930s, Dvoretsky's pharmacy was located here, in the 1960s - "Tea", although tea was not served there, but they sold beer, wine, vodka on tap, and, accordingly, snacks. Although there was a catering establishment with the exact name - "Snack Bar" (on the horn of the square and Lenin Street), they really had a snack there. A brush worked here for a long time;
Building number 10 on the street. Lenin (now the Khleb store) - the house that stood in this place in the 1930s belonged to the brother of Rabinovich, the one who owned the hotel on the square. The house had a billiard room that worked all night. Here you can eat and drink. In the 1950s-70s, the building housed a Kultovary store.
In the house number 20 on the corner of Lenin and Krasnoarmeyskaya streets (where the Ryumochnaya cafe is located today), Artishevsky kept the best restaurant in Dyatlovo in the interwar period. In addition to the dining room, the restaurant had billiards, there were separate rooms for playing cards. During the war, the German gendarmerie was stationed here.
Among the inhabitants of Dyatlovo, legends about underground passages between the church, the chapel and the palace are passed down from generation to generation. These stories find real confirmation. So, a resident of Dyatlov I.I. Belous recalls: “After the war, we went to school, which was located along Gorky Street. If we wanted to run away from lessons, we hid in the underground passage through which we reached the square, the rumble of cars was heard from above. But I don’t remember what kind of tunnel it was it was dark".
The builders of the stone church came across the underground passage in 1938 when they were digging a foundation pit. The wall of the underground passage was made of lime, but it was very rigid. It is said that the ancient masters added egg yolks to the solution, which gave the lime such qualities. The engineer ordered the hole to be strengthened and filled with concreteiv.
Old-timers say that when the houses on the south side of the market square were being demolished and the place for the construction of the House of Life was being prepared, the children found a bottle with gold coins and rings in the ruins of the old house. The find was divided among themselves. Some went to buy sweets, seeds... One boy brought home two gold rings, put one on himself, and the other, with a diamond, on his dog's tail... Soon the policemen came and took away the rings. The police were looking for those who managed to take advantage of children's unconsciousness for a long time.
Ermolovich Cheslav Iosifovich, born in 1930, recalls that the police took away 55 gold coins from one woman (found in a locker), she said that her son brought it (later she built a new large house opposite the building of the former synagogue, where now the fire department). Ch.I. Yermolovich also recalls that when a bank was being built on the site of a synagogue, the second floor collapsed in broad daylight, the workers managed to jump back, and no one died. Yermolovich himself was a witness to this and does not exclude that the reason could be that the construction was started in a holy placevi.
ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 1624 - 1646
Dyatlovsky Church of the Assumption of the Virgin is a monument of baroque architecture. Built in the middle of the 17th century. During a fire in 1743, the church was significantly damaged and was then rebuilt outside and inside (architect A. Osikevich). Now it is a one-nave two-tower building with a tiered facade. Developed rafters, curvilinear cornices, figured pediments used in the decor of the church are typical of the late Baroque. A similar character is inherent in the interior, where sculptural altars stand out for decoration.
Dyatlov Palace (Radziwillov, Soltanov), 18th century
The Dyatlovo palace ensemble dates back to the middle of the 18th century. It belonged to the Radziwills, then the Soltans. To this day, however, the palace building has been preserved with significant changes, outbuildings, a park and ponds have partially survived. The palace (1751) is a symmetrical two-story volume under a high hip roof. Not so long ago, it housed a district hospital, and therefore the internal layout of the building has been changed. The exterior architecture - a large set of late baroque and rococo sculptural decorations - has been fairly well preserved. The facades, decorated with flat and profiled pilasters, are richly decorated with sandriks, garlands, medallions, floral ornaments, and heraldic signs.
The Catholic chapel at the cemetery is an architectural monument of classicism, erected in 1813.
The Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior is a monument of wooden architecture of the 18th century, according to other sources - a church of the 18th century. has not been preserved, and the one that is in its place was erected later.
Synagogue (end of the 19th century) - the building was adapted for a fire department, its past is evidenced by the location of windows on the side facades: one row of large windows is replaced by two rows of smaller windows (behind the partition of the second floor was the women's part of the synagogue).
Manor house Domeyko - Zhybortovshchina, 19th century A plaque with the following inscription is embedded in the wall of the house: “Here in 1884-1888. zhyў vyadomy ў vece vuchon, national hero of Chyli Ignat Dameyka.
Historical buildings (fragments), late 19th - early 20th centuries.
The eastern part of September 17 Square (Market) is built up with brick and stone houses built after the fire of 1874. For example, house No. 4 is a historical building, before the fire of 1874 there was a wooden house on a stone foundation with a small basement. It belonged to the merchant Hirsh Dvoretsky. After the fire in 1874, the Grodno provincial authorities banned the construction of the square with wooden buildings. Hirsh Dvoretsky rebuilt the house around 1890. In the 1930s. the hotel of the industrialist Rabinovich was located here, in 1939-1941. - district committees of the Communist Party and the Komsomol, during the war of 1941-1945. - the council of mayor Vasily Roguli, after the war - on the first floor - the district committees of the party and the Komsomol, on the second - the post office.
On st. Krasnoarmeiskaya preserved a wooden house with an attic. Before the war, a teacher lived there, during the war the headquarters of General Kaminsky, who commanded units of the Russian Liberation People's Army, which fought on the side of the Germans, was located. After the war, for some time there was an orphanage for kids, later the House of Children's and Youth Creativity.
MEMORY PLACES
The places of memory of Dyatlov are cemeteries - there are two of them in the town: Christian and Jewish. In the Christian cemetery there is a monument to the German soldiers of the First World War
The first Jewish cemetery was in Dyatlov near the synagogue in the area of st. Pervomaiskaya, it has not been preserved - not a single tombstone remains, the entire territory is built up.
The partially preserved Jewish cemetery of Dyatlov is located in the southern part of the city. As a result of the destruction, several dozen tombstones of varying degrees of preservation have survived from the pre-war territory. There is a fenced mass grave in the cemetery, where the bodies of about 2000 people who were shot in this place by the Nazis on August 6, 1942 are buried. After the war, the Soviet authorities erected an obelisk at the site of the murder. In 2003, a memorial tablet with the Star of David and inscriptions in Hebrew and Russian was attached to the monument.
The Jewish cemetery has the grave of Atlas Yeskel, a doctor and partisan. His story is as follows: Atlas Jeskel was born in 1913 in Warsaw. Before the war, he studied medicine, was a doctoral student at the universities of Italy and France. 1941 found him in Kozlovshchina. His parents and sister died in the local ghetto on November 24, 1941. He managed to escape. He took refuge in the wilderness of Lipichanskaya Pushcha, where he organized a partisan detachment of Jewish youth and soldiers of the Red Army. The detachment made several successful actions, including blowing up a German train on the Grodno-Lida line, destroying a bridge across the Neman, attacking German units in Kozlovshchina and Ruda Yavorskaya. In 1942, Atlas partisans attacked the garrison in Derechin and took 120 people out of the ghetto. On August 6, 1942, during a similar action, another group of Jews was rescued from the Dyatlovo ghetto. Atlas Yeskel died near the village of Velikaya Volya on December 5, 1942. His comrades buried his body in a forest grave near the village of Malaya Volya. In 2003, thanks to the teacher of the gymnasium in Dyatlov, Zhanna Slavomirovna Nagovonskaya, the remains of A. Yeskel were exhumed and honorably reburied at the Jewish cemetery in Dyatlov.
In 2006, thanks to the foundation of Simon Mark Lazarus, another monument was unveiled at the cemetery with the inscription: “Here in 1942, 54 Jews from the Palace were brutally murdered. Eternal memory to the victims of the Holocaust. May their souls be woven into a wreath of eternal life. "The cemetery also has the graves of those who died after the Second World War: Klara Abramovna Kaplinsky (died in 1974), Mikhail Izrailovich (died in 1974) and others. In 1997 Due to the efforts of Jews, natives of Dyatlovo, the cemetery was surrounded by a fence made of concrete and steel parts, accessible through an unlocked gate.
Information from the book “Monuments of the Genocide of the Jews of Belarus” vii: the grave of the ghetto prisoners: 0.5 km north of the city, to the left of the road to Novogrudok, in April 1942, the Nazis and policemen tortured and shot 2800 Jews. In 1945, an obelisk was erected on the grave.
The graves of the victims of Nazism, included in the book “Collection of memories of history and culture. Grodzenskaya Voblast» viii:
On the southern outskirts of Dyatlovo, to the right of the Dyatlovo-Savichi-Ragotna road, 3 thousand inhabitants of the town were buried, who were killed by the Nazis in August 1942. The obelisk was erected in 1945.
0.5 km north of the town, to the left of the road to Novogrudok, 2,800 residents of Dyatlovo, who were killed by the Nazis in April 1942, are buried. The obelisk was erected in 1945.
2 km north of the town, to the left of the road to Novogrudok, 300 civilians from Dyatlovo and the region were buried, shot by the Nazis in July 1944. The obelisk was erected in 1965.
The mass grave of the underground workers - st. Nekrasov, at the cemetery.
Three mass graves of Soviet soldiers and partisans: st. Victory, on the territory of the hospital; in the park near the fork in the road to Lida, Novogrudok, Slonim; st. Mickiewicz Park of Culture and Leisure.
Places of memory associated with the Second World War are also the territory of the ghetto (the area around the synagogue, as well as Lysogorskaya, Slonimskaya streets), the building of the former synagogue (near the synagogue, the Nazis carried out executions of persons of Jewish nationality: it is known that at the end of April 1942 in the courtyard of the synagogue the Germans killed the Leibovich family).
MONUMENTS OF GARDENING ART
Separate fragments (green spaces, ponds) of the park of the palace and park complex of the Radziwills (later Soltanov) have been preserved. A landscape-type park near the Dyatlovka River with a round reservoir and works of small-scale architecture (bridges, pavilions, sculptures) encircled the palace on the east side in a semicircle. The waters of the river, raised by dams, formed a chain of ponds stretching from north to south along the palace ensemble.
MOVABLE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
Movable monuments of history and culture of Dyatlov are stored in the local history museum (opened on May 5, 1968) (the profile of the museum is complex, 12417 items of the main fund, among them there is a Torah), as well as in the school museum at the Dyatlov gymnasium (a separate room is dedicated to history Jewish community of Dyatlov).
In 1980, in the square at the intersection of Krasnoarmeiskaya and Pervomaiskaya streets, a monument was erected to Joseph Filidovich, a peasant from the village of Pushcha Lipichanskaya, who at the end of 1942 repeated the feat of Ivan Susanin.
INTANGIBLE VALUES
Several prominent Jewish figures are associated with Dyatlov: Chaim ha-Cohen Rapoport, a rabbi in Dyatlov in 1720-1729, later a rabbi in Lvov; Jacob the son of Zeev Krantz, a preacher born in Dyatlovo, known as Magid from Dubno; Israel Meir ha-Cohen, known as Chafetz Chaim, a native of Dyatlov, rector of the famous yeshiva in Radun.
Jacob Krantz (1741-1804) - famous Jewish preacher. Born in the town of Dyatlovo. He studied at a yeshiva in Mezhirechi (now the Rivne region in Ukraine), where he gained fame as a talented preacher. He traveled to Jewish communities in the vicinity of Lvov, Lublin, Kalisz, Zamostye. He preached in Dubna (Ukraine) for 18 years. In his sermons he used folklore, ethical, halachic, and kabbalistic works, interpreting them in his own way. His books (in Hebrew) were published posthumously in Ukraine and Poland.
Israel Meir Cohen (Hafets-Chaim; real name Pupko) (1838 - 1933) - a famous rabbi, halakhist and moralist. Spiritual leader of Eastern European Jewry. He is the author of the commentary on the Shulchan Aruch "Mishnah Brurah" and the books "Chafets Chaim" and "Shmirat ha-Lashon" according to the laws of the prohibition of slander and other important halakhic works.
Born in the city of Dyatlov in 1838 in a family that strictly observed the Jewish tradition, at Arye-Leib and Dobrusha. Starting from the age of 10, he studied at the Beit Midrash of Chaim Nachman Parnassus in Vilna, and soon took up self-education. At the age of 11 he lost his father. Mother remarried. He married his stepfather's daughter. A few years after his marriage, he began writing his books, initially anonymously. He became known in the world by the title of his most popular book on the laws of the prohibition of slander - "Hafetz Chaim" ("Thirsty for Life"). In 1869 he founded a yeshiva in Radun, known as Chafetz Chaim. Rabbi Yisrael Meir refused to take money for his rabbinical duties, and lived off the shop run by his wife.
In 1920, he tried to fight the Soviet authorities for the preservation of Judaism, but quickly realized that the struggle was doomed to failure and returned to Poland. In 1924, he proposed the creation of a Vaad yeshivot (committee for yeshivot affairs), which still exists today. He foresaw the Catastrophe of European Jewry and the creation of a Jewish state. According to other opinions, he was a categorical opponent of Zionism. He died in Radun in 1933. Chafetz-Chaim's house in Radun in 2001-2002. was dismantled and exported to the USA.
All the books of Chafetz Chaim were widely distributed in all Jewish communities. They were republished hundreds of times in different formats, divided into annual cycles of study by day of the week, and new comments were written on them. Among the most famous works of Chafetz-Chaim, it is worth noting:
Chafetz Chaim (1873) - laws against slander
Shmirat alashon (1876) - the ethics of the prohibition of slander
Mishnah Brurah (1884-1907) - commentary on the Shulchan Aruch, part of Orach Chaim
Biur of Allah - Explanation of the final ruling of the alacha in the Shulchan Aruch and the Mishnah Bruhr
Ahawat Chesed - Charity Laws
Mahane Yisrael - the laws of behavior of Jewish soldiers in the Russian army
Nidhei Yisrael - about repentance
MUSEUMS - ARCHIVES - PRIVATE COLLECTIONS
The history of Dyatlov, including partly the history of the Jewish community, is reflected in the Dyatlov Museum of Local History (the exposition of the museum, in addition to the Holocaust, mentions the religious life of the Jews: there is a photograph of the synagogue building and a fragment of the Torah).
Much more attention is paid to the history of the Jews of Dyatlov in the school museum, created in the gymnasium through the efforts of teachers Zhanna Nagovonskaya and Elena Abramchik. The exposition about the Dyatlov Jews includes publications, photographs and reproductions dedicated to the history and heritage of the Jews, modern liturgical items: tales, kippah, Hanukkah candles, etc.
Archives (with interesting information regarding the history of the area)
National Historical Archive of Belarus in Grodno
Lithuanian State Historical Archive in Vilnius
Main Archive of Ancient Acts in Warsaw (AGAD)
TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE
Bus station: Dyatlovo, st. Slonimskaya, 6 a, tel. +3751563 2-11-43.
Hotels:
"Lipychanka" (with a restaurant) - st. Mickiewicz, 1, tel. +3751563-2-10-78
Tour service:
Center for Tourism and Local History of the Dyatlovsky District Department of Education:
Dyatlovo, st. Krasnoarmeyskaya, 5
Phone: +3751563-2-17-10
Dyatlovo local history museum:
Dyatlovo, st. Pervomayskaya, 12, tel.: +3751563-2-13-41;
Email: [email protected]; http://museum.dzyatlava.by/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Botvinnik M.B. Monuments of the genocide of Jews in Belarus. Minsk: Belarusian science, 2000.
Life as a gift of fate: an essay on the Jewish Dyatlov, written by Bernard Pinsky based on the memoirs of his father Rubin Pinsky / translated from English by Elena Abramchik. The original was found by Zhanna Nagovonskaya at Yad Vashem. A translation into Russian with abbreviations is stored in the school museum of the Dyatlov gymnasium.
Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava. Dzyatlava, 2013.
On the Land of Dzyatlaskaya: Materials of the Historian-Krayaznaўtea Kanferentsi. Lida. 1998.
Memory: Historical-documentary chronicle of the Dzyatlaўsk district. Minsk, 1997.
Smilovitsky L. Catastrophe of the Jews in Belarus, 1941-1944. Tel Aviv: Library of Matvey Cherny, 2000.
Sobolevskaya O., Goncharov V. Jews of the Grodno region: life before the Holocaust. Donetsk, 2005.
Sorkina Ina. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. Vilnya: YSU, 2010.
I am Dyatlov // a brochure published in 2002 by people from Dyatlov on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the destruction of the Jews of Dyatlov by the Nazis.
Jewish life. The encyclopedia of Jewish life before and during the Holocaust. Vol. III. P. 1498.
Pinkas Hakehillot. Encyclopedia of Jewish Connunities. Poland. Vol. VIII. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 2005. (Hebrew). P. 336 - 343.
Słownik geograficzny Krolewstwa Polskiego. Tom XIV. Warszawa, 1895. S. 556 - 558.
Stępniewska-Holzer, B. Zydzi na Białorusi: Studium z dziejów strefy osiedlenia w 1 pol. 19th century / B. Stępniewska-Holzer. - Warszawa: Wyd-wo UW, 2013. - 230 s.
Vidugiris A. . Zietelos snektos zodynas. Wilnius, 1998.
Zhetel - Our Town. 2002.
Internet sources
Website about Jewish Dyatlov: http://www.zhetel.org/english
Zdzięcioł // Wirtualny Sztetl. Muzeum Historii Zydow Polskich - Access mode: http://www.sztetl.org.pl/ru/article/zdzieciol/2,-/
Dzyatlava // https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0% B0
Dzyatlava // http://radzima.org/be/miesca/dzyatlava.html
Dyatlovo // http://globus.tut.by/dyatlovo/index.htm
Online memorial book of Zdzieciol (Hebrew) at the New York Library website // http://yizkor.nypl.org/index.php?id=2772
Dyatlovo // Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron // https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%AD%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%94%D1%8F%D1% 82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE
Dyatlovo // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron // https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%94%D1%8F%D1% 82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE
i Interview with Churilo A.M., recorded on June 13, 2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sorkina I., Sanko P.
ii Interview with Yermolovich Ch.I., recorded on 22.07.2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sanko P.
iii Interview with Yermolovich Ch.I., recorded on 22.07.2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sanko P.
iv Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava. S. 34.
v Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava. S. 22.
vi Interview with Yermolovich Ch.I., recorded on July 22, 2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sanko P.
vii Botvinnik M.B. Monuments of the genocide of Jews in Belarus. Minsk: Belarusskaya Navuka, 2000, pp. 257 - 258.
viii Collection of historical and cultural memories. Grodno region. 1986, pp. 169, 170.
i http://www.zhetel.org/english
ii Life as a gift of fate: an essay on the Jewish Dyatlov, written by Bernard Pinsky based on the memoirs of his father Rubin Pinsky / translated from English by Elena Abramchik. The original was found by Zhanna Nagovonskaya at Yad Vashem. A translation into Russian with abbreviations is stored in the school museum of the Dyatlov gymnasium.
iii Jewish life. The encyclopedia of Jewish life before and during the Holocaust. Vol. III. P. 1498.
iv Interview with Ermolovich Ch.I., recorded on July 22, 2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sanko P.
v Zdzięcioł // Wirtualny Sztetl. Muzeum Historii Zydow Polskich - Access mode: http://www.sztetl.org.pl/ru/article/zdzieciol/2,-/
vi Interview with Churilo A.M., recorded on June 13, 2014 by Vershitskaya T., Sorkina I., Sanko P.
vii Rusau P.A. Dzyatlava // Archeology and Numismatics of Belarus: Encyclopedia. Minsk: BelEn, 1993. S. 225.
viii Sorkina I. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. S. 420.
ix LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1867, d. 1728, l. 244 rev. - 245, 328 rpm
x Słownik geograficzny Krolewstwa Polskiego. Tom XIV. Warszawa, 1895. S. 556.
xi NIAB in Grodno. F.1, op.4, d. 242, l. Z.
xii Sorkina I. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. S. 268.
xiii Architecture of Belarus: Encyclopedic Davednik. Minsk, 1993. S. 197.
xiv Shablyuk V. Dzyatlava // Encyclopedia of History of Belarus. T. 3. S. 256.
i LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1904, d. 150.
ii NIAB in Grodno. F. 27, op. 1, d. 134, l. 87 vol. - 88, 481.
i NIAB in Grodno. F. 1, op. 20, d. 641, l. 785 rpm - 792.
ii Sobolevskaya O., Goncharov V. Jews of the Grodno region: life before the Holocaust. Donetsk, 2005. S. 287.
iii NIAB in Grodno. F. 1, op. 1, d. 296, l. 48.
iv NIAB in Grodno. F. 1, op. 1, d. 584, l. 332.
v Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava.
vi LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1844, d.410.
vii LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd., 1847, d. 1107.
viii LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1862, d. 826.
ix NIAB in Grodno. F. 1, op. 13, house 1285.
x LGIA, f. 378, general department, 1880, d. 869, l. 29v., 30.
xi Ibid. L. 181
xii Ibid. L. 205.
xiii LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1884, file 1020, l. twenty.
xiv LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1867, d. 1728, l. 244 rev. - 245, 328 rpm
xv Słownik geograficzny Krolewstwa Polskiego. Tom XIV. Warszawa, 1895. S. 556.
xvi NIAB in Grodno. F. 2, op. 38, d. 913, l. 195.
xvii LGIA. F. 378, rev. otd. 1900, d. 572.
xviii All Russia: Russian book of industry, agriculture and administration. Address-calendar of the Russian Empire / Ed. A.S. Suvorin. SPb., 1900. T. 1. S. 402.
i Smolich A. Geography of Belarus. Mn., 1993.
ii Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava. Dzyatlava, 2013, p. 107.
iii Krasyuk F.F. Zecela or padarozhzha on the old streets of Dzyatlava.
iv NIAB in Grodno. F. 1, op. 13, d. 1285, l. 255, 256.
v Materials related to the new social structure in the cities of the empire (urban status on June 16, 1870) - T. V. - St. Petersburg, 1879. - P. 90.
i LDHA. Fund 378, general department, 1866, d. 378.
ii Sorkina I. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. Vilnya: YSU, 2010, p. 87.
iii Shablyuk V. Dzyatlava // Encyclopedia of History of Belarus: in 6 volumes. T. 3. Minsk: BelEn, 1996. P. 256.
iv Yarashevich A. Dzyatlava // Vyalikae knyasty Lithuania: Entsyklapediya: 3 vols. Vol. 1. Minsk: BelEn, 2005. S. 590.
v Sorkina I. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. pp. 414, 420.
vi Sorkina I. Meastechki Belarusi ў kantsy XVIIІІ - the first half of the ХІХ st. S. 206.
