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How glass is blown. Glassblowing workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University Glassblowing workshops

In early December, the glassblower and the owner of the "Steklow" workshop, Yegor Komarovsky, invited all those who are not indifferent and interested to his master class. The workshop is located on the ground floor of the House of Sculptors of the Union of Artists at the address: St. Petersburg, Zanevsky Prospekt 26, building 2. Egor said that artistic glass-blowing is now not as popular and widespread in Russia as in European countries. He mastered the craft on his own, studying literature in English and watching video lessons from foreign masters, now he is open to cooperation, ready to teach and surprise.

All the ovens, and there are four of them, Yegor assembled in the workshop on his own. In the center of the photo you can see the induction crucible furnace. It got its name from the Crucible - containers for heating, drying, burning, roasting or melting various materials, in this case it contained molten glass.

In Russia, there are about 8 colors of glass on the market, in the American markets - 120, the difference in quantity is very noticeable. Examples of glasses and their colors.

Let's start the process of making a vase, heat the blowing tube. This is a hollow metal stick 1 - 1.5 m long with a mouthpiece at the end. We were shown the technique of free blowing, it consists in the free molding of the product. Glass objects made by free blowing are also called free-blown glass (from the German hutte - guta, glass-blowing workshop).

Let's scoop molten glass from the crucible furnace and start blowing it through a tube.

In the process of cooling, the master rolls out the cooling glass, correcting its shape.

Add more glass from the furnace.

The glass ball is getting bigger and bigger.

The sequence at the initial stage is simple: dunk, twist and shape, heat, blow…

In addition to free blowing, it is possible to use other techniques: Hand blowing into molds allows you to create products that are similar to one another. For example, laboratory flasks. The glassblower collects molten glass on the tip of the blowing tube, blows a bubble and begins to mold it, constantly rotating the tube and molds the glass into wooden or metal molds.

Press blowing. The future product is first molded in a mold, and then hot - with air. Products are thicker-walled, less transparent. But this method allows you to create relief decorations on them.

For heating, Yegor uses a stove - "cuckoo". It is heated to operating temperatures from +1100 to +1200 °C. The doors of this furnace open if necessary, allowing you to place the product in the furnace, rotate it in it, place the product partially and without contact with the walls.

Gravity helps shape the glass.

A little more time and the ball turns into a drop.

The glass heats up, during heating the tube constantly rotates.

Let's take glass plates from several colors combined into one element, attach it on top of the product and heat it up.

After heating, the plate gradually bends and turns around, forming the shape we need when rolling out.

We create a product.

We roll out again.

And we heat the workpiece.

At each stage of work, constant quality and size control is necessary. When work is carried out according to the drafted project, the first version is initially made, which is broken down for accurate measurements of wall thicknesses, after making adjustments and amendments, the final version of the product is made.

We heat it up again and blow it out a little.

After blowing, roll out, giving the desired shape.

We create a decorative pattern, pay attention to it on the finished product.

We form the ideal shape by gradually rotating and cooling the product. Cooling is done with wet newspaper.

When cooled, the color of the workpiece changes.

Let's add volume, blow out a little more ...

Let's add transparent glass on top of colored glass. The new layer will be the third, we will get it from the crucible furnace.

Gradually heating and blowing, we get a rather large figure of the future vase.

We check the quality.

We form the bottom and fix the product for it.

Create the shape of the neck of the vase.

Last steps...

Annealing is called heating up to 530-580°C followed by slow cooling. With rapid and uneven cooling after molding, residual stresses occur in the glass, which over time will lead to the fact that the product will collapse by itself, for no apparent reason. Annealing reduces these residual stresses and makes the glass durable.

After the annealing is completed, the vase is polished and it can be used for its intended purpose. The annealing furnace in the workshop is electric, and when the power is cut off and the glass is rapidly cooled, it becomes brittle and short-lived.

There are many different glass products in the workshop, all of them are made by hand.

If you want to create something yourself, for example, a ball on a Christmas tree, a glass or a vase, or vice versa, you want to learn how to work with glass, then Yegor Komarovsky is happy to conduct individual classes, excursions, master classes for various age groups.

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* Calculations use average data for Russia

Glass is considered to be one of the most interesting and spectacular materials used for making souvenirs. Glass is characterized by relatively low cost, plasticity and high ductility to processing. From glass you can make products of various shapes and colors, from simple tableware to real works of art that will decorate any collection. Meanwhile, the production of glass products is not a simple matter. Rather, on the contrary, it is a complex process that requires the master to have extensive experience and professionalism. In addition, he must also have good artistic taste, otherwise his glass products will not be in demand. An additional advantage of glass products is that due to the specifics of the process of its production, which is carried out entirely by hand in small enterprises (and even in large factories this process cannot be fully automated), each finished product is one of a kind and inimitable. No less popular among consumers are glass jewelry, which may not be as durable as natural stone products, but are very beautiful and original. The range of glass products is almost limitless. These can be glass bouquets, and small vases, and figurines of animals, and decorations, and signs of the zodiac, etc.

Manufacture of glass products by hand

The technological process of manufacturing glass products in small glass-blowing workshops involves the use of exclusively manual labor. On the one hand, this greatly complicates the production and increases the cost of the product, and on the other hand, it raises the value of such a glass souvenir in the eyes of buyers. Simplified, the process of "manual" manufacturing can be represented as follows: first, the master heats the workpiece, which is called glass core, and then, using a special tool, gives it one shape or another. This procedure is not only laborious, but also dangerous. The production of one complex product can sometimes take several hours.

Before starting work, it is necessary to clean the workplace from dust and debris so that foreign inclusions do not get into the glass. Then, a glass dart (glass dart) of the required shades, length and thickness is laid out on the desktop in front of the master. Steklodrot represents sticks from color glass up to 40 cm long and with a diameter from three to six mm. A special burner is used to melt the glass core. First, the master heats two glass rods to a plastic state, and then makes a part of the future figurine from this mass, giving the workpiece the necessary shape in the process. Other parts (eg legs, heads, tails) are made from glass rods of different thicknesses and/or colors. In this case, the same technology is used: first, the glass is heated on a burner, and then small parts are attached to the base body. At the last stage, the final shape is given to the figure by gluing ears, eyes, clothes, noses and other elements to it. Finally, the finished figurine is left to cool completely, and then checked for defects. To do this, the master or controller simply carefully examines the product in the light. If the marriage is not detected, the figurine is packed and sent to the warehouse. If any mistakes were made during the work, then small cracks are clearly visible inside the figure. Such a product is recognized as defective and sent for processing. Depending on the qualifications and experience of the craftsman, as well as the complexity of the figurine, it can take from twenty minutes to several hours to make it. According to a similar scheme, other souvenir and gift products, such as vases and Christmas tree decorations, are made in small workshops, but in this case the glass is blown up to form a cavity inside the product.

Glass workshop: premises and equipment

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So, the amount of start-up capital for opening your own production of glass products directly depends on the planned production volumes. Experts say that it is better to start such production with a glass-blowing workshop for at least fifteen jobs. First of all, you need a suitable space. It should be spacious enough and comfortable for work. The recommended area should not be less than 50 square meters. meters, and the height of the ceilings is at least 3-3.5 meters. The floor of the workshop is best covered with linoleum or vinyl chloride tiles. With a soft floor covering, there is less risk that a piece of glass that has fallen on the floor will break into small pieces. The arrangement of furniture and equipment in a glass-blowing workshop is subject to special requirements related to the specifics of production, which must be taken into account when choosing a room. So, for example, work tables are arranged in such a way that the light on the work surface of the craftsmen falls from behind or from the side, and the distance between the burners at the work places should not be less than 125 cm.

In addition to the workroom, several utility rooms will also be required, which may be smaller in area, as long as they are isolated from the main one. In one of these rooms, grinding, grinding and drilling machines are installed, as well as a machine for cutting tubes and blanks, in the other - compressors, and in the third - fume hoods (calibration work will be carried out here). Please note: windows and doors in all rooms, including working and utility rooms, must open outwards. In addition to the equipment, racks are installed in the working room, where blanks, tools and finished products will be stored, as well as special vertical racks for storing glass jet. Such racks and racks can be made independently.

Gas, oxygen and air are supplied to each workplace. In most cases, glassmakers use pressurized city gas or bottled propane gas. In the latter case, all gas cylinders are placed outside the building where the workshop is located, in a metal box, which is locked. From the cylinders, gas is supplied through a reducer through pipes to the glass-blowing workshop. Oxygen from cylinders is also supplied to the workroom through high-pressure metal pipes to a switchboard, which must be placed on one of the walls of the workshop. From the distribution board, oxygen is supplied to each work table through a reducer. Gas, air, oxygen are supplied to the burners through the corresponding branches on the line through high pressure rubber hoses. As a rule, these hoses are fixed under the worktops and lead out through holes or cutouts in the table top near the burner. All gas and oxygen supply must be coordinated with Gosgortekhnadzor. Pipelines supplying gas, air and oxygen to the table are mounted on the wall and painted in various colors (red, yellow, green).

The workshop must be equipped with mandatory exhaust and supply ventilation. Above each table, it is necessary to install an umbrella connected to an exhaust ventilation duct to remove smoke and combustion products. Centrifugal fans can be used as forced ventilation. It is optional, but highly desirable, to install air conditioners in your workshop, which will help maintain a comfortable air temperature during the hot season.

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In addition to daylight, the workshop will also need to be equipped with fluorescent lamps. For certain types of work, you can use special table lamps with a reflector.

In one of the utility rooms, compressors of sufficient power are installed, which will help to provide excess air pressure at the burner. For a uniform air supply, a receiver or a strong sealed container or, in extreme cases, an empty steel cylinder is used. In the latter case, two threaded holes must be drilled in the cylinder, into which short pipelines are then screwed. At one (upper) outlet, a pressure gauge and a spring-loaded safety valve of the PSK type are mounted.

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When working with oxygen, the system through which air is supplied to the workplace must be equipped with oil filters.

Metal tables for muffle furnaces are installed in the room adjacent to the workshop. It is necessary to put asbestos sheet on the metal surface of the table, on which, in turn, muffle furnaces with different capacities of the furnace space are placed (the best option is with automatic temperature control). This equipment is used for roasting finished products. Above the table where the muffle furnaces are located, a marble shield with magnetic starters for each furnace is installed. If the layout does not provide for an adjacent room, then the stoves can be installed in the workshop room.

There are several grinding machines in the glass machining room (four furnaces are enough for the above-mentioned footage), a glass cutting machine with a corundum or diamond disc, and a desktop drilling machine for drilling holes in glass. In addition, it is necessary to have a sharpening machine with a vertical corundum wheel for sharpening tools.

In the calibration room, in addition to fume hoods, all the necessary utensils and reagents for applying marks are stored. According to the requirements, both in the workers and in the utility rooms of the workshop there must be fire fighting equipment, a box with sand and a shovel, foam and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. In addition, do not forget to purchase a first-aid kit with dressings and medicines in the workshop to provide first aid to injured workers.

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To organize such a workshop, it will take from 3 million rubles. Payback periods are from 1.5 years. An additional source of income (in addition to the sale of glass products) can be guided tours, master classes and courses for those who want to learn the basics of working with glass.

Manufacture of glass products by industrial method

Medium and large enterprises for the production of glass products carry out a full production cycle. The manufacturing process here begins with the preparation of the mixture - a mixture of different materials, selected in accordance with the type of glass being produced, which is subjected to careful processing. The next step is to melt the glass. This is a very important operation, on which the quality of the finished product largely depends. Glass melting is carried out in special glass furnaces with a gradual increase in temperature from 700 ° to 1450 - 1480 ° C. After melting, the glass mass is slightly cooled, and then products are produced or formed from it by various methods. There are several basic molding methods, among which are blowing, press-blowing, pressing and centrifugal casting. Blowing can be carried out by mechanized, vacuum blowing, manual (in molds) and free methods. For each of these methods, separate equipment is used. For the manufacture of simple souvenirs at such enterprises, the first two methods are used. Hand blowing into molds, which is done with a glass tube, is a much more laborious and expensive process, so this method is used here for the manufacture of complex products. Free blowing (the so-called gut, or Guten technique) is a free molding of a product (without using a mold). In this case, a ball of glass is collected on the tip of the tube, which is then blown through the tube into a ball with continuous rotation and constant correction of the ball with wooden blocks. The resulting workpiece is removed from the tube and placed on an iron rod for further processing. The nature of processing depends on what is planned to be obtained at the output. The master can open the upper part or roll out the lower part of the workpiece to obtain one form or another. Distinctive features of blown products include a small wall thickness of the product, more complex and diverse shapes than with other production methods, and high transparency. Centrifugal casting occurs under the action of centrifugal forces. The pressing process is carried out in two stages. First, the product is molded in molds, and then it is given its final shape under the influence of hot air. Such products have thicker walls, are not so transparent, but are often decorated with relief ornaments.

After molding, regardless of the method used, glass products go through the firing procedure - they are kept in furnaces at a temperature of 530-580 ° C and slowly cooled. This allows you to significantly increase the thermal and mechanical stability of the material. Then the finished products are processed (the tops that adjoined the blow tube are cut off, the edges, bottom and neck are aligned with the help of grinding) and decorated with paints and various elements. There is a wide variety of options for decorating glassware. So, the methods of decorating hot glass (that is, before the finished product cools or even during its production) include coloring, satin glass, iridescence, crackle, sulfide glass, glass thread decoration, colored embankment. A color is a decoration made of colored glass, which is applied to the surface of colorless glass. Satin glass is a combination of milky and colored glass using complex shapes with protrusions and recesses of various sizes. The technique of sulfide glass is to obtain marble-like and opal bands of different color shades. A colored embankment is multi-colored influxes on the background of colorless or colored glass. Irrigation refers to the hot treatment of glass products with tin or silver salt vapors with the addition of strontium compounds, which form a thin iridescent film on the surface of the material. Crackle decoration consists in the formation of thin cracks in colorless or colored glass mass, creating the effect of an antique (artificial aging). When decorating with glass thread, the finest colored threads and stripes are placed on the surface of the glass mass or inside it in the form of a free-form pattern, parallel stripes, spirals, etc.

Finished products are decorated by mechanical methods (for example, engraving), painting, metal films, luster paints, chemical methods (etching), etc. Engraving is a matte pattern with a large number of small contour details, which is applied using copper discs of various diameters and abrasive mass. When etching, the pattern is applied using mixtures of solutions of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, which dissolve the glass. There are several types of etching: simple, pantograph and deep. In the first case, glass products are covered with mastic containing wax or paraffin, then a pattern is applied using special equipment equipped with needles, and then an etching mixture for 15-20 minutes, after which it is washed off with water. So they do, basically, a pattern with rings, zigzags and spirals. With pantograph etching, more complex ornaments can be made, and thick glass products are decorated with deep ones. Glass products can also be painted using brushes and stencils with special silicate paints, followed by firing at a temperature of 550 °C. To create gold ornaments, the technique of decorating with a metal film is used. It consists in applying liquid (twelve percent) or powder gold to colorless and colored glass on a frosted and etched relief surface. In this case, gold is applied with a thin brush, then the product is dried and fired to fix the ornament. Also, glass can be coated with luster paints, followed by firing to obtain a shiny metallic film on its surface. Patterned carvings are often applied to glass using grinding wheels, followed by polishing, or moldings - liquid glass in the form of droplets, followed by blowing it to form the desired shape.

Certain requirements are imposed on the quality of glass art products. It must comply with approved reference samples and the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation. Such products are sorted, depending on the appearance, the degree of permissible defects and physical and mechanical properties. At the same time, defects in glass mass, production and processing of decoration are taken into account. During the quality assessment, specialists take into account the type, size, location of the defect and the size of the product itself. Depending on the raw materials used, the type of product and its purpose, glass art products are sorted into grades, the number of which is regulated by standards, and labeled with stickers indicating the manufacturer, trademark, standard number.

Since glass is a very fragile material, products made from it are carefully packed in cardboard boxes with pre-wrapping in soft paper or foam cases. Special requirements apply to the transportation of such products. It is carried out in boxes filled with shavings and other soft materials, with warning labels. But such products do not require special storage conditions in warehouses. It is enough that the room is dry and closed. Do not make the racks too high. When placing products, take into account its weight: heavy products are placed on the lower shelves, and light products are placed higher.

To organize such a production, special expensive equipment is required: an automated line with a raw material supply channel, “scissors” for cutting molten glass, an automatic press into several forms, a press hydraulic drive station, a molding machine with an air cooling system, a system for extracting a pressed product from a molding machine, an oven ejector annealing machine, paint coating machine, drying machine (for drying paint on products), glass crushing and washing equipment, blowing equipment, etc.

The cost of such equipment is several tens of millions of rubles. The exact price depends on the configuration (determined by the range of products produced and the planned production volumes), as well as the manufacturer (the most popular because of the price-quality ratio is Chinese equipment). To accommodate the line, a large production area will be required - at least 1000 square meters. meters. The annealing furnace and the drying chamber should be located in a separate room, which, meanwhile, communicates with the workshop. In addition, we need an area for a packaging shop for finished products and a separate room for a warehouse. To work in such a production, you will need at least 5-7 people, plus a foreman-technologist and a supervisor for a shift. Most of the enterprises work in two or three shifts (with a maximum load). Payback periods are from 2.5 years.

Manufacturers of glass souvenirs and gifts sell their products through wholesale companies, various retail chains, individual stores (including online stores, although in this case special individual packaging is required for safe transportation), outlets and even markets. In general, this product is in consistently high demand, although there are some influences of the seasonality factor. So, most orders fall on pre-holiday periods (before the New Year, March 8). In the summer months, manufacturers of glass souvenirs do not complain about a drop in sales, their “geography” simply shifts. During this period, souvenirs are most actively sold in the south of the country. Many companies even release special collections with a nautical theme for the holiday season.

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In addition to studying glamor, I had another purpose of being in Moscow.
It was a pleasure and interest for me to get acquainted with glassblowers, whom I used to know through correspondence or communication on the glassblowing branch of the metal forum:
http://www.chipmaker.ru/forum/186/

The strongest glass-blowing experience of visiting Moscow is the oxygen faucet. Almost everywhere for the processing of molybdenum glass or pyrex (Simax) in Moscow, additional glass blowing burners are used. First, the additional and main oxygen is regulated on the burner. The oxygen is then regulated by a common oxygen valve, which is separate from the burner and fixed under the tabletop on the left side of the glass blower.

If you rise into the light of day from the metro station "Universitet", you can see the sign "Attention! Bike path".

Where this bike path is, I did not understand, but the story will not be about that.

The largest workshop I visited was the glass-blowing workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. Head of the workshop Alexander Viktorovich a. k. a. Alexander glass blower

One of the workshop's most experienced glassblowers is Grigory Pavlenko a. k. a. GRIGORY 777

Gregory told a lot of interesting things about glass. The fact that complex and loaded products made of quartz glass crack and need to be annealed. Or about the interesting surface properties of glass. The surface layer of glass, which is constantly in contact with the environment and therefore changes its properties, is etched differently than the mass inside. To speed up the etching, it is necessary to slightly destroy the glass surface with fine sandpaper. That in the manufacture of small Dewar vessels there is no need to fix the inner part in relation to the outer one.

In such Dewar vessels, the junction is made "on weight"

For large diameters, Grigory uses a tin sheet, in which the working surface is covered with thermally expanded graphite foil.

Gregory was kind and allowed to record a video of how he makes a crane

In the glass-blowing workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University, despite temporary difficulties, there are many young people, a worthy replacement is growing.

Ilya Sirotovsky makes a bottle of Klein

Alexander Viktorovich says that in order to awaken the imagination of chemists, and it was easier for a novice chemist to place an order, a stand was made with various products that are made in the workshop

Glassblowers who make chemical glassware are no strangers to artistic impulses

Electric cutter with nichrome tape and built-in LATrom. To the right, a sharpening machine for straightening glass knives

An interesting liquid nitrogen-cooled vertical feed-through trap

Workplace of a glass blower. On the left, under the tabletop, an oxygen valve gleams.

Additional oxygen burner

Quartz torch

Charming table. Probably even Mikhail Lomonosov used it for the astrolabe

Horizontal brewing machine A-320

I have been to various workshops and various factories, I have seen how jam and metal are made, I have seen how they fish on an industrial scale, and how hemp is tested, and yesterday I visited an amazing place - an art glass workshop. Egor is a master glassblower, he creates wonderful and beautiful things from scratch that anyone can do under his guidance.

1. Complete swindle!

Our acquaintance with Yegor began with a small introductory word from the master. He told us that he is self-taught, he studied on video from the Internet, there is no domestic literature on glass as such, so he had to study Western. With Russian masters from the Stieglitz Academy, for example, communication also did not work out, because. those old farts believe that if they take him to work or study with them, then he will find out all the secrets of the craft from them and run away to create his own company, thereby creating competition for them. As a result, Yegor did not fold his hands and did not go to the West, as many could do, but having received several lessons in practice from a teacher of an art university, then he began to create with his own hands, creating 3 furnaces and preparing all the necessary base.

2. The base is glass, of course. Egor buys American There are a lot of flowers, it is of high quality, but in Russia everything with this raw material is bad, it is not enough to get it. Glass is purchased either in the form of similar sheets-plates, or in the form of cubes, which, in principle, is all the same, because everything is melted in the furnace.

3. Furnaces are perhaps the most important part of the process. There should be at least three of them: glass-melting, which maintains a temperature of ~ 1100 degrees Celsius, a furnace for preheating blanks, as well as ovens for cooling finished products.

4. All 3 ovens are electric, adjustable with this simple shield. By the way, the workshop is located in the building of the Union of Artists, which is cool. In addition to this glass workshop, there are others.

5. The cuckoo stove got its name for the sliding doors that resemble a birdhouse))

6. The temperature there is decent, the oven is used to heat the product during operation. You can’t climb inside, it’s hot, but Egor said that he and his friends put an action camera in there, wrapping it in cooling rags, and took some cool photos. Fire!

7. Actually, a long blowing tube, with the help of which the whole miracle happens.

8. Liquid glass is taken by a tube from a glass-melting furnace and the process of creating a blank for the product begins. In our case, it's a vase!

9. Very little glass is taken, because. in large quantities it is simply not necessary.

10. Then, along the metal surface, you need to bring the blank to the desired shape.

11. Glass is hot, which means you can do anything with it, including inflating it!

12. Once again we dip the workpiece into the furnace and grab an additional amount of liquid glass, it is necessary in order to move further to the next furnace, in which all the action will take place.

13. Egor moves on to "Cuckoo", in which glass is blown and maintained in the desired shape.

14. So far, this is just a blank for a vase, that is, transparent glass, on which a layer of colored glass will be applied in the future.

15. Blowing continues until it becomes clear that the blank is ready.

16. Then, when the blank is completely ready, you get any colored glass of your own taste, in our case it is a 4-color blank from which the vase will be created. As you can see, our blank is literally stuck to a multi-colored blank and is already being sent to the oven.

17. In order for the blank and blank to take the desired shape, they must be combined, as it were, by bending the molten glass around the blank.

18. Bent, now you need to use dental tweezers or any other suitable tool to connect the edges of the workpiece to each other.

19. This is done several times by sending the product to the oven, then again bending and connecting the edges, until it becomes clear that the blank and the colored blank are one!

20. Yegor creates the bottom of the vase with antique scissors, as if squeezing the glass.

21. And then what? Then long and hard you need to blow, melt, until you understand that the wall thickness is already necessary. By the way, as you can see, the stove is on gas. One such cylinder is enough for 1.5 days on average. Due to the fact that the room is small, it is not possible to store gas here, so every couple of days you have to refuel at the nearest gas station.

22. Molding is when a product is given the desired shape with a wet newspaper. The hardening glass spins on the newspaper, cools down, and at the same time acquires the necessary shape.

23. With some other dental tool, Egor applies a pattern to a vase, which we will see soon)

24. Again, we need to dip our product in a glass melting furnace to apply a layer of glass to give it gloss and also for strength.

25. And again molding. In general, the process is clear and simple - blow, twist, shape, cool. But at the same time, all this is very difficult, and requires attentiveness and experience, which you get by making mistakes and achieving results. As in everything, by the way. Creative and interesting work, it’s not for nothing that Egor stopped being an office plankton and began to work with his hands, it’s cool.

26. Here, the product, already with an additional layer of glass that we recently applied, is sent back to the furnace.

27. It seems that the master realized that it was time to stretch the product. This is done in a rather tricky way - the tube, with the product at the end, quickly rotates around its axis, making several turns, thereby stretching to the desired size.

28. Then, to make the neck of the vase, you need to attach such a thing to the bottom (on the left) so that there is something to hold the product for.

29. In the meantime, on the other hand, the future neck of the vase is already being created with tongs, as if simply expanding it, while the glass is liquid.

30. Going into the oven a few more times, then expanding again, and voila, the elegant neck of the vase is ready!

31. Master and his product. In fact, red is yellow, and pale blue is a color closer to blue. When the product cools down, it will take on the proper colors.

32. It's time to cut off that thing from the bottom of the product, we don't need it anymore.

33. After all, the product is sent to the furnace, in which the temperature of +517 degrees is maintained for a long time, and then lower, lower, lower, it is necessary that the glass gradually cools down, otherwise it will simply crack and the product will cease to exist. The vase, created with us, will reach room temperature in 8-9 hours, but we will not see this anymore)

34. Here, like our vase, they already lie on the lid of the stove. Diverse, beautiful, one might say - each is unique in its own way. Pay attention to the round gizmos on the bottoms of the vases - these are the remains of those things that were cut off in photo No. 32, in order to remove them, Yegor later goes to another workshop, where everything is removed and cleaned by grinding. The vase is ready!

35. Broken pots that were in electric furnaces, which became unusable due to the fact that the electricity was turned off in the building, and everything was broken.

36. Various figurines and products that were created here are displayed on the shelves.

37. Cars, for example =)

Collect molten glass. With a hollow steel pipe or a glass-blowing tube, collect glass from the furnace in which the glass melt is located. The temperature of the glass melt in the furnace should be between 1380 and 1435° Celsius.

• A simple but accurate analogy is wrapping an apple in caramel. Imagine that the steel rod is an apple and the oven is a can of caramel. Just as in the case of slow rotation of an apple in hot caramel, the steel rod in the oven must be constantly rotated to evenly set the glass.

Shape the glass. Once the glass is stable, transfer it to the steel wheel and start shaping it. Glass forming begins with glass rolling on a rolling table. It is important to obtain a symmetrical cylinder. Once you have the cylinder, keep turning the blower tube to prevent the glass from running off.

• The rolling table will take away a lot of heat from the molten glass mass, since when the glass is rolled on the table, both materials are in contact.
• If the walls of the glass melt become too thin, cool them by rolling them out on a rolling table.
• If the bottom of the glass melt has become too thick, then put the glass through the hole again into the glass reheat oven (designed to keep the glass in a viscous state) and focus on heating the bottom of the glass. When heating the glass, turn it all the time.