Bibliography. Petr Fedorovich Anjou. The eternal search for Sannikov's Land Pf Anjou what he discovered
Abstract of a series of articles
Among lovers of the unusual, the "Law of Doubles" and "Law of Shadows" are popular. Indeed, prominent people often have "shadows" or doubles. Polar explorers in this sense are no exception. It is quite easy to find a double for every significant figure. It is much more difficult to understand the nature of the relationship between them. Pioneers: S.I. Dezhnev and M.V. Stadukhin; admirals: P.F. Anjou and F.P. Wrangel; naval lieutenants: A.V. Kolchak and F.A. Mathisen; Chiefs of the Arctic: O.Yu. Schmidt and R.L. Samoilovich, - they are innumerable. There are cases when the leader becomes a follower, “went into the shadows” (Kolchak and Mathisen), or they aligned and received new doubles (Somov and Treshnikov), sometimes the confrontation ended with the elimination of one of them (Schmidt and Samoilovich). As you know, there are no shadows in cloudy weather. So it is with people. Under complicated conditions (wars, revolutions, natural disasters), shadows and doubles disappear somewhere, but as soon as the situation improves and the sun peeps out, they appear again. In our opinion, the reader will be interested to look deeper into the biographies of our famous polar explorers and, without delving into the "yellow details", to understand some of the zigzags and irregularities in their lives.
In the history of domestic (and primarily Arctic) navigation, admirals P.F. Anjou and F.P. Wrangel act as twin brothers. They were born in 1796, died with a difference of one year, having crossed the 70-year mark. They studied at the same year at the Naval Cadet Corps, which they graduated with gold and silver medals, together they headed the East Siberian expedition of 1820-1824. Ferdinand Petrovich, perhaps, had more developed qualities of a leader, and Pyotr Fedorovich followed him up the career ladder, occupying the same posts. But in the history of the Russian fleet, they remained equal figures, the significance of which was never disputed by anyone.
P.F. Anzhu was born in the town of Vyshny Volochek, Tver province, in the family of a district doctor. His grandfather moved from France, fleeing religious persecution by Catholics. He wanted his son to go to the medical line, but the boy did not want this. For ten years, Peter was sent to St. Petersburg and placed in a private mathematical boarding school at the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1808 he entered the Corps, which determined his entire future life.
... F.P. Wrangel was born in Pskov, in a family of immigrants from Denmark.
His grandfather was a chamberlain at the court of Peter III, but under Catherine II fell into disgrace and fled abroad. Parents, having no funds to raise little Ferdinand, gave him to the custody of one of the relatives. Wrangel's educators were closely acquainted with I.F. Kruzenshtern, whose stories about his trip around the world aroused an interest in the sea and geographical discoveries in the teenager's soul. In 1810, the boy was sent to the Naval Cadet Corps. His closest friend was Peter Anjou, friendship with whom went through their entire lives. During the years of study, they had dreams of exploring the Arctic, the map of which at that time was replete with white spots. They actively prepared for their implementation, tempering the will: pouring cold water running barefoot in winter on cold stone floors. Anjou finished his studies second in success after Wrangel.
After graduating from the Naval Corps, midshipman Anjou set sail from Kronstadt to Cadiz (Spain), and Wrangel began serving in Revel on the frigate Avtroil. Having learned about the upcoming circumnavigation of the world V.M. Golovin on the sloop "Kamchatka", he filed a report on the illness and arbitrarily arrived in St. Petersburg, where he got an appointment with Golovin. I told him about my dream and asked to take him at least as a simple sailor. Thus, he got into the personnel of the expedition, where he became close to the young naval officers F.P. Litke, F.F. Matyushin and P.T. Kozmin. Participation in this voyage around the world was decisive in the fate of Wrangel, his formation as a sailor and scientist.
... In 1819 the Russian Admiralty developed a project for an expedition to search for new lands in the waters of the East Siberian Sea. In connection with the difficulties of navigation in this region, it was decided to create two groups: Kolymsky (Vostochny) and Yansky (West), which in the early spring would make several dog sledding trips from the coastline 70-80 miles inland. The upcoming difficulties forced us to look for young but energetic performers. On the recommendation of Admiral V.M. Golovin, who had just returned from a two-year round-the-world voyage, appointed 25-year-old Lieutenant F.P. Wrangel, and he recommended putting his classmate P.F. Anjou, as a brilliant graduate of the Marine Corps.
The young lieutenants devoted several months to perfection in meteorological and magnetic measurements, to acquaintance with the geography of the Arctic. It turned out that several people saw from Cape Yakan, east of the mouth of the Kolyma, some unknown land in the north. It was located, as it were, several tens of kilometers from the mainland and was marked on the map with a dotted line.
At the end of March 1820, both detachments departed from St. Petersburg. Eight months later, they reached Nizhnekolymsk via Yakutsk and Oymyakon. Wrangel's assistant and friend was F.F. Matyushin is a graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, who entered the navy and also participated in Golovin's circumnavigation of the world. For almost half a year, the members of the expedition waited out the darkest and coldest time of the Yakut winter. Only in March 1821, Wrangel and Matyushin began research on sea ice on North. The dog sleds arrived late.
Therefore, work began against the mouth of the Kolyma, and not from Cape Shelagsky, as prescribed by the instructions of the Admiralty. By mid-April, the travelers reached 72 o, but as they deepened to the north, the ice became thinner and more fragmented, and then completely replaced by a black water surface stretching to the horizon. Having made several unsuccessful attempts, Wrangel's detachment returned to Nizhnekolymsk. A dispatch was sent to St. Petersburg, in response, the Naval Ministry expressed dissatisfaction with such results. The reason was that the unknown land was seen from Cape Yakan, much east of the mouth of the Kolyma. But up to this point, Wrangel did not have enough time or dog food.
The Wrangelites spent the summer and autumn of 1820 studying the sea coast from the mouth of the Kolyma to Indigirka, preparing equipment and creating food supplies for the upcoming routes. But the hunt was unsuccessful and the spring of 1821 was unsecured. Therefore, again, it was not possible to reach Cape Shelagsky, and the trip to the north on the sea ice did not add anything. The detachment was again stopped by a large dry hole and the unknown land was not found. And again the Admiralty expressed its displeasure. In the summer, we examined the coast from the mouth of the Kolyma to the east, to the Kolyuchinskaya Bay.
Wrangel's detachment had to stay in Nizhnekolymsk for the third winter. During this time, it was possible to scatter intermediate food bases, to get an additional number of dogs. At the end of February 1822, the detachment hit the road again. Two weeks later, he reached the coveted Cape Shelagsky along the coast, from which he turned abruptly to the north, into the sea. In ten days we covered the required 75 miles. Here is an entry from Wrangel's diary:
Wrangel decided not to risk it and turned back. The ice was crumbling before our eyes, and only a few days later we managed to get ashore. Ferdinand Petrovich did not know that if he had started the route a little further east, he would have come out to that very unknown land, for the sake of which this whole expedition was started. But even so, his detachment was on the verge of death: the food ran out, and the intermediate warehouses, arranged on the ice, drifted away. Spas Matyushkin, who came out to meet with a supply of food; happiness that they did not miss each other in the bare tundra.
In August 1824, Wrangel returned to St. Petersburg. And here's the fate: he counted on being harassed and fired, but received a warm welcome and an audience with the tsar.
... And what is the fate of the Western Detachment of Anjou? He was given the task of finding the Sannikov Land. Work began in March 1821. Having left Ust-Yansk on dog sleds, the travelers reached the Novosibirsk Islands, where they described the Stolbovoy and Kotelny islands. At the same time, they acted in two groups: Anjou studied the western and northern coasts, and the navigator's assistant I.A. Berezhnykh - southern and eastern. From the northernmost point about. Boiler house Anjou embarked on a journey across the ice to the north in search of land. He reached 76 about 36 `s. Latitude, further which he could not pass due to thin ice... In clear weather, no land was found. On about. Fadeevsky, both groups met and, after a short rest, drove north on the ice again. Having covered about 10 miles, the detachment was forced to return without seeing land.
However, Pyotr Fedorovich was distinguished by perseverance. Having moved to about. New Siberia, he again, for the third time, moved on the sea ice to the northeast. Having traveled 14 miles, the travelers did not see Sannikov Land. By the end of April, due to lack of food, extreme fatigue of people and dogs, they decided to return to the base in Ust-Yansk.
In the summer, the Anjou detachment on horseback described the coast between the mouths of the Yana and Indigirka rivers, closing its route in the east with the inventory of Wrangel's detachment.
Having devoted the winter of 1821/22 to processing materials and preparing for a new campaign, in the spring Anjou again divided the detachment. The group of Berezhnykh was supposed to map the coast to the west from the Yana to the mouth of the Olenek, and the head himself again went to the Novosibirsk Islands to complete their description. By mid-March, the Lyakhovsky Islands were described and Anju moved to about. Fadeevsky. From its northern tip, he made the fourth attempt to search for Sannikov Land. Having passed to the northeast to the edge of the ice, Pyotr Fedorovich turned to the West, discovered the small island of Figurin and drove to about. Boiler house, but I did not see new lands anywhere. Returning through Fr. Fadeevsky on about. New Siberia, he explored the upland of the Wooden Mountains, at the base of which lay layers of fossilized coniferous fossil trees.
Without losing hope of discovering new lands, Anjou undertook the fifth long trip to the sea from the extreme eastern promontory of the island of New Siberia. Having reached the edge of the ice and not seeing the land, he was forced to make the decision to return to the mainland due to the difficult condition of the satellites. With great difficulty, the detachment reached the coast in the area of the river. Krestovoy, and from there he reached the village of Pokhodsk in the Kolyma. Here Anjou unexpectedly met with Wrangel's detachment, which was returning after examining its section of the coast. Together they went to Nizhnekolymsk.
By the decision of the Admiralty Board, the search for new lands in the northeast was stopped. Anjou was ordered to carry out an inventory of Belkovsky Island and how long it would be possible to drive from it on the ice to the west or northwest. Pyotr Fedorovich completed this task in the spring of 1823, describing the small islands of Vasilievsky and Semyonovsky, which, as it turned out, were mainly composed of continental ice. The final processing of the materials was carried out by Anju in Yakutsk. Its main result was the creation of the best map of the Novosibirsk Islands and the coast of Siberia between the estuaries of the Olenek and Indigirka rivers for that period.
For the first time, the state of ice in the Laptev Sea was investigated, during the entire expedition, thorough climatological, hydrographic, meteorological and ethnographic observations were carried out. Anjou's research laid the first serious doubts about the existence of Sannikov Land. Taking this into account, the Admiralty Board decided that at one time the industrialist Sannikov observed a fog similar to the ground.
The work of the detachments of Anjou and Wrangel was practically equal and ended with the same success. However, Anjou's exploration remained in the shadows due to an accident.
The description of this expedition with all the materials collected was lost during a fire in the house of Pyotr Fedorovich. Only at the cost of great efforts, historians managed to collect information about Anjou's research in the Arctic from reports and letters available in the archives of the Naval Ministry. After completing work in the Arctic, Anjou took part in an expedition along the shores of the Caspian and Aral seas, commanded ships of the Baltic Fleet, participated in the Navarino battle, was the commander of the Kronshadt port. In 1866 he was promoted to full admiral.
The fate of F.P. Wrangel. Five years after the expedition, he commanded the transport "Meek", which made circumnavigation, and the frigate "Elizabeth", published the first work on the Arctic Ocean, completed a description of the journey to the northern shores of Siberia, was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1829-1835. Wrangel was the main ruler of Russian America, combining administrative and managerial work with intensive scientific activities and bringing great benefits to Russian geography and ethnography. In 1838, Ferdinand Petrovich became the manager of the Russian-American campaign, and was soon elected its chief director. His activity in these posts ensured the development of Russian settlements in America and was marked by major scientific achievements. On the initiative of Wrangel, a number of expeditions were organized to explore the Russian possessions in America, the eastern and northeastern territories of Russia. An outstanding role belongs to Wrangel in the creation in 1845 of the Russian Geographical Society, of which he became a founding member together with F.P. Litke and academician K.M. Baer. The circle of state and scientific interests of the admiral was extremely wide, while he never forgot about the Arctic.
Of great importance was the project of reaching the North Pole, drawn up by him, which summarized the experience of Wrangel and Anjou in organizing toboggan trips on ice. Ferdinand Petrovich convincingly showed the fallacy of ideas about the possibility of reaching the pole along the Spitsbergen meridian and recommended a path from Greenland, which, 63 years later, the American R. Peary went.
In 1864, for health reasons, Wrangel retired from public service and moved permanently to his estate in Estonia. But even here, until the end of his life, he led an active research work being aware of the main scientific events of its time.
... P.f. Anjou died in 1869 and was buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery in St. Petersburg. The group of Anzhu islands in the northern part of the Novosibirsk archipelago, including the islands of Belkovsky, Kotelny, Bunge Land, Fadeevsky, New Siberia, is named after him. In addition, in the north about. Fadeevsky has an arrow (peninsula) of Anjou, and on the southwestern coast of about. Boiler - Cape Anjou.
A year later, F.P. Wrangel, buried on his estate. A large island separating the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas was named after the outstanding scientist and navigator, to which he never reached, but marked it on the map with a dotted line. In addition, an island in Krestovaya Bay on Novaya Zemlya and a bay on about. Elsnier in the Canadian Arctic.
Literature:
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- "Anju Pyotr Fedorovich (1796-1869)" ./ Burlakov Yu.K. "One hundred portraits against the background of the Arctic" // Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2013.
- Berg A.S. "Great Russian Travelers". - M., Detlit, 1950.
- Berg A.S. "History of Russian Geographical Discoveries". - M., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962.
- Burlakov Yu.K. "Russian scientific expeditions to the New Siberian Islands" ./ Manuscript. - M., Aspol, 2011.
- Burlakov Yu.K., Rudakov V.V., Tomtosov A.A. "In the footsteps of the pioneers of Yakutia." // Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2012.
- Burlakov Yu.K. "One Hundred Outstanding Expeditions in the Russian Arctic" ./ Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2013.
- Burlakov Yu.K. "Admiral Anjou: Arctic Biography Pages." /Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2013.
- Burlakov Yu.K. “Two admirals: two hundred years later. (F.P. Wrangel and P.F. Anjou) ". / Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2013.
- Burlakov Yu.K. "East Siberian expedition of Wrangel-Anzhu (1820-1824)". / History of the Russian Arctic. Tutorial. // Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2014.
- V.Yu. Vize "Seas of the Soviet Arctic". - M., Glavsevmorput, 1948; reissued. Edited by P.V. Boyarsky and Yu.K. Burlakova: "Seas of the Russian Arctic". - M., Evrope.izd., 2008.
- Wrangel F.P. "Travel along the northern shores of Siberia and the Arctic Sea, made in 1820-1824." - L., GUSMP, 1948, 455 p.
- Wrangel F.P. "Diary of a journey from Sith to St. Petersburg through Mexico, October 13, 1835 - May 22, 1836". / F.P. Litke, F.P. Wrangel. - M., Slovo, 2012.
- "Wrangel Ferdinand Petrovich (1796-1870)". / Evgenov N.I., Kunetskiy V.N. "Encyclopedia of the Century". - SPb., RGMAA, 2012, p. 323.
- "Wrangel Ferdinand Petrovich (1796-1870)". / Burlakov Yu.K. “One hundred portraits against the background of the Arctic”. // Manuscript. - M., ASPOL, 2013.
- Wrangel Ferdinand Petrovich (1796-1870) ". / A.A. Brevnov "History of Tiksi". - Odessa, 2014, p. 240.
- Davydov Yu.V. Ferdinand Wrangel. - M., Geografgiz, 1959.
- Zotikov I.A. "Sagas of the Polar Seas". - M., 2002.
- N. N. Zubov "Domestic sailors - explorers of the seas and oceans." - M, Geografgiz, 1954; repr. rev. - M., Paulen, 2013, p. 165-167, 192-195.
- Pasetskiy V.M. "Peter Anjou". - M., Geografgiz, 1958.
- Pasetskiy V.M. "Finds that reveal secrets." - M., Transport, 1964.
- Pasetskiy V.M. "Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel". - M., Nauka, 1975, 160 p.
- "Northern Encyclopedia". - M., Evrope.izd., 2004, p. 34, 169.
- S.K. “Admiral P.F. Anjou. A Brief Biographical Sketch ”. / Sea chronicles. - SPb., MNK, 1869.
- Sokolov A.P. "Inventory of the banks between the rivers Olenek and Indigirka by Lieutenant Anzhu". / Zap.hydr.dep. - SPb. 1847, part 7.
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Additional information to the series of articles
Burlakov Yuri Konstantinovich
the site expresses great gratitude Valery Sements, - only with his editorial and organizational help the series of articles "The World of the Mammoth" could be published on the pages of the Encyclopedia.
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Valery Semenets was born on 08/23/1942, Muscovite. Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Petrochemical and gas industry them. THEM. Gubkin. For more than 4 years he worked at the OKB for rodless pumps (oil production), then at the All-Russian Research Institute of Drilling Equipment. While working at the institute, he took an active part in the development of new downhole motors for drilling oil and gas wells. Has a number of copyright certificates and patents (foreign). In 1991 he became the head of a horizontal well drilling company organized with his colleagues. The construction of such wells was carried out in many oil regions of Russia. Business trips to various parts of the country left an indelible impression. |
Valery Semenets: " Apparently, all this makes me make new travels. Now I have retired from active production activities, but I feel uncomfortable idle. And I love to travel!"
Pyotr Anjou, an outstanding Russian navigator and polar explorer, was born 220 years ago.
Anjou's ancestors were Protestants who lived in the French province of Anjou; they moved to Russia due to persecution by Catholics. In the 18th century, our country became a new home for refugees from enlightened France.
Pyotr Fedorovich was born on February 15, 1797 in Vyshny Volochyok in the family of a district doctor. The family had long been Russified and from other Russians Peter Anjou was distinguished only by his surname. He received his primary education in a private boarding house, arranged at the capital's Naval Corps. In his free time, Petya read books about long sea voyages, and the director of the boarding house Dmitry Sorokin brought the curious boy essays about great travelers and sea expeditions. The direction of the future life was laid in childhood.
Naturally, Peter continued his studies in the Marine Corps. He studied with Ferdinand Wrangel, Anjou and Wrangel were the best on the course. Even then, two friends decided to study the Arctic - in early XIX For centuries, this region was still little studied, the Great Northern Expedition under the general leadership of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov designated only the upper border of mainland Eurasia, and what was to the north was unknown.
At the end of the Marine Corps in 1815, Anjou and Wrangel were sent to the Baltic Fleet. After five years of service in the Baltic, midshipman Fyodor Anzhu was promoted to lieutenant and appointed head of the Ust-Yansk polar expedition, whose task was to describe the northern shores of Siberia from the Olenka River to Indigirka. It is noteworthy that Ferdinand Wrangel was appointed head of the expedition, which was supposed to explore the territories east of the Indigirka River.
In addition, the detachments were tasked with finding mysterious land Sannikov, it was named after a Russian merchant who claimed to have seen this land.
In 1820-1824, the Anjou detachment made an inventory of the coast and islands of the Lyakhovsky Bolshoy and Maly, Kotelny, Faddeev, New Siberia, Semenovsky and others, examined numerous rivers, including the Lena, capes, bays and bays. Sannikov's land, of course, was not discovered by the navigators.
Russian travelers upon their return to St. Petersburg were personally received by Alexander I. Peter Anjou was promoted to lieutenant-captain and awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree.
The following year, Pyotr Fyodorovich was assigned to the expedition of Colonel Fyodor Berg. In the winter of 1825-1826, the detachment explored the northeastern coast of the Caspian Sea, the western coast of the Aral Sea and made a cartographic survey in the Kyrgyz steppes (the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan).
For participation in this expedition, Peter Anjou was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree.
After two land expeditions (most of the research of the Ust'ya-Yanskaya expedition was carried out from land), Lieutenant-Commander Anjou was assigned to the ship "Gangut", here he commanded the naval artillery.
8 (20) October 1827 "Gangut" took part in the famous Navarino battle. Anjou received a shell shock during the battle, but remained in the ranks until the end, for which on December 21, 1827 he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree.
For another 17 years, Pyotr Fedorovich served in the Baltic Fleet, for 10 years he was the chief of the port in Kronstadt, here he built a line of underwater protective structures that prevented enemy ships from approaching St. Petersburg. He completed his career in the administrative field with the rank of admiral.
Peter Anjou died on November 12, 1849. Buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery in St. Petersburg.
The love that glorifies the good ...
John Cochran began to process his travel notes back in St. Petersburg, when he and his young wife settled on Vasilievsky Island, awaiting the opening of navigation in order to return to England. The "honorable vagabond" worked as well as traveled - not knowing fatigue. Mrs. Ksenia Kokren was left to herself and timidly got acquainted with the life of the capital, and at the same time entertained herself by studying of English language... Lyudmila Ivanovna occasionally visited her Oksinka. The Rikords lived in Kronstadt at the new place of service of Pyotr Ivanovich. At the first opportunity, the Cochran couple left Russia and reached, this time without incident, to London.
The arrival of the post-captain with his Kamchadalka wife did not go unnoticed by the British society. As the Scottish traveler dreamed, at home he became a lion, i.e. celebrity, and Xenia became proof of his unparalleled journey through Siberia to the very end of the earth - Kamchatka. Unlike the enthusiastic crowd of compatriots, Cochran's relatives did not welcome the young couple very warmly. John Cochran was not upset by this, and he continues to diligently write a book about his travels.
The first edition of "Narrative of a pedestrian journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea and Kamtschatka ..." London, 1824. Vols I came out quickly and was a success. The fascinating story of a Scottish pedestrian has long aroused interest and admiration in all European countries, and the book has been repeatedly published and reprinted. In Russia, they also read it and discussed the journey of D. Cochran, the nature and quality of his observations.
But back to our heroes. John Cochran achieved his goal of success and fame in England. Leaving His Majesty's fleet, he, under the patronage of his uncles, Admiral Thomas Cochran, Tenth Lord Dandonald and Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochran, secured an appointment as mine manager in Venezuela. IN South America he left alone, and Mrs. Xenia Cockren, at the request of her husband, was placed in one of the London educational institutions. In 1825 the indefatigable Scotsman returned for her. In Venezuela, they settled in their own house in the city of Valencia. An amazing, bright and wonderful world surrounded the young semi-queen. It was so unlike the harsh Petropavlovsk with gray cold hills beyond the roadstead, where she spent most of her life. However, the tale did not last long, Captain Cockren disappeared all day in the mines and continued his walks in a country unfamiliar to him. In early August, he contracted malignant yellow fever. The strong organism of the sailor could not cope with a dangerous illness and on August 12, 1825, John Dondas Cockren died.
Despite the fact that the late husband left his fortune for Xenia, the 18-year-old widow did not want to stay in Valencia any longer. Having sold her house and property, she left for England. However, the relatives of the late husband, sister Eliza and cousin Thomas, greeted the poor thing in English politely, but made it clear that she was a stranger in their family and no one was going to take care of her. Left all alone, the widow Kokren wrote a letter to Lyudmila Ivanovna Rikord, and she quickly replied, inviting her to return to Russia. She did just that. The knot of fate was untied, and the thread of life freely rushed to Russia.
In the house of the captain of the Kronstadt port P.I. Rikord the young woman was surrounded by affection and care. As in the distant Kamchatka, Lyudmila Ivanovna loved to arrange "small balls" at her place, to which not only her husband's colleagues were invited, but also many young naval officers. Oksinka Kokren, the widow of an English captain, became an enviable bride in Kronstadt. E.I. Stogov will mention in his memoirs: "I saw her as a beauty, a lady of a high tone."
In the biography of F.F. Matyushkin, written by M.A. Ivanov, there are some rather curious facts about our heroes:
“Ksenia Ivanovna married the Frenchman John Cochran. But in one of the naval battles in the North in Russian America, he was killed. Ksenia Ivanovna, after the Rikords moved to Kronstadt, was again kindly received into their family. Fyodor Matyushkin, returning from the expedition, very often visited the Rikord family and was his own man there. Ksenia fell in love with Matyushkin. He reciprocated and before participating in the Mediterranean company (1828-1829) was engaged to her. There was a conversation about the wedding after the company, but it never took place. So Fedor Fedorovich remained a bachelor with an unsettled personal life. "
This whole story that Matyushkin was engaged, and Xenia Cochrane recaptured Anjou from him, is based on literary fiction. And the reason for this was the popular book by Yu.V. Davydov's "Go with the Full Wind", where the line of touching mutual love of the young warrant officer, friend of Pushkin and the beautiful semi-kamchadalka, pupil of L.I. Rikord. The story itself is wonderful, light, filled with the air of sea voyages and the chill of campaigns along the shores of the Arctic Ocean of two detachments of Russian sailors in search of the mysterious lands of Andreev and Sannikov. True, history and fiction, as a rule, are completely different things.
Indeed, Fyodor Matyushkin was brought to the Rikord house by love, but not to Oksinka Loginova, but to Lyudmila Ivanovna herself. Back in 1818, being the ship's secretary of the sloop "Kamchatka", Matyushkin saw the Chief's wife Kamchatka Territory and was captivated by her beauty and intelligence. She became the only love that he carefully carried through his entire long life. The unsettled fate of a good sailor and a good man could not but touch his comrades in arms. V.M. Golovnin wrote to him: “And be quick, Fyodor! What a modest you are. You don't visit gypsies, you are silent about yourself. I praise good behavior, but I don’t understand such super-quiet behavior. That way you will oversleep your happiness. North, ice, barracks. And with whom are you spinning love? " Fyodor Fyodorovich explained the reasons for his bachelor life in the following way: “Not because I am alone, that I don’t want to love anyone, but because the one I love is inaccessible and prevents me from getting along with others.” Lyudmila Ivanovna Rikord understood everything perfectly and, respecting the feelings of the young modest lieutenant of the fleet, decided to help him and choose a good wife. The first candidate was her pupil Xenia - the widow of Captain Cochran.
However, fate decreed otherwise. In 1828, the Rikords invited their acquaintance Lieutenant-Commander P.F. Anjou. He has just returned to Kronstadt after his campaigns in the Mediterranean, where he took part in the Battle of Navarino. During the battle, commanding the artillery of the battleship "Gangut", he was wounded in the head, but did not leave his post. His courage was marked by the Order of St. George, 4th century. P.F. Anjou, like his friend F.F. Matyushkin, did not like to be in the center of public attention and preferred to stay at home, devoting time to reading scientific and spiritual literature. But, highly appreciating the friendly attitude of Admiral P.I. Rikorda, the lieutenant commander could not offend him with a refusal. He came to his house and here he saw the widow Cochran for the first time. Later, Pyotr Fedorovich loved to remember these moments and said that meeting with Xenia was the greatest event in his life. Love at first sight forever tied the threads of their destinies, and they were happy until the last minutes of their lives. On October 24, 1828, the wedding took place in the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral of St. Petersburg and for more than 40 years the Anjou spouses lived in friendship and harmony.
For fifty years of impeccable sea service P.F. Anjou has been awarded many of the highest orders Russian Empire, and in 1866 he was promoted to the rank of full admiral. In 1848, in Oranienbaum, the Anzhu family bought two houses that stood side by side and connected them with a passage (now Lomonosov. Eleninskaya street, 20-22). Ksenia Ivanovna, like Lyudmila Ivanovna Rikord once before, tried to make sure that the sailors, friends and colleagues of her husband found good shelter and hospitality under their roof. They had a large and friendly family - three sons and three daughters. Already in his advanced years, the old admiral used to say: "I am so happy in life and so happy with everything that sometimes it is scary to do for myself." But the ordeals of the harsh naval service were not in vain for him. In September 1869 P.F. Anjou caught a cold and became seriously ill. On October 12, he was gone. Ksenia Ivanovna could not bear this grief and died a few months later in 1870 ...
K.I. Shalakhin
Great-great-grandson of Admiral P.F. Anjou
Born on February 15, 1796 in the town of Vyshny Volochek, Tver province. In 1806, at the age of 10, Peter Anjou was sent to St. Petersburg, to a private boarding house of the mathematics teacher of the Marine Cadet Corps D. A. Sorokin. The two years he spent in this boarding house, until the end of his days, Admiral Anjou recalled with special warmth and gratitude to the family of Mr. Sorokin. In 1808, Pyotr Fedorovich entered the Naval Cadet Corps as a cadet. Four years later, he was promoted to midshipmen, and in 1814, taking into account the exemplary behavior and high knowledge gained almost independently, since the level of teaching left much to be desired, he was transferred to non-commissioned officers. In 1815, at the age of 19, he was granted the title of warrant officer. Petr Fedorovich served as midshipman for almost five years, participating in practical voyages on the military ships of the Baltic Fleet, in particular, on the frigate Avtroil, which, as part of a squadron of five ships and three frigates, was transferred to the Spanish government in the fall of 1817 in Cadix.
Even in the Cadet Corps, a real officer's friendship began between Peter Fedorovich Anzhu and Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. Together they showed a great interest in marine sciences, together they resisted dishonor, protecting the weak, and together they dreamed of long voyages and new discoveries that the Arctic, marked in those days by a huge blank spot, was fraught with. Pyotr Fedorovich graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1815 with the second highest success in science, yielding first place to Wrangel.
In February 1820, Anjou was promoted to lieutenant, and in March he was appointed head of the expedition to inventory the northern coast of Siberia, from the Olenek River to the Indigirka River, and the coast to the east of Indigirka to Cape Shelagsky was instructed to describe (at the same time) the expedition of Lieutenant Baron F.P. Wrangel.
On March 23, 1820, the Anzhu detachment left Petersburg for Ust-Yansk, to the base of the expedition. Hence its name - Ust-Yanskaya expedition. For almost four years, the members of the expedition overcame the difficulties of polar life with perseverance and dedication. Lack of special equipment, lack of food and feed for dogs, snow blindness, the plague epidemic in dogs ... only tempered the character, rapidly increasing the knowledge and experience of the future admiral. Anjou persistently searched for the fantastic land that the merchant Sannikov allegedly saw. The research results convincingly indicated that there were no lands near the New Siberian Islands.
The Admiralty Department ordered Anjou to abandon the search for new lands and confine himself to an inventory of the islands and the coast. However, the Siberian Governor-General M.M.Speransky supported the aspirations of Anjou, and the search continued. The expedition went far to the north, but, with telescopes, with good visibility, they did not find any land.
The great merit of the Anjou expedition was the compilation of the first accurate map of the vast territory of the northern coast of Siberia from Olenek to Indigirka and a reliable map of the New Siberian Islands, determination of the boundary of a fixed coastal fast ice. During the entire expedition, thorough climatic, geodetic, hydrographic, meteorological and ethnographic studies of the North were carried out. In March 1824, the expeditionary work was completed, and on August 15, with a full report, Anjou returned to St. Petersburg.
After his return, he received the rank of lieutenant commander, the Order of Vladimir 4th class, a surplus salary, and the time spent on the expedition was ordered to be counted twice to receive the Order of St. George, but this advantage was not needed, since in 1827. Pyotr Fedorovich received this cross for bravery in the Battle of Navarino.
At the end of 1825, Anjou was assigned to a military-scientific expedition under the command of the retinue of His Imperial Majesty in the quartermaster's unit of Colonel Fyodor Fedorovich Berg to conduct a military-topographic survey of the Kyrgyz steppe, the shores of the Caspian and Aral seas. At that time, the idea of connecting these seas with a canal was being considered, and Colonel Berg was instructed to pacify the Kyrgyz who were robbing Russian caravans. According to an eyewitness, the expedition had a strong moral influence on the Kyrgyz, who calmed down, seeing the bravery and endurance of the Russian army. Anjou, together with other officers, carried out a leveling for 242 versts from Dead Kultuk to the Aral Sea gulf of Duanana Kulam, for the first time establishing that the level of the Aral Sea is 124 feet higher than the Caspian Sea. For participation in this expedition, Anjou received the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree. On October 8, 1827, Lieutenant Commander Anjou commanded artillery on the Gangut ship during the Battle of Navarino, where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet was destroyed. Despite a severe concussion of the head, he remained at his post until the end of the battle and for his bravery received George 4th class, an annual salary, silver medal per turkish war, and in 1836, among several officers, for his distinction in the Battle of Navarino, the King of Greece bestowed upon him the Greek Order of the Savior of the Golden Cross.
1830 – 1831 - Serves in the Naval Cadet Corps as the commander of a midshipman company, both summers went on the flagship of the practical squadron of the Baltic Fleet;
1831 - promoted to captain of the 2nd rank, appointed commander of the frigate "Ekaterina", campaign to Danzig (1832);
1833 - was appointed commander of the 4th naval crew and the ship "Ferschampenoise", brought him on the camel from Okhta to Kronstadt, trial voyage-test of the ship, landing of the guard in Danzig (1835), wintering in Reval, another practical voyage;
1836 - the rank of captain of the 1st rank;
1837 - the chief of a detachment of three frigates "Amphitrida", "Alexander Nevsky", "Proserpina", carrying out a three-month practical training of midshipmen (Gulf of Finland - Baltic Sea), with calls at all the main ports;
1840 - granted 1500 acres of land;
1843 - Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree;
1844 - was the first of the naval captains to receive an additional salary (515 rubles per year) for saving for 10 years without major repairs of the ship Ferschampenoise under his command. In April he was promoted to rear admiral. The salary was canceled and after 10 years all 5,000 rubles were handed over, after the change in the position of the Admiralty Council. He continued to receive the same salary until the end of his days. On March 26, he was appointed captain of the Kronstadt port;
1849 - an indispensable member of the Marine Scientific Committee, often acting as chairman of Admiral P. I. Rikord;
1854 - promoted to vice admiral;
1855 - Appointed Director of the Department of Ship Scaffolding; 1857 - Highest approved as an honorary member of the Marine Scientific Committee for the election thereof;
1860 - after the abolition of the Department, its director was ordered to be a member of the Council of the Minister of State Property. For diligence in this position, he was awarded awards: a lump sum of 4000 rubles. (1862), Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1863), rent in 2000 rubles. for 12 years (1865);
1865 - received the Order of the White Eagle for 50 years of impeccable officer service;
1866 - awarded the rank of admiral;
1868 - awarded the badge of distinction of immaculate service for 50 years;
1869
- died on October 12. Buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Noble families Domozhirov and Anjou [D "Anjou] |
The search showed that the Domozhirovs and Anjou did not have the highest approved coats of arms in the Russian Empire.
The coat of arms, of which the descendants of the Anjou clan have survived, most likely belongs to the class of "unapproved" coats of arms.
The Russian noble family of Anjou was included in the 3rd part of the noble genealogy of the book of the Tver province in 1807. In the third part, the clans were introduced that received the nobility by the rank of the civil service or by the order.
The clan was assigned to the Vyshnevolotsk district.
Andrey Ivanovich b. in 1730-40 in France
1. Fedor Andreevich, court counselor, b. in 1756 (Moscow), d. 1824 (St. Petersburg) Wife Ekaterina Shvenzon d. 1843 g.
II |
2.Andrey Fedorovich
3. Peter Fedorovich, b. 02/15/1796 (Vyshny Volochek), d. 10/12/1869 (St. Petersburg), admiral, famous explorer of the Arctic. Chevalier of the Order of St. George 4 tbsp. for distinction in the Navarino battle in 1827. An indispensable member of the Naval Scientific Committee.
4. Maria Fedorovna
5. Alexandra Fedorovna
III
6. Petr Petrovich
7. Fedor Petrovich
8. Ivan Petrovich
9. Lyudmila Petrovna
10. Alexandra Petrovna
11. Ekaterina Petrovna
12. Elizaveta Petrovna
IV
13. Peter Ivanovich wife Ksenia (grandmother of K. I. Shalakhin)
14. Vladimir Ivanovich
15. Nikolay Ivanovich
Vladimir Ivanovich Anzhu had three daughters - Kira (died at the age of 16), Olga and Natalia. Olga had 2 daughters Olga and Irina, Natalia had a daughter Natasha. The youngest Olga had Vladimir, and younger Natalia- daughter Olya.
Domozhirovs
The Domozhirovs are a Russian noble family originating from Novgorod. Mikhail Konstantinovich Domozhirov owned the estates in 1500. In the 17th century, many Domozhirovs were stewards, governors and solicitors. The Domozhirov family is included in the 6th and 2nd parts of the genealogical books of the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Smolensk, Tambov and Tver provinces.
In the Tver province there were two families of the Domozhirovs, both of them were included in the 6th part of the noble genealogy book.
Domozhirovs,
local in the Novotorzhsky district of the Tver province
1. Grigory Afanasyevich, landowner of the Novotorzhsky district (pack of 1626, 1629)
2. Yakov Grigorievich
III
3. Ivan Yakovlevich
Wife Natalia Dmitrievna
IV
4. Gabriel Ivanovich
5. Joseph Ivanovich
6. Vasily Bolshoi Ivanovich
7. Vasily Menshoy Ivanovich
8. Peter Ivanovich
9.Sergey Ivanovich, landowner of the Novotorzhsky district
10. Fedor Ivanovich
11. Fekla Ivanovna
12. Anisya Ivanovna
13. Marya Ivanovna
V
14. Semyon Gavriilovich
15. Stepan Vasilievich, collegiate assessor
Wife Praskovya Dmitrievna Besmenova
16. Vasily Vasilievich
Wife Marfa Andreevna
17. Nikolay Vasilievich
18. Pelageya Petrovna
19. Sidor Sergeevich, warrant officer
Wife Natalia Vasilievna Davydova
20. Ivan Sergeevich, warrant officer
Wife Avdotya Ivanovna Tyrtova
21. Irina Sergeevna
Husband Aniky Afanasevich Svechin, second lieutenant from the nobility of the Tula province
22. Pelageya Sergeevna
23. Vasily Fedorovich
VI
24. Nikita Semenovich
25. Grigory Semenovich
26. Vasily Semenovich
27. Pavel Semenovich
28. Yakov Semenovich
29. Egor Semenovich
30. Peter Stepanovich, Court Counselor
31. Mikhail Vasilievich, Captenarmus
32. Nikolay Sidorovich, b. 1771, second lieutenant
Avdotya's wife
33. Vasily Ivanovich
34. Agrafena Ivanovna
35. Avdotya Ivanovna
36. Vasily Vasilievich
Vii
37. Peter Nikolaevich, b. 08/01/1818, second lieutenant
Wife Anna Andreevna Akimova
38. Ivan Vasilievich
VIII
39. Sofya Petrovna, b. 06.21.1855 38
40. Ekaterina Petrovna, b. May 24, 1856 38
41. Anna Petrovna, b. 15.01.1858 38
42. Nikolai Petrovich, b. 28.02.1859 38
43. Peter Petrovich, b. 2.02.1862 38
44. Sergey Petrovich, b. 09/15/1863 38
Domozhirovs
local in the Rzhevsky district of the Tver province
I
1. Ivan Ivanovich Menshoy (mentioned in 1657) Wife Anna Avistrova
II
2. Nikita Ivanovich
3.Andrey Ivanovich
III
4. Makariy Nikitovich
5.Andrey Nikitovich, second lieutenant
Wife Avdotya Ivanovna
6. Terenty Nikitovich
IV
7. Stepan Andreevich, Major
Wife Olympiada Dmitrievna
8. Ivan Andreevich, 2nd rank captain
9. Petr Andreevich, lieutenant
10. Dmitry Andreevich
V
11. Fedor Stepanovich, lieutenant-captain, landowner of the Novgorod province
12. Vasily Stepanovich, lieutenant
Wife Varvara Petrovna Bestuzheva
13. Iroid Stepanovna
14. Avaria Stepanovna
15. Olga Stepanovna
VI
16. Raisa Fedorovna
17. Nadezhda Fedorovna
18. Dmitry Fedorovich
19. Peter Vasilievich, b. 06/19/1818, lieutenant colonel of the forestry corps
Wife Ekaterina Egorovna Izvolskaya
Vii
20. Vasily Petrovich, b. January 9, 1850
21. Anna Petrovna, b. 06/20/1852
22. Nikolai Petrovich, b. May 24, 1854
23. Peter Petrovich, b. 9.07. 1855 g.
24. Varvara Petrovna, b. 2.06. 1857 g.
25. Georgy Petrovich, b. 03/16/1859
26. Mikhail Petrovich, b. 09.09.1861
27. Vladimir Petrovich, b. 06/18/1863
From the archives of the great-great-grandson of Admiral P.F. Anjou
Kirill Igorevich Shalakhin
In the azure shield there is a silver left sling, accompanied at the top by a golden noble crown, and below by a golden lily.
The shield is crowned with a knight's helmet with a golden noble crown. Azure basting, lined with gold on the right, and silver on the left. There are three ostrich feathers in the Kleinod: silver, azure and gold.
The coat of arms bookplate was approved by the Board of the Heraldry Department of the Russian Noble Assembly on November 9, 1993.
Photo chronicle: from the history of the families of Anjou and Domozhirovs
Petr Fedorovich Anzhu was born into the family of a doctor from Vyshny Volochok. Was assigned to study at the Naval Cadet Corps. He was the second most successful student in his course after F. Wrangel. Upon leaving the corps, Anju and Wrangel were sent to Revel (Tallinn). In the summer of 1816, both sailed on the frigate "Avtroil".
At the end of December 1818, the head of the Admiralty G.A. Sarychev, representing Minister of the Sea research program, drew attention to the fact that to the east of New Siberia, opposite Cape Shelagsky, "according to the Chukchi, there is a land inhabited by wild people, and that this land can be described in spring time on dogs on ice in the same way as described was New Siberia. " The government equipped the Kolyma and Yanskaya expeditions "to search for and describe the lands" lying north of Yana and Kolyma.
The Kolyma detachment was led by Wrangel, Yansky - by Anzhu. The Yansky expedition was supposed to describe the New Siberian Islands and find out whether New Siberia continues "further and is not yet near its other lands."
On March 20, both detachments left Petersburg and reached Irkutsk in early summer. On June 25, the detachments headed for Kachug, where a large flat-bottomed ship was waiting for them. Both expeditions went down the Lena River and reached Yakutsk on July 25.
In early August, the paths of the Anjou and Wrangel expeditions parted. The Anjou detachment continued its way down the Lena. The travelers safely reached Ust-Yansk, a village located almost on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. In March 1821, the expedition set out on reindeer to the mouth of the Lena, from where Anjou and his companions headed north-east to Stolbovoy Island. On the shores of the island, they found many wooden crosses erected about two hundred years ago by the pioneering Cossacks.
Having reached the southern coast of Kotelny Island, the expedition was divided into two parties. One was to deal with the description of the island of Faddeevsky. Anjou took over the inventory of the Kotelny Island.
On April 5, 1821, Anjou, interrupting research, went in search of Sannikov Land. The route of the expedition lay to the northwest, across the ice of the ocean. New obstacles were added to frosts, winds and snowstorms - hummocks, cracks, openings. Finally, from the top of a high hummock, the travelers made out the contours of an unknown island. It seemed that a few more hours of travel - and the expedition would enter the land seen by Sannikov. Separate rocks were already visible, fancifully colored by the rays of the sun. No one doubted that the expedition had made an outstanding discovery, and everyone congratulated each other on their success.
But it soon became clear that the travelers had fallen prey to a mirage: there were no mountains, no unknown land - nothing but a bizarre heap of ice blocks.
At this time, Anjou was 70 versts northwest of Kotelny Island, that is, in the very place where Yakov Sannikov saw the mysterious land. The detachment turned back. The next day, Anjou and his companions set foot on solid ground.
On April 12, Anjou met with the detachment of Ilya Berezhnykh, who successfully carried out an inventory of part of the banks of Faddeevsky and Kotelny. But he also did not find Sannikov Land.
After a short rest, the expedition headed north in search of unknown islands. Anjou intended to reach the island of New Siberia and from there to undertake a new search for Sannikov Land. Having crossed the ice through the Blagoveshchensky Strait, Anzhu and his companions reached Cape Vysoky. But here, too, they faced failure: at a short distance from the coast, the open sea with floating ice fields could be seen.
Having reached Cape Ryaby on the northeastern side of the island and making sure that the sea in this area is covered with solid ice, the expedition made another attempt to find Sannikov Land. But, having passed about 25 versts to the northeast of New Siberia, Anjou gave the order to return. On May 8, 1821, the expedition returned to Ust-Yansk.
Anjou spent the autumn and winter preparing for a new campaign. With the onset of daylight, Anjou instructed the navigator's assistant Ilyin to make an inventory of the coast of the Arctic Ocean between the rivers Yana and Olenek. The main part of the expedition went to the New Siberian Islands and further, to the north of them.
On February 28, Anjou and Berezhnykh set out on a campaign. The expedition had 156 dogs harnessed to 12 sledges. Food supplies are taken for two months.
Soon they saw the island. But it did not lie to the north, where Sannikov Land should have been, but directly along the course. The island looked like a trapezoid. Its length along the largest northern side was about four versts. On its banks towered heaps of fin-woods thrown out by the sea. The island was named after the naturalist researcher Alexei Figurin.
We moved on fast ice for several days. Having reached its northern edge, they turned west. The ice underfoot was noticeably fluctuating. No matter how carefully I scanned Anjou the horizon to the north and northwest, there was no sign of land. Then Anjou turned to Kotelny Island. At the end of March, the expedition moved to Faddeevsky Island and began exploring the western and southern coasts.
Having finished work in New Siberia, Anjou went in search of land, which Yakov Sannikov saw to the northeast of this island. But the search was unsuccessful. Together with Wrangel, Anzhu returned to Nizhnekolymsk.
In the fall, Anzhu and his companions continued the inventory of Lena to the village of Zhigansk and mapped the mouth of the Indigirka.
The work of the expedition was completed. The northern coast of Asia from the Olenek River to Indigirka was plotted on the map, Lena was surveyed for a considerable distance, an inventory was made of Semenovsky, Vasilievsky, Belkovsky, Kotelny, Faddeevsky, Bolshoy and Maly Lyakhovsky islands, as well as the islands of New Siberia and the Bunge Land, which is on the map of Anzhu is shown in its outlines close to modern ones. Anjou found out that the sea to the north of the New Siberian Islands is not limited to a gigantic land, since it was precisely in the absence of ebb and flow near the Kolyma that one of the proofs of the existence of a "mother land" in the north was seen at that time.
In St. Petersburg, Anjou and Wrangel were received by Alexander I, delighted with the exploits of the researchers. Then Anjou received a new appointment. He was assigned to the detachment of Colonel F. F. Berg, who was instructed to survey the Kyrgyz steppe from the northeastern shores of the Caspian to the western shores of the Aral Sea and find out whether it is possible to connect them by canals.
In November 1825, Anjou arrived in Uralsk and was soon on a campaign. The detachment was accompanied by about a thousand carts with food, a herd of rams and bulls and two hundred camels.
Having reached Dead Kultuk in the Caspian, the expedition turned east. The further it moved towards the Aral Sea, the lower the temperature dropped. Soldiers and Cossacks who spent the night right in the snow especially suffered from the cold. Several people died, many were sick, horses and camels fell. After a month and a half, the detachment reached the Aral Sea. It was covered with ice, so the ship brought over hundreds of miles turned out to be unnecessary. The researchers carried out an inventory of the coast.
For about three months the expedition traveled across the snowy Kyrgyz steppes.
Returning from a campaign to the Aral Sea, Anjou was awarded the Order of Anna, 2nd degree and was assigned to the ship "Gangut". In October 1827, Anjou took part in the Navarino battle with the Turks. He was wounded in the head, but did not leave his post until the end of the battle.
Anjou gave forty years of his life to the service in the naval department. Free time from sea voyages, he devoted to compiling notes about his travels on the islands and shores of Siberia, on the deserted Kyrgyz steppe. Unfortunately, his notes burned down during the fire. He could no longer do the enormous work.
The largest scientists, including Humboldt, saw in the "famous works of Captains Wrangel and Anjou" outstanding achievements in the study of terrestrial magnetism, climate, auroras, ice, waters, flora and fauna.
