Fadeev Bellingshausen. F. Bellingshausen - discoverer of Antarctica. After sailing around the world
Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen
Main events
Discovery of Antarctica
The pinnacle of a career
Order of Vladimir I st., Order of the White Eagle, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with the award of diamond signs to him two years later, Order of St. George IV degree
Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen(at birth Fabian Gottlieb Thadeus von Bellingshausen, (German. Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen ; September 20, 1778 - January 25, 1852 (73 years old) - Russian naval leader, navigator, admiral (1843). In 1803-1806. participated in the first Russian round-the-world voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" under the command of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Returning to Russia, he served in the Baltic and Black Sea fleets. In 1819-1821. headed on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" round-the-world expedition, during which on January 28, 1820 was discovered "ice continent" - Antarctica and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Biography
Childhood
From early childhood I wanted to connect my life with the sea: "I was born in the middle of the sea; just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea." In 1789 he entered the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. He became a midshipman and in 1796 sailed to the shores of England.
Service before circumnavigation
In 1797 he became a midshipman - he received his first officer rank. In 1803-1806 Bellingshausen served as a member of the expedition of IF Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, who made the first Russian round-the-world voyage.
Bellingshausen's abilities were noticed by the commander of the Kronstadt port, who recommended him to Kruzenshtern, under whose leadership in 1803-1806, on the ship "Nadezhda", Bellingshausen made the first round-the-world voyage, having drawn up almost all the maps included in the "Atlas for a voyage around the world" by Captain Kruzensh.
In 1810-1819 he commanded various ships in the Baltic and Black Seas.
Circumnavigation. Discovery of Antarctica
Bellingshausen and Lazarev's route From the Atlas of the History of Geographical Discovery and Research. 1959 g.
When preparing the second Russian circumnavigation, organized with the approval of Emperor Alexander the First, Kruzenshtern recommended making Bellingshausen its leader. The main goal of the expedition was designated by the Ministry of the Navy as purely scientific: "the discovery in the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of "acquiring the fullest knowledge of the globe."
In the summer of 1819, Captain 2nd Rank Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen was appointed commander of the sailing sloop Vostok and head of the expedition to open the sixth continent. The second sloop - "Mirny", commanded by the then young lieutenant Mikhail Lazarev.
Departing from Kronstadt on June 4, 1819, the expedition arrived on November 2 in Rio de Janeiro. From there Bellingshausen first headed straight south and, rounding the southwestern coast of New Georgia Island, discovered by Cook, about 56 ° S. NS. discovered 3 islands of the Marquis de Traversay, examined the southern Sandwich Islands, went to the east at 59 ° S. NS. and twice went further south, as far as the ice allowed, reaching 69 ° S. NS.
"Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
In January 1820 the ships of the expedition approached the coast of Antarctica and the coastal ice shelf was explored on the way to the east. So a new continent was discovered, which Bellingshausen called "ice". Antarctica was discovered by approaching it at 69 ° 21 "28" S. NS. and 2 ° 14 "50" W. (the area of the modern ice shelf), on February 2, ships saw the coast for the second time. And on the seventeenth and eighteenth of February, the expedition came close to the shore.
After that, in February and March 1820, the ships split up and sailed to Australia (Port Jackson, now Sydney) along the water surface of the Indian and Southern Oceans (55 ° lat. And 9 ° long.), Not yet visited by anyone. From Australia, the sloops of the expedition went to the Pacific Ocean, where a number of islands and atolls were discovered (Bellingshausen, Vostok, Simonov, Mikhailov, Suvorov, Russians and others), others visited (the Island of Grand Duke Alexander) when they returned to Port Jackson.
In November, the expedition ships again went to the South Pole seas, visiting Macquarie Island at 54 ° S. sh., south of New Zealand. From there, the expedition went straight south, then east, and crossed the Arctic Circle three times. January 10, 1821 at 70 ° S. NS. and 75 ° W. The sailors stumbled upon solid ice and were forced to go north, where they were open between 68 ° and 69 ° S. NS. the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I, after that they came to the islands of Nova Scotia. In August 1821, after a 751-day campaign, the expedition returned to Kronstadt.
The value of the expedition
Bellingshausen's voyage is justly considered one of the most important and difficult sailing ever done. Back in the 70s of the 18th century, the famous Cook was the first to reach the South Pole seas and, having met solid ice in several places, declared that further penetration to the south was impossible. They took him at his word, and for forty-five years there were no trips to the south polar latitudes.
Bellingshausen was able to prove the erroneousness of this opinion and did a lot for the study of the South Pole countries in the midst of constant labor and dangers, on two small sloops, not adapted for sailing in ice.
Also, Bellingshausen tried to find a way to enter the Amur River. sea ships... The attempt was unsuccessful. He could not find a fairway in the Amur estuary. In addition, due to the weather, it was not possible to dispel La Perouse's erroneous opinion that Sakhalin is a peninsula.
In total, during 751 days of sailing the expedition, 29 islands and 1 coral reef in the Tikhiy and Atlantic oceans... 92,000 km were covered. The expedition brought with it valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections.
After sailing around the world
Upon his return from the voyage, Bellingshausen was promoted to the rank of captain of the 1st rank, two months later to the rank of captain-commander and awarded "for impeccable service, in officer ranks, 18 six-month naval campaigns" with the Order of St. George IV degree. In 1822-1825 he commanded the 15th naval crew, and then was appointed Zeichmeister General of Naval Artillery and General Duty of the Naval Ministry. In 1825 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir II degree.
After the accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I, Bellingshausen was appointed a member of the committee for the formation of the fleet and in 1826 he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral.
In 1826-1827 he commanded a detachment of ships in the Mediterranean.
Commanding the Guards crew, Faddey Faddeevich participated in the Russian Turkish war 1828-1829 and for the difference in the capture of Messevria and Inada he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
On December 6, 1830, he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed chief of the 2nd division of the Baltic Fleet. In 1834 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle.
In 1839, the honored sailor was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port and military governor-general of Kronstadt. Annually, during the naval campaign, Bellingshausen was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet, for his services in 1840 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, and two years later he was awarded diamond marks to him. In 1843 he was promoted to the rank of admiral and in 1846 was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree.
He died in Kronstadt at the age of 73.
In 1870 a monument was erected to him in Kronstadt.
Personal characteristics according to the memoirs of contemporaries
During the search for the leader of the second Russian circumnavigation of the world, Kruzenshtern recommended the 2nd rank captain Bellingshausen in the following words: “Our fleet, of course, is rich in enterprising and skillful officers, but of all these, whom I know, no one, except Golovnin, can equal Bellingshausen. "
Influence on descendants
Bellingshausen's book: "Double exploration in the South Polar Ocean and sailing around the world" (St. Petersburg, 1881) has not lost its relevance until now, although it has already become rare.
Perpetuation of memory (monuments, places, etc. named after the hero, etc.)
- (1778 1852), Russian navigator, admiral (1843). Participant of the 1st Russian round-the-world voyage 1803 06. In 1819, 21 leaders of the 1st Russian Antarctic (round-the-world) expedition on sloops "Vostok" (see VOSTOK (sloop)) and "Mirny" (see ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1778 1852) Russian navigator, admiral (1843). Participant of the 1st Russian round-the-world voyage 1803 06. In 1819, 21 leaders of the 1st Russian Antarctic (round-the-world) expedition on sloops Vostok and Mirny, which opened in January 1820 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Russian navigator, admiral. Studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1803-06 he took part in the 1st Russian round-the-world voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Bellingshausen (Faddey Faddeevich), a famous Russian navigator, was born on August 18, 1779 on the island. Ezele, died on January 13, 1852 in Kronstadt. He was brought up in the naval cadet corps, participated in the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships in ... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (1778-1852), navigator, admiral (1843). In 1797 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps (now in the building of the MV Frunze Higher Naval School; a memorial plaque); served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1803-06 a participant in the 1st Russian ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
- (1778 1852), navigator, admiral (1843). In 1797 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps (now in the building of the MV Frunze Higher Naval School; a memorial plaque); served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1803 06 a participant of the 1st Russian ... ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich- (Fabian Gottlieb) (1778 1852) navigator, researcher. Pacific and Antarctic, adm. (1843), one of the members. founders of Rus. geogr. about va. Genus. on about. Ezel (now Saaremaa Island, Estonia). Graduated from Mor. building (1797). In 1803 06 he took part in the first Russian ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
BELLINSGA / UZEN Faddey Faddeevich (1779 1852) Russian navigator, admiral (1839). Graduated from the Marine Corps (1797), served on the ships of the Baltic Fleet. In 1803 1806. participated in the first Russian round-the-world voyage on the sloop Nadezhda under the command of ... ... Marine Biographical Dictionary
- ... Wikipedia
Bellingshausen, Faddey Faddeevich- BELLINSGAUZEN, Addey Addeevich, Admiral, Explorer of the Antarctic Ocean. Genus. in 1779, deceased. in 1852, at 73 m year of life, in the city of Kronstadt. As a young midshipman, he set off for the first Russian round-the-world expedition to the frigate ... ... Military encyclopedia
Books
- On the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" to the South Pole. The first Russian Antarctic expedition, Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich. In 1819-1821, the author led the first Russian Antarctic round-the-world expedition. For 751 days of sailing, Antarctica was discovered - a continent-mystery, in the very existence of which ...
- On sloops in the East Peace to the South Pole. The first Russian Antarctic expedition, Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich. In 1819-1821, the author led the first Russian Antarctic round-the-world expedition. For 751 days of sailing, Antarctica was discovered as a continent-mystery, in the very existence of which ...
Biography
Thaddeus Bellingshausen was born on September 9, 1778 on the island of Ezel. In 1789 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps located in Kronstadt. In 1795 he received his first naval rank, in connection with which he became a midshipman. In 1796 he made a trip to the shores of England. In 1797 he became a midshipman.
In the period from 1803 to 1806 he took part in the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships on the sloop "Nadezhda" under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern. At the end of the voyage, become a lieutenant captain. In the period from 1826 to 1827 he commanded a detachment of ships in the Mediterranean. In the period from 1828 to 1829 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, where he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree. In 1839 he became the chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1840 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Remark 1
Named after him:
- Bellingshausen Sea in the Pacific Ocean;
- Cape located on Sakhalin;
- Glacier;
- Crater on the Moon;
- Bellingshausen Scientific Polar Station in Antarctica.
Finished works on a similar topic
- Coursework 410 rubles.
- abstract Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen, famous Russian navigator RUB 250
- Test Faddey Fadeevich Bellingshausen, famous Russian navigator RUB 190
Discovery of Antarctica
Since ancient times, people believed that in the south polar region there is big land, which has not been previously experienced by anyone. A large number of legends circulated about her. Most believed that she was rich in gold and diamonds.
One of the famous English navigators, James Cook, made a journey in 1775 in order to find this continent, but due to weather conditions, nothing came of it.
The main task of the expedition was to get an answer to the question whether there actually exists a sixth continent called Antarctica. But no one could have imagined such stunning results in the form of the discovery of the sixth continent called Antarctica, as well as a large number of completely new and unknown islands. This contribution is undoubtedly the main contribution of Russian sailors to the exploration of our planet.
During the trip, the expedition almost came close to the coastal cliffs of the ice continent. After that, during the Antarctic winter, the expedition set off on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean, where several new islands were discovered.
Then the expedition returned to the polar latitudes. The members of the expedition were awarded orders, and were also promoted in their ranks.
The expedition of Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen made one of the main significant geographical discoveries. During the entire time of their voyage, the ships went around the entire Antarctic continent. During this time, a large number of completely new islands were discovered and mapped. In addition, unique scientific and ethnographic collections were collected, which to this day are kept in the custody of Kazan University. In addition, unique sketches of the Antarctic species and the animals that were there were made.
This discovery immediately became a major outstanding geographical discovery. But, despite this, for a large amount of time, many scientists continued to argue about what was actually discovered. Was it the mainland, or was it just a group of islands that was covered with a lot of ice.
The final confirmation of the continental nature of Antarctica was obtained only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of a large number of studies carried out using very sophisticated technical means.
Remark 2
In honor of this expedition, under the leadership of Bellingshausen, the Russian stations located in Antarctica began to bear such names as "Vostok" and "Mirny".
Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (born September 9 (20), 1778 - death January 13 (25), 1852) - Russian navigator, took part in the first Russian voyage around the world. He led the first Russian Antarctic expedition to discover Antarctica. Admiral. The sea off the coast of Antarctica, an underwater basin between the continental slopes of Antarctica and South America, islands in the Pacific, Atlantic Oceans and the Aral Sea, the first Soviet polar station on King George Island in the South Shetland Islands archipelago.
Origin. Childhood
The future admiral was born in 1778 on the island of Ezel (present-day Saaremaa) near Ahrensburg (present-day Kingisepp) in Livonia (Estonia). Originally a Baltic German from the Bellingshausen noble family of Eastsee. The sound of sea waves was constantly heard around the small island. From an early age, the boy could not imagine life without the sea. That is why in 1789 he entered the Naval Corps in Kronstadt as a cadet. The sciences were easy for him, especially navigation and nautical astronomy, but Thaddeus was never among the first students.
Service start
1796 - Midshipman Bellingshausen sets off on his maiden voyage to the shores of England, and at the end of this internship he was promoted to warrant officer and sent for further service in the Revel squadron. In its composition, on different ships, the young officer sailed in the Baltic Sea. The future discoverer of the southern polar continent eagerly mastered the art of sailing, in practice comprehending its secrets. This did not go unnoticed, and in 1803 Bellingshausen was transferred to the ship "Nadezhda" to participate in the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
Circumnavigation. Service
This voyage under the command of I.F.Kruzenshtern himself became a wonderful school for the young officer, and the leader of the expedition highly appreciated the diligence and level of the maps he had drawn up.
Upon completion of his circumnavigation of the world, Faddey Faddeevich, already in the rank of lieutenant commander, until 1810 commanded a frigate in the Baltic Sea, participated in the Russian-Swedish war. 1811 - goes to the Black Sea, where in 5 years he did a lot of work on drawing up and correcting maps, determined the main coordinates of the eastern coast.
By 1819, Captain 2nd Rank Bellingshausen had a reputation as a talented sailor, not only versed in astronomy, geography and physics, but also bold, decisive, exceptionally conscientious. This allowed Krusenstern to recommend the captain as the leader of the expedition for discoveries and research in the Antarctic region. Bellingshausen was urgently summoned to Petersburg, where on June 4 he took command of the sloop Vostok, which was to sail to Antarctica.
Preparing the expedition
The Vostok and the second ship of the Mirny expedition, built for circumnavigation, were specially adapted for polar conditions. The underwater part of the "Vostok" was fastened and sheathed with copper at Bellingshausen's request. The Mirny was equipped with a second plating, additional hull mountings, and replaced the pine steering wheel with an oak one. Together, the ships' crews numbered 183 people. Lieutenant MP Lazarev was appointed commander of the Mirny, who would eventually become a famous naval commander.
The expedition was prepared for a very short term- a little over a month, but it was supplied, primarily thanks to the efforts of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, perfectly. At the disposal of the sailors were the best sailing and astronomical instruments... Special attention was paid by the leaders of the expedition to the stock of various antiscorbutic agents, among which were coniferous essence, lemons, sauerkraut, dried and canned vegetables. Given the climatic conditions, there were stocks of rum and red wine. As a result, no serious illness among the sailors was ever observed.
Discovery of Antarctica
1819, July 16 - sloops left Kronstadt, entered Copenhagen, then the Canary Islands, and by mid-November were already in Rio de Janeiro. There, for three weeks, the team rested and prepared ships for sailing in difficult Antarctic conditions. Then, following the instructions, the ships sailed to the islands of South Georgia and to the "Land of Sandwich" - an open group of islands, which he took for a single island. The sailors identified the error and named the archipelago the South Sandwich Islands.
It was impossible to move further south - the path was blocked by solid ice. Therefore, Bellingshausen decided to go around the Sandwich Islands and look for a path along the northern edge of the ice. 1820, January 16 - records of the alleged proximity of land appeared in the logbook. The land was not visible, since it was under a continuous ice cover, but petrels circled above the sloops, and coming closer to the ice, the sailors could hear the cries of penguins. Later it will become known that the expedition was only 20 miles from the mainland, therefore this day is considered to be the official date of the discovery of Antarctica. If the ice cover at that time was not so powerful, sailors would certainly be able to see the land. Moving further, on February 6, they again came close to the mainland, but the weather conditions again did not allow us to confidently assert that the white space on the horizon is land.
Again and again, moving away from the ice edge and approaching it further along the course, the travelers tried to break through the ice. They crossed the Antarctic Circle 4 times, sometimes approaching 3-4 km to the coast of Antarctica, but the result remained the same. In the end, attempts to get closer to the alleged land had to be stopped. Strong storms could destroy fairly battered ships, it was necessary to replenish food and firewood supplies, to give rest to the exhausted crew. We decided to go to Port Jackson (Sydney).
Discoveries
The instruction ordered to conduct research in the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean during the winter in the Southern Hemisphere. The sailors spent only one month in Australia, and on May 22, 1820 she sailed to Tuamotu and the Society Islands. In this voyage, islands were discovered, which were given Russian names (Kutuzov, Raevsky, Ermolov, Barclay de Tolly, etc.). Several islands were also discovered near the Fiji archipelago and north of Tahiti. Also, research was carried out on the islands, which had already been visited by other travelers.
Again the storming of Antarctica. More discoveries
1820, beginning of September - the expedition returned to Port Jackson, thorough preparation of the ships was carried out and already on November 11 again set off for Antarctica. On January 18, the expedition clearly saw the coast, which was named the Land of Alexander I. There was no more doubt: the new continent was discovered. During the further voyage, the South Shetland Islands were explored, many of which were first mapped, about. Peter I, and others. But the work on the description of the discovered lands had to be interrupted: serious damage to the "Vostok" forced Bellingshausen to decide to terminate the expedition. The sailors traveled to Kronstadt through Rio de Janeiro, where they repaired the ship, then visited Lisbon, and returned to their homeland in July 1821.
Expedition results
The expedition lasted 751 days. The sailors covered 92,200 km. In addition to Antarctica, travelers discovered 29 islands. They managed to collect large ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections. 28 objects were plotted on the map of Antarctica by navigators. They surveyed large water areas adjacent to the mainland, gave a general description of its climate, described and classified the Antarctic ice for the first time.
In this difficult voyage, Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen proved himself to be a talented and skillful commander and was promoted to captain-commander. In addition, he also turned out to be a talented scientist. It was he who, long before Darwin, was the first to guess about the mechanism of formation of coral islands. He also gave the correct explanation of the causes of the appearance of the mass of algae in the Sargasso Sea, not being afraid to challenge the opinion of Humboldt himself. After visiting Australia, Bellingshausen vigorously opposed the racial theory that indigenous Australians were considered almost animals unable to learn.
Bellingshausen and Lazarev expedition route
Continuation of service
After his famous expedition, Faddey Faddeevich continued to serve in the navy: in 1821-1827 he commanded a flotilla in the Mediterranean; in 1828, already in the rank of rear admiral, he led a detachment of sailors-guards and led it on dry land from St. Petersburg across all of Russia to the Danube to participate in the war with Turkey; then on the Black Sea he commanded the siege of the Turkish fortress of Varna, etc.
1839 - Vice-Admiral Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen received the highest post of the chief commander of the Kronstadt port and the Kronstadt military governor in the Baltic Sea. Despite his advanced age, the admiral every summer put out to sea large fleets for maneuvers and brought the coordination of their actions to perfection.
1846 - the Swedish admiral Nordenskjöld was present at the maneuvers, who concluded that no fleet in Europe would make such an evolution.
Death. Heritage
Bellingshausen died on January 25, 1852 in Kronstadt. On his desk, they found a note - the last in his life. It read: "Kronstadt must be planted with such trees that would bloom before the fleet goes to sea, so that the sailor gets a particle of summer woody smell."
Bellingshausen's work “Two-fold surveys in the South Arctic Ocean and voyages around the world during 1819, 1820 and 1821, performed on the sloops Vostok and Mirny, first appeared in 1831 (republished in 1869). In addition, according to the results of the expedition, the admiral himself prepared "Atlas for the voyage of Captain Bellingshausen" (1831).
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich (1778-1852) was from the island of Ezel (Estonia). Descended from a family of Ostsee nobles. Known as a navigator who made two round-the-world voyages. The main merit of the traveler, who was continuously at sea from early youth until his death, was the discovery of Antarctica together with M.P. Lazarev.
Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski. Ice mountains in Antarctica 1870
Dreams of voyages originated in Thaddeus from childhood; Bellingshausen himself said that he could not live without the sea, like a fish without water. After graduating from the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps, he becomes a midshipman. The first major voyage, in which the young officer took part, took place in 1796. Then Thaddeus felt the spirit of distant sea crossings for the first time and visited distant England.
Bellingshausen was 25 years old when he was accepted into the crew for the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships. He served on the ship "Nadezhda". The expedition was commanded by Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern (more familiar - Ivan Kruzenshtern). Since Bellingshausen was passionate about science, he was entrusted with mapping on this journey. Later, all the maps compiled as a result of the expedition were included in the Atlas for a Journey Around the World, compiled by Kruzenshtern. After the successful completion of the journey, Bellingshausen's team of Krusenstern conducts cartographic research in the Black and Baltic Seas, makes astronomical maps. Geography was his passion, he wrote and sketched everything new with great enthusiasm.
In the 20s of the XIX century, a new round-the-world voyage is being prepared in Russia. Kruzenshtern recommends appointing Bellingshausen, the "enterprising and skillful officer", as the leader. And at the beginning of 1819 he leads the expedition. Its goal was designated as "the search for the sixth continent." Together with Bellingshausen, the outstanding navigator Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev took part in the voyage. And in June 1819 the sloops "Mirny" and "Vostok" departed from Kronstadt and rushed in search of the mysterious continent. Bellingshausen took command of Vostok. At that time he was 40 years old, and behind him was almost thirteen years of sea experience.
Bellingshausen is heading for Rio de Janeiro. Further, his path lies to the south. The expedition explores the Sandwich Islands, New Georgia Island, previously discovered by James Cook. By January, the ships arrive on the shores of an unknown southern ice-covered continent.
The date of the discovery of Antarctica is considered January 16, 1820. It was on this day that the expedition approached the continent in the area of the present Princess Martha Coast. Bellingshausen called the land he saw the Ice Continent. The sailors saw the coast for the second time on January 21. Huge ice walls, which constantly collapsed into the water - January - the height of the Antarctic summer, did not allow to land. During the summer, sailors explored the coastal shelf of Antarctica. They managed to cross the Antarctic Circle several times. The mainland was bypassed in a circle. In early February, during bad weather, Bellingshausen came close to the Princess Astrid Coast. Constant blizzards and snow drifts did not allow to see the coast properly. By March, with a gradual decrease in air temperature and coastal waters, the accumulation of ice increased off the coast of Antarctica, and navigation became at first difficult, and then simply impossible. Bellingshausen's ships headed for Australia.
However, this research was not completed, they continued in Pacific Ocean... Bellingshausen explored the Tuamotu archipelago, where 29 islands were discovered. All of them were named in honor of the outstanding statesmen and military leaders of Russia.
In September 1820, studies of Antarctica were resumed. The Shore of Alexander I was discovered, the island of Peter I got its name. After that, the expedition arrived to the South Shetland Islands. At this time, a group of islands was discovered, which received the names of battles. Patriotic War 1812 and outstanding Russian seafarers.
July 1821 ended. Bellingshausen's expedition headed for Kronstadt. Behind the shoulders of the heroic sailors were 50 thousand miles and 751 days of travel. Deep climatic and hydrographic studies have been carried out, unique collections have been collected, valuable for zoology, ethnography and botany. Bellingshausen carefully entered into his diary all sorts of information - information about the customs of local peoples and about everything that he and his team happened to see, and provided the Admiralty with a collection of his travel notes with attachments of various drawings and maps; the manuscript was published in 1831.
Bellingshausen has become a real idol for many travelers and explorers. Comrades spoke of him as a brave and decisive person. V extreme situation the seasoned sailor displayed surprising composure. He knew his job well and was distinguished by his humanity - he never used corporal punishment, he treated his subordinates with care. The success of the expedition and the well-being of his subordinates were his priorities. However, he was inclined to take risks. So, Lazarev noted that Bellingshausen endangers the ship, maneuvering between ice fields with large passages. Bellingshausen argued that at such a time he was in a hurry because he only thought about not getting stuck with the team in the ice with the onset of spring.
After the discovery of North and South America and Australia, Antarctica was the final Great Geographical Discovery. Before that, no one seriously assumed that there was a whole continent waiting to be discovered. After the voyage of the Russian discoverers Bellingshausen and Lazarev, there are no undiscovered large continents in the world.
For the greatest services to the Motherland, Bellingshausen first receives the title of Rear Admiral, then, in 1826, becomes the head Mediterranean Sea... From 1839 he was appointed to the post of the military governor of Kronstadt and the chief commander of the Kronstadt fleet, and towards the end of his life he became an admiral and took part in the war with Turkey, leading the naval siege.
Bellingshausen is known for his significant contribution to the construction of new harbors, ports, docks, as well as for taking care of the personnel of the fleet. First of all, he took care of the sailors. On his initiative, the meat ration was significantly increased in the fleet. After the death of the admiral, a document was found in which it was proposed to plant trees with early flowering in the harbors so that those leaving the sea could see spring. To raise the cultural level of sailors, he created a library in the port. Bellingshausen attached great importance to training, improved artillery shooting skills, transferred maneuvering skills to the sailors responsible for navigation.
The great navigator died in 1852. Bellingshausen was buried in Kronstadt, where a monument was erected to him 18 years later. The name of the great discoverer was given to the islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the sea, a cape on Sakhalin Island, and an ice shelf in Antarctica. In 1968, the opening of the first Soviet scientific station on the West Coast of Antarctica took place at Cape Fildes. She also received the name Bellingshausen.
Prepared based on materials:
http://www.peoples.ru
http://www.hrono.ru
http://www.kronstadt.ru
Shikman A.P. Workers of the patriotic. M, 1997
