home > Drilling > Transport and communications. Transport and communications Profession organization of transportation and transport management

Transport and communications. Transport and communications Profession organization of transportation and transport management

Process production in transport is the very promotion of goods and passengers from points of departure to points of destination, and finished transport products – their completed transportation. Unlike other branches of material production, transport products are produced and sold simultaneously; it is impossible to procure them for future use or reserve them, or create a reserve in case of an unexpected failure or reduction in current production. From this point of view, transport is a more complex industry than any other material production.

Transport has everything three elements, characteristic of any branch of material production, namely: means of labor, i.e. means of transport, objects of labor, i.e. objects of transportation (cargo and passengers), purposeful activities of people, i.e. their work.

At the same time, transport is characterized by some features that distinguish it from other sectors of the national economy.

Firstly, transport does not produce new material products, but, as it were, continues the production process in the sphere of circulation. The final result of production is sold to the consumer, so transport is a continuation of the production process. Product manufacturers are interested in the quality of the transport process, improving the use of rolling stock and saving transport costs.

Secondly, transport products are inseparable from the transport production process. It cannot be accumulated, its reserves cannot be created. The problem of reserves in transport is not the creation of reserves of transport products, but the creation of reserves of transportation and throughput capacity. Maneuvering reserves is practically impossible, so reserves of freight and throughput capacity must be created primarily in directions with rapidly growing traffic volumes.

Third, transport products do not contain raw materials. The share of wages in its cost is twice as high as in industry. Costs for depreciation, fuel and electricity account for almost half of the operating costs of transport. Reducing costs can be achieved primarily by increasing labor productivity, improving the use of rolling stock, and reducing fuel and electricity consumption per unit of transport work.

Fourth, the circulation of funds in transport occurs in a special way: on the transport market it is not the product that is sold in the form of a new thing, but the product itself manufacturing process transport industry. The quality of transport products is determined not only by the quality of the final product, but also by the quality of the transport production process. Of particular importance are delivery speed and continuity transport process, cargo safety during transportation, reliability all links of the transport conveyor, the quality of work of each employee, the enterprise and the system as a whole.

Transport, in addition to ensuring the circulation of products from manufacturing industries, itself is one of the branches of economic infrastructure, which, in addition to all types of mainline transport, includes energy, communications, utilities, engineering structures in the form of dams, canal networks and other elements. The level of development of transport in a country to a certain extent determines the level of development of its civilization.

The work of many sectors of the national economy is directly related to transport: mechanical engineering, fuel energy, metallurgy, etc. Transport consumes approximately 18% of diesel fuel, 6% of electricity, 10% of timber, 4% of ferrous metals. Transport significantly influences economic growth, expanding trade, and improving living standards. It helps improve productivity by reducing travel time for both cargo and passengers.

In many modern industries, transport is an integral part of material production. Thus, refrigerators, in addition to transportation functions, additionally perform the functions of preserving the temperature conditions of goods, truck shops additionally perform the functions of storing goods and are a place for their sale, concrete trucks (mixers) carry out the process of preparing the solution during its delivery to the places of use, and during flights in space they produce new substances . Considering only the movement measured by the product of the mass of the transported cargo and the distance of transportation to be considered transport products becomes incorrect.

In addition to transport and other products, as can be seen from the above, transport activities are accompanied by a significant contribution to cumulative damage, caused by industrial society to nature: chemical, mechanical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic pollution, transport disasters.

Transport actively affects the environment, and more in a negative way. Transport accounts for 40% of emissions into the atmosphere of all products of industrial activity, of which more than 80% are emissions from motor vehicles. It follows from this that the practical reduction of air pollution from transport is largely determined by the solution of the environmental problem in road transport.

Transport is classified as a material production, but at the same time it is a special industry, has its own specifics, which determines the uniqueness of the production process and its products, and accordingly the equipment, technology, organization and management used.

Transport, therefore, is an integral part of social production, its role in the future can only increase, and technological processes of transport production will develop and improve accordingly.

Traffic flows

The location of production in the country is formed under the influence of the location of natural resources (fertile lands, forests, mineral deposits) and the historical settlement of people, as well as under the influence of the state. The basic principles of rational production location are that processing enterprises should be close to sources of raw materials, and manufactured products should be close to areas of consumption. In addition, the distribution of the country's inhabitants, that is, the availability of labor for production, should be taken into account. The practice of locating productive forces in the country takes into account the configuration and capacity of the existing communication network and the possibility of its development in accordance with the prospects for the development of other sectors of the economy. The need for a balance between transport needs and transport capabilities applies to both the network design, i.e. to the geographical location of transport communications and their carrying capacity. If there is an excess of transport capacity, the state incurs losses from the maintenance of unused vehicles and labor resources. With insufficient development of transport, production and trade turnover are hampered with all the ensuing negative consequences.

Due to the historical distribution of productive forces in the country, the territory of any state consists of economic regions, in each of which there is a unique complex of production. Some regions have a rich raw material base: coal, oil, metals, others produce agricultural products, others have developed mechanical engineering, electronics industry, etc. As productive forces develop, the pattern of specialization and profile of economic regions change, but in each of them mass production is produced, which is consumed not only in the places of production, but also must be exported outside the given region.

To establish the amounts of reasonable import and export of certain types of products, transport and economic balances by economic regions and subjects of the country. Transport and economic balances make it possible to identify and predict freight flows in interregional communications; it is advisable to carry out the same calculations within each economic region.

Based on transport and economic balances, special tables or matrices of cargo flows are compiled both for individual mass types of products and in a consolidated form for all cargo.

Summing up the development of the country's transport complex in 2002, Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation FRANK S.O. noted: “we have come close to the point where the lack and suboptimal use of capacity... modes of transport becomes a real limiter on exports, especially oil, petroleum products, grain, coal - and not only in terms of capacity, but also in areas of trade. ... The transport system for foreign trade requires diversification. A long-term transport balance, which would link the development of transport infrastructure with the prospects of productive forces and foreign trade and, above all, the country’s energy balance, can give the necessary systematicity to this process.” The transport and economic balance can be presented in the form of a table (Table 1.1).

As follows from the table, within the boundaries of the Northwestern and Central Black Earth regions there is a surplus of this type of product, 15 and 10 million tons, respectively, and in the Central region there is a shortage of the same product in the amount of 20 million tons. In this case, it seems it is possible to export a surplus of products to the Central region in the amount of 20 million tons, for example, from the North-Western and Central regions 10 million tons each, and the remaining 5 million tons in the North-Western region to some other region with a shortage of these products ( Fig. 1.2).

Another option can be considered, when the entire excess production of the North-Western region is sent to the Central region, and the excess production of the Central Black Earth region is distributed between the Central (5 million tons) and another region. The most appropriate option is selected based on the conditions of transportation distance, availability of transportation capabilities, interests of the sender and recipient of the product and other factors.

Transport and economic balances make it possible to identify and plan freight flows in inter-district communications. Similar calculations must be carried out within each economic region, since the geographical scale of our regions is quite large, and economic activities are very diverse.

If you highlight part of the cargo flows carried out by motor transport, you can obtain data on the capacity of the market for motor transport services and determine the market share of your enterprise.

Modern motor transport enterprises, due to the current market relations, each have their own share of participation in the transport services market. To determine the prospects for expanding their zone of influence, commercial workers of enterprises study the state of the market and determine the possibilities of such expansion.

The analysis of the needs for transport services for the transportation of goods and the dynamics of their changes is carried out by analyzing the volumes of transportation, cargo turnover and cargo flows.

Traffic volume Q– this is the number of goods transported or to be transported (according to a plan, agreement, application, etc.).

Freight turnover P– the volume of transport work, measured in ton-kilometers, characterizes the amount of transport work to move the amount of cargo Q to a certain distance L.

Freight flows determine the amount of goods transported on a site, through a transport hub, in an economic or administrative region, or throughout the country. Freight flows are determined taking into account the directions of cargo movement; they can be in forward and reverse directions.

Freight flows of a transport point (node)(warehouse, cargo station, pier, port) are measured by the number of cargo arriving at the point, leaving it and in transit. Incoming and outgoing cargo constitute local cargo flows, and taking into account transit cargo, the total cargo flow is determined.

Freight flows on road sections characterize the amount of cargo transported on the site in both directions and are usually shown as a diagram of cargo flows (Fig. 1.3). On road sections, rectangles represent the amount of cargo flows between transshipment points or points along the route. The areas of the rectangles correspond on a scale to the freight turnover on the corresponding sections of the route. The volumes of transportation in the areas according to which the diagrams of cargo flows were constructed are given in Table. 1.2.

Passenger flows are formed under the influence of objective economic and demographic factors, as well as as a result of people’s desire to satisfy their social, cultural and other needs. A significant share is made up of business trips related to people's work. This category includes mainly urban and suburban passengers; long-distance travel is also carried out for business purposes. Long-distance travel includes the transportation of workers serving the enterprise on a so-called rotational basis (builders and operators of oil fields in remote areas).

Passenger traffic volume measured by the number of planned or actually transported passengers.

Transport mobility of the population characterizes the average number of trips per year per passenger. It can be defined for a city, region or country as a whole as the total number of trips taken by the population during the year divided by the total number of residents living in them.

Passenger turnover refers to the completed or planned transport work for the transportation of passengers. Passenger turnover is measured in passenger kilometers and corresponds to the number of passengers multiplied by the average distance of their trip.

Passenger traffic– movement of passengers in a certain direction.

Passenger tension– the number of passengers passing through a given section of the route per unit of time.

Based on the characteristics of passenger flow and passenger turnover, they plan transport support for settlements and regions.

In the modern world, transport plays a vital role, allowing people and things to move not only within one country, but also in cross-border directions. Therefore, professions related to transport will always be popular. After all, it is thanks to them that fast delivery of goods and passengers is carried out to different, even the most remote and inaccessible places on our planet.

Many people who are thinking about what to become in this life want to know what professions exist in transport today. Transport professions, the list of which is quite wide, traditionally differ depending on the mode of transport.

Railway transport professions

In the vast majority of developed countries, it is railway transport that bears the main burden of transporting goods and passengers, which is why the profession of a railway transport worker is not only always in demand, but also very popular among job seekers. The list of railway transport professions unique to this industry is not very extensive, and all of them can be classified depending on three main areas of activity of workers:

Travel specialties.
Station specialties.
Station specialties.

Travel specialties are as follows:

Driver. Controls the locomotive. It is believed that in the near future this profession will disappear, and train control will be entrusted to automatic systems. But so far, nowhere in the world can they do without this, the most respected and prestigious profession in railway transport. Moreover, in Russia this is a purely male profession, completely inaccessible to women.
Assistant driver. Performs a lot of functions, being, in fact, the eyes, ears and hands of the driver.
The head of the train. Responsible for the functionality of the train, its normal operation, its condition, including each carriage, compartment and individual seats.
Conductor. The profession “Railway conductor” involves direct work in the carriage, including serving passengers, maintaining order, etc.

Among the main station professions, the main ones are the following:

Travel specialists. This profession includes two specializations: craftsmen and linemen. At the same time, they have one goal - to ensure the integrity of the railway track. The inspectors discover its damage, and the craftsmen repair it.
Electricians. Their duty is to ensure the operability of switches, hitch stops, traffic lights, high voltage lines used by railway transport, etc.
Electromechanics. Carry out maintenance of the alarm system, centralization and blocking, eliminate its malfunctions, malfunctions and breakdowns.
Carriages. Carry out inspections of trains, internal and external monitoring of the condition of cars.
Repairmen. Their task is to troubleshoot rolling stock.

Station occupations include:

Station duty officer. His functions include scheduling trains, monitoring their arrival and departure, and managing the station entrusted to him.
Dispatcher. Carries out direct coordination of movement, constantly being in touch with drivers.
Maintenance and service personnel, including several specialties related to ticket sales, food preparation, medical care, security, cleaning, etc.

Profession road transport

Road transport is younger than rail transport, but its role in transportation is also very important. Road transport workers , professions, which are distinguished by their specificity, operate in the field of road transportation. Among their specialties are the following:

Drivers of various categories. These people directly control vehicles, both passenger and cargo.
Dispatcher. The profession of “road transport dispatcher” is in many ways similar to that of the railway. Here it is also necessary to coordinate the movement of vehicles, maintain constant communication with them, and promptly solve emerging problems.

The specialty “Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles” is associated with maintaining vehicles in proper functional condition and repairing them if necessary.

Maintenance and service personnel.

Air transport professions

Air transport is indispensable over long distances and especially in cases where the destination is inaccessible to other modes of transport. The profession of this type of transport is steeped in romance and is very prestigious. Specific among such professions are the following:

Aircraft commander. Supervises the crew, while also combining the functions of the main pilot.
Pilot. Controls the aircraft.
Navigator. Its main functions are to plot a course and monitor its progress using navigational instruments.
Flight engineer. Controls the operation of engines, landing gear and other aircraft systems.
Flight attendant. Representatives of this profession are also called flight attendants and stewards. Their task is to directly serve passengers and ensure their safety.
Flight director. This is the main person at the airfield, monitoring everything that happens there, including the state of all technical support, the runway, and the situation in the air (including weather conditions). Only he can authorize landing or takeoff.
Air traffic controller. Regulates the movement of aircraft using air navigation and aeronautical meteorology data. Constantly in contact with aircraft.

River transport professions

Today, river transport is no longer as popular as in Soviet times, but in many regions of our huge and not very well-developed country in terms of infrastructure, it is almost the only means of transporting goods and passengers. Therefore, water transport professions are also necessary and respected, and the main ones are presented below:

Riverboat captain. Supervises the crew and bears full responsibility for the vessel entrusted to him.
Navigation technician. Ensures the operation of ships, including the safety of their navigation.
Marine technician. Responsible for the operation of the ship's power equipment.
Motor mechanic. Operates the engine, starts, stops and changes operating modes.
Helmsman (feeder). A person who provides control of a ship while it is moving.
Boatswain. Manages the ship's crew in all economic activities.
Ship's cook. He's a cook. Responsible for preparing food and providing adequate nutrition for the crew and passengers.
Radiotelegraph operator. Provides communication between ships and shore and between different ships.
Sailor. The main working unit of river transport, carrying out all necessary work under the guidance of the boatswain.
Port manager. Monitors and manages the movement of vessels.
Port workers. These could be crane operators, loaders, general workers, and a host of other professions directly related to work at the port.

Maritime transport professions

Professions in the field of maritime transport are practically no different from those in river transport. Therefore, only the following can be added to the list above:

Skipper. Responsible for deck property.
Major assistant. The captain's right hand, performing a huge number of functions, sharing them with the boatswain.
Lighthouse keeper. Operates the lighthouse to ensure the safety of maritime navigation.

Profession organization of transportation and transport management

Whatever the type of transport, it needs qualified management to organize uninterrupted transportation. This requires different specialties, including « Equipment and technology of ground transport,” a profession related to ensuring the operation of both road and rail transport. The profession “Automation and telemechanics in transport” is directly related to railways, where specialists of this profile operate interval motion systems.

Transport service, what kind of profession?

The profession “Service in transport by mode of transport” involves specialization in servicing passengers, preparing the necessary documents, making financial payments, ensuring security, etc.

In conclusion, it can be noted that the professions of transport workers are not limited to the considered specialties. There are many different professions that are also used in transport, but are not specific to this industry.

Topic 8. Quality of transport services.

The domestic practice of economic relations in road transport and in the industries it serves was built on a system of centralized planning. Motor transport enterprises (ATEs) received from policymakers a list of mandatory clientele and the range of goods transported, and the clientele received a list of ATOs whose services they could use.

Strict central planning led to a lack of competition. In such a system, motor transport enterprises had the opportunity, without wasting any effort, to dictate their terms to customers. Most enterprises carried out only transportation operations, without being interested in the needs of customers for other services.

In our opinion, the transport chain producer-carrier-consumer had the following shortcomings:

low level of interaction between transport enterprises and consumers of their services;

significant disunity of interests of the parties;

low level of information communication between participants in the transportation process;

significant downtime of cargo units (containers) at hubs awaiting service by transport enterprises;

impossibility of informing the consumer about the location of the shipment and the time of arrival at the destination; imperfect document management system, etc.

As the planning principles weakened, the need arose for the country's economy to transition to market relations. And the functioning of the economy of the Russian Federation in market conditions poses a number of problems for road transport to adapt to a market economy. The characteristic features of the functioning of motor transport in a market economy are such objective circumstances as:

new economic conditions for the operation of road transport and consumers of its services,

formation of the transport services market,

increased competition between transport enterprises and various modes of transport.

Without taking into account market requirements, no enterprise can develop normally. The ultimate goal of any transport enterprise operating in a market environment is to make a profit based on the production of a service needed by the consumer.

The motor transport industry is one of the most accessible in terms of property privatization. Buying one or several cars for private or collective use is not as difficult and expensive as a large production enterprise.

Countries with developed market economies are characterized by specialization of the activities of transport enterprises, which allows each individual participant in the delivery process to achieve a high level of quality of service at lower costs in the segment of the transport services market that it occupies. Specialization is manifested primarily in the different status of enterprises, that is, in the type of activity prescribed to them on the basis of the received permit (license). Transport enterprises are divided into the following groups: transport, forwarding, information intermediary, stevedoring, leasing, repair of rolling stock and equipment, etc.

In addition to specialization by type of activity, there is also territorial specialization, that is, the right to service a certain region, specialization by the type of cargo transported, by the nature of the routes, etc. Forwarding enterprises, along with servicing consumers, provide services to transport companies, offering and implementing optimal options for cargo delivery, in particular in intermodal traffic. in particular, the terms of contracts for the supply of goods.

One of the main conditions for the successful operation of transport enterprises in market conditions is knowledge and mastery of basic market concepts and provisions.

Until the 90s, the concept of transport service was not used in the practice of planning and organizing the work of road transport. The exception was such a field of activity as transport and forwarding services, where this concept is generally accepted.

This approach was due to the traditional consideration of road transport on a par with manufacturing industries. In this case, only transportation was considered as a product of road transport, measured by such gross indicators as transportation volumes, freight turnover, etc. . These indicators have traditionally been used as indicators for assessing the quality of activities of road transport enterprises. In market conditions, a new approach to this issue is needed, so there is a need to consider such a market concept as a service.

Services include all types of labor that are not directly involved in changing and transforming the forms of matter and the forces of nature and that produce a special use value, which is expressed in the socially useful activity of labor itself in various sectors of the social economy (science, education, health care, etc.). Services also include those types of labor that, being engaged in actual material production, are not embodied in a tangible, separate product of labor (transport, communications).

Definition by Raizberg B.A.: “Service is a type of activity, work, in the process of which a new, previously non-existent material product is not created, but the quality of an existing, created product changes. These are benefits provided not in the form of things, but in the form of activity.”

Thus, the provision of services itself creates the desired result.

Transport services refer to services that complete and (or) precede the process of material production. Transport services are defined as a subtype of transport activity aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and characterized by the presence of the necessary technological, financial, information, legal and resource support. The service, therefore, means not only the actual transportation of goods, but also any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but is associated with its preparation and implementation.

Road transport services include:

transportation of goods, mail;

loading and unloading services (loading, unloading, reloading, internal warehouse operations);

cargo storage services;

services for preparing vehicles for transportation;

provision of transportation vehicles on lease or rental terms;

forwarding and additional services performed during the transportation of goods, luggage, etc. for servicing enterprises, organizations, and the population;

transportation of new and repaired vehicles, etc.

Cargo transportation is the main type of transport service. Cargo transportation, as a rule, is accompanied by the provision of one or more types of other services (loading, unloading, forwarding, etc.).

Analysis of domestic and foreign experience allows us to give the following classification of transport services: based on the relationship with the main activities of transport enterprises - into transportation (i.e., including in one form or another an element of transportation) and non-transport; by type of consumer to whom the service is provided - external (provided to non-transport enterprises and organizations) and internal (i.e. provided to other enterprises and organizations of motor transport or other transport industries). An example of an internal service is the provision by a transport company of rolling stock to a forwarding company for transportation; by the nature of the activity related to the provision of this service - technological, commercial and information, etc. The demand for transport services is determined, in particular, by the development of other types of transport in the region, the degree of their integration, the level of tariffs for various types of transport, and the quality of services provided to consumers by enterprises of various types of transport.

There are two directions in the organization of transport services:

adapting the range of services offered to the specific requirements of consumers;

active formation of needs and demand for the purpose of the most profitable sale of available services (offer of unified services).

The share of transport services as the economy develops, as a rule, increases or stabilizes. A similar situation can be observed in almost all countries.

Solving the problem of efficient distribution of goods and increasing the level of quality of service for consumers of transport services in market conditions is closely connected with the problem of quality of services. Only a high level of service quality can provide a reliable sales market for the services of transport enterprises. A high level of quality and efficiency of service must be supported by an appropriate level of material and technical support, including a developed system of warehouse and container terminals, modern loading and unloading equipment, computer information science and management tools.

Research and analysis of the problem of the quality of transport and forwarding services for consumers of transport services has shown that the basis of existing service concepts is a judgment stating that a high level of quality of service for consumers of transport services is achieved subject to the provision of comprehensive services, that is, the more services are provided to consumers, the the level of quality of service will be higher. At the same time, in market conditions, servicing with a wide range of services offered than what is necessary for the consumer will cost the latter more.111111

The problem of assessing the quality of services seems quite complex. According to the ISO 8402-86 standard, service quality is defined as the set of properties and characteristics of a service that give it the ability to satisfy stated or intended needs. Thus, the requirements that consumers place on the delivery of goods directly arise from their needs. These needs are quite clearly specified in the contracts concluded. In other cases, the expected needs must be established and determined through marketing research. Needs change over time, which necessitates periodic marketing research. The need for transport services must be satisfied quickly, and sometimes immediately. In many cases, as noted above, a need that is not satisfied at the appropriate time becomes unnecessary for the consumer, that is, the demand is transitory.

When determining quality, it is necessary to take into account the following features of transport services: a service cannot exist outside the process of its production, and therefore accumulate; the sale of a service is, practically, the sale of the labor process itself, therefore, the quality of the service is the quality of the labor process itself; a service represents a specific use value only at a certain time in a certain direction, which sharply limits the possibility of its replacement on the market; there are significant fluctuations in demand for services both in time and space; transport does not have great capabilities to smooth out unevenness and especially peaks in demand; the supply of services is characterized by little flexibility in adapting to demand that changes over time and space; the supply of services is generally less reliable from a technological point of view than the supply of other services (influence of meteorological and climatic conditions); creating additional carrying capacity to smoothly meet all fluctuations in demand is very expensive. Thus, in market conditions, quality is defined as the level of consumer properties and reliability of a service that the market (consumer) needs and that manufacturers are able to provide at an affordable price.

Quality is defined as conformity to requirements, which must be clearly stated so that they cannot be misunderstood. Measurements are then taken to determine compliance with these requirements. A detected discrepancy means a lack of quality. Quality problems become non-conformity problems and quality becomes definable.

According to the above definitions, each type of service has a certain set of properties and characteristics that satisfy the needs of the consumer. As noted above, the main type of transport service - cargo transportation - as a rule, cannot be consumed independently and in most cases is accompanied by the provision of additional types of services, such as loading and unloading, forwarding, etc. From this we can conclude that the quality of transport services can be considered as the quality of a set of types of services provided by transport enterprises and capable of satisfying the existing or possible needs of the consumer.

A particular problem is determining the quality of cargo delivery.

The time (terms) of cargo delivery is considered as one of the most significant parameters of the quality of consumer service.

In a market economy, it is important to achieve an optimal ratio of costs to quality of service for the consumer of services. The latter is attracted by minimum delivery times, maximum safety of cargo, convenience in receiving and delivering cargo and the ability to obtain reliable information about tariffs, conditions of transportation and location of cargo, and then he is ready to bear the corresponding costs. Transport activities should be based on customer needs. The consumer is not interested in the costs of the transport company for providing services.

The quality of delivery also presupposes the speed and regularity of cargo delivery,

safety of goods during transportation,

elimination of unnecessary transshipment operations.

The first two parameters affect a timely response to changes in market conditions and a reduction in inventory.

A study of the demand for transport services indicates that consumers consider timely delivery to be the main requirement for cargo delivery. As consumer demands for product quality become more stringent, manufacturers' needs for timely and reliable delivery are increasingly increasing.

The main requirements for transport services by consumers are the following:

reliability of transportation;

minimum terms (duration) of delivery;

regularity of cargo delivery;

guaranteed delivery times, including just-in-time delivery of cargo;

transportation safety;

ensuring the safety of cargo upon delivery;

convenience for receiving and delivering cargo;

availability of additional services;

availability of different levels of transport services;

adaptability to customer requirements (service flexibility);

a well-functioning information and documentation system;

escorting cargo to its final destination;

organization of cargo delivery from door to door;

reasonable transportation cost; possibility of customs clearance (payment of customs duties, etc.);

optimal location of departure and delivery points;

the ability to obtain reliable information about tariffs, transportation conditions and cargo location;

availability of necessary transport packaging;

availability of necessary reloading equipment at transshipment points;

elimination of intermediate transshipment operations.

An analysis of a comparative assessment of the quality of road, rail and mixed delivery of goods carried out in Germany in terms of delivery duration, transportation safety, delivery accuracy, delivery cost, level of service, payment of customs and other duties, service flexibility (adaptability to consumer requirements) shows that delivery by road transport is ahead of other types of delivery in all specified parameters.

Combined delivery occupies an intermediate position, and in terms of duration, accuracy, delivery cost, level of service, ease of payment of customs and other duties, and service flexibility are rated better than rail delivery.

In terms of transportation safety, mixed delivery received worse ratings compared to road and rail delivery.

Of the 145 shippers surveyed, 35% place the highest value on shipping costs, 31% on delivery times, 14% on service flexibility and 10% on delivery reliability.

When considering the issue of the quality of transport services, it is necessary to take into account, in particular, the following:

When concluding a contract, the consumer's needs are clearly stated, whereas in other conditions, the expected needs must be established and determined through market research.

In many cases, needs may change over time, necessitating periodic market research and review of service requirements.

Needs are usually expressed in properties and quantitative characteristics of these properties.

Needs may include aspects such as functionality, safety, availability, reliability, economic factors, environmental protection, etc. The term quality is not used to express superlatives in a comparative sense, nor in a quantitative sense when making technical assessments. In such cases, a qualitative adjective is used. For example, the following terms may be used:

relative quality, where services are classified according to their degree of excellence or method of comparison;

quality level and measure of quality where precise technical assessment is carried out quantitatively.

All information related to the quality of the service must be carefully studied, compared and analyzed. Such information helps determine the nature and extent of problems associated with service quality, based on the experience and wishes of the consumer. Speaking about the quality of motor transport services, special attention should be paid to the economic aspect.

Topic 9: Research methods for regional economics.

Regional economics studies relations of production and productive forces in their specific, regional aspect.

Objectives of the regional economy:

methodological and practical study of territorial proportions of national economic development;

development of a general theory and substantiation of objective factors for the rational distribution of productive forces;

study of the processes of formation of regional economies.

For research in the field of regional economics and in the field of territorial planning of agriculture, system analysis and economic-mathematical models are used.

The application of the principles of system analysis allows us to consider each major economic problem (sectoral, territorial) as a special system that interacts with other sectors.

System analysis makes it possible to rationally use diverse information for agriculture. System analysis is based on theoretical research and scientific concepts that make it possible to identify options for solving modern problems. System analysis requires a clear statement of each problem, identification of goals and the most effective methods for solving it.

The purpose of scientific research into regional economics is identical to the purpose of planning and territorial organization of the country's economy. In general terms, this is the gradual creation of a highly efficient unified national economic complex of the Russian Federation, its constant improvement based on the rational placement of productive forces, the interconnected development of the economy of all regions of the country.

This general goal characterizes the development of the territorial economy as a large system and has a certain specification:

rational placement of a complex of industries;

purposeful formation of the economy of individual regions.

The complexity of relationships in the territorial economy of the Russian Federation requires the development of a system of economic and mathematical models covering the main, key problems of the development of the regional economy.

The following main directions of economic and mathematical modeling of regional economic processes can be distinguished:

modeling of territorial proportions of the country's economic development;

modeling the location of production by sectors of the national economy;

modeling the formation of the economy of the country's regions (economic region, regional agricultural complex).

The general economic and mathematical model of territorial proportions determines the optimal options for the development of the economy of macroregions (zones) for the future based on an analysis of sectoral and regional, inter-industry and inter-district proportions of economic development and the location of productive forces.

For the first time, the question of creating such models was raised by academician V.S. Nemchinov. He believed that the general theory of the development and distribution of productive forces and territorial organization of agriculture “should contain a system of principles, economic criteria and precise quantitative methods of scientifically based planning decisions... It should also include a territorial model of social production, characterizing the most important territorial proportions of agriculture and the main planned indicators of the volume and dynamics of social production for all economic regions... Such a model of social production should provide, on the basis of its appropriate economic and mathematical processing, the solution of extreme problems in choosing optimal options for the spatial placement of material social production.”

Sectoral economic and mathematical analysis is used in assessing options for the location of industrial complexes and large industrial facilities.

Economic and mathematical methods are necessary when solving problems regarding the selection of areas for the construction of large industrial facilities. To select the area and locations that are the most cost-effective for agricultural production, it is necessary to take into account not only the natural and economic characteristics of many areas, but also connections with related industrial production located in different areas, the availability of labor resources, as well as transport connections.

While noting the usefulness of sectoral analysis, one should keep in mind the known limitations of sectoral economic and mathematical models, since they mainly use sectoral information without a broad regional approach.

Therefore, sectoral economic and mathematical analysis alone does not allow us to consider the entire set of factors for the rational placement of production.

Regional economic and mathematical models should be based on the following provisions:

the economy and social aspects of a particular region are considered as an integral part of the overall system of regions of the country; However, the assessment of options for the effective formation of a region is also based on the optimal territorial economic proportions of agriculture for a certain period;

the regional model adjusts sectoral models of production location based on territorial economic and social information about the long-term balance of labor and natural resources, natural conditions, a network of populated areas, and transport connections;

regional models are associated with models of territorial proportions, sectoral economic and mathematical calculations and represent an organic part of the general scientific and methodological approach to the variant assessment of the future location of productive forces and the optimal formation of the economy of the entire system of regions.

There is some complexity of the information flow on large regional models, which requires the organization of economic and mathematical analysis of the regional system in several separate blocks:

production specialization of the region;

production infrastructure;

social infrastructure;

The block of production specialization of the region is decisive and analyzes options for the effective placement of production in a particular region, taking into account the necessary auxiliary production and the rational use of regional (local) and imported natural resources.

Blocks of production and social infrastructure, reflecting the economic feasibility of developing the energy, construction base, transport system, the availability and use of labor resources, a network of settlements, and the standard of living of the population, provide insight into the assessment of options with the widespread use of technical, economic and social information for a specific region.

The selection of the most cost-effective options for the long-term formation of the regional economy is based on the target function of the regional model - the minimum total reduced costs for creating infrastructure in a particular region.

The main part of the regional model is a variant assessment of the levels of development of industries of union specialization, which determine solutions to the problems of intra-district location of production, and, consequently, the possible effect of the group placement of enterprises as part of industrial complexes.

At the same time, indicators of the costs of energy and raw materials are identified depending on the size of their use.

To harmonize industry and regional models, the method developed by M.M. is of interest. Albegov. The main idea of the method: instead of the usual minimization of direct costs, it is proposed to minimize cost overruns caused by refusal (for some reason) to locate production in certain locations as a criterion for linking industry decisions on a regional basis. To determine the magnitude of this overexpenditure, it is necessary not to limit oneself to the development of one optimal sectoral plan, but to develop a series of parametric sectoral plans, where the parameter is the capacity of the industry (production) located in a given area. This power varies from zero to the maximum possible value.

For the regional economy and assessing the location of productive forces, methods for comparing regional living standards and forecasting the development of regional social infrastructure are becoming increasingly important.

Regional analysis of the standard of living of the population has many features and methodological difficulties.

it is necessary to take into account the sharp differences in the living conditions of the population associated with natural, national and socio-economic factors. Therefore, a scientifically based understanding of the current and future needs of the population is necessary. For this purpose, scientifically based standards for the consumption of material goods and services are developed, and a rational consumer budget is drawn up, which reflects the future consumption of material goods and services. A rational consumer budget provides a set of consumer goods in value terms that satisfy certain needs, taking into account the territorial living conditions of the population. The degree of satisfaction of needs is defined as the ratio of the actually achieved or projected level of consumption of material and spiritual goods with rational consumption standards calculated for the population of a certain region.

It is necessary to take into account the specific living conditions of the population that determine the nature of consumption of material goods and services. These differences reflect the specifics of consumption of material goods and services by the urban and rural population, the degree of their availability for certain areas.

There are territorial differences in retail prices for goods and tariffs for services.

To analyze the standard of living, a system of synthetic and private indicators is used.

Synthetic indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population include:

Consumption fund in used national income;

Real income of the population;

Wed. salaries of workers and employees;

Real salary of workers and employees;

Income of agricultural workers.

The standard of living of the population is analyzed by comparing the size and dynamics of consumption of food and non-food products, housing and utilities, transport and communication services….

The main task of territorial analysis of the standard of living of the population is to identify the actual differences in the standard of living and achieve an equal degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population in all regions of the country.

The standard of living of the population in a broad sense is directly related to the development of regional social infrastructure.

Social infrastructure, its scale and nature of development are determined as a result of the growth of material production - industry, agriculture, transport. At the same time, service industries serve the entire population of the region. On social media Infrastructure includes: housing and communal services, trade and catering, healthcare, education.

Topic 10: Fundamentals of the formation of territorial proportions of the national economy.

10.1. Territorial proportions and their classification.

10.2. Interregional proportions in n/x.

10.3. Industry and regional production relations.

10.1. The proportions in the development of agricultural technology are diverse:

correspondence between production and consumption of a social product;

proportions between the first and second divisions of social production;

between industry and agriculture;

the relationship between consumption and accumulation;

between industry and transport.

The territorial proportions of agriculture determine the level of economic development of the entire system of regions of the country and the relationship between regions, as well as the scale and nature of regional and interregional production relations.

The economic essence of territorial proportionality lies in the regional distribution of total social labor, ensuring a constant increase in the efficiency of social production.

The process of formation and development of the system of regions of the country, as well as changes in the territorial proportions of the economy, are influenced by the following factors:

Economic;

Social;

Natural;

Technical.

Since the country's productive forces are continuously developing, some territorial imbalances in economic activity are inevitable. regions. For example: In economic practice, certain regional discrepancies arise in the production and consumption of products, between production and transport, which entails unnecessary long-distance transportation, increased capital costs and higher prices for products. These territorial imbalances reflect only certain shortcomings in the economic organization of a current nature and are eliminated over time.

More complex is the violation of the fundamental principles of territorial proportionality of the country’s economic development. The rationality of territorial proportions is strongly influenced by the location of production, which is the main regulator of the territorial distribution of the economy. The choice of location for production, which seriously violates territorial proportionality, entails large disproportions in the development of many regions. For example, the construction of a powerful energy-intensive production (aluminum plant, chemical, metallurgical plants) in an area scarce in fuel and energy resources causes not only an increase in the price of products, but also a significant increase in transport load, and sometimes a deterioration in the energy supply of other consumers. At the same time, an incorrectly located enterprise will be operated for many decades.

Consequently, a systematic analysis of territorial proportions is necessary in order to promptly prevent the possibility of disproportions in the regional development of agriculture.

Territorial proportions are established in accordance with the accepted economic zoning of the country, as well as by macroregions (zones), enlarged economic regions - this is necessary for scientific analysis and identification of trends in economic development.

Territorial proportions in the development of the national economy can be classified into the following main groups:

Regional distribution of the natural complex.

Socio-economic regional proportions.

Territorial proportions of the energy complex.

Territorial proportions of industry.

Territorial proportions of the agro-industrial complex.

Territorial distribution of the transport complex.

The regional distribution of the natural complex includes quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the territory by macroregion and economic region, the degree of its economic use, territorial distribution of natural resources, economic assessment of the territorial combination of natural resources.

Socio-economic regional proportions determine the territorial distribution of the population, the provision of regional labor resources, migration processes, and specific conditions for raising the standard of living of the population, taking into account regional factors.

These proportions express the territorial features of social infrastructure - the level of provision with housing stock, material resources in the field of education, culture, health care, and trade.

The territorial proportions of the energy complex are of fundamental importance for the economy of the Russian Federation, shifts in the location of production, and the structure of the regional economy.

Almost every region has a specific structure of the energy complex. The structure of production and use of fuel, its import or export, the creation of electric power centers - all this determines the specialization of the macroregion and individual economic regions.

The territorial proportions of industry represent the main core of the economic development of the region. At the same time, the trend in the development and location of various industries has its own specifics. Due to their specificity, industries gravitate towards certain areas.

The territorial proportions of the agro-industrial complex are determined by the degree of development of agricultural production zones.

The territorial proportions of the agro-industrial complex are analyzed based not only on the natural basis of agriculture and its productivity, but also taking into account the maximum proximity of industries serving agriculture to the main agricultural zones.

The territorial distribution of the transport complex is directly dependent on the location of productive forces. The degree of transport provision of macro-regions and regions characterizes the level and directions of sectoral, district and inter-district production relations. The development of transport creates the prerequisites for improving the territorial proportions of the national economy as a whole and individual regions.

To identify the economic essence of territorial proportions in the general agricultural system, an analysis of synthetic economic factors is used, reflecting the importance of each macroregion in the country’s economy. These factors are characterized by indicators of the participation of macroregions and regions in the production of gross social product, national income, capital. costs, as well as in increasing the productivity of social labor.

Synthetic economic factors, along with the analysis of specific elements of territorial proportions, make it possible to identify territorial relationships in the development of productive forces. For this purpose, the following is used. indicators:

Generalizing synthetic indicators that determine the main economic processes of social production;

Specific natural and cost indicators for individual elements of territorial proportions;

Indicators of production and economic relations.

Synthetic indicators of the regional aspect of the reproduction process (GP and national income) make it possible to carry out an additional (control) calculation of a number of analytical indicators (material intensity, labor intensity for individual industries, the sectoral structure of national income produced in the region, and the share of various sectors of material production of regions in the formation of national income countries).

Regional analysis of both general and specific factors characterizing the territorial proportions of agricultural sector is carried out in dynamics, and on this basis, promising indicators are determined.

Number of employees and level of employment of the population; 5. Resource-allocation function. The significance of this function is to optimize the deployment of labor resources across regions, economic sectors and enterprises; 6. The function of forming effective demand of the population. The purpose of this function is to link effective demand, which is understood as the form of manifestation of needs, ...

Roads of Russia and foreign countries, master economic management methods, be able to independently develop standards for production processes in the interests of the enterprise and the individual. Railway economics studies transport from the point of view of industrial relations in the production process. At the same time, the economy focuses on man as the main productive force, on his...

Total mileage km 5620780 5594034 13. Volume of transportation t, pass 239836 24909912 14. Freight turnover tkm 21585272 - 15. Passenger turnover pass-km - 160416981 V. Determination of the cost of transportation The cost of road transport is the cost of the enterprise in in monetary terms for the performance of a unit of transport work. It is determined by dividing the amount of the enterprise's costs by...

What do workers in the transport industry do? What do workers in the transport industry do?

Answers:

Taxi driver - takes people where they need to go. Truck driver - delivers goods over long distances. Pizza delivery guy - delivers the ordered pizza by car. Driver - drives the train, delivering people to other cities/countries. A minibus driver delivers packages and people over a short distance. A city bus driver drives along certain routes, transporting people to the right places. A metro driver drives an underground train, transporting people to the necessary stations

What are the benefits and harms of milk fat and what is its substitute? It is estimated that the average person eats approximately 2.5 kg of food per day, which amounts to almost 1000 kg per year. Today, about 7 billion people live on planet Earth. Every day the population of our planet is increasing. What would	Methods for preparing meatballs with pike Along with cutlets and meatballs, meatballs are also very popular among housewives. Their main feature lies in three key points: shape, filling and presentation. This is a dish of Turkic origin in the form of balls (larger in size than meatballs). Get ready
Sorrel soup with beef classic recipe Sorrel soup with meat Greetings, dear readers of the culinary blog! We already know that sorrel soup is one of the most delicious and easy to prepare dishes. Little food is spent on it, so the soup is very economical. The plant is also rich in various vitamins	Potato zrazy with chicken and mushrooms - recipe Peel the potatoes, cut into pieces, add water and put on fire. Bring to a boil, add salt to the water, and cook the potatoes until tender (25-30 minutes) over low heat. Peel the onion, chop finely, fry in vegetable oil, stirring, until golden

2024-05-01 02:21:05	Dessert with strawberries and mascarpone Dessert with strawberries, mascarpone cream and champagne
2024-04-30 02:21:14	Techniques for determining case
2024-04-30 02:21:14	Environmental protection in Germany
2024-04-30 02:21:14	Study guides for learning German Study guide for students in German
2024-04-30 02:21:14	ILO Labor Relations Convention Subsection C
2024-04-29 02:23:13	How to pray so that God hears us?
2024-04-29 02:23:13	Protect yourself from witches How to deal with the mistress if she is a witch
2024-04-29 02:23:13	You got the symbol: DHI PA - Goldfish How to tell fortunes using a goldfish
2024-04-29 02:23:13	How to protect yourself from negative impact and influence
2024-04-29 02:23:13	How we cook pilaf in the Panasonic SR-TMH18 multicooker

2024-04-28 02:20:13	vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use
2024-04-28 02:20:13	Theory of consumer behavior
2024-04-28 02:20:13	Compound sentences in literature: examples and types
2024-04-28 02:20:13	Bank account transactions
2024-04-28 02:20:13	Pair of forces and moments of forces Resultant of which pair of forces does not exist
2024-04-28 02:20:13	Logical operations and their properties
2024-05-01 02:21:05	What are the benefits and harms of milk fat and what is its substitute?
2024-05-01 02:21:05	Methods for preparing meatballs with pike
2024-05-01 02:21:05	Sorrel soup with beef classic recipe Sorrel soup with meat
2024-05-01 02:21:05	Potato zrazy with chicken and mushrooms - recipe
2024-05-01 02:21:05	Dessert with strawberries and mascarpone Dessert with strawberries, mascarpone cream and champagne
2024-04-30 02:21:14	Techniques for determining case