Accounting for banking operations. Bank account transactions. after the court recognizes the payer’s claim
Special accounts are designed to record funds held in letters of credit, check books, current and special accounts. To account for each type of funds, account 55 “Special bank accounts” is opened. Sub-accounts can be opened for this account: 55.1-letters of credit; 55.2 - check books; 55.3 – deposit accounts; 55.4 - other accounts.
Analytical accounting for account 55 is carried out separately for each issued letter of credit, check, deposit.
Subaccount 55.1 “Letters of credit” takes into account the movement of funds in letters of credit. Crediting of funds to letters of credit is reflected Dt55.1 Kt51, 52, 66. Funds from account 55.1 are written off as used according to the bank statement Dt60 Kt55.1. Unused funds in letters of credit are credited to the account from which they were transferred Dt51, 52 Kt55.1.
Subaccount 55.2 “Checkbooks” takes into account the movement of funds in checkbooks. The deposit of funds when issuing a checkbook is reflected as Dt55.2 Kt51, 52, 66. Amounts on received checkbooks are written off according to the bank statement as payment is made for checks issued by the organization Dt76, 60 Kt55.2. Amounts for unused cash returned to the bank are credited Dt51, 52 Kt55.2.
Subaccount 55.3 “Deposit accounts” records available funds invested in bank and other deposits. To open a deposit, a legal entity must submit two documents to the bank: a certificate of state registration and a certificate of registration with the tax authority. The transfer of funds by the organization is reflected as Dt55.3 Kt51, 52. When the amount of deposits is returned, a reverse entry is made.
Subaccount 55.4 “Other accounts” takes into account targeted financing funds intended for the maintenance of social facilities. This sub-account can store funds received from the budget, as well as accumulate funds intended for financing capital investments Dt55.4 Kt86,51,76.
If an enterprise has branches, representative offices and other structural units allocated to a separate balance sheet, which opens current accounts at their location, then these accounts are accounted for on account 55.4.
Based on bank statements, statement No. 3 and statement No. 2 for account 55 are filled out.
Account 52 “Currency accounts” is used to record the availability and movement of funds in foreign currency in special bank accounts in the Russian Federation and abroad. The procedure for performing and processing transactions on a foreign currency account is regulated by the rules of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, decisions of the President and Government of the Russian Federation, and instructions of the Federal Customs Service (federal customs service).
In accordance with currency legislation, sub-accounts are opened for account 52:
52.1 – foreign currency accounts within the country
52.1.1 – transit currency account for crediting the full amount of receipts in foreign currency
52.1.2 – current currency account for accounting for funds remaining at the disposal of the organization after the mandatory sale of export proceeds
52.2 – foreign currency accounts abroad for accounting for funds in foreign currency stored in bank accounts abroad and intended for settlements in the territory of a foreign state.
In accordance with PBU 3/2006 “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency,” entries in the accounting registers of assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, are made in rubles. Accounting for the value of banknotes at the cash desk, funds in bank accounts, cash and payment documents, short-term securities, funds in settlements, balances of target financing is simultaneously carried out in the currency of settlements and payments. Recalculation is carried out at the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as well as on the reporting date. The value of banknotes at the organization's cash desk and funds in bank accounts can be recalculated as the exchange rate changes. The resulting exchange rate differences are reflected in accounting and financial statements in the reporting period to which the date of fulfillment of payment obligations relates or for which the financial statements were compiled.
Exchange rate - the difference between the ruble valuation of an asset or liability, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, on the date of fulfillment of payment obligations or the reporting date of a given reporting period, and the ruble valuation of the same asset or liability on the date of its acceptance for accounting in the reporting period or reporting date of the previous reporting period. The exchange rate difference is subject to credit to the financial results of the organization as other income or expenses. Exchange differences are reflected separately from other types of income and expenses. A positive exchange rate difference is reflected in Dt52 Kt91.1/exchange difference, a negative exchange rate difference is reflected in Dt91.2/exchange difference Kt52.
Analytical accounting is carried out in railway station No. 2, where analytical accounts are opened by subaccounts and by currency names.
2.5. Accounting for monetary documents and funds
Monetary documents – postage stamps, state duty stamps, bill of exchange stamps, paid air tickets, etc., held at the organization’s cash desk, are accounted for in account 50.3 “Cash Documents” at their nominal value.
Dt50.3 Kt50,51,76 – acquisition of monetary documents
Cash documents are written off as they are spent on the appropriate accounts reflecting the nature of the expenses. Dt20,23,25,26 Kt50.3 - for production and distribution costs; Dt86 Kt50.3 - at the expense of targeted funding.
Cash in transit includes revenue received at the cash desk from buyers and customers for sold products, deposited into bank accounts, the post office cash desk, or transferred to the bank collector for crediting to the current account.
In order to use the services of the collection service, you must enter into a special agreement. The contract specifies the addresses of stores owned by the organization, the time of arrival of collectors and the cost of services, which is usually determined as a percentage of the amount of cash collected.
The procedure for processing and transferring cash to collectors is provided for by Bank of Russia Regulation No. 199-P dated October 9, 2002 “On the procedure for conducting cash transactions in credit institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
Having concluded an agreement, the organization must order a special seal and purchase lead seals. The number and abbreviated name of the organization or its logo must be engraved on the seal.
If an organization hands over cash proceeds to collectors in several stores, then for each such point it is required to make its own separate seal.
After this, the organization submits to the collection department two copies of samples of the imprint of each seal, which will be used to seal bags with cash in each store.
The head of the bank's collection department certifies all submitted copies of sample prints. To do this, a bank seal is placed on the twine below the organization's seal.
One copy of each certified seal sample is transferred to the organization. The cashier of the organization will present this copy to the collectors when handing over bags of cash to them.
The number of cash bags that are issued to the organization depends on the number of collection points. Typically, two bags are initially issued to each collection point. Then they “circulate”: having picked up one bag of cash, at the next check-in the collectors bring an empty bag and take away a filled one.
The collection service puts a serial number on each bag.
Having prepared the cash, the cashier of the organization must fill out a transmittal sheet in triplicate. The first copy of the statement is put into the bag, the second is handed over to the collector along with the bag, on the third copy of the statement, which remains with the cashier of the organization, the collector puts his signature and the seal of the collection department.
After the cash and the first copy of the conveyance slip are placed in the bag, it must be sealed and await the arrival of the collectors.
When the collector arrives to collect the proceeds, he presents to the cashier his official ID, a power of attorney to receive valuables, an appearance card and an empty bag.
The cashier writes down on the deposit card the amount of cash (in numbers and in words) placed in the bag and recorded in the transmittal sheet, the date and number of the bag, shows the collector a certified sample of the seal impression and hands over two copies of the transmittal sheet.
The collector checks the correctness of the entries in the appearance card, puts the date, his signature and seal on the third copy of the statement and returns this copy to the cashier.
The third copy of the transmittal sheet with the signature and seal of the collector serves as the basis for the accountant to draw up a cash expenditure order and for reflecting in the cash book the expenditure of cash at the organization's cash desk.
The procedure for conducting cash transactions stipulates that the organization maintains only one cash book. Therefore, if revenue is collected, for example, from stores, and the cash book is maintained in the central office of the organization, then the third copies of the transmittal sheets are transferred to the central office, where cash receipts are drawn up.
A fee is charged for collection services, which is determined as a percentage of the amount of cash collected. This amount is usually debited from the organization's account without acceptance at the beginning of the month following the settlement month.
As a general rule, banking transactions are exempt from VAT, but collection in this case is an exception in accordance with Art. 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and is subject to VAT in the generally established manner.
The amount of cash deposited is reflected in Dt57 “Transfers in transit” Kt50 on the basis of a receipt for the delivery of cash to a bank institution, post office, and a copy of the accompanying statements for the delivery of proceeds to the bank collector. The amount en route is credited to the current account Dt51 Kt57.
The movement of funds (transfers) in foreign currency is accounted for separately on account 57.
Synthetic accounting is maintained in railway station No. 3 and statement No. 2.
All available funds of the organization are stored in bank service institutions in specially opened current accounts. The bank assigns a number to each current account, which must be indicated on all documents when debiting or receiving money to the account.
Banks open settlement, current, currency and other accounts for organizations.
A current account is an account opened at a bank and intended for storing ruble funds of an organization and conducting non-cash payments with other legal entities and individuals. The current account is the main account of the organization through which all monetary payments are made without restrictions. The number of current accounts is not limited by law. Current accounts can be opened by any legal entity, regardless of the form of ownership.
To open a current account, you must provide the following documents to the bank:
Application for opening an account of the established form;
Notarized copies of the organization's charter, constituent agreement and registration certificate;
A certificate from the tax authority confirming the organization’s registration as a taxpayer;
Copies of documents on registration as payers in the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund;
A card with sample signatures of the manager, deputy manager and chief accountant with an imprint of the organization's seal in the prescribed form, certified by a notary.
If the organization does not have the position of chief accountant, only the head of the organization will sign the card. In government organizations, the signatures of the manager and chief accountant can be certified by higher-level organizations instead of notaries. Foreign legal entities (non-residents) can open ruble accounts only at the location of their representative offices and branches in the manner established by special instructions. If the created organization temporarily lacks a seal, the head of the bank allows, within the period necessary for the production of the seal, documents to be submitted to the bank without a seal impression. After checking the documents, by order of the bank manager, the chief accountant of the bank makes a note on the original copy of the charter that the current account has been opened, indicating the account number and certifying it with an official seal. All documents are kept in the account file, and one copy of the card with sample signatures and seal imprint is stored in a special file cabinet with the executor (controller). After submitting the necessary documents to the bank, including cards with sample signatures of the director and chief accountant, an agreement for settlement and cash services is concluded between the bank and the enterprise, which, as a rule, stipulates: the cost of opening an account, the cost of services for settlement and cash services, the cost of cash circulation, interest paid by the bank to the client for funds in accounts. The bank assigns a specific serial number to the company's current account.
In the event of a reorganization of an enterprise as a result of a merger, accession, division, or separation for re-registration of a current account, all documents must be submitted anew. If the name of an enterprise or its subordination changes, a new application for opening an account, a copy of the decision on the change, and a new card with sample signatures and a seal imprint are submitted to the bank. Based on these documents, the account is reissued. If the nature of the activity changes, a copy of the new charter is submitted to the bank. If there is no cash flow on the current account for three months, it is closed. Enterprises, if they have self-supporting units (branches, representative offices) in other regions of Russia, can open settlement (or current) accounts in banks at the location of the branches (representative offices). To do this, the company must submit an application to the bank to open a current or current account, indicating the nature of the transactions performed and the persons who are given the right to dispose of the account. The petition is signed by the head of the enterprise and the chief accountant and sealed. Businesses are required to inform their tax office about all open accounts. At the same time, the same obligation is assigned to bank branches in which enterprises opened accounts.
After opening an organization's settlement, current, loan, deposit, currency and other account, banks send the tax authority a notice of opening an account for the taxpayer organization. The tax authorities, no later than the next business day, send an information letter of the established form to the bank regarding receipt of notification of the opening of an account. Operations to withdraw or transfer funds from the account are carried out by the bank only after receiving the specified letter.
In turn, the organization is also obliged to notify its tax office within 7 days after opening (closing) the account. For failure to comply with this requirement, the organization may be subject to a fine in accordance with Article 118 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in the amount of 5,000 rubles.
A message about opening (closing) an account with the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund must be submitted no later than seven working days. In this case (by analogy with the notification of the tax authority), it is necessary to inform the authorities monitoring the payment of contributions only about those settlement (current) and other accounts that are opened on the basis of a bank account agreement. There is no obligation to report the opening (closing) of deposit, loan and transit accounts.
Letter No. 02-10/05-13656 of the Federal Insurance Service of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2009 provides the recommended form of notification by the policyholder about the opening (closing) of an account. The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation recommends forms of messages about opening (closing) an account and changing the details of the account of the payer of insurance contributions are posted on the website of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.
For failure to provide notification of the opening to the social insurance fund and pension fund, a fine of 1,000 - 2,000 rubles is provided for organizations.
Transactions on the current account are reflected in accounting on the basis of the credit institution's statements on the current account and the monetary settlement documents attached to them. The bank submits a statement daily, which represents the second copy of the organization’s personal account opened for it by the credit institution.
The statement indicates all receipts and debits from the current account, the balance of funds on it at the beginning and end of the day. In a bank statement, information about cash flows is reflected by entering a code corresponding to the content of the transaction.
The accounting department of the enterprise checks the statement and the compliance of the amounts received and written off according to the supporting settlement and payment documents attached to it. If an error is detected, the company reports this to the bank institution. The attached supporting documents are numbered - 1, 2, etc. When accounting for an extract from a current account, the corresponding accounts for each business transaction are entered in its fields to the right of the corresponding amount and the serial numbers of the attached supporting documents are indicated to the left.
Funds can be credited to the organization’s current account from buyers of products, works, services; from debtors to repay debts; in the form of a bank loan; in the form of a cash loan, etc., as well as when handing over cash from the organization’s cash desk.
The credit organization writes off funds by order of the director and chief accountant or without the order of the account owner in cases provided for by law. Indisputably, the bank can write off funds by court decision, at the request of the tax inspectorate for the payment of tax arrears and penalties accrued based on the results of the audit. If there are insufficient funds to satisfy all the requirements presented to it, the funds are written off as they are received in the order established by law.
The bank carries out all operations to write off funds from the current account with the consent of the owner or on the basis of his orders (documents of the established form) in the calendar sequence of occurrence of obligations.
Banks carry out transactions on accounts on the basis of settlement documents drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation" dated November 3, 2002 No. 2-P, within the limits of funds available in the account, unless otherwise provided in the agreements concluded between the Central Bank of the Russian Federation or credit institutions and their clients. A settlement document is a document drawn up on paper, filled out using typewriters or electronic computers in black font, with the exception of checks, which are filled out with pens with paste, black, blue or purple ink (checks can be filled out on a typewriter in black font colors). Signatures on payment documents are affixed with a pen with paste or black, blue or purple ink. The seal impression and the bank stamp imprinted on payment documents must be clear. Corrections, blots and erasures, as well as the use of correction fluid in settlement documents are not allowed. Payment documents are valid for presentation to the servicing bank for ten calendar days, not counting the day of their issue. Settlement documents are presented to the bank in the number of copies required for all participants in the settlements. All copies of the payment document must be filled out identically. The second and subsequent copies of settlement documents can be produced using carbon paper, duplicating equipment or electronic computers.
Payers have the right to revoke their payment orders, recipients of funds (collectors) - settlement documents accepted by the bank in the order of settlements for collection (payment requests, collection orders), not paid due to insufficient funds in the client's account. Partial withdrawal of amounts from settlement documents is not permitted.
When making non-cash payments, the following payment documents are used:
Money orders;
Payment requirements;
Collection orders.
A payment order is an order from an enterprise (payer) to its servicing bank, documented as a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the recipient’s account opened in this or another bank. The payment order is executed by the bank within the period provided for by law, or within a shorter period established by the bank account agreement or determined by business customs applied in banking practice.
Payment orders can be made:
Transfers of funds for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered. The accountant records this operation with the following accounting entry: debit 51 “Current account” from credit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;
Transfers of funds to budgets of all levels and to extra-budgetary funds. When carrying out this operation, the following entry is made: debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” from credit 51 “Current account”;
Transfers of funds for the purpose of returning/placing credits (loans) and paying interest on them. Repayment of the loan and interest on it is recorded accordingly with the following entries: debit 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”, 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings” from credit 51 “Current account”; debit 91 “Other income and expenses” from credit 51;
Transfers of funds for other purposes provided for by law or agreement.
In accordance with the terms of the main agreement, payment orders can be used for advance payment of goods, work, services or for making periodic payments.
The bank is obliged to inform the payer, upon his request, about the execution of the payment order no later than the next business day after the payer contacts the bank, unless a different period is provided for in the bank account agreement. The procedure for informing the payer is determined by the bank account agreement.
Funds stored in current accounts are accounted for in the active synthetic account 51 “Current accounts”. The debit of this account records the receipt of funds in the current account, and the credit records the decrease in funds in the current account. The basis for entries in the current account are bank statements with supporting documents attached to them. Analytical accounting is maintained for each current account.
Cash and non-cash payments can be made using the current account. In case of cash payments, the movement of funds in the current account is formalized by a cash check and an announcement for a cash deposit.
A cash check is an order from an enterprise to the bank to issue the amount of cash specified in it from its current account. The company receives check books from the bank that serves it at the request of the owner. They are strict reporting forms and are stored in the organization’s safe. The check is filled out by hand using ink or a ballpoint pen. It indicates the amount, date of issue, name of the recipient, as well as information about the purpose of the amounts received. For each amount received from the bank, the accountant issues a cash receipt order addressed to the recipient indicating the check number. Cash checks are signed by the manager and chief accountant and affixed with the company seal. Corrections and blots are not allowed.
The bank accepts cash into the company's current account upon announcement of a cash deposit. The advertisement must be filled out in one copy, indicating the source of the money being contributed. For the accepted amounts, the bank issues a receipt to the cashier, which serves as the basis for drawing up a cash order for writing off funds at the cash desk.
Forms of non-cash payments are chosen by the enterprise independently and are provided for in the agreement concluded with the bank.
A payment request is a settlement document containing a demand from the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement to the debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money through the bank.
Payment requirements are applied when making payments for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, as well as in other cases provided for by the main agreement. Settlements through payment requests can be carried out with prior acceptance and without the payer’s acceptance.
When issuing a payment request, the accountant makes the following entries: debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with other debtors and creditors” from credit 51 “Current account”.
Collection settlements are a banking operation through which the bank (hereinafter referred to as the issuing bank), on behalf and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, carries out actions to receive payment from the payer. To carry out collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to attract another bank (hereinafter referred to as the executing bank).
Payments for collection are carried out on the basis of payment requests, payment of which can be made by order of the payer (with acceptance) or without his order (in an unaccepted manner), and collection orders, payment of which is made without the order of the payer (in an indisputable manner). Payment requests and collection orders are submitted by the recipient of funds (collector) to the payer's account through the bank serving the recipient of funds (collector). The issuing bank, which has accepted payment documents for collection, undertakes the obligation to deliver them to their destination. In case of non-fulfillment or improper execution of the client’s order to receive payment on the basis of a payment request or collection order, the issuing bank is liable to him in accordance with the law.
Enterprises using the 1C program: Accounting for account 51 can generate the following types of reports: account card 51, analysis of account 51, analysis of account 51 by dates, analysis of account 51 by subconto, turnover of account 51, balance sheet for account 51, and also a journal order for account 51, a journal order and a statement.
In the report, “Journal order and statement of account” is essentially a report on the movement on the account (beginning balance, turnover with other accounts and ending balance), detailed by dates (periods) or by transactions (operations). In the order journal, entries are formed on the debit and credit of account 51 “Current accounts” in correspondence with other accounts.
Enterprises in accounting make the following entries to the debit of account 51 and the credit of accounts:
50 “Cash desk” - when depositing cash into a current account (deposited wages, proceeds from the sale of products, works, services, etc.);
55 “Special accounts in banks” - crediting unused balances of funds under letters of credit and check books to current accounts;
62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” - receipt of revenue for products sold from procurement organizations and other buyers and customers;
66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” - when crediting short-term loans and borrowings received by the organization for a period of no more than 12 months to current accounts;
76-1 “Calculations for property and personal insurance” - transfer by insurance companies of insurance compensation for crops and other insured property lost as a result of natural disasters;
76-2 “Settlements for claims” - receipt of funds to the current account from organizations in order to satisfy claims, etc.
Also, entries are made for the issuance and transfer of funds from the current account on the credit of account 51 “Current accounts” to the debit of other accounts:
50 “Cash desk” - issuance of cash from the current account;
55 “Special accounts in banks” - issuing letters of credit from a current account, purchasing check books by clients;
60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - payment of invoices from suppliers for supplied inventory items, contractors - for work performed on core activities and investments in non-current assets;
66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” - when repaying from the current account short-term loans and borrowings received by the organization for a period of up to 12 months;
68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - when transferring payments to the budget (personal income tax, profit deductions, etc.) and fees from the current account;
69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” - when transferring payments from the current account to the Social Insurance Fund. Pension fund and compulsory health insurance funds;
70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” - transfer of due wages to employees to their personal accounts in banks and other accounts.
The organization's funds, both its own and borrowed, with the exception of carry-over cash balances, are required to be kept in bank accounts by organizations. The vast majority of receipts due to the organization of payments and payment of goods and materials acquired by the organization (works, services), expenses incurred, is carried out in a non-cash manner.
Accounting for transactions on current accounts in banks. A legal entity has the right to open an unlimited number of current accounts in various banks, with mandatory notification to the tax authorities of their opening within ten days.
The main document defining the relationship between the bank and the client when carrying out non-cash transactions is the agreement between them (bank account agreement). The bank is obliged to transfer the client's funds and credit them to his account no later than the next business day after receiving the corresponding payment document.
The movement of funds in the current account is documented by bank documents, the main of which are: payment order, announcement of cash deposit, check.
To reflect in accounting the state and movement of the organization's funds located in the bank, active account 51 “Current accounts” is intended, which has the following structure:
As of the reporting date, account 51 “Current accounts” can only have a debit balance, which is reflected in the aggregated item “Cash” in section II “Current assets” of the balance sheet asset.
A set of accounting entries for reflecting in accounting the most common transactions carried out by organizations on current accounts is placed below:
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Corresponding accounts |
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Debit |
Credit |
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1. Cash deposited from the organization’s cash desk is deposited into the current account |
51 “Current account” |
50 "Cashier" |
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2. The current account is credited with funds received from buyers and customers as payment for products (works, services) sold to them, as well as advance payments for upcoming deliveries of products (works, services) |
51 “Current account” |
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3. The current account is credited with funds received from creditors and lenders for loans and borrowings provided by them |
51 “Current account” |
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4. The current account is credited with funds received from the founders of the organization to pay off their debt on payment of contributions to the authorized capital of the organization |
51 “Current account” |
75 “Settlements with founders” |
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5. Funds were withdrawn from the current account to the cash desk to pay wages and make other payments |
50 "Cashier" |
51 “Current account” |
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6. Debts to suppliers and contractors for received goods (works, services) were repaid (paid) from the current account, and advances were also transferred for upcoming deliveries of goods (works, services) |
60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” |
51 “Current account” |
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7. Funds were transferred from the current account as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization |
58 “Financial investments” |
51 “Current account” |
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8. Funds were transferred from the current account to return to buyers and customers over-received amounts or to return advance payments received previously |
62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” |
51 “Current account” |
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9. Funds were transferred from the current account to repay loans and borrowings, including to repay debt on accrued interest on them |
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51 “Current account” |
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10. Funds were transferred from the current account to pay off debts to the budget for settlements of taxes and duties |
68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” |
51 “Current account” |
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11. Funds were transferred from the current account to pay off debts for settlements under compulsory state social insurance |
69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” |
51 “Current account” |
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12. Funds were transferred from the current account to pay off debts to personnel for wages |
70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” |
51 “Current account” |
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13. Funds have been debited from the current account to pay for bank services |
91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses” |
51 “Current account” |
Accounting for transactions on special accounts in banks. In addition to non-cash funds in bank accounts, organizations can use non-cash means of payment such as letters of credit, checks, etc., information about the status and movement of which is reflected in active account 55 “Special accounts in banks.”
In development of account 55 “Special accounts in banks”, sub-accounts can be opened:
- 55-1 “Letters of credit”;
- 55-2 “Checkbooks”, etc.
Subaccount 55-1 “Letters of credit” takes into account the movement of funds contained in letters of credit. Letter of credit is any agreement under which a bank, acting at the request and on the basis of instructions of a client, must make a payment in favor of recipients of funds upon presentation of documents that comply with the terms of the letter of credit, or authorize another bank to make such payments. In transactions with letters of credit, all interested parties deal only with documents, but not with goods, services and/or other types of fulfillment of obligations to which the documents may relate.
The entry of funds into letters of credit is reflected in the debit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” in correspondence with the credit of accounts 51 “Settlement accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and other similar accounts.
Funds in letters of credit accepted for accounting under account 55 “Special accounts in banks” are written off as they are used, as a rule, in correspondence with the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Unused funds in letters of credit after restoration by the credit institution to the account from which they were transferred are reflected in the credit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” in correspondence with the debit of accounts 51 “Currency accounts” or 52 “Currency accounts”.
Subaccount 55-2 “Checkbooks” takes into account the movement of funds in checkbooks. The deposit of funds when issuing check books is reflected in the debit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” and the credit of accounts 51 “Currency accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and other similar accounts. Amounts from checkbooks received from a credit institution are written off as checks issued by the organization are paid, i.e. in the amounts of repayment by the credit institution of checks presented to it (according to statements of the credit institution), from the credit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” to the debit of settlement accounts (76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, etc.). Amounts for checks issued but not paid by a credit institution (not presented for payment) remain in account 55 “Special accounts in banks”; the balance in subaccount 55-2 “Checkbooks” must correspond to the balance in the credit institution’s statement. Amounts on checks returned to the credit institution (remaining unused) are reflected in the credit of account 55 “Special accounts in banks” in correspondence with account 51 “Currency accounts” or 52 “Currency accounts”.
As of the reporting date, account 55 “Special accounts in banks” always has a debit balance, which is reflected in the aggregated item “Cash” in section II “Current assets” of the balance sheet asset.
A bank is a credit organization that has the right to carry out comprehensive (in aggregate) banking operations.
Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activities” refers to banking operations:
1) attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
2) placement of the specified raised funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense;
3) opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;
4) carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
5) collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;
6) purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash form;
7) attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;
8) issuance of bank guarantees;
9) making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers).
In practice, trade organizations use a rather limited range of services provided by the bank. Typically, this involves opening a current account, collection, depositing cash (trading proceeds) to the bank and receiving cash from the bank. Currently, organizations and individual entrepreneurs are increasingly using this type of banking services as providing loans. To a lesser extent, bill circulation is still developed, in which an enterprise purchases bills of exchange from a bank for use in settlements with suppliers.
According to the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, “...the opening by credit institutions of bank accounts of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, with the exception of state authorities and local governments, is carried out on the basis of certificates of state registration of individuals as individual entrepreneurs, certificates of state registration of legal entities, as well as certificates of registration with the tax authority.” Therefore, to open a current account, an organization must first register as a legal entity and register for tax purposes.
Along with other documents required to open a current account, the client must submit to the bank a card with sample signatures and a seal imprint. The card is filled out by hand with black, purple or blue ink (paste). It is also permissible to use a typewriter or printer or other writing or electronic computing machines for filling out, using only black font. Signatures on the card must be handwritten. The use of a facsimile signature is not permitted.
Advice to persons who have the right to sign and, accordingly, submit their samples to the bank. It is not necessary to exactly repeat the signature from your passport on the card. The main requirement for the sample of your signature on the card is stability, the possibility of multiple repetitions as close as possible.
The card is submitted to the bank in one copy for each bank account. It is an approved form of form No. 0401026 according to OKUD (All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation OK 011-93).
A few words about payment for bank services and other settlements between the bank and its client. When opening a current account, an agreement is signed between the bank and its client. This is a very serious document. In particular, it stipulates such issues as the list and payment for services provided by the bank to the client, the accrual of interest to the client for the use of his funds, and the grounds for writing off funds from the client’s account without his order.
The main forms of non-cash payments are:
1) settlements by payment orders;
2) settlements under a letter of credit;
3) payments by checks;
4) settlements for collection.
Organizations concluding a current account agreement independently choose for themselves the forms of non-cash payments. Forms of non-cash payments may also be specifically established in agreements concluded between counterparty organizations. To carry out non-cash payments using the forms listed above, the following types of documents are used:
1) payment orders;
2) letters of credit;
4) payment requirements;
5) collection orders.
These documents are compiled according to approved forms on forms included in the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD) OK 011-93 (class “Unified System of Banking Documentation”). It is allowed to use printed forms, fill out forms using a computer (use of forms included in reference, legal and accounting programs), as well as copies of forms made on duplicating equipment, if the copying is carried out without distortion.
A complete and detailed description of bank settlement documents, the rules for filling them out, and the procedure for conducting banking operations are given in the Regulations of the Central Bank of October 3, 2002 No. 2-P “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation.”
A trading organization is obliged to keep strict records of transactions taking place on the current account. This is mainly payment for goods from buyers, payment to suppliers, payment for various services, purchased equipment and materials, transfer of taxes, crediting collection and trade proceeds deposited in the bank, debiting from the account amounts issued by the bank in cash, payment of other payments, including number of banking services. The current account also receives and repays loans issued to the organization by the bank, and pays interest on them. If an organization uses a foreign currency loan (carries out other foreign exchange transactions), amounts for the purchase and sale of currency also pass through a ruble current account. To account for the availability and movement of funds of an enterprise in Russian rubles on a current account opened with a credit institution (bank), account 51 “Current accounts” is intended.
The debit of this account reflects the receipt of funds into the current account of the enterprise, and the credit, accordingly, debits funds from the account. Account 51 corresponds with the following accounts (Table 15).
Table 15
Analytical accounting for account 51 is carried out for each current account, i.e. if an organization has one current account in one bank, then analytics for account 51 is not maintained.
If an organization has several current accounts, then the availability and flow of funds will be recorded for each current account separately.
If a company takes out a loan from a bank, the bank independently opens a loan account for it.
Unlike a current account, opening a loan account does not require mandatory notification to the tax authorities.
The loan amount goes to the loan account, and from it the bank transfers it to the company’s current account.
Vostok LLC received from the bank in which its current account was opened a short-term loan in the amount of 100,000 rubles. The specified amount is transferred to the current account of the enterprise. The accountant of Vostok LLC makes the following entries in his accounting: Debit account 51 Current accounts, Credit account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” - 100,000 rubles. – a loan was issued by the bank; Debit of account 51 “Current accounts”, Credit of account 51 “Current accounts” - 100,000 rubles. – a loan was received from the bank. In this case, subaccount 51.1 reflects the movement of funds in the company’s current account, and subaccount 51.2 reflects the loan account.
Currently, computerized accounting systems are becoming increasingly widespread. Not all programs allow you to “split” account 51 into subaccounts, i.e., when generating the “Statement” document in the “Bank” journal, you can select any of several current accounts, but in any case the transactions will be generated according to account 51. In practice, most accountants do not conduct separate analytics on loan accounts. There is no big mistake in this, since the balance of the loan account always remains zero.
All transactions on the current account must be confirmed by statements provided by the bank and relevant documents for each transaction. If an organization works with a bank remotely (for example, under the “Client – Bank” program), this is convenient, since banking transactions are completed faster and the organization’s accounting department receives operational information about the status of its current account earlier. However, even in this case, “live” bank statements and documents must be submitted in full.
Sometimes situations arise when funds that were mistakenly credited or written off pass through the debit or credit of an organization’s current account. What to do if such an amount is discovered by an accountant when checking bank statements? Of course, you can’t wait until the bank corrects the mistake. Error or not, the transaction was carried out by the bank and, therefore, must be reflected in the accounting records. The amount erroneously debited or credited to the current account must be reflected in account 76.2 “Calculations for claims” until clarification.
Among the documents confirming transactions that took place according to the bank statement, there may be payment requests and orders, memorial orders, copies of accompanying invoices for collection bags, etc. Upon receipt of documents from the bank, the enterprise accountant checks the availability and compliance of documents for each reflected in statement of the operation. Based on the received documents and extracts, appropriate accounting entries are made. The received documents are stitched together with the corresponding extract. At the end of the month, statements with filed documents are folded in order, stapled and stored in accordance with the rules for storing accounting documents.
If an organization carries out transactions not only with Russian rubles, but also with foreign currency, accounting for them will be kept on account 52 “Currency accounts”. The functions of this account and the accounting of transactions on it are mostly similar to account 51 “Current accounts”. Analytical accounting for account 52 is maintained for each open currency account. In addition, if an organization has foreign currency accounts both within the Russian Federation and abroad, it is recommended to open accounts 52 “Currency accounts” subaccount 1 “Currency accounts within the country” and 52 “Currency accounts” subaccount 2 “Currency accounts abroad”. If an organization uses several types of foreign currencies, it will be convenient and clear to keep records for each type of currency.
Account 52 “Currency accounts” corresponds with the following accounts (Table 16).
Table 16
Accounting for funds in account 52 “Currency accounts” can be carried out both directly in foreign currency and in its equivalent in rubles. Modern computer accounting programs provide a slightly different form of bank statement for a foreign currency account from the ruble one. It involves entering information about the type of currency, the amount in currency and the amount in ruble equivalent, i.e. when accounting for funds in foreign currency, the currency must be converted into rubles at the same time. If you have decided to keep records on account 52 “Currency accounts” directly in ruble equivalent (this has both its pros and cons - depending on the volume and nature of transactions taking place on the account), then in the computer accounting option you need to select in The ruble is used as a currency. Then the amount in foreign currency will be equal to its ruble equivalent.
Filling out bank statements, generating and storing bank documents are also similar to the requirements for account 51 “Current accounts”.
Accounting and financial audit
General characteristics of accounting and accounting and operational work in banks Accounting is an orderly system for collecting registration and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous accounting of all business transactions.
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