What are these case forms called? Techniques for determining case. Cases and their questions
Parts of speech are studied in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups based on special characteristics. Pronouns, numerals, nouns and adjectives are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, those that change according to numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes according to cases.
How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension
The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:
- Type 1 – words m.r. and zh.r. ending in -a or -ya. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
- Type 2 – words m.r. and s.r. ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
- Type 3 – zh.r. words ending in a soft sign. They have a zero ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.
Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changed by case. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.
How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases
- We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is connected.
- Nominative case – questions Who? What? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( There is) Who? – medicine man, (there) what? - forest.
- For questions whom? what? the genitive case answers with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - healer, (no) what? - forests.
- Dative. Questions are asked about the noun to whom? what? with an additional word give. For example, (give) to whom? - to the healer, (give) what? – forest.
- Accusative. Using questions whom? What? with an additional word I see. For example, ( I see) who? - healer, (I see) what? - forest.
- Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - healer, (admire) what? - forest.
- The last one, Prepositional case, answers questions about whom? about what? using the word think. For example, think about whom? - healer, what to think about? - forest.
How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case
Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases are sometimes the same because they answer the same question What?
Let's consider the proposals:
- The snow was falling in large flakes.
- When we went outside, we saw snow.
Word snow answers the question What? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.
In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second it is the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.
Noun snow in sentence 1 it is in the Nominative case, in sentence 2 it is in the Accusative case.
We looked at the questions and auxiliary words of each case. We considered the case of coincidence of word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We looked at how the syntactic role helps determine case in case of difficulties.
Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently, correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't succeed and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know grammar.
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A noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such unstable features as number and case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in a sentence. In this article you will learn how to determine cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask questions about them correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.
Cases
The only rule for correct modification of nouns is the correct placement of the ending in connection with the question asked. This is an easy task for native speakers, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.
Declensions
There is also 3 types of declination in nouns.
- First declension. Creatures name. masculine and feminine endings -a, -ya. For example, a flask, a pig.
- Second declension. Creatures name. masculine and neuter with endings -о, -е. For example, a tree, a well.
- Third declension. The name of feminine creatures with a zero ending, or ending in -ь. For example, horse, horse.
Changing nouns different declinations.
| Question | 1st declension (plural) | 2nd declension (plural) | 3rd declension (plural) | |
| Nominative pad. | who what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Genitive pad. | who?, what? | tires(tyres), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Dative case. | to whom; to what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horses(horses) |
| Accusative pad. | who?, what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Creative downfall. | by whom?, by what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Prepositional pad. | About who about what? | about the tire (about tires), about mom (about moms) | about spaceship (about spaceships) | about the horse (about horses) |
In Russian there is such a concept as indirect cases- these are all cases except the nominative.
They all have their own meaning:
Determinants
There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.
Using determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, just put this word in front of the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to remember one word.
In addition, the question is of great importance for determining case. The table gives an idea of what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in the Russian language.
Cases are the foundation of Russian grammar and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But it’s very easy to remember all of them; two days of cramming is enough to remember them for the rest of your life. Good luck!
Case in languages of inflectional (synthetic) or agglutinating system is a category of a word (usually a name), showing its syntactic role in a sentence and connecting individual words of a sentence. Cases refer to both the functions of words in a sentence and the forms of words associated with them.
Term case, like the names of most cases, is a calque from Greek and Latin - ancient Greek. πτῶσις (fall), lat. casus from cadere (to fall). There are direct cases (nominative and sometimes also accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is associated with the ancient idea of “declination” (declinatio) as “deviations”, “falling away” from the correct, “direct” form of the word, and was supported by associations with the game of dice (where with each throw one side or another falls out - in a given case one “direct” and several “indirect”).
Below in the table you can see the cases of the Russian language and their endings for various genders and declensions of nouns.
| Russian case name | Latin case name | Questions | Prepositions | Ending | |||
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1 cl. | 2 cl. | 3 cl. | |||||
| Nominative | Nominative | Who? What? (There is) | --- --- | -and I | ---, -o, -e | --- | -s, -i, -a, -i |
| Genitive | Genitive | Whom? What? (No) | without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around | -s, -i | -and I | -And | ---, -ov, -ev, -ey |
| Dative | Dative | To whom? Why? (ladies) | to, by | -e, -i | -u, -yu | -And | -am, -yam |
| Accusative | Accusative | Whom? What? (I see) | in, for, on, about, through | -u, -yu | -o, -e | --- | ---, -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey |
| Instrumental | Instrumental | By whom? How? (proud) | for, above, under, before, with | -oh (-oh), -ey (-her) | -om, -eat | -Yu | -ami, -yami |
| Prepositional | Prepositive | About whom? About what? (Think) | in, on, about, about, about, at | -e, -i | -e, -i | -And | -ah, -yah |
It is generally believed that there are 6 cases in the modern Russian language (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), however, some linguists (Zaliznyak) identify at least seven more, which have limited distribution and functions. Six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of the word (who?, what?, whom?, what?, etc.), the remaining cases can be distinguished only by indirect semantic signs (thus, the explanatory and locative cases are determined with one question: about/on/in whom, what?)
Nominative- who?, what?, is the only direct case in the Russian language, used as the main part of a sentence.
Genitive- no who?, what?, determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships.
Dative- give to whom?, to what?, determines the end point of the action.
Accusative- I see who?, what?, denotes the immediate object of action;
Instrumental case- I create with whom?, with what?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
Prepositional- think about who, what
Second prepositional case, or locative case- the original (non-prepositional) form of the locative case is almost completely lost and has passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different form of the prepositional case: in the forest, in the shade. The non-prepositional forms home and home are, apparently, adverbs.
Vocative case- identical in form to the nominative, but forms an independent turn of speech, similar in function to the interjection. The original vocative case, the forms of the Old Russian language - cheloveche, vdochu, etc., have been completely lost. However, a new vocative case can be identified, including colloquial forms of some names: Sing, Sash, Tan, etc. and several nouns.
Quantitative-separation case- a variety of the genitive and is in many ways similar to it, but has some different forms: a cup of tea (along with tea), set the heat (not heat), increase the speed (not the move).
Disclaimer- a type of accusative case, but is used exclusively with negation of the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right).
Waiting case actually coincides with the genitive, but stands out due to the fact that some words in the same grammatical form are declined in the accusative form. Wed. wait (who? what?) for a letter, but wait for (who? what?) mom. Also: wait by the sea for weather.
Permutative case or inclusive case- answers questions similar to the accusative case (in whom? in what?), but is used exclusively in phrases such as become a welder, run for president, take in son-in-law, etc.
Counting case- a slightly different form from the genitive, used when counting: three hours (not hours), two steps.
What is case, how many cases are there in the Russian language and how to correctly determine case in nouns? You will find answers to these and many other questions in the article. We will tell you about the features of declension of nouns by case, give illustrative examples, and teach you how to determine the case form not only in indeclinable, but also in indeclinable forms of words.
What is case of nouns?
Case of nouns in Russian is a morphological feature that denotes the grammatical relationship of nouns to other words in phrases and sentences. Case is expressed by a system of rows of forms of nouns opposed to each other and is an inflectional feature.
Declension of nouns by case is studied in 4th grade.
Declension of nouns by case
There are six cases in Russian– one direct (nominative) and five indirect. Changing nouns by case is carried out using a system of case endings (inflections).
Examples of noun cases in the table:
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| Case | Questions about cases | Examples of nouns | |
| Unit number | Mn. number | ||
| Nominative | Who? What? | Buddy b, branch A, lakes O | Buddy And, branch And, lakes A |
| Genitive | Whom? What? | Buddy I, branch And, lakes A | Buddy to her, branches, lakes |
| Dative | To whom? Why? | Buddy Yu, branch e, lakes at | Buddy yam, branch am, lakes am |
| Accusative | Whom? What? | Buddy I, branch at, lakes O | Buddy to her, branch And, lakes A |
| Instrumental | By whom? How? | Buddy eat, branch Ouch, lakes ohm | Buddy yami, branch ami, lakes ami |
| Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Oh buddy e oh branch e, about the lakes e | Oh buddy I oh branch Oh, about the lakes Oh |
Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms. In such words, case affiliation is expressed not grammatically (through endings), but syntactically (through words with which they agree).
Examples: new coat(I.p), dream about coat(P.p), sew a button to coat(D. p.).
How to determine the case of a noun?
There are several ways to determine the case of a noun:
- At the end of the word ( sun– R. p., father– D. p., about the thunderstorm– P. p.);
- By putting questions to the noun ( road (who what?)– I. p.; jam (by whom? with what?)- T. p.; about the metro (About who about what?)– P. p);
- Determine case by words with which the noun agrees in a phrase or sentence ( order strong coffee– V. p., dream about a new bike– P.p., white cat washes itself- I. p.).
There are six cases in Russian. Case is determined by questions.
Changing words by case is called declination.
In many cases, nouns have variant endings.
1. B nominative plural Masculine nouns can have variable endings -and I) And -s(s). When choosing an ending, you should pay attention to the fact that many words have standard, established forms:
- -and I) - watchman, huntsman, cuff, tenor, buffer, gutter, ham, tower, fan, pearl, district, black grouse, century (but: forever and ever), millstone, order, bin, sail, weather vane, bill, shako, passport, cold, monogram, quail, farm, evening, bell, cook, skull, edge, cellar, silk, eye, dome, train, stamp, voice, addresses, edges, runs, feeds, domes;
- -s(s) - grooms, drivers, factories, pharmacists, librarians, elections, graduations, consuls, negotiations, rectors, cakes, leaders, snipers.
Often an option -and I) has a colloquial or even colloquial character ( accountant, contract, driver). There are a number of factors to consider when choosing one of the doublet shapes.
Okay, ending -and I) have:
Monosyllabic words and words with singular stress on the first syllable: l e s - forest A, V e black - evening A;
-tor, denoting animate objects: director A, doctor A, Professor A.
Ending -s(s) have:
Polysyllabic words with stress in the middle of the word: bibliot e kar - librarian And;
- words with stress on the last syllable: dogov O r - agreement s, official e r - officer s;
Words of French origin with stressed suffixes -er (-er): akush e r - obstetrician s, director e r - director s ;
Words of Latin origin in -tor, denoting inanimate objects (capacitor - capacitor s), as well as some animate objects (author s, lecturer s, agitator s, innovator s).
Sometimes endings indicate semantic differences. Some homonym words have a plural ending -s(s) or -and I) depending on the value:
| conductors(devices in technology) | conductor(transport workers) |
| corps (buildings, military units) | bodies (torso) |
| camps (military, tourist) | camps (socio-political groups) |
| furs (cured skins) | bellows (a device for heating air; a bag made of animal skin for liquid and bulk substances) |
| image (icon) | images (artistic and literary) |
| orders (insignia) | orders (knightly and monastic societies) |
| warrants (written orders) | orders (types of architectural composition) |
| reins (reins) | reasons (motivations) |
| wires (electrical) | farewell (on departure) |
| passes (documents) | omissions (oversights) |
| sable (fur) | sables (animals) |
| accounts (documents) | abacus (device; mutual relationship) |
| current (threshing place) | currents (electric) |
| tones (color shifts) | tones (sound) |
| brakes (devices) | brakes (obstacles) |
| teachers (teachers) | teachers (ideological leaders) |
| bread (on the stump, also in the expression “to go to someone for bread”) | breads (baked) |
| colors (painting) | flowers (plants) |
2. Many nouns are masculine in the genitive singular have variant endings -у(-у) And -and I).
Ending -у(-у) have:
Nouns with a real meaning when indicating weight, volume or part of a whole: kilogram peas at, glass of cha Yu ;
Nouns with a diminutive suffix: cheesecake at, sugar at ;
Collective nouns of the indefinite plural: people at ;
Abstract nouns with quantitative meaning: noise at, fear at ;
Nouns in some phraseological units: out of sight at approximately;
In some combinations after prepositions from, with, without, after the particle neither: with the move at, out of sight at, not a rumor at no spirit at .
Ending -and I)
used when there is a definition: strong tea I.
Sometimes the meaning of a phrase is revealed with the help of an ending. Leave the house at
(places where a person lives) - leave the house A
(of this house, building); no forest at
(building material) - no forest A
(trees).
3. B genitive plural Some masculine nouns can have a zero ending, others - a ending -s.
WITH zero The following nouns are usually used with endings:
Names of paired items, as well as items consisting of several parts ( boot, trousers, felt boots, shoulder straps, cuffs, stockings and etc . ). BUT: socks, knee socks, clips;
- names of units of measurement (ampere, kilowatt, roentgen, micron);
Names of some vegetables, fruits, fruits (apples, olives);
Names of nationalities. As a rule, these are words whose stem ends in a -n-, -r- (Armenians, Bashkirs, Georgians, Ossetians, Turkmen, Moldovans, Gypsies, Bulgarians), and - Buryat, Turk;
Names of persons according to military formations ( soldier, partisan, hussar);
Nouns used only in the plural: holidays, christenings, darkness, twilight.
Ending -s have:
Names of many peoples: Mongol ov, Yakut ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Kyrgyz ov, Kalmyk ov, Tungus ov, Hutsul ov, Kurdish ov, Eskimo ov ;
Plural nouns: lobby ov, belongings ov ;
Names of some vegetables and fruits: apricot ov, a pineapple ov, banana ov, lemon ov;
Names of units of measurement: acre ov, kilogram ov, gram ov, yard ov ;
Names of military professions: sapper ov, recruit ov ;
Names of abstract concepts: size ov ;
- names of monetary units: franc ov, dinar ov .
Nouns f. R. on -nya have null ending (desert - desert, dovecote - dovecote, nun - nuns, fable - fable). Other feminine nouns have an ending - to her (feet, candles, lobes).
Nouns cf. R. on -ye most of them have an ending -th(village - selenium th, coast - coast th, thinking - thinking th) . BUT: pay ev, ust ev, upper reaches ev, lower ev.
Nouns on -tse have, as a rule, a zero ending ( towels, blankets, saucers). BUT: okonts ev, bolotets ev .
4. Ending options accusative case determined by the animate or inanimate nature of nouns.
In professional speech, forms of nouns inflected according to the animate type are usually used: observe larvae; in common speech - according to the type of inanimate: observe the larvae. Forms can indicate semantic differences: meet a companion(person); meet a companion(item).
5. Options for endings instrumental plural Nouns of the 3rd declension are determined by the scope of use.
Words ending with -ami(s) , are inherent in book speech: door yami, horses yami, daughter yami ; on -my - colloquial: door I'm, horses I'm, daughter I'm There are also “frozen” forms: lie down I'm, be proud of your sons and daughters I'm , punishment whip I'm.
6. B prepositional case Masculine nouns can have variant endings -e or -y.
Ending -y:
Used in words with a one-syllable stem when there are prepositions V And to: captured at, on house at;
Has a circumstantial meaning: be in the garden at;
- tends towards a conversational style: to the workshop at, on vacation at.
Ending -e:
Has an object value: sort out the garden e;
- gravitates towards book styles: to the workshop e, on vacation e .
Using endings -y And -e grammatical meanings differ:
Walk in forest at- talk about the forest e,
Lying on the shore at- remember your native shore e.
7. Declension of foreign surnames.
Foreign language surnames bow down, If:
a) end in a consonant and refer to men (Ivan Chernyak - Ivana Chernyak A and so on.). BUT: Marina Chernyak is not inclined.
Exception- last names on -s (them), -ago (-yago), -ovo: Golovnykh, Burago, Durnovo; as well as Ukrainian surnames in -ko: poems by Taras Shevchenko, Franko Theater - don't bow.
b) end in unstressed -a and are foreign-language in origin (Pyekha - Piekh And, Okudzhava - Okudzhava s);
c) end in stressed -a and are Slavic (Skovoroda - Skovorod s). Although many surnames of this group are indeclinable, which is explained by the desire to distinguish the surname from the corresponding common noun: Skird A, Fishing A, Shchuk A and etc.
Foreign-language surnames are accented - rather than inflected: I like to read Dum A.
In the instrumental case, foreign-language surnames in -in have an ending -om (eat): Darwin - Darwin. BUT: Russian surnames ending in -in -th(Putin).
