Compose complex sentences examples. Compound sentences in literature: examples and types. Main groups of compound sentences
Serving to transmit any information, message, etc. The proposal is built according to its own specific laws and rules; Not every set of words can be called a sentence. It is characterized by grammatical and semantic unity of its parts, as well as a special intonation of completeness of the statement. That is why many philological researchers call a sentence this way: “complete statement”, “complete thought”.
The main distinguishing feature of a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis in it - without it there is no sentence. Based on the number of grammatical bases in the Russian language, simple and complex sentences are distinguished. In simple there is one such basis, in complex there are two or more: The red sun shone in the sky again. The clouds finally cleared, and the sun sparkled triumphantly and joyfully over the cleanly washed land.
A simple sentence may be complete, consisting of a subject and a predicate (then it will be or may be incomplete, containing only one of the main members.
All its parts are connected in terms of content and meaning, as well as through intonation. Their structure is the same as that of simple sentences.
Complex sentences can be conjunction or non-conjunction - depending on the way in which the grammatical relationships between the parts are expressed and what means of communication were used. their parts are connected through intonation. These syntactic constructions have grammatical independence, but a fairly close semantic correlation. Conjunctions or are not used in such sentences: The old forest rustled and groaned dully, the night shrouded it more and more in impenetrable darkness, the sky seemed to have forever forgotten about the sparkling stars and moonlight.
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences. A complex sentence is characterized by the fact that all its parts are equal in meaning. There is no semantic dependence or semantic inequality between them. Simple sentences in its composition are connected thanks to single and complex coordinating conjunctions: The brother was already tired of waiting, but Natasha could not get ready and leave the house. During the day I felt a little hot in my father’s jacket, but in the evening I felt damp and cold, and I didn’t get cold at all! In the morning I was either shivering, then feeling hot, then shaking again with chills.
Based on the type and meaning of conjunctions, compound sentences are divided into several types:
- A complex sentence with conjunctions of connecting meaning (AND, YES=AND, NEI...NOR, AS...SO AND - repeated, etc.). These conjunctions indicate that those phenomena, events that are spoken of in the sentence occur either immediately, at one time, or in succession, one after another: Strelka got tired of waiting for her portion of food, and she barked decisively. Vanka from the sixth entrance was a careless quitter and a chronic loser, and his friend Igoryosha from the neighboring house never shined in the lessons, and when called to the board he began to mumble something justifyingly and loudly sniffle.
- A complex sentence with dividing meanings and conjunctions EITHER, OR... EITHER, OR, etc. Sentences of this type are characterized by relations of exclusion or alternation: Mom listened to me, listened, and suddenly announced loudly: “Either you come to your senses and start studying properly, or your father will whip you today!”
- A complex sentence with the meanings of opposition (adversative) and conjunctions THEN, YES (=BUT), BETWEEN, WHILE, WHILE, etc. The content of simple sentences in such a complex one can be contrasted or compared: Marichka spent most of the money she earned on clothes, movies and ice cream, while Natalka diligently saved every penny, increasing her savings every month.
- Compound sentences also include sentences with connecting conjunctions TOO, ALSO, YES AND, etc. The semantic relations in them indicate either additional information contained in one of the simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or the correlation of content between all parts of the sentence: On vacation, I planned to go to the Caucasus: the nature there is too beautiful, and a bosom friend has been offering to meet him for many years now, to visit him in a mountain village.
- Sentences with conjunctions NAMELY, THAT IS, expressing the meaning of explanation and having a bookish character are also complex: At the school, boys were not only taught the usual school disciplines, but were also involved in sports and instilled an increased interest in physical education, and this is what is important for future gymnasts.
In complex constructions there is no semantic equality between the parts of the sentence. Conjunctions of complex sentences express different shades of meaning and are always found in the subordinate clause.
22. Types of complex sentences. Complex sentence.
Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.
For example: Ahead of us, a brown, clayey bank descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.
Simple sentences within a complex sentence do not have intonation and semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.
Difficult sentence is closely related to the simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.
Therefore, determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.
The structural difference is obvious: a complex sentence is a grammatically formed combination of sentences (parts), somehow adapted to each other, whereas a simple sentence is a unit functioning outside of such a combination (hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonation interconnectedness, as well as interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the volume of messages they convey.
A simple unextended sentence reports one single situation.
For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; It's getting dark; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.
Difficult sentence reports about several situations and the relationships between them or (a specific case) about one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the speaker.
For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I'm afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.
Thus, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and the relationships between them.
Depending on the way simple sentences are connected as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: conjunctions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.
Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);
3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:
- phenomena occurring simultaneously.
For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
- phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).
In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:
— temporary relationships.
For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- cause-and-effect relationships.
For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, with all their might stretched there to warm themselves;
2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is contrasted with another.
For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, then - that).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling- union That— That indicates alternation of phenomena.
For a more detailed description of the types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory
that is, namely:
For example:
He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.
Graduation unions
— not only... but also, not that... but.
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
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Compound Sentences |
Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members |
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The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches. |
And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing. |
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The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten. |
Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass. |
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The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back. |
In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water. |
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For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes. |
I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins. |
In the BSC, the components are linearly juxtaposed and do not vary their positions relative to each other; functionally they are equal. SSP is characterized by an extensive system of meanings, in the formation of which, in addition to coordinating conjunctions, certain aspects of the structure of the connected parts and typified elements of their lexical composition participate. A particularly large load falls on the relationship between grammatical and lexical-grammatical categories of predicate verbs (tense, mood, aspect, mode of action) and lexical determiners of the verbal attribute (adverbs, particles, modal words, interjections), many of which are easily combined with coordinating conjunctions, forming unstable allied connections with them: and so, here and, and therefore, and yet, otherwise, well, and, which means, but, and then, but only etc.
Essay (parataxis, coordination)– a syntactic connection of grammatically equivalent units of language, which has its own system of means of expression (coordinating conjunctions).
Complex sentence is a complex sentence, the grammatically equivalent predicative parts of which are connected using a coordinating connection. The predicative parts of SSP, compared to SPP, are more independent, free, and more similar to simple sentences. But their independence is relative, because they do not have intonation and semantic completeness. Parts of the BSC are interdependent to one degree or another. In some SSPs, at the beginning of the first part there is a common component (determinant), the presence of which determines an even closer connection between the parts and indicates greater independence of the second part.
Types of compound sentences. Types of BSC are distinguished by means of syntactic communication and by the nature of the relationships between parts.
According to the type of structure and the nature of semantic relationships between parts, they distinguish:
1) BSC with connecting relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating connecting conjunctions: and, yes(in meaning And), too, also, neither...nor);
2) BSC with disjunctive relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating disjunctive conjunctions: or, either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or);
3) BSC with comparative relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating adversative conjunctions: ah, but, yes(in meaning But), however, on the other hand);
4) BSC with explanatory relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating explanatory conjunctions: namely, that is);
5) BSC with gradational relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating gradational conjunctions: not only...but also, not so much...as, not that...but, not that...but and others).
These types of BSC can be combined into broader categories based on the openness/closeness of the structure. Open structure proposals They represent an open series, the parts in them are constructed in the same way, and usually have the meaning of simultaneity. These include sentences with connecting and separating relations between parts. Closed structure proposals represent a closed series. These are two parts that are related semantically and structurally; the second part closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third part. BSCs of a closed structure include sentences with comparative, explanatory and gradational relationships between parts. The closedness of the structure is observed in connection relations, if the BSC is a combination of contrasting or effective parts. This indicates that the openness/closedness of the structure is associated not so much with the nature of the union, but with the semantic-structural interconnectedness of the parts.
Compound sentences of open structure with connecting relationships between parts. Connective relations are relations of logical homogeneity (enumeration). In temporal terms, these are relations of simultaneity or succession. Parts communication means: and, yes(in meaning And), neither...nor, too, also.
The most common and universal means of communication is the union And. Sentences with this conjunction have the following basic meanings:
a) simultaneity: O the leaves turn golden in the canopy and the sky turns blue.
b) consequences : He became annoyed and started banging on the door.
c) result or rapid change of events : In the spring, the windows open and noise rushes into the room.
Sentences with conjunction no no mutual exclusions matter, with conjunctions too, also– combine the connecting meaning with the connotation of accession.
Compound sentences of open structure with disjunctive relations between parts. Separation relations include the meaning of sequential change, alternation of events and phenomena, and a listing of mutually exclusive events and phenomena. Means of communication: or (or), either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or.
Union or stylistically neutral and introduces the meaning of mutual exclusion into the sentence : Either you are getting dressed now, or I am going alone. Union or(colloquial) can be repeated or single : Either a lasso on the neck, or a bullet in the back of the head. Unions whether... whether, whether... or contribute the value of a list of mutually exclusive events. Unions then...that, not that...not that, or...or bring the meaning of mutual exclusion without additional shades or with a hint of assumption : Either the distant sky is blue, or the haze obscures the eye).
Complex sentences of a closed structure with comparative relationships between parts. Comparative relations include the meaning of comparative, adversative, as well as the meaning of inconsistency. Means of communication: ah, but, however, yes(in meaning but), but, but, and then, and not that, but and, and therefore, but then.
Union A expresses the meaning from the actual comparative to the meaning of inconsistency : They scold him, but he rejoices. Union But expresses opposition, union Yes(in meaning But) – additional shade of connection, conjunction same – comparisons and oppositions. By function same similar A, but located same in the second part of the SSP after the member of the sentence on which the logical stress falls is placed in first place: His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.. With alliances ah, but, yes Numerous lexical specifiers can be used, which enhance the meaning of co-, opposition or inconsistency, give the sentence a connotation of concession, recompense, etc. In the function of means of communication, adverbs, particles, introductory words and various combinations can be used to design various shades.
A special group consists of BSCs with alternative alliances ato, not that, not that . They convey the meaning of a special opposition - with a touch of convention. The second part in such sentences indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is stated in the first part: You should talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry. Alternative conjunctions are characteristic of colloquial speech. They convey meanings close to the meanings of words otherwise, otherwise, which often accompany these conjunctions or are independently used as connecting elements of a complex sentence.
Compound sentences of a closed structure with explanatory relationships between parts. In sentences with explanatory relations, the second part is attached to the first by explanatory connecting conjunctions namely, then There is. The second part clarifies and reveals the content of the first, so there is a kind of semantic parallelism here. The first part ends before the union with a significant lowering of the voice and a pause. Union namely brings the meaning of clarification, used in book speech . Union that is also introduces the value of clarification, the second part of such BSC has the nature of an amendment, a reservation: No one smiled at Natasha’s words, that is, the joke was not understood.
Complex sentences with the named conjunctions are rarely used in speech. To express explanatory relationships, non-union constructions are more often used.
Compound sentences of a closed structure with gradational relationships between parts. Special gradation relations can be conveyed in BSC, i.e. strengthening, increasing or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are expressed by conjunctions not only...but also, not so much...as much, not that...but, although and...but. All unions are double, with the first part of the union placed at the beginning of the first part of the SSP, and the second part of the union at the beginning of the second part: He not really cruel, But he is too active (L.T.). The dismemberment of the conjunction, the location of its components in different parts of the sentence, closely connects these parts into a single whole.
Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither. nor; also; also; not only. but also; both. and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (That. That; not that. not that; or; or; or... either);
3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:
Phenomena occurring simultaneously.
For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).
In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationships.
For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:
For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.
I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- cause-and-effect relationships.
For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, with all their might stretched there to warm themselves;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.
I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.
Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.
The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .
For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is contrasted with another.
For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.
Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).
Unions but , but indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.
For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.
Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That - That indicates alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not that - not that
Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Dividing unions or And or can be single or repeating.
For a more detailed description of the types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :
For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.
Graduation unions - Not only. but also, not really. But .
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches.
And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten.
Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back.
In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water.
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes.
I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins.
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Complex sentence
SPP with homogeneous subordination
A sentence in which all subordinate clauses belong to the same main part and answer the same questions (therefore they are clauses of the same type)
I set off - > when? (when everyone was asleep and when it became cold)
Note: In Russian, the same word does not need to be repeated, so example 1 and example 2 are the same sentences.
IPS with sequential subordination
In this type of SPP, simple sentences form a kind of chain: From the main sentence we ask the question of the 2nd subordinate clause, from the second we ask the question of the 3rd.
In the following examples, questions to the next clause will be placed in brackets.
The SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 conjunctions has a sequential subordination.
Analysis: He said (what?) -> let's go to the park (when?) -> when father comes.
SPP with parallel subordination
This type of SPP has such subordinate clauses that
a) They receive questions from one main part, but these questions are different (hence the subordinate clauses will be of different types.)
b) They are subordinate clauses of the same type, they receive the same questions, but related to different words (this applies to attributive clauses.)
- a) Although you don’t deserve it, I’ll give you an A if you do well on the test.
- b) I love looking at the sea, which brings inspiration, and the sky, which has no clouds. (questions are asked from different nouns in the main one.)
There is always a subordinating conjunction within a subordinate clause.
Example: Andrey did not remember where he put the diary. (about what?)
From the main clause to the subordinate clause we always give a question. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
1. There is always a subordinating conjunction inside the subordinate clause.
2. From the main part we ask the subordinate question.
3. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
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Rules compound and complex sentences
They are not members of the proposal.
Attach a subordinate clause to the main clause or another subordinate clause.
They are members of the proposal.
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses.
According to the nature of the subordination of several subordinate clauses, they are divided into three types:
- subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination;
— subordinate clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
- subordinate clauses with sequential subordination.
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination.
Peculiarities:
2) answer the same question;
3) are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without any conjunction.
Example:
He was glad that the holiday was a success, that the guests were happy, that they were having fun with all their might.
Explanations:
1) all three subordinate clauses relate to the main clause He was happy:
He was happy (what?) that the holiday was a success.
He was happy (what?) that the guests were happy.
He was happy (what?) that they were having fun with all their might.
2) all subordinate clauses answer the same question why?
3) they are connected with the main sentence by the same conjunction What.
These are the same type of subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination
Peculiarities:
1) refer to the same main sentence;
BUT!
2) answer different questions - that is, they are subordinate clauses of different types.
Example:
If you look at the moon through a telescope, you can see that it has a very peculiar surface.
Explanations:
1) both subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause can see;
BUT!
2) the first subordinate clause answers the question under what condition? Second - to the question What?
That is, they answer different questions.
These are different types of subordinate clauses, although they relate to the same main clause.
Subordinate clauses with sequential subordination
Peculiarities:
1) the main clause is subordinated to one subordinate clause;
2) this subordinate clause, in turn, is subordinate to the next subordinate clause - thus, the first subordinate clause is the main one for the next one.
Example:
The boy stood under the canopy and watched the streams run towards the puddle that was growing before his eyes.
Explanation:
To the main sentence The boy stood under the canopy and looked Only one subordinate clause applies: how streams run to a puddle. And the next subordinate clause ( which grew before our eyes) is no longer connected in any way with the main clause, refers to the previous subordinate clause, which is the main clause for it:
Streams run to a puddle (which one?) that grew before our eyes.
NOTE: complex sentences with combined subordination are often found: homogeneous + parallel, homogeneous + sequential, sequential + parallel, etc. Therefore, be careful when analyzing the offer.
Punctuation marks in NGN.
A comma is placed between the main and subordinate clauses.
If the subordinate clause is in the middle, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Subordinate clauses are also separated from each other by commas.
Grandfather said that spring will be warm.
Grandfather said that spring would be warm and smiled.
Grandfather said that the spring would be as warm as last year, when the crops sprouted earlier than the villagers expected.
Exception.
If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by non-repeating conjunctions AND, OR, then a comma is not placed between them:
Grandfather said that the spring would be warm and that the harvest would be rich.
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The ability to distinguish between types of complex sentences is necessary in order to correctly place punctuation marks. In addition, it will help you cope with several USE tasks at once. In order to understand this article, you need to know what the grammatical basis is.
Simple and complex sentences
Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple and complex.
A simple sentence is a sentence with one grammatical basis.
I'm sitting at the table .
I am sitting, so this is a simple sentence.
I'm sitting at the table, reading Twitter and trying to prepare for the Unified State Exam. .
This sentence has the same grammatical basis I am sitting , reading (and) trying to prepare, so this is a simple sentence. The sentence is complicated by homogeneous predicates.
A complex sentence is a sentence that has two or more grammatical stems.
I'm sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning. (I. Brodsky)
I am sitting And the lamp is on
The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
There are two grammatical bases in this sentence: the desert listens And the star says, - so this is a difficult sentence.
I know that I don't know anything. (This saying is attributed to Socrates.)
There are two grammatical bases in this sentence: I know And I don't know, - so this is a difficult sentence.
I don’t expect anything from life, and I don’t regret the past at all.. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Determine the type of this proposal.
The mysterious gentleman leaned towards the dog, flashed his golden eye rims and pulled out a white oblong package from his right pocket.. (M.A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)
Types of complex sentences
Complex sentences are divided into non-union and allied, and allied - into complex and complex.
Non-union proposal
A non-union sentence is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected without the help of conjunctions.
It got dark, the street lights came on .
it got dark, the basis of the second part - the lights came on
I look out the window and see: it's snowing .
This sentence has two parts. The basis of the first part is I look (and) see, the basis of the second part - snowing. There are no conjunctions between the two parts of a complex sentence.
Complex sentence
A compound sentence is a conjunctive complex sentence, the parts of which are connected using coordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions. And , A , But , Yes , or , or , Not only. but also how. so and, or. or, or. either, nor. no, but, that is and etc.
The parts of a complex sentence are equal in meaning.
The train stopped and the passengers got out of the carriage.
This sentence has two parts. The basis of the first part is the train stopped, the basis of the second part - passengers got out And
I’ve been explaining Einstein’s theory of relativity to you for two hours now, but you can’t understand anything. .
The basis of the first part is I explain, the basis of the second part - you can't understand. Two parts of a complex sentence are connected by a coordinating conjunction A, so it is a compound sentence.
Not only has the air warmed up, but the water has also become warmer .
The basis of the first part is the air has warmed up, the basis of the second part - the water has become warmer. Two parts of a complex sentence are connected by a coordinating conjunction Not only. but also, so it is a compound sentence.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a conjunctional complex sentence in which one part depends on another. Parts of a complex sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions ( What , If , because , When etc.) or allied words ( which , Which , What-pronoun, etc.).
In a complex sentence, there is a main part and a subordinate part (or subordinate parts). From the main part you can ask a question to the subordinate part.
Depending on their meaning, subordinate clauses are divided into several types: explanatory, attributive, adverbial, and connecting. Read about the types of subordinate clauses in a separate article.
The order of the parts of a complex sentence does not matter: the subordinate part of the sentence can come before the main part or be inside the main part.
Napoleon realized that he had lost the battle .
The basis of the main part is Napoleon understood he lose What. From the main part to the subordinate part you can ask the question: Napoleon understood - What?- that he lost the battle.
If you happen to be born in the Empire, it is better to live in a remote province by the sea. (I. Brodsky)
The basis of the main part is better life, the basis of the subordinate clause - happened to be born. Parts of a sentence are connected by a subordinating conjunction If. From the main part to the subordinate part, you can ask the question: is it better to live in a remote province by the sea - under what condition?- if you happen to be born in the Empire.
Animals that were born in a zoo are not adapted to life in the wild .
The basis of the main part is animals are not adapted, the basis of the subordinate clause - who were born. Parts of a sentence are connected by a conjunctive word which. From the main part to the subordinate part you can ask the question: animals - which?- who were born in the zoo.
One main part can be subordinated to several subordinate clauses. Read about the types of subordination in sentences with several subordinate clauses in a separate article.
I know your name and where you live.
There are three parts to this sentence. The basis of the main part is I know, the basis of the first subordinate clause - name is, the basis of the second subordinate clause - you live. Both subordinate clauses depend on the predicate of the main part I know and answer the question What? Although the second and third parts are connected by a coordinating conjunction And, the entire sentence as a whole is complex.
Complex sentences with different types of connections
A complex sentence can have more than two parts. Moreover, between each pair of parts of a complex sentence there can be a different type of connection. For example, there are sentences with a non-union and allied subordinating connection between parts, as well as sentences with a union coordinating and subordinating connection between parts.
Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.
This is a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied coordinating connection between the parts.
During the first expedition, traces of the ancient city could not be found, and archaeologists continued their research, which took several years.
This is a complex sentence with a conjunctional coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. The connection between the first and second parts is coordinating, and between the second and third parts is subordinating.
Your wife has left and it's high time for you... (S. Dovlatov. “Ours”)
Difference between COMPLEX SENTENCES and COMPLEX SENTENCES
In the Russian language there are simple sentences and complex ones, which consist of several simple ones. Complex sentences are divided into two broad categories: compound and complex sentences.
Complex sentence has a coordinating connection. Simple sentences in its composition can be connected using conjunctions or without conjunctions. However, their main feature is that these sentences are equivalent, they do not depend on each other and are equal both grammatically and in meaning.
In a coordinating connection, simple sentences are connected by the conjunctions “a”, “and”, “but”, “yes”. These conjunctions are not part of sentences, but are found between them. For example, “Peter walked down the street with a bagel in his hand, and the dog ran after him all the way to the house.”
Unconjunct compound sentences are a fairly typical phenomenon for the Russian language. For example, “The road was good, the horse became emboldened and walked faster.” They left the house sad, the autumn rain made them sad even more.”
Simple sentences within a complex sentence are subordinate to its main part. They depend on her. In a complex sentence, the independent clause is called the main clause, and the dependent clause is called the subordinate clause.
IN complex proposal simple parts are connected by such conjunctions as “where”, “because”, “since” and others. These conjunctions are called subordinating conjunctions. They are part of a subordinate clause. For example, “I gave her roses because there were no chrysanthemums in the store.” Also, sentences can be connected by a connecting word: a pronominal adverb or a relative pronoun. For example, “The dilapidated house where the travelers stayed was clean.” Here the word “where” is a relative pronominal adverb.
In the Russian language, there are practically no non-conjunctive subordinating clauses.
Conclusions:
- Compound sentences consist of two or more simple sentences that are equal in meaning and grammatically. In complex sentences there is a main clause and a dependent clause, a subordinate clause, that is, a subordinate clause.
- In compound and complex sentences, simple parts are separated by a different set of conjunctions. In the first case, these are conjunctions of the coordinating type, and in the second, of the subordinating type. Conjunctive words are also used in complex sentences.
- Often in complex sentences simple parts are connected without a conjunction, but in complex sentences this is rather rare.
- In a complex sentence, the conjunctions connecting them are not part of the sentences. In complex - conjunctions or allied words are part of the subordinate clause.
Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple And complex. Complex sentences consist of two or more parts (simple sentences) combined intonationally, in meaning and grammatically:
The hewn horns began to sing, the plains and bushes ran.
Based on the nature of the means of connection between the parts, complex sentences are divided into allied and non-unionized. In allied sentences, the parts are connected by conjunctions or allied words, and in non-union sentences - by intonation. Union proposals are divided into compound and complex ones.
In this article we will look at compound sentences. We will pay special attention to the placement of punctuation marks in complex sentences, and will also learn how to find a complex sentence in the text.
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentences(SSP) are complex sentences whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions:
I ordered to go to the commandant, and a couple of minutes later the wagon stopped in front of a small house built on a high hill, near a wooden church.
The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other: there is no main clause or subordinate clause, and a question cannot be asked from one part to the other.
Parts of the BSC can be connected by the following conjunctions (coordinating conjunctions):
1) connecting and, yes (=and), neither...nor, also, also : The telegraph wire hummed faintly, and here and there hawks rested on it;
2) adversarial a, but, yes (=but), however, but, the same, otherwise, not that : The game and dinner were already over, but the guests had not yet left.
3) dividing or, or, whether...either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...or: Either everything in it breathes truth, then everything in it is feigned and false;
4) connecting yes, yes and, and also, yes, a, but, same in the connecting meaning in combination with adverbs also, because , prepositions moreover, besides and particles here, even : The door was closed, there was no one in the house, and was it worth waiting for someone else?
5) gradational: not only.. but also, not so much.. as, not really.. but, although and... but : It wasn't that he wasn't trying to get things done, but he just found it difficult to meet the deadline.
It is necessary to distinguish the BSC from a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members: Play sports, and you will always be healthy - this is a BSC, since two verbs in different forms (in different moods) cannot be homogeneous members; The TV was sent to a workshop, and there it was repaired - SSP, because. different figures are implied.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
, With. .
A comma is placed between parts of the BSC: Stand in his place, and you will understand the motive of his actions.
- With. .
A dash is placed instead of a comma when unexpectedly joining, sharply contrasting or emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationships between parts of the BSC: One jump - and his light silhouette can already be seen on the roof.
; With. .
Use a semicolon if the sentences are very common and there is no close connection between them:
Tatyana, on the advice of the nanny
Going to cast a spell at night,
She quietly ordered in the bathhouse
Set the table for two cutlery;
But Tatyana suddenly became scared.(A.S.P.)
A comma is not placed between the BSC only in exceptional cases, when the parts are connected by a single conjunction AND, OR, OR, YES (=AND) and parts of the BSC:
[gen. ] And .
[gen. ] And .
have a common secondary member of the sentence (object or adverbial): Heavy trucks were moving along the streets and cars were racing.
and , (gen.).
have a common subordinate clause: When spring comes, the days become longer and all living things bloom.
General [ +++, ] and .
have a common introductory word or sentence: Perhaps the forms have already been checked and there are already results.
[Only] and .
[Only] and .
have a common particle ONLY, ONLY, etc.: Only the blizzard makes noise and the birch trees sway.
[Name. ] and [ nomin. ],
are nominal sentences: Golden domes and bell ringing.
And ?
are interrogative: What time is it now and how soon will we arrive?
And !
are exclamation marks: How wonderfully he speaks and how sincere his words are!
[Wed. ] and [wake ].
are motivating: Let there be peace and people be happy.
[Impersonal. ] and [ impersonal ].
are impersonal sentences with the same form of the predicate or synonyms as part of the predicate: Slush and damp.
How to find a compound sentence in a text?
We can find a compound sentence based on three criteria:
1) First, we look for a complex sentence (with two or more grammatical stems);
2) Secondly, in a specific complex sentence we determine which conjunction (coordinating or subordinating) its parts are connected;
3) Thirdly, we find out whether it is possible to ask a question from one part to another.
For example:
The battalion commander stood in the sun, and a thousand lights shone on the gold carving of his saber.
1) This sentence has 2 grammatical bases ( battalion commander stood up - a thousand lights shone);
2) The parts are connected by a coordinating conjunction AND
3) The parts of the sentence are equal, you cannot ask a question.
Conclusion: we have before us a complex sentence.
