The pistil enters the stamen. Pistils and what they are eaten with. Cutlets from horsetail pistils
Horsetail (equisetum arvense)- a perennial herb of the horsetail family.
Horsetail description
Common names: pusher, horsetail.
It reproduces vegetatively by tuberous shoots on a creeping rhizome. The height of the plant can reach 40-50 cm. Due to their dimorphism, shoots of horsetail are divided into generative (without branches, pink or brown, with jagged triangular leaves, without a membranous border) and vegetative (with a straight, hollow, branched green stem 20-50 cm high and smooth epidermis). At the end of ripening (spring), the generative shoot either dies or branches appear and become similar to the vegetative one.
The serrated simple leaves of the common horsetail are collected in weakly branched whorls of 6-16 pieces. They grow upward at an angle. The vaginal leaves are cylindrical in shape. They fruit through spikelets-pistils of an elongated shape and 2-3 cm long.
Horsetail grass is unpretentious and grows in forests, parks, vegetable gardens, meadows, etc. The habitat of equisetum arvense is quite huge. It can be found in three main zones - tropical, temperate and subarctic. This could be Alaska, Canada, Japan, Iceland, Russia, Korea, North America, the Far North, the Alps.
Some species of horsetail can be poisonous (horsetail). It should not be confused with meadow, marsh, river and other types of horsetail.
Only green, non-fertile shoots of horsetail are collected, which are quickly dried in a well-ventilated area and tied into bunches. 5 parts fresh herb when dried yields 1 part dry.
Medicinal properties and uses of horsetail.
The pusher is used in cooking (generative part), for feeding and treating livestock, dyeing wool (green, yellow), furniture polish, and preventing plant infection in gardening (fungus, pests).
Equisetum arvense contains many useful components: carbohydrates, saccharides and steroids, organic, fatty and phenol carbonic acids, vitamins, saponins, carotenoids, flavonoids, lignins.
In traditional medicine vegetative “herringbones” of horsetail are used to prepare infusions, extracts (“Marelin”), decoctions, granules, etc. It is used to treat heart disease and ischemia, edema, inflammation of the bladder and urolithiasis, disorders of water-salt metabolism, rheumatism, acute respiratory infections, hypoxia, ascites, immunodeficiencies, metrorrhagia, skin diseases (seborrhea, eczema, dermatitis, etc.).
Benefit found horsetail in the complex treatment of skin diseases such as allergies, duodenal ulcers, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, hypoxia. Due to its medicinal properties, horsetail has a hemostatic, diuretic, tonic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, and healing effect.
In homeopathy and traditional medicine indispensable in the treatment of atherosclerosis, cystitis, enuresis, conjunctivitis, tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma, neuroses, heart disease, malaria, scarlet fever, dysentery, rheumatism, arthritis, hemorrhoids, gastritis, rhinitis, stomatitis, etc.
Contraindications for the use of horsetail: diseases associated with kidney function (nephritis, nephrosis).
Horsetail Recipes
You can prepare a decoction in a water bath: 4 tbsp. spoons per 0.2 liters of boiling water, heat (30 minutes), cool (10 minutes), strain, squeeze out the raw materials, bring to 0.2 liters with boiled water. Store for no more than 2 days. Dosage schedule: take 70-100 ml 2-3 times a day, an hour after meals.
Three ways to prepare the infusion:
- Shoots of horsetail grass, fresh (30-40 g) or dried (15-20 g), pour 200 g of boiling water, leave for 3 hours, strain. Reception schedule: 3 times a day, 1-2 tbsp. spoons before meals; Apply compresses to places of severe pain.
- For oral administration: 2 tbsp. spoons of dried horsetail, pour 0.4 liters of boiling water, leave for 1.5-2 hours, strain. Dosage schedule: 3 times a day, 200 ml before meals.
- For compresses: 4-5 tbsp. spoon of dried herb, pour 0.4 liters of boiling water, leave for 1.5-2 hours, strain.
Horsetail photo
A flower is a complex system of organs that ensures seed reproduction in flowering plants. The appearance of a flower in the process of evolution is an aromorphosis, which led to the widespread distribution of angiosperms, or flowering plants, on Earth.
Functions of a flower:
- the formation of stamens with pollen grains of carpels (pistils) with ovules;
- pollination;
- complex fertilization processes;
- formation of seed and fruit.
Flower- this is a shortened, modified shoot of limited growth that bears perianth, stamens, and carpels (pistils). The structure of flowers in all flowering plants is similar, and the shape is varied. This manifests idioadaptation - adaptation to various methods of pollination.
External structure of a flower
The flower ends on the main stem or lateral ones. The leafless part of the stem under the flower is called peduncle. In sessile flowers the peduncle is absent or greatly shortened. The peduncle passes into the shortened axis of the flower, its stem part - receptacle. The shape of the receptacle can be elongated, convex, flat, concave. The receptacle contains all the parts of the flower: sepals and petals, stamens and pistil(s).
Sepals and petals together make up perianth. Sepals usually protect the flower, especially the bud, from damage, but can also serve other functions. Photosynthesis occurs in green sepals containing chloroplasts. In some plants (tulip, anemone) they become petal-shaped and perform the functions of petals; can serve to protect developing fruits and for their distribution.
The sepals originate from the upper vegetative leaves. Proof of this is their morphological similarity to leaves, clearly expressed in some plants (peony), and their spiral arrangement. The combination of sepals forms a calyx, which can be either dioecious or fused-leaved.
Petals serve the function of attracting pollinators and promoting successful pollination. The origin of the petals is twofold: in some plants they are modified stamens. Such petals are found in water lilies, as well as in representatives of the families Ranunculaceae, Carnationaceae, Poppy, etc. Another group of plants has petals, like sepals, of leaf origin (peony, magnolia).
The collection of petals of a flower is called whisk. The size, structure, and color of the corolla are varied, which is associated with the biology of pollination. In wind-pollinated plants, the corolla is either underdeveloped or absent. The petals can grow together at the edges, forming a fast-petaling corolla (convolvulus, petunia). In the process of evolution, such a corolla evolved from a free-petalled one.
If a flower has a calyx and a corolla, the perianth is called double. If there are no petals or the difference between them is not clearly expressed, the perianth is called simple. A simple perianth can be either corolla-shaped with a bright color - in tulips, lilies, lilies of the valley, or cup-shaped, green - in hemp, quinoa, nettle. Flowers without a perianth are called naked - in sedge, willow.
Inside the perianth closer to the petals are located stamens. Their number varies: from one to ten or more. During the process of evolution, the stamen differentiated into a filament and an anther. The anther consists of two halves connected by a continuation of the filament. Each half of the anther contains two sporangia; they are called anther nests, or pollen sacs.
The nests are filled with tissue from primary sporogenic cells. As a result of a series of successive mitoses, many mother cells - microspores - are formed from primary sporogenic cells. The mother cells then divide meiotically, forming tetrads of haploid microspores. Each such microspore turns into a pollen grain. To do this, it increases in size and is covered with a double shell: outer (exine) and inner (intina). The outer shell, thanks to its main component - sporopollenin - is characterized by high resistance: it does not dissolve in acids and alkalis, can withstand temperatures up to 300°C, and is preserved for millions of years in geological deposits.
A male gametophyte is formed inside the pollen grain: the haploid microspore divides mitotically, forming a larger tube cell (vegetative) and in it a small generative cell. The generative cell divides again mitotically into two male gametes - sperm.
The inner part of the flower is occupied pistils. Their number varies from one to ten or more. Each pistil is formed by one or many fused carpels.
At the bottom of the pistil - the ovary - are the ovules (ovules). From its upper part, in the process of evolution, a column is formed, raising the stigma above the pistil. If there is no style, the stigma is called sessile. The ovary can be superior if it is located on a flat or convex receptacle, and all other parts of the flower are attached under the pistil. In flowers with an inferior ovary, the concave receptacle is fused with its wall, the perianth and stamens are attached above the pistil.
At the ovary of the pistil there is a cavity - a nest. There are single- and multi-locular ovaries. A multilocular ovary is formed as a result of the fusion of several carpels. The number of nests is equal to the number of fused carpels. In each nest, ovules (ovules) are formed on the walls of the ovary, either sessile or on peduncles. There are from one (plum, cherry) to several thousand (poppy, orchids).
Structure of the ovule (ovule)
Anatomical examination of the ovule distinguishes the following components:
- Funicle;
- nucellus;
- covers;
- micropyle;
- embryo sac.
By seed stalk Nutrients enter the embryo sac and the ovule is attached to the ovary. Nucellus ovules are parenchymal tissue that nourishes and protects megaspores. Outside, the nucellus is dressed with one or two covers(integuments). They do not completely cover the nucellus. More often than not, they do not connect on top of the ovules and form a small hole called micropyle, or pollen passage.
Occupies the innermost part of the ovule embryo sac, which in angiosperms is the female gametophyte.
The ovule (ovule) consists of a macrosporangium and a surrounding covering. In the macrosporangium, one mother cell is formed, from which a tetrad of haploid macrospores is formed by meiosis. Three of them die and are destroyed, and the fourth (giving rise to the female gametophyte) macrospore greatly elongates in length, at the same time its haploid nucleus divides mitotically. The daughter nuclei diverge to different poles of the elongated cell.
Further, each of the resulting nuclei divides mitotically twice more and forms four haploid nuclei at different poles of the cell. This is already an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei. Then, from each of the two quadruple nuclei, one is sent to the center of the embryo sac, where they merge to form a secondary diploid nucleus.
After this, cellular partitions between the nuclei appear in the cytoplasm of the embryo sac and it becomes seven-celled.
At one of the poles of the embryo sac there is an egg apparatus, consisting of a larger egg and two auxiliary cells. The opposite pole has three antipode cells. All six cells are haploid. In the center there is a diploid cell with a secondary nucleus.
In most plants, flowers have stamens and pistils and are called bisexual. Flowers are also unisexual: staminate (male) or pistillate (female). Male and female flowers can be located on one individual; such a plant is called monoecious (cucumber, corn, oak, birch), and if on different individuals - dioecious (hemp, willow, poplar). Unisexual flowers and dioecious plants are one of the adaptations to cross-pollination.
Plant diagrams and forums
To briefly describe a flower, use diagrams and formulas. A diagram is a schematic projection of the elements of a flower onto a plane perpendicular to its axis. All parts of the flower, the bract and the mother shoot are designated by certain symbols: sepals - with a curly bracket, petals - with a round bracket, stamens - with a transverse section through the anther, and a pistil - with a transverse section through the ovary.
When compiling a flower formula, the perianth is designated by the letter O, the sepals by H, the petals by L, the stamens by T, and the pistil by P. The number of flower parts is indicated by a number written at the base of the letter. If there are more than 12 stamens and pistils, put the icon - ∞. When parts of a flower grow together, the corresponding numbers are put in brackets. The upper ovary is indicated by a horizontal line under the number, the lower one - above the number of pistils.
Angiosperms differ from other plant groups in that they form flowers. The flowers of many plants are large, brightly colored, often with a pleasant smell.
Flowers of different types of plants differ noticeably from each other in size, color, number of elements and other characteristics (Fig. 149). However, most flowers have the parts shown in Figure 150.
The main parts of a flower are the flower bed, perianth, stamens and pistil.
Peduncle
The main or side shoot usually ends in a flower. The part of the stem that directly bears the flower is called the peduncle. In some plant species, the pedicels are barely noticeable or absent. Such flowers are called sessile.
Receptacle
The upper part of the peduncle is expanded and forms a flower bed (flower axis). The receptacle contains other flower elements (sepals, petals, stamens and pistils). Sepals, petals and stamens are located around the pistil.
Sepal
The outer circle of the flower is formed by sepals. They are usually relatively small in size and green in color.
Sepals and petals in a flower can be free (apple, cherry) or fused (bell, pumpkin, cucumber, potato).
Perianth
The calyx and corolla together are called the perianth. The perianth can be double if it consists of a calyx and a corolla (apple tree, pear tree, bells, potato). If the calyx and corolla do not differ in color, such a perianth is called simple: corolla - brightly colored like a corolla (tulle pan, lily of the valley, lily), or cup-shaped - painted green (beetroot, nettle).
Cup
The totality of sepals is a calyx. It performs the function of protecting the internal parts of the flower until the bud opens.
whisk
Inside the calyx there is a corolla - a collection of petals. The main function of the corolla is to attract pollinators to the flower and promote successful pollination. The color, shape and aroma of flowers attract insects, and sometimes birds and small animals that carry pollen grains from flower to flower.
Stamen
Stamens are the part of the flower that ensures the formation of male reproductive cells - sperm. The stamens are located towards the center of the perianth. The number of stamens in the flowers of different plant species varies - from one, for example in orchids, to several hundred. Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther, in which pollen is formed - an accumulation of pollen grains (Fig. 151). Each pollen grain produces two male gametes - sperm.
Pestle
In the center of the flower there is one or more pistils. The pistil usually consists of an ovary, a style and a stigma located at the top of the style (Fig. 153). In some plants, for example poppy, there is no style, and then the stigma is called sessile. The stigma serves to catch pollen. The stigma is often rough, sometimes even sticky. Therefore, pollen easily sticks to it.
The style lifts the stigma above the ovary, which makes it easier to catch pollen.
The most important part of the dog is the ovary. The ovary contains ovules. During the development of a flower, a female gamete, an egg, is formed in each ovule.
Bisexual flowers
If a flower has both pistils and stamens, it is called bisexual, since it has both female and male parts (apple tree, pear tree, rose, tulip, lily). Material from the site
Unisexual flowers
Pistillate flowers (female)
Some flowers have only pistils - they are called pistillate (female).
You are the chin flowers (male)
If flowers have only stamens, then they are called stamen (male) (Fig. 154).
Monoecious flowers
If female and male flowers are located on the same plant, such plants are called monoecious (pumpkin, cucumber, corn).
Dioecious flowers
If the flowers are on different plants, they are called dioecious (poplar, willow, sea buckthorn) (Fig. 155).
An inflorescence is a shoot or a system of shoots bearing flowers arranged in a certain order. Flowers are collected in inflorescences to attract more insects and increase pollination efficiency in many plants. Inflorescences can be simple or complex. Compound inflorescences consist of simple inflorescences located on the main axis.
Pistils (or pistiki, as the Komi say) are the immature tips of the generative shoots of the common field horsetail. Equisetum arvense, appearing in large numbers in fields and forest edges in the spring, soon after the snow melts and the ground warms up a little. In the past, it was a common food product for many Eurasian peoples (vessels with prepared pestles are found during archaeological excavations), valuable especially since it appeared at the hungriest time of the year, after a long winter, when supplies had already been eaten up. Nowadays it is a traditional element of folk northern and Ural cuisine, as well as a completely worthy object for the first “silent hunt” of the year.
Young shoots are used, preferably not yet “bloomed”, in which the spore-bearing spikelet is covered with scales:
It is easier to collect pistils than strawberries - without grass they are immediately visible. and cleaning is much faster and more pleasant than mushrooms - the scales are easily separated and this is what remains:
such small corns
Rich in starch and sugar, with a mild but pleasant taste, pistils are generally used like ordinary vegetables - potatoes or zucchini: for soups, okroshkas, you can simply fry them with sour cream, mushrooms or meat, or eat them directly raw with milk and sugar, a bunch different recipes. Our ancestors prepared them for future use by salting them in tubs, but we don’t need this now - you can freeze them, but as a snack they are salty, so-so. It's better to make pies.
So, we take peeled and washed pestles collected in an ecologically favorable area and grind them. You can use a meat grinder, but it’s much more pleasant to show respect for traditions with the help of a trough and chop
Immediately add butter and a couple of eggs. Everything is by eye, I say right away. There is no one True Recipe, as for any dish of folk cuisine; this is one of the options, including proportions. There are two pestles here with two mugs like this:
There is cider in the glass, it is not directly related to the recipe and will be needed later. We get a mass that from a distance resembles the color of wasabi. Solim
Add sour cream. If you use real sour cream, then I think you need less butter. Oil is often absent from recipes on the Internet, but without it it turns out a little dry.
Mix again - the filling is ready. Let's start making pies.
There are no special features here - you can make pies or baked goods, you can bake them in the oven or Russian oven, you can fry them - in the latter case, do not forget to fry them on all sides
The taste is something between pies with herbs, potatoes and... liver. Bon appetit!
_______________________________________
UPD
Pistil (pistillum) is the female organ of angiosperms that performs the function of reproduction. It is formed as a result of the fusion of the edges of one (simple pistil) or several (complex pistil) carpels. The main purpose of this organ is fertilization and formation of the plant fruit.
Structure
The pistil is always located in the central part of the flower and consists of three sections:
- ovary;
- stigma;
- thin column.
The lower rounded and thickened part of the pistil is called ovary. It contains a cavity divided by partitions (solid or separate) into nests. Inside the ovary are ovules (ovules), from which seeds then develop, and from the walls of the ovary the pericarp is formed. One ovary can have one or many ovules, and such an ovary is called, respectively, single-seeded or multi-seeded.
Column located between the ovary and the stigma, that is, it is the central sterile part of the pistil. A canal passes through the style, the internal cavity of which is covered with loose, delicate conductive tissue, which facilitates the movement of pollen through the style to the ovules of the ovary and supplies them with nutrition, which is necessary for the development of the fetus. In some plants there is no style, and the stigma is located directly on the ovary.
Stigma- the upper, slightly expanded part of the pistil, located at the end of the elongated column. This part is designed to catch, hold pollen and allow it to germinate. On the surface of the stigma there is a coating formed by glandular conductive tissue, which creates favorable conditions for pollen germination and the formation of a pollen tube. It can be simple or lobed, dissected, apical, lateral, transverse.
A flower can have one (legumes, cherries) or several, and sometimes many (peony, ranunculus, strawberry) pistils. The collection of pistils in a flower is called the gynoecium.
