Building and drawing a section of a building. Structural section along the outer wall Section along the axis of the outer wall
They are depicted as a section by a vertical plane, passing, as a rule, through window and door openings. The sections are made in such a way as to reveal with sufficient clarity the volume-spatial and constructive solution of the building, the high coordination of all its elements. There are longitudinal and transverse sections; if necessary, local sections are performed in order to identify the features of the architectural and engineering solution of the projected object.
Cuts are made between structural elements, the latter can be cut across (except for columns). The direction of view for the image of sections should be taken according to the plan from bottom to top and from right to left. In the names of the drawings they write: "Section 1-1", "Section 2-2". The sections show all the structural elements located within the cutting plane and immediately behind it (Fig. 1).
Fig 1. An example of a building section design.
All structural elements are outlined by the main line.
On the drawings of the cuts put:
coordination axes,
- the distance between them and the binding of the outer walls to the extreme ones,
- vertical chains of dimensions, including the thickness of the floors and the heights of the rooms,
- vertical dimensions of window openings, etc.,
- horizontal chains of sizes,
- marks of the level of the clean floor of the premises and the bottom of the flooring, external elements of the walls, the ground,
- the composition of floors and coatings, indicating the names of their constituent structures and materials.
Appointment of architectural sections- image of the compositional-spatial solution of the building and its connection with the environment. Therefore, the elements that fall into the section can be shown conditionally in sections. In this case, the sectional planes are most often filled with black ink. However, if the plans are solved in a different technique (diluted ink, color, etc.), then the same techniques are used when performing the plans.
Everything that is beyond the section plane - windows, doors, interior trim, equipment and furniture - is outlined with a thin black or colored line in accordance with the style of the plans.
If the cuts are made on a large scale, then the section plane is left white, and the interior, as the main element of the cut, is made in black and white graphics (Fig. 2) in one-color shading or polychrome, using watercolor or, more modernly, tempera or gouache. At the same time, the image of the interior can be both flat and three-dimensional.
Rice. 2. An example of a building section design.
Rice. 3. An example of the design of a section of a cottage building.
Rice. 4. Architectural section of the building.
Rice. 5. Structural section of the building.
If the interior of the room is depicted in volume, shadows are built on the drawing that fall from it in direct or diffused light (this principle is used extremely rarely). The most common is the reception of a perspective image of that part of the interior that is behind the section plane.
Foundations are not shown on architectural sections, and the level of the land that has fallen into the section is indicated by a solid thick line.
cutaway when sizing take out the main coordination axes, and the height levels are marked with marks. On the drawings of the cuts, the entourage is performed - the natural or architectural environment in accordance with the general composition and graphic solution of all the drawings of the project.
In educational drawings, some properties of structural and architectural sections are combined, while simultaneously depicting structures and interior elements that have fallen into the section in the drawing. In this case, all necessary dimensions and marks must be affixed.
Dimensions and marks are placed outside and inside the section.
Source:
book: Artistic and graphic design of architectural and construction drawings.
Publishing House Architecture-S. Moscow, 2004.
Tutorial.
Foundation plans, coverings, roofs
Facade
The façade is done with shading and hillshading. On the facade with walls made of large-sized elements (panels), panel cutting seams, expansion joints, windows (with a symbol for opening), gates, doors, lanterns, fire escapes, canopies, etc. are shown. Elevation marks are put on the facades. In the name of the facade, the extreme centering axes of the section shown in the drawing are indicated, for example, "Facade in axes 1-16". Elements that are below ground level are not shown on the facade.
The foundation plan shows foundations and foundation beams. The dimensions and grades of the elements are indicated, the marks of the base of the foundation are put down.
The floor plan shows the location of the truss and truss (if any) structures, the layout of the floor slabs with their markings.
The roof plan shows lanterns, valleys, drain funnels, parapets, expansion joints, fire escapes. On the roof plan, marking axes are applied, passing in characteristic places of the roof (extreme, at expansion joints, in places of ledges in the plan and elevation differences of the building, at drain funnels, at the ends of lanterns), axial dimensions of the building, binding of drain funnels, slopes, schematic transverse roof profile.
A structural section of the longitudinal outer wall is made from the base of the foundation to the parapet (cornice) inclusive. When working out the section of the outer wall, you need to pay attention to the following issues:
The design and depth of the foundation;
The design of the basement of the wall and the blind area;
The composition of the layers of the floor;
The design of wall panels and their fastening to the frame elements;
Material and design of windows;
Fastening the crane beam (if any) to the column console;
Fastening the truss structure to the column;
The design of the parapet or cornice;
Roof composition.
The name and thickness of the layers of the coating structure, ceilings and floors are indicated in the portable inscriptions - "flags". The binding of structural elements to the alignment axes is carried out, the necessary dimensions and height marks are put down.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
An explanatory note of 25-35 pages is attached to the draft, as follows:
1. Initial data for design
2. Description of the climatic conditions of the construction area
3. Description of the master plan, balance of the territory
4. Industrial building
4.1. Space planning solution
4.2. Architectural and constructive solution (with sketches of structural elements)
4.2.1. Foundations and foundation beams
4.2.2. Columns of the main frame and fachwerk
4.2.3. Crane beams
4.2.4. Rafter and subrafter structures
4.2.5. Lanterns
4.2.6. Link system
4.2.7. Coating slabs
4.2.8. Roof structure (with thermal calculation of the coating and calculation of the number of drainpipes)
4.2.9. External walls (with thermal calculation of the thickness of wall panels)
4.2.10. Explication of the floors
4.2.11. Doors, gates
4.2.12. Work platforms, stairs
4.3. Exterior and interior decoration
4.4. Network engineering
4.5. Technical and economic indicators of the production building
4.6. Calculation of the area of light openings
5. Administrative building
5.1. Calculation of ABA based on the number of employees in the shop
5.2. Space-planning decision of the ABK
5.3.Architectural and constructive solution of the ABK (with sketches of structural elements)
5.3.1 Foundations and foundation beams
5.3.2 Frame structures according to the II-04 series (columns, crossbars, floor slabs, stiffening diaphragms)
5.3.3. Roof structure (with thermal calculation of insulation thickness)
5.3.4. External walls (with thermal calculation of the thickness of wall panels) and internal partitions
5.3.5 Explication of floors
5.3.6 Windows, doors
5.4. Exterior and interior decoration
5.5. Engineering networks
5.6. Technical and economic indicators of ABK
How to make a wall cut on a brick wall? Sometimes during the reconstruction of a dwelling, it becomes necessary to cut through a wall or partition. When it comes to your own home, you will not need to apply for permission to the relevant organizations. It will be enough just to do the job correctly.
Cutting a brick wall is carried out by a grinder with a diamond blade.
How is a brick wall laid?
Before picking up a tool for cutting a wall, you need to study its structure. In the construction of houses, several methods of its construction are used. At the same time, you need to know that in this industry, the size of the masonry is considered not in the metric system, but in parts of the building material. Accordingly, the thickness of the partition will be determined as a whole; in 1/2; 3/4; 1/4; 2 bricks and more.
In practice, the following types of masonry walls are used:
- chain;
- spoon;
- well
The sides of a brick have their own definitions. The butt is called a poke, the front side is called a bed, and the edge adjacent to the poke is called a spoon. Products are manufactured in accordance with GOST 530 - 2007 with the following dimensions:
- for single 250 x 120 x 65 mm;
- one and a half 250 x 120 x 88 mm;
- double 250 x 120 x 103 mm.
The dimensions of the double bricks made of silicate material are different - 150 x 120 x 138 mm.
If a load-bearing or semi-bearing wall has a masonry in which a spoon of brick is outside, then the thickness of such a wall will be 120 mm. In the case of poke masonry, the depth dimension will be 250 mm.
In the well construction, voids are provided, called wells. They were previously filled with insulation, which was used as slag, construction debris or soil. Now in modern buildings, the old heaters have been replaced with KFP foam (carbamide with formaldehyde) or penoizol.
There can be 2 or 3 partitions in the well laying. It can be reinforced with two or more rows of bricks. Such a wall will greatly complicate the work with it.
Before you start cutting the wall, you need to examine it and determine the type of installation and type of insulation. Therefore, take a hole cutter with a perforator and drill holes of such dimensions at different points in the wall that it allows you to stick your hand with a lantern inside and examine the cut.
The sequence of performing the work of cutting the wall
To make an opening for a door in the wall at home, you will need a grinder as a tool. To perform larger-scale work, such as redevelopment of doors, windows, partitions and the entire dwelling, one cannot do without a stone-cutting machine.
In addition to the grinder, we prepare for work:
- perforator equipped with a crown cutter of any size;
- crayon;
- ruler;
- cutting wheels;
- roulette.
We begin work by marking the future opening with chalk. It should look like the letter T, that is, the crossbar should protrude into its frame. A beam is inserted into it, which will support the upper masonry. For partitions, a strip of wood is used, semi-bearing walls are reinforced with a board 50 mm thick, and reinforced concrete or metal beams are used in the bearing brick wall.
If a window or door frame is inserted into the hole, then it must be larger in size than the inserted units. After fixing the latter, the gaps should be filled with mounting foam. It will be both a heater and a fixative.
Consider how a wall is cut along a brick wall with varying degrees of complexity. Let's start with a partition that is 1/2 or 1/4 brick deep. We equip the grinder with a disc with a diameter of at least 250 mm and coated with a diamond coating.
According to the markings, the grinder is incised. To make it easier to knock out bricks, several holes are cut with a perforator. As soon as the first elements of brickwork pop up, things will go faster, taking a chisel, hammer and perforator to help. Only it will need to be re-equipped: instead of a crown, a chisel is inserted, switching the operating mode, eliminating rotation.
If you do not have a hole cutter, then a thick drill can replace it. They can drill masonry units by drilling them in several places and along their seams. With the same drill, we then help to pull out the filling of the opening.
In order to avoid door clamping or cracking in a thin wall, partition, you need to take a wooden beam with a thickness of at least 50 mm for the crossbar. Fix it in the opening and process it with a cement mortar very tightly, eliminating the possibility of backlash.
A load-bearing wall will require more complex processing, but the peculiarity of obtaining a hole is the same as for thin partitions. For the crossbar, a channel is used - an I-beam. The opening should be reinforced with vertical posts, for them it is recommended to take profile corners 50 x 50 mm, instead of them a rectangular profile pipe 40 x 20 mm is suitable. For the screed, a metal strip is selected.
The complexity of working with a load-bearing wall is explained by the fact that it has a difficult masonry - bricks and filler. But it is necessary to start work in the same way, with marking the future opening and basting it with a grinder. As soon as a part of the inside was removed in the upper part, we wedge an I-beam there and substitute vertical supports from corners or pipes, rigidly fixing the beam. This is a very important moment. Any defect will cause subsidence of the overlap and the possibility of danger to the lives of workers employed in the patch.
Only after the channel is securely fixed, you can continue to knock out the hole. First, the sealant is removed, and then the bricks. If it is possible to access the back side of the wall, then the task will be facilitated. Pre-long drill make horizontal through holes. They are marked on the reverse side, cut through the contour and proceed to extract the material. At the same time, it is necessary to pull together with a metal strip two vertical supports that form the letter P.
Thus, using the rules, you can make a cut in the wall.
But to get a high-quality opening, you do not need to buy cheap materials for houses.
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTHQ4YIjE6s
An I-beam and a flat corner are more expensive, but they will ensure the reliability of the hole.
A vertical section along the outer wall is given with the obligatory study of the following details (Fig. 6):
· parapet (cornice) node with the image of a parapet or cornice overhangs, roofing and coating structure (with the application and designation of all layers);
· supporting node of the supporting structure of the coating (beams, trusses), its interface with the frame column;
In the presence of overhead cranes, show the crane beam with a rail resting on the column console, and the details of its fastening to the column; for multi-storey buildings - floor structure with floor composition;
wall fencing, the upper part of the window opening with the image of window frames, window frames and details of their interface with the wall and column;
the lower part of the wall, including a section of the lower part of the window opening showing the connection of the box with the wall, fastening to the column and the design of the external drain;
plinth node of the wall with the image of the blind area, waterproofing, floor structures with an indication of their composition, the interface of the wall with the foundation beam.
Details of the adjoining walls in the plan to the frame and their fastening with sealing of joints;
end walls of the building and lanterns;
Details of light and aeration lamps;
fastening of overhead cranes to the supporting structures of the coating;
Detail of fastening the crane rail to the crane beam;
arrangement of valleys and design of internal drainage system;
design of the expansion joint on the coating;
· industrial partitions from prefabricated large-sized elements and their fastening to the floor.
Particular attention should be paid to the development of units and parts for progressive structural solutions using large panels for coverings and walls using effective modern materials. The details of the most characteristic parts of the building should be developed on a scale that provides a clear and sharp image of them with a sufficient number of sizes and explanatory inscriptions (Fig. 7).
The units and parts being drawn are marked on the plans and sections with circles, tied to the corresponding modular alignment axes, and provided with elevation marks. When developing drawings of architectural and structural details, they must be linked to the main drawings of the building.
Feature binding rules
industrial buildings
To simplify the decisions of nodes and interfaces, reduce the number of standard sizes of prefabricated elements, certain rules have been established for linking the structures of industrial buildings to modular centering axes. The binding is determined by the distance from the modular alignment axis to the face or to the geometric axis of the structural element.
The following binding rules apply:
The outer edges of the outermost columns and the inner surfaces of the walls are combined with the longitudinal centering axes (zero binding) in buildings without overhead cranes and in buildings with overhead cranes, with a lifting capacity of up to 20 tons inclusive, with a column spacing of 6 m and a height from the floor to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating is not over 14.4 m;
The outer faces of the columns are shifted from the longitudinal centering axes outward by 250 mm in buildings equipped with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 30 and 50 tons at a step of the outer columns of 6 m and a height from the floor to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating of 14.4 m or more, as well as at a step columns 12 m;
· the columns of the middle rows with the same height of adjacent spans are arranged so that the geometric axes of the section of the columns coincide with the longitudinal and transverse staking axes;
· Geometric axes of the end columns of the main frame are displaced from the transverse staking axes into the building by 500 mm, and the inner surfaces of the end walls are conditionally aligned with the transverse staking axes (zero binding). This allows you to avoid the use of additional elements in the corners of the outer walls and coatings and freely place the frame of the end wall (half-timbered);
half-timbered columns located at the ends of the building between the main columns of the frame and intended for attaching a wall fence to them, deployed in the longitudinal direction and have zero binding to the extreme transverse axes;
· transverse expansion joints are made on paired columns, while the axis of the expansion joint is combined with the transverse center axis, and the geometric axes of the paired columns are displaced from the center axis in each direction by 500 mm.
The axes of the crane rails of overhead cranes must be 750 mm apart from the center axes of the building with a lifting capacity of cranes up to 50 tons inclusive, and with a large lifting capacity - by 1000 mm. The axes of the guide overhead cranes are spaced from the axes by 1700, and in spans of 18 m two guides suspended from the roof structures are arranged, with a span of 24 m - three.
In buildings with coatings in the form of reinforced concrete shells, it is recommended to bind columns to the extreme longitudinal and transverse staking axes so that the outer edge of the columns is shifted outward from the staking axes by 250 mm. A gap of 30 mm is left between the inner plane of the outer walls and the outer face of the column, which is necessary to accommodate the support tables and wall fastening details.
In these buildings, the size of the insert between the paired modular center lines along the lines of longitudinal and transverse expansion joints is recommended to be 1000 mm, and the binding of the faces of the columns facing the joints is 250 mm.
