The uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Decembrists in Motovilovka Who led the Chernigov regiment
The uprising of the Chernigov regiment
The uprising of the Chernigov ass began on December 29, 1825, when it was already known about the fate of the Petersburg performance, some members of the Southern Society, incl. Pestel - arrested. The 5th company of the Chernigov regiment rebelled (970 soldiers and 8 officers. Headed by SI Muravyov-Apostol). On January 3, 1826, the rebels were shot with grapeshot near the village of Ustimovka.
There was an attempt to raise an uprising in the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion (on December 24, 1825 by members of the "Society of Military Friends" KG Igelstrom and AI Vegelin).
But the command managed to isolate the battalion that refused to take the oath and arrest the instigators. Another attempt was made on February 6, 1826 in Bobruisk in the Poltava infantry regiment by a member of the "Society of United Slavs" S.I. Trusov.
Investigation and trial of the Decembrists
The commission of inquiry on the case of the Decembrists in St. Petersburg worked from December 17, 1825 to June 17, 1826. At the same time, commissions worked in Bila Tserkva, Minsk, Bialystok, and Warsaw. In total, 316 people were arrested, 545 were brought to the investigation, 289 were found guilty.
- On June 3, 1826, the Supreme Criminal Court began its sessions, and on July 12, it sentenced 121 accused, and in total 173 Decembrists were convicted by all courts.
- On July 13, K.F. Ryleev, P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P.G. Kakhovsky. This is how I.G. Schnitzler: “... They had just entered back into the fortress when five condemned to death appeared on the rampart. By the distance of the distance, it was difficult for spectators to recognize them by sight; only gray overcoats with raised tops were visible, which covered their heads. They ascended one by one to the platform and to the benches placed side by side under the gallows, in the order as prescribed in the verdict. Pestel was on the far right, Kakhovsky on the left. Each was wrapped around the neck with a rope; the executioner stepped down from the platform, and at the same moment the platform fell down. Pestel and Kakhovsky hung, but the three who were between them were spared death. A terrible sight was presented to the audience. Poorly tightened ropes slipped down the tops of their greatcoats, and the unfortunates fell down into the gaping hole, hitting the stairs and benches. Since the sovereign was in Tsarskoe Selo and no one dared to give the order to postpone the execution, they had, apart from terrible bruises, twice to experience death throes. The platform was immediately straightened and the fallen were hoisted onto it. Ryleev, despite the fall, walked steadily, but could not resist the sad exclamation: "So, they will say that I could not do anything, even die" ... ".
In addition, 88 people were sentenced to hard labor; 19 - exiled to Siberia; 9 officers were demoted to soldiers; about 120 people were punished by personal order of Nicholas I without trial.
Arguing about the reasons for the defeat of the Decembrists, I would like to refer to the memoirs of the Russian general Yevgeny Virtembergsky, who said the following:
“1) although there were reasons for dissatisfaction with the emperor Alexander, nevertheless, he still enjoyed general love;
- 2) it cannot be denied that there is a lot in Russian state structure and in the internal government of the country left much to be desired, but this circumstance did not affect the attachment to the imperial house;
- 3) the direction given to the entire enterprise was so shameful, stupid and meaningless that every careful and judicious person had to reject participation in such a business;
- 4) the conspirators did not have at their disposal a person who would have a decisive influence on the troops,
and 5) the conspirators were not headed by a person who, occupying a high and influential position in the state, ... could manage the enterprise, contribute to the success of the case by choosing appropriate measures and protect the safety of the participants in the conspiracy. "
Rebellion Map
The uprising of the Chernigov regiment- one of the two uprisings of the Decembrist conspiracy, which occurred after the Decembrists' speech on Senate Square in St. Petersburg on December 14 (26), 1825. It took place on December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826 (January 10-15, 1826) in the Chernigov regiment , quartered in the Kiev province.
The uprising was organized by the Southern Society. After the news of the uprising in St. Petersburg, the regiment commander ordered the arrest of Lieutenant Colonel S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, associated with the conspirators. On December 29, officers of the regiment Kuzmin, Solovyov, Sukhinov and Schepilla freed Muravyov-Apostol in the village of Trilesy, while attacking Colonel Gustav Gebel and trying to kill their regimental commander. When Gebel refused not only to free the Muravyov brothers, but also to give an explanation for their arrest, the participants in the conspiracy began to stab him with bayonets, and Lieutenant Colonel Muravyov himself inflicted a wound on the colonel in the stomach. The soldiers of the regiment did not take part in the massacre of the colonel, but remained only spectators. Colonel Gebel, with the help of Private 5th Company Maxim Ivanov, managed to escape the Decembrists.
The next day, December 30, they entered the city of Vasilkov, where they seized all the weapons and the regimental treasury. The regimental treasury was about 10 thousand rubles. banknotes and 17 rubles. silver.
On December 31, the Decembrists occupied Motovilovka. where the "Orthodox Catechism" was announced before the formation - the proclamation of the rebels, drawn up by Muravyov-Apostle and MP Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In Motovilovka, there were frequent cases of robberies of residents by the rank and file of the Decembrist army. The drunkenness of the rank and file is increasing.
From Vasilkov, the rebels moved to Zhitomir, trying to unite with the units where the members of the Society of United Slavs served, but, avoiding a clash with the superior forces of government troops, turned to Bila Tserkva. The desertion of privates is increasing.
After the uprising, the regiment was reorganized. Subsequently, a participant in the uprising Ivan Sukhinov led a conspiracy in the Zerentui penal servitude (Zerentui conspiracy).
Pushkin planned a story about the uprising, wrote a short prologue about a warrant officer going "to the town of V." (Vasilkov) in May 1825 (the text is known as "Notes of a Young Man").
see also
Literature
- Andreeva L. The uprising of the Chernigov regiment. (Decembrists in Ukraine). - "Flame", Kharkov, 1925,
- N. M. Druzhinin The uprising of the Chernigov regiment // Essays on the history of the Decembrist movement. Publisher political literature, 1954.
- Oksana I. Kiyanskaya Southern riot. Uprising of the Chernigov Infantry Regiment December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826 Publishing House of the Russian State University for the Humanities, 1997 ISBN 978-5-7281-0004-1
- The uprising of the Chernigov regiment in the testimony of the participants. - magazine Red Archive. 1925.
Notes (edit)
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See what the "Uprising of the Chernigov Regiment" is in other dictionaries:
The uprising of the Chernigov regiment- Members of the Southern Society became aware of the unsuccessful uprising in St. Petersburg on January 6, 1826. At this time, arrests in the south continued, threatening to crush this organization as well. Pestel's closest associates, heads of the Vasilkovsky council ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia
Armed. performance of the Decembrists in Ukraine on December 29. 1825 3 Jan. 1826; was the last stage in the activities of the Southern Society. As an integral part of the previously developed state plan. coup, Ch. p. century, after the arrest on 13 December. PI Pestel and ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
Armed demonstration of the Decembrists in Ukraine on December 29, 1825 January 3, 1826, the last stage of the Southern Society of the Decembrists (See. Southern Society of the Decembrists). As an integral part of the coup d'état plan, the goal was ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Armed demonstration of the Decembrists in the south of Russia 12/29/1825 3.1.1826. Organizers and leaders S. I. Muravyov Apostol and M. P. Bestuzhev Ryumin. St. 1000 participants. Started with. Trilesy, Mr. Vasilkov was taken. Destroyed in the area of Belaya Tserkov ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
CHERNIGOV REGION UPRISING, an armed uprising, organized by members of the Southern Society of Decembrists on the territory of the Kiev province 12/29/1825 3.1.1826. Leaders S. I. Muravyov Apostol and M. P. Bestuzhev Ryumin. St. 1000 participants. ... ... Russian history
Armed demonstration of the Decembrists in the south of Russia on December 29, 1825 January 3, 1826. Organizers and leaders S. I. Muravyov Apostol and M. P. Bestuzhev Ryumin. Over 1000 participants. It began in the village of Trilesy, the town of Vasilkov was taken. Destroyed in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
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They did not shake the determination of the members of the Southern Society to start the performance. Yes, and it was impossible to hesitate. On December 13, Pestel was arrested. And although at the first interrogations he denied everything, the southerners knew that the government, from the denunciations of Boshnyak and the captain of the Vyatka regiment, Maiboroda, had information about the composition of the Southern Society and its activities. Following Pestel, other members of the Tulchin council were captured. From day to day, the rest of the members of the Southern Society could be arrested, and above all the leaders of the Vasilkovsky council.
Having learned about the arrest of Pestel, S. Muravyov-Apostol, together with his brother Matvey 24, went to Zhitomir to inform the members of the society about his intention to start a performance, relying on the Chernigov regiment, and to enlist their support. From Zhitomir, the brothers left for Lyubar, where the Akhtyr hussar regiment was located, commanded by a member of the society A. Z. Muravyov. On December 27, shortly after the arrival of the Muravyov brothers in Lyubar, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin rode here, who said that the commander of the regiment Gebel had received an order to arrest S. Muravyov, but, failing to find him in Vasilkov, left together with a gendarme officer in search of him ...
S. Muravyov suggested to A. Muravyov to immediately assemble the Akhtyrsky regiment, go to Troyanov, drag the Alexandrian hussar regiment located there, then move to Zhitomir and arrest the command of the 3rd corps there.
A. Muravyov refused to act immediately, but promised to support the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. December 28 Muravyov and his companions arrived in the village. Trilesy, where the 5th company of the Chernigov regiment was stationed, the commander of which was a member of the Society of United Slavs A.D. Kuzmin.
By order of S. Muravyov, M. Bestuzhev went to Novograd-Volynsk to organize a performance there by units in which members of the secret society served. S. Muravyov sent a soldier to Vasilkov with a note and invited members of the society, company commanders, Kuzmin, M. A. Schepillo, V. N. Solovyov to appear to him. Having received the note, these, to which I.I. Sukhinov, immediately left for Trilesy. Having learned that the Muravyov brothers were arrested by Gebel and a gendarme officer who had arrived here, the members of the society released them. The liberation of S. Muravyov on December 29 was actually the beginning of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
S. Muravyov saw the next task in raising the entire Chernigov regiment. On the same day, the 5th company set off for the village. Kovalevka, where it merged with the 2nd. On December 30, the rebels moved to Vasilkov, where the rest of the companies of the Chernigov regiment were stationed, but before reaching it, they stopped in the town of Mytintsy. Here they were met by M. Bestuzhev, who did not manage to get to Novograd-Volynsk. An attempt by Major Trukhin, who remained for the regiment commander, to organize resistance, was unsuccessful. The soldiers of the Chernigov regiment enthusiastically greeted the rebels and went over to their side.
In Vasilkovo, the regiment's food supplies passed into the hands of the insurgents. "The night of December 30-31," writes Gorbachevsky, "was spent in preparations for the march."
In Vasilkov, a question arose about the plan further action... At a council of war convened to develop it, the Slavs - Sukhinov, Shchepillo, Kuzmin and Soloviev - spoke in favor of an immediate campaign against Kiev.
The occupation of this large center in the south of the country opened up great prospects for the further course of the uprising.
S. Muravyov, in principle, did not object to the possibility of going to Kiev. “From Vasilkov I could act in three ways: first to go to Kiev, second to go to Belaya Tserkov and third to move more hastily to Zhitomir and try to unite with the Slavs. Of these three plans, I leaned more towards the last and the first, ”S. Muravyov pointed out during the investigation. Zhitomir was in the center of the location of the units, which were influenced by members of the secret society. The headquarters of the 3rd Infantry Corps was also located here. The capture of her and the arrest of the command would have prevented the possibility of organizing forces to suppress the uprising. That is why S. Muravyov gave preference to the third option. However, the headquarters of the uprising refused to immediately march on Zhitomir due to the lack of available forces and the failure of M. Bestuzhev's attempts to establish contact with the Slavs and the Kremenchug and Aleksopol regiments located nearby.
At the council, it was decided to move to Brusilov. This decision did not mean abandoning the plan for a campaign against Kiev or Zhitomir.
On December 31, in the afternoon, the soldiers of the Chernigov regiment and the inhabitants of Vasilkov were read by the regimental priest "The Orthodox Catechism" - a program document revealing the revolutionary goals of the uprising. It was compiled by S. Muravyov. In this document, the kings were declared "the oppressors of the people" who had stolen their freedom. Dressed in a religious form, the "catechism" was directed against the autocracy, proclaiming the natural equality of all people.
After reading the catechism S. Muravyov addressed the rebels with a short speech, in which he explained the content and significance of the revolutionary slogans of the uprising. He spoke about the need to proclaim freedom in Russia, about a reduction in the term of military service, about alleviating the situation of the peasants, and called on soldiers to defend freedom.
On the same day, the rebels went to Brusilov. On the way, the insurgents proclaimed the freedom of the peasants. Local residents treated the rebels with great sympathy. During the detour of the guards, the peasants happily greeted Muravyov and said to him: "May God help you, our good regiment, our deliverer ..." but defenders.
Having learned about the movement of troops in the Brusilov area, the leaders of the uprising decided to move to Belaya Tserkov. Here they counted on joining the Chernigovites of the 17th Jaeger Regiment. On January 2, 1826, the rebels set out in the direction of Bila Tserkva and, not reaching 15 versts to her, stopped in the village. The canopy. Upon learning that the 17th Jaeger Regiment had been withdrawn from Belaya Tserkov, the insurgents on January 3 went back to Kovalevka and Trilesy, from where they began their march, intending to move to Zhitomir to join the units in which the members of the Society of United Slavs served.
However, time was wasted. The command of the 3rd corps seized the initiative and, having concentrated large military forces, began to encircle the rebels. On January 3, on the way from Kovalevka to Trilesy, the Chernigov regiment was met by a detachment of General Geismar, who opened fire on the insurgents with grapeshot. The Chernigovites went on the attack, but, being shot at point-blank range and suffering losses, rushed back. S. Muravyov was seriously wounded in the head and could not control the battle. Shchepillo was killed, Kuzmin was wounded. The defeat of the rebels was completed by the cavalry.
The performance of the Chernigov regiment took place in unfavorable conditions for the Decembrists. The uprising in St. Petersburg was suppressed. The arrest of Pestel, the refusal of a number of members of the Southern Society from decisive action and support of the Chernigov regiment made it easier for the government to fight the rebels. The uprising in the south, as well as in St. Petersburg, did not rely on the people. During the uprising of the Chernigov regiment, the same tactical mistakes were made as on the Senate Square on December 14, 1825.
I.A. Mironova"... Their case is not lost"
The southern society and the Slavic society united with it were tensely awaiting the uprising. Southern Decembrists learned about the fatal illness of Emperor Alex-
Andra I earlier, whose in Petersburg. Couriers from Taganrog to Warsaw passed through the southern station Uman and informed the Decembrist Volkonsky that the emperor was dying. In addition, the southerners had previously learned about the denunciations of the secret society filed with the late emperor. It was clear that in the current situation of the interregnum, a secret society would inevitably take place. According to the decision taken even earlier, St. Petersburg was to act first. And only after a signal from Petersburg, with the news that the uprising in the capital was not defeated, but had at least the first success, were the southern troops supposed to march. In the interregnum atmosphere, Postel and his comrades were eagerly awaiting news from the north. But no news came. It was decided that Postel and Baryatinsky, at the first news of the capital uprising, would leave for Petersburg and the uprising in the south would go under the leadership of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol. The information about the denunciations made one assume the possibility of arrests. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol stood on the point of view that the beginning of the arrests in itself is a signal for an uprising. “If at least one member is taken, I will start a business,” wrote Sergei Muravyov-Apostle to Pestel.
Waiting for the events, Postel took care of the safety of Russkaya Pravda: she was hid in the town of Nemirov, at Major Martynov's, then in Kirnasovka, at the brothers Bobrishchev-Pushkin and Zaikin. The constitutional project had to be needed: according to the plans of the Decembrists, it had to be published for general information at the beginning of the uprising and therefore had to be preserved at any cost.
At this tense moment, Russkaya Pravda had to not only hide from the government, but also protect it from representatives of the right-wing trend. Having cooled to society, Yushnevsky insistently demanded the destruction of "Russian Pravda". "I have an important thing to tell you," said Dr. Wolf, who hastily galloped from him to Kirnasovka. But the Bobrischevs-Pushkins decided that "there is no extreme danger yet" and refused to destroy the ru-
save up; however, to calm Yushnevsky and his supporters, a rumor was spread that Russkaya Pravda had already been burned. At night they buried it near Kirnasovka "under the bank of a roadside ditch." It was dug only in 1826. during the investigation of the Decembrists.
But the news of the capital uprising still did not come. The tension of expectation grew. And it was at this moment in the life of the Southern secret society that an unexpected event occurred that undermined its plans. The authorities demanded Pestel from Linzi to Tulchin, where the headquarters of the II Army was located. Although the order ordered all regimental commanders to appear in Tulchin. Bed and his friend Laurer, who did not leave him in those days, felt something unkind. “Sensing the approaching thunderstorm, but not being completely sure of our death, we searched for a long time that evening for some back thought, a badly hidden hint in the order for the corps, but did not find anything special, except that the name of Pestel was repeated in it 3 times, "writes the Decembrist Lorer in his Notes. Postel decided not to go and said to the brigade commander: "I am not going, I am sick ... Tell Kiselev that I am very unwell and cannot appear" (Pestel was really unwell at that moment). On this alarming night of December 13, Pestel sometimes made, then again rejected some kind of decision. A dull internal struggle was going on in him. As soon as Lorer left Pestel, learning about his decision not to go to Tulchin, how hastily - already at night - a "pestel man" came running to him with the news that the colonel had changed his mind again and was going to Tulchin. “Not comprehending such quick changes, I hastily dressed and ran to the colonel ... He was already dressed in the road and his carriage was standing by the porch ...“ I am going ... What will be will be, ”he greeted me ... "
Deciding to go, Pestel took the poison with him. In the protocol of the investigative committee it is written: "He took the poison with him in order, having accepted it, to save himself by violent death from torture, which he feared."
Apparently, Pestel was considering the issue of a signal for an uprising. Refusal to go to Tulchin would be an open challenge to the headquarters, would be tantamount to giving a signal. But it was still early. First, speculation about the arrest could
prove to be unfounded. Secondly, news from St. Petersburg has not yet arrived. Pestel warned Lorer that he might send him a note from the road, and said goodbye to him. “... We hugged, I accompanied him to the carriage and, alarmed, returned to the room ... The candles were still burning ... There was a deathly silence all around. Only the hum of the wheels of the driven off crew trembled in the air " .
On December 13, at the entrance to the Tulchinskaya outpost, Postel was given the order of the duty general of the II Army, Baikov, to immediately report to him. Pestel obeyed. Baikov declared him arrested and placed him in his apartment, putting up a guard. Due to illness, Dr. Schlegel, a member of a secret society, was admitted to him. At Baikov's apartment Volkonsky also saw him. “Don't be discouraged,” he said to Postel in French (Baikov did not understand French). “Be calm, I don’t confess anything, even if they ripped me to pieces, save only Russkaya Pravda,” Pestel answered him. .
Pestel was not immediately taken to St. Petersburg, he remained in the south under arrest until December 26 -14 days. All this time, he answered the questions of the investigation with a complete denial, claiming his innocence to any secret society.
Why didn't Pestel give the order to start the performance? He could do it.
It is difficult to answer this question. The most plausible answer is: at first he did not give the order for the uprising, because he was waiting for the news of the beginning of the uprising in St. Petersburg. Only on December 23, Pestel, already under arrest, learned about the December 14 uprising. But this was not the news of the beginning of the uprising, but of the defeat of the uprising. Pestel always believed that the uprising in the south had no independent significance. It was needed only to support the uprising in the capital. You can take power into your hands only in St. Petersburg. Local uprisings were, in his opinion, only important as support for the uprising in the center. But there was nothing left to support. The uprising was defeated. The plans collapsed. Apparently
that is why Pestel never gave the order to march. Of course, he needed news not just about the victorious uprising, but at least about the uprising that had begun and was continuing, not yet defeated. But the collapse of the uprising was clear to him.
The most active members of the Southern Society, in whose hands a large number of organizational threads remained after the arrest of Pestel, were the leaders of the Vasilkovsky council - Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The members of the secret society needed to send their messenger to the capital for communication at such a crucial moment. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol with his brother Matvey left on December 24 from Vasilkov to Zhitomir to visit the corps commander General Roth under the pretext of congratulating him on the holiday; the real reason was the need to procure leave from the corps commander for a friend of Muravyov-Apostol - Bestuzhev-Ryumin, a lieutenant of the Poltava regiment, who was stationed at that time in Bobruisk. Bestuzhev-Riumin came for this to Muravyov-Apostol in Vasilkov. It was he who was scheduled to be a liaison to the capital. Former Semyonov officers in the army were not given leave, and Sergei Muravyov-Apostol hoped to get it for Bestuzhev only as an exception (there was also an excuse: Bestuzhev-Ryumin's mother had just died in Moscow, and he needed to see his father). Upon entering Zhitomir, the Muravyovs-Apostles learned the most important news for them: on December 14, an uprising took place in St. Petersburg. They were informed about this by the Senate courier delivering the jury sheets. This news would be an indisputable signal for a southern uprising, if it was about an uprising that has not yet been suppressed. But the courier reported not in general about the uprising, but about the defeat of the uprising by the government of Nicholas I.
True, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol had always disagreed with Postel in his assessment of the place of the uprising. He believed that one can start not in the capital, but anywhere. Nevertheless, in the current situation, it was difficult to make a decision immediately. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol hesitated. From Zhitomir, both brothers went to Troyanov, from there - to Lyubar to Artamon Muravyov, a member of the Southern Society, commander of the Akhtyrsky hussar
regiment, which has long promised to raise its regiment first at the beginning of the uprising. Cavalry troops were especially needed for the uprising. The Southern society had artillery at its disposal: most of the "Slavs" were artillerymen. The Chernigov regiment was an infantry regiment; the cavalry cover of artillery was to be commanded by Artamon Muravyov. But the defeat of the capital uprising confused all the cards: the majority of members of the Southern Society began to refuse to speak. Muravyov-Apostol's proposal did not meet with support.
Meanwhile, in Vasilkov, events took a new turn.
December 25 was the day of the regimental holiday, coinciding with Christmas; on this occasion, the commander of the Chernigov regiment, Gebel, gave a ball. Among the many military men, officials and their families, the ball was attended by the commanders of the 2nd and 3rd musketeer companies of the Chernigov regiment - Soloviev and Shchepilo, members of the Society of United Slavs who were decisive and eager for action. Suddenly, two gendarmes, galloping up at full speed, appeared at the ball; they brought Gebel an order to arrest and seal the papers of Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and his brother Matvey. Sergei Muravyov's papers were immediately seized during a search of his apartment, where Bestuzhev-Ryumin was at that time.
Now, after the search, members of the Society of United Slavs, officers of the Chernigov regiment I.I.Sukhinov, A.D. Kuzmin, M.A. They felt that the moment of inevitable performance had come, they saw no other way out. The first decision of the "Slavs" was to immediately arrest the regiment commander Gebel, gathering dedicated soldiers for this. But on the occasion of Christmas the soldiers were released and dispersed to the villages; it was impossible to collect them immediately. It was decided that Bestuzhev-Ryumin would rush to Zhitomir, make every effort to overtake the gendarme officers who had galloped there with Gebel, and warn Sergei Muravyov-Apostol about the search and impending arrest. At this time, the "Slavs" undertook to prepare an uprising. On their part, there was no hesitation on this issue: they always stood on the point of view
the expediency of the uprising even if the secret society demonstrations in the capital were defeated. The "Slavs" assumed that by raising an uprising in the military units under their command, and in the units under the command of the members of the Southern Society, it would be possible to capture Kiev. The Spanish Revolution also began on the outskirts of the state. The "Slavs" did not want to surrender without a fight and, apparently, hoped that the action in Ukraine could still be a call for a new uprising. According to the "Notes" of the Society of United Slavs, the idea of an uprising was given to the "Slavs" by "the news of the unsuccessful incident on December 14 in St. Petersburg: knowing the unfortunate consequences of this, they wanted to make a new uprising in the south and thus save the secret society from ultimate destruction."
Indeed, Bestuzhev-Ryumin managed to overtake the gendarmes, overtake S. Muravyov-Apostol with his brother in Lyubara at Artamon Muravyov's and inform them about the impending arrest.
On December 27, the Muravyov brothers left Lyubar for Pavoloch. Sergei Muravyov, by his own admission, wanted to get to his regiment and, "hiding there, to find out all the circumstances ... and, according to this news, make up his mind to do something."
Having reached the village of Triles, where the apartment of Lieutenant Kuzmin (a member of the Society of United Slavs), commander of the 5th company of the Chernigov regiment, was located, the brothers stopped. Bestuzhev-Ryumin went to the neighboring Aleksopol regiment, which was greatly influenced by the former commander, who was still with the regiment, Povalo-Shveikovsky, a member of the Southern Society, who promised to provide decisive support for the uprising. From Triles on the same evening S. Muravyov-Apostol sent a note to Vasilkov to members of the Society of United Slavs - Kuzmin, Solovyov and Shchepilo with a request to come immediately to Trilesy and discuss the situation.
Meanwhile, Gebel with the gendarmes rushed in the footsteps of the Muravyov-Apostles, finding them neither in Zhitomir, nor in Lyubar. On the way, he met with gendarme Lang, who had an order to arrest Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Stopping in Triles, Gebel went to Lieutenant Kuzmin's apartment to warm up and find out if the Muravyovs had passed through here, and ... he found both Muravyovs there. They are not
resisted arrest, surrendered their weapons. Morning was coming.
The Chernigov officers, who firmly and without hesitation decided to start the uprising, assumed that it would not be limited only to the Chernigov regiment; they immediately decided to raise the surrounding regiments, which were commanded by members of the Southern Society. To this end, they sent a messenger from Vasilkov to inform these regiments about the beginning of the uprising; Andreevich 2nd, a member of the Society of United Slavs, was elected a messenger. Having learned about the uprising in St. Petersburg, he himself arrived on December 26 in Vasilkov from Kiev, where he was at the arsenal, and went immediately to Radomysl - to a member of the secret society, Colonel Povalo-Shveikovsky, to raise the Aleksopol regiment to the uprising.
Meanwhile, having received S. Muravyov's note, all four members of the Society of United Slavs - Kuzmin, Shchepilo, Sukhinov and Soloviev - rushed to Trilesy. They quickly secured the consent of the soldiers on guard to release the arrested Sergei and Matvey Muravyov-Apostols. There is no doubt that the "guard" was promoted by them earlier. With the help of the guard soldiers, they freed the Muravyevs from arrest with weapons in their hands, and wounded Gebel. Under these conditions, Sergei Muravyov, released from arrest, decided to start an uprising. Its start date is the morning of December 29, 1825.
The route of the uprising was as follows: the first to revolt was the 5th company of the Chernigov regiment, which was stationed in Trilesi. In the evening of the same December 29, she came to the village of Kovalevka, where she joined up with another company of the same regiment - the 2nd Grenadier. In the early morning of December 30, S. Muravyov-Apostol, at the head of two companies, entered Vasilkov, where he was joined by other companies from the Chernigov regiment. Thus, the regiment was almost completely assembled. From Vasilkov on December 31, in the afternoon, the insurgent troops moved to the village of Motovilovka, where they arrived in the evening. On January 1, a day was announced for the regiment in Motovilovka. This angered the soldiers, who demanded quick action. From Motovilovka, the rebels moved to Belaya Tserkov, but, before reaching it, stopped in the village of Pologi, from where, once again, sharply changing the route, they began to move
to go to Triles and, passing the village of Kovalevka, before reaching Triles, they met a detachment of General Geismar, who defeated them. This is the route of the uprising. If you look at the map of the area, you can see that this route has an approximate figure of eight. This zigzag becomes understandable if, with the help of documents, one delves into the motives for changing routes. The entire movement of the uprising consists of fragments of the routes begun and abandoned, the study of which reveals the hope for the addition of new regiments (which was also characteristic of December 14) and the struggle of contradictions in the inner life of the uprising.
The movement from Triles to Vasilkov was expedient and inevitable: the bulk of the regiment was stationed there. In the afternoon of December 30, 1825, the vanguard of the Chernigov regiment under the command of Sukhinov entered Vasilkov. Major Trukhin (senior in the Chernigov regiment after Muravyov), who remained on the side of the government, rushed to meet the vanguard and “began to bring him into obedience from afar with threats and promises,” writes the memoirist of the Society of United Slavs, but “when he came closer, he was seized by Bestuzhev and Sukhinov who, laughing at his ornateness, pushed him into the middle of the column. Instantly the soldiers' peacefulness disappeared. They rushed at the major they hated, tore off his epaulettes,
they ripped his uniform to shreds, showered him with curses, ridicule and, finally, beatings. " S. Muravyov arrived in time and ordered the arrest of Major Trukhin. The rebels captured the city of Vasilkov. Second lieutenant Vadkovsky (from the 17th Jaeger Regiment), who came from Belaya Tserkov, promised S. Muravyov to raise, if not the entire regiment, then at least the battalion, and with this intention went to Belaya Tserkov, but was arrested at the entrance to the outpost.
The regiment gathered in the square. Regimental banners, regimental treasury - everything was in the hands of the insurgents. “The assembled companies were lined up in a thick column,” says the “Notes” of the Slavs. “Having approached her, Muravyov greeted the soldiers and in short words told them the purpose of the uprising ... he imagined how noble it was to sacrifice life for freedom. The delight was universal; officers and soldiers have expressed their readiness to follow wherever their beloved and respected leader leads. "
The rise of spirits reached a particularly high point in Vasilkov. S. Muravyov called the regimental priest Daniel Keizer, and he, on his instructions, read to the regiment the revolutionary political catechism composed by S. Muravyov, which, according to the "Slavs", "consisted of pure republican rules adapted to the concepts of everyone."
In the revolutionary movement of that time (for example, in Spanish), a similar "catechistic" form of proclamations, composed of questions and answers, was common.
Muravyov's "catechism" has come down to us. Here are some of his questions and answers:
“Question: What government is similar to the law of God?
Answer: One where there are no kings. God created us all equal and, having descended to earth, chose the apostles from the common people, and not from the nobles and kings.
Question: Therefore, God does not love kings?
Answer: No! They are cursed essence from him, like the oppressors of the people.
Question: Why are kings mentioned in churches?
Answer: From the wicked command of themselves, to deceive the people "
But already in Vasilkov, a struggle between two directions in the leadership of the uprising was manifested: the headquarters of the uprising consisted of four officers - "Slavs" (Sukhinov, Shchepilo, Kuzmin and Solovyov), on the one hand, and Sergei Muraviev-Apostol, his brother Matvey and Bestuzhev-Ryumin - with another. The "Slavs" stood for immediate, quick, decisive action and for attracting the peasants to the side of the military uprising. Muravyov-Apostol and his supporters adhered to a wait-and-see tactic. S. Muravyov hesitated because he was waiting for the joining of other insurgent regiments under the command of members of the Southern Society. In Vasilkov, the Slavs begged Muravyov to immediately go to Kiev: there were sympathetic officers and units propagated by the "Slavs" (for example, the propaganda among the workers of the arsenal was led by Andreevich 2nd); this plan had some real reasons. But S. Muravyov did not dare to accept this plan and preferred to wait. A fragment of the idea of the "Slavs" - to go to Kiev, seeing Muravyov in a small concession: he sent officer Mozalevsky to Kiev with notes to the "faithful people" and with copies of the revolutionary "catechism" quoted above for distribution among the people.
Later (in 1861) Gorbachevsky, a member of the Society of United Slavs, who “always ... regretted losing” and could never forget this, wrote from Siberia to his friend Mikhail Bestuzhev: “[S.] Muravyov-Apostol contracted the St. Petersburg slowness. .. when the Slavs recaptured him and tore him out of the clutches of those who had arrested him, the same Slavs begged him and begged him to go in one passage and fall like snow on his head to Kiev and take him; moreover, there was a brigade on guard, with ready members of the secret society who were waiting for him " .
The movement from Vasilkov to Motovilovka was aimed at Brusilov, a place that S. Muravyov-Apostol, believing in the annexation of other regiments, considered a convenient rallying point for the insurgent troops: in the same area were the Aleksopol regiment and the already mentioned hussar Akhtyrsky, on which S. Muravyov continued to count. In case of success, Muravyov intended to go further, to Zhitomir, around which were located
military units under the command of members of the Society of United Slavs. But in Motovilovka, the new regiments did not join. The situation was becoming alarming. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who was sent to communicate with the Aleksopol region, brought the most disappointing news: a member of the Southern Society, Povalo-Shveikovsky, refused to take part in the uprising. S. Muravyov changed the route and headed to Belaya Tserkov, where the 17th Jaeger Regiment was stationed, in which there was a loyal member of the Southern Society, officer A.F. Vadkovsky, who came to Muravyov in Vasilkov during the uprising and promised to raise his regiment. But Muravyov did not know that on his return from Vasilkov to Bila Tserkva, Vadkovsky was arrested.
In Motovilovka, there was a sharp change in the mood of the soldiers, who did not understand the meaning of the day during the uprising and were worried about the outcome of the case. The flight of a number of officers of the insurgent regiment also made a heavy impression on the soldiers. The "Slavs" shared their excitement and discontent, but with all their might they maintained discipline and unity in the uprising.
In Motovilovka, the Decembrists had a chance to be convinced of the sympathy of the serfs. The insurgent regiment marched through the lands of the Countess Branitskaya, the largest landowner of the region. The peasants in her villages were in the most distressing situation. Rumors about the goal of the uprising - the abolition of serfdom - quickly spread throughout the villages; peasants came to Muravyov, wished him success. Some of them were in the train of the insurgent regiment.
The "Slavs" campaigned among the peasants, read and explained the revolutionary "catechism" to them. Some time after the uprising of the Decembrists in the same area, a strong fermentation developed among the peasant masses, and there was undoubtedly a connection between the one and the other.
Approaching the village of Pologi, the insurgent regiment stopped. At the insistence. Sukhinov's reconnaissance was made. It turned out that the 17th Jaeger Regiment was no longer in Belaya Tserkov: it moved along a completely different route - to Skvira (the authorities knew about the anti-government sentiments in the regiment and hastened to remove it from the dangerous place). I had to seize on the last, already completely unrealizable plan: to go to the union with the "Slavs" to Zhitomir. But Zhitomir was in a strategic sense a remote corner, coming there did not promise any prospects.
The rebels again headed through Kovalevka to Triles, the starting point of the uprising.
Near Kovalevka, the Chernigov regiment met a detachment of General Geismar, sent by the government to pacify the uprising. S. Muravyov was sure that the detachment would go over to the side of the rebels; This confidence was passed on to the soldiers. But the first volleys of buckshot shattered this illusion. S. Muravyov was wounded in the head with buckshot. At the last moment, a soldier's indignation flared up. "The shopper!" - shouted a private of the 1st musketeer company, rushing at S. Muravyov. Soloviev covered Muravyov with himself and thereby saved him.
At the scene of the uprising, the killed remained - among them the peasants who followed the regiment in its wagon train, and three officers. No one was killed or wounded on the part of the government troops. 869 soldiers and five officers of the insurgent Chernigov regiment were arrested. Muravyov-Apostle's brother Ippolit, who had just arrived from St. Petersburg as a messenger of the northern uprising, shot himself on the battlefield. Splinter was killed. Sukhinov fled. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Bestuzhev-Ryumin were arrested on the battlefield with weapons in their hands. The wounded Kuzmin hid a pistol in his sleeve and shot himself in the first tavern, where his convoy stopped.
Members of the Slavic Society tried to provide all kinds of support for the uprising. Wherever they were - in Zhitomir, Novograd-Volynsk, the village of Baranovka, Kuzmin, Staro-Konstantinovka - they did their best to raise an uprising in other units to help the Chernigov regiment. Andrei and Pyotr Borisovs, Andreevich 2nd, Bechasnov, Ivanov put a lot of effort into this, but their attempts did not yield any results. Members
Southern society - the commanders of the regiments - did not agree to act in the current situation (after all, the uprising in St. Petersburg was defeated! -They knew it). The attempts of the "Slavs" to act over the heads of the commanders were unsuccessful: no one knew the "Slavs" officers, and their voice had no authority.
The attempt of ensign S. Trusov, a member of the Slavic society, to raise an uprising in the Poltava regiment - at the latest in time, the effort of the "Slavs" to carry out the revolutionary plan; it dates back to February 1826. Trusov acted together with the second lieutenant of Poltava
regiment by Emelyan Trotsky. During the inspection, Trusov ran out in front of the first battalion with a naked saber, shouting to the soldiers: “Guys! Throw in hostility, we will find freedom and independence! Our sovereign is not sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich, but a tyrant! " But no one responded to the call. Both participants were arrested and imprisoned in the Bobruisk fortress.
Notes of the Decembrist N.I. Lorer, p. 83-84.
Notes of the Decembrist N.I. Lorer, p. 84.
Decembrist revolt. M., 1953, vol. 10, p. 138; Wed: p. 141 (case of S.G. Volkonsky).
Decembrist revolt. M .; L 1929, v. 6, p. 128-129.
Notes and letters of the Decembrist I. I. Gorbachevsky. M., 1925, p. 361
It was the morning of December 14th. (Appendix L) The Decembrists were already in their military units and campaigned against the oath of allegiance to Nicholas I. By 11 o'clock in the morning, the Moscow Life Guards regiment, led by Alexander and Mikhail Bestuzhev, led by Alexander and Mikhail Bestuzhev (Appendix H) and D.A. Shchepin was the first to arrive at Senate Square -Rostovsky. The regiment lined up in a battle quadrangle (square) near the monument to Peter I. By one o'clock in the afternoon the sailors of the Moscow Guards crew under the command of Nikolai Bestuzhev joined the Moscow regiment, followed by the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, which was led by lieutenants N.A. Panov and A. . N. Sutgof. In total, 3 thousand soldiers with 30 officers gathered in the square. They were waiting for the approach of other military units, and most importantly - the dictator of the uprising - S.P. Trubetskoy, without whose orders the rebels could not act independently. However, the "dictator" did not appear on the square, and the uprising was virtually left without leadership. Trubetskoy had shown hesitation and indecision the day before. His doubts about success intensified on the very day of the uprising, when he became convinced that it was not possible to raise most of the guards regiments, on which the Decembrists had counted. Trubetskoy's behavior, undoubtedly, among other reasons, played a fatal role on the day of December 14.
The news of the beginning of the uprising quickly spread throughout the city. Crowds of people rushed to the scene. The popular masses pounced on the police and disarmed them, threw stones and logs at Nicholas I and his retinue. At this time, the governor-general of St. Petersburg Miloradovich drove up to the square. He persuaded the soldiers to disperse, convinced them that the oath to Nicholas was legal. It was a tense moment of the uprising, events could go according to an unforeseen scenario, because the regiment was alone, others had not yet approached, and Miloradovich, the hero of 1812, was popular among the soldiers and knew how to talk to them. The only way out was to remove Miloradovich from the square. The Decembrists demanded that he leave the square, but Miloradovich continued to persuade the soldiers. Then Obolensky turned his horse with a bayonet, while wounding the governor-general, and Kakhovsky shot and inflicted a mortal wound on him. But P. G. Kakhovsky was mortally wounded. 3 thousand equestrian. Twice the Horse Guards attacked the square of the rebels, but both attacks were repulsed by gunfire. However, the rebels fired upward, and the horse guards acted indecisively. Here soldier's solidarity was manifested on both sides. The rest of the government troops also showed hesitation. From them, envoys came to the rebels and asked them to "hold out until the evening," promising to join them. Nicholas I, fearing that with the onset of darkness "the revolt could communicate to the mob", gave the order to use artillery. Volleys of grapeshot at close range have devastated the ranks of the rebels and put them to flight. By 6 o'clock in the evening, the uprising was defeated. All night long, by the light of fires, the wounded and the dead were removed and the spilled blood was washed from the square.
December 29, 1825 the uprising of the Chernigov regiment began (Appendix D), located in the area of the city of Vasilkov. It was headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol. (Appendix M) This uprising began at the moment when members of the Southern Society became aware of the defeat of the uprising in St. Petersburg and when P.I. Pestel, A.P. Yushnevsky and a number of other prominent figures of the Southern Society. The uprising began in the village of Trilesy (Kiev province) - one of the companies of the Chernigov regiment was located here. Otsyula S. Muravyov-Apostl went to Vasilkov, where the rest of the companies of the Chernigov regiment were located and his headquarters was located. Within three days, he gathered 5 companies of the Chernigov regiment under his command. S. Muravyov-Apostol and M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin even earlier compiled the revolutionary "Catechism", intended for distribution among the army and the people. This document, written in the form of questions and answers, in an intelligible form for soldiers and peasants, proved the need for the destruction of monarchical power and the establishment of republican rule. The "Catechism" was read to the rebellious soldiers, some copies of it were distributed in other regiments, among local peasants and even sent to Kiev. During the week, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol raided the snow-covered fields of Ukraine, hoping to join the uprising of other regiments , in which members of the secret society served. On its way, the insurgent Chernigov regiment met with the sympathetic attitude of the local peasantry. Meanwhile, the hopes of the rebels that other military units would join them did not materialize. The command managed to isolate the Chernigov regiment, withdrawing from its path all those regiments that S. Muravyov-Apostol hoped to join. At the same time, large forces of troops loyal to the government were concentrated around the area of the uprising. S. Muravyov-Apostol ultimately turned the regiment towards the village of Triles, but on the morning of January 3, 1826. when approaching him, between the villages of Ustinovka and Kovalevka, he was met by a detachment of government troops and shot with grapeshot. S. Muravyov-Apostol, wounded in the head, was captured and sent to St. Petersburg in shackles.
So, the Northern and Southern societies actively acted to change some of the existing provisions in Russia, namely: serfdom and estates were abolished, the land, according to the provisions of the Russian Truth, was divided into landlord and private, according to the provisions of the Constitution, inviolability, state structure the position of "Russkaya Pravda" is a unitary state, according to the "Constitution" it is a federal state, etc. Also, the "Society of United Slavs" also played not an unimportant role in the history of Decembrism, but amenno took part in the Chernigov uprising. Consequently, the Decembrists were resolutely inclined to the uprising and knew that they were going to certain death. And in order to follow certain structures of their plan, they drew up a "Manifesto to the Russian people", which has survived to this day. Thus, considering the uprising, we understand that it played an important role in history state formation, and some points of the position of the program documents of the Decembrists were fulfilled to maintain normal living conditions for all people, but the Decembrists made a lot of mistakes due to which they lost this battle.
