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The suffix ent in English examples. Word formation rules in English. Adverb suffixes in English

We continue to engage in word formation. In previous posts, I talked about the important suffixes of adjectives and Now let's get acquainted with the new suffixes.

Suffix -Y= highly productive, originally from Old English. Has two meanings.

FIRST MEANING: Joins nouns and less often verbs. Indicates signs, that is, characteristics of the corresponding noun, for example, has a similar color, properties or state. In Russian, the same thing happens, only according to different grammatical laws. These are just words with the same root: wind is windy, snow is snowy; rock - rocky. A few examples on English language.

grass(grass) + y - grassy= herbal

water(water) + y - watery= watery, wet, watery

star(star) + y - starry= starry

rain(rain) + y - rainy= rainy

velvet(velvet) + y - velvety= velvet

chalk(chalk) + y - chalky= chalky, calcareous

room(place, space) + y - roomy= spacious

foam(foam) + y - foamy= foamy, foaming

ice(ice0 + y - icy= icy

dust(dust) + y - dusty= dusty

dirt(dirt) + y - dirty= dirty

milk(milk) + y - milky= milk

wave(wave) + y - wavy= wavy

Adjectives with the ending “-Y” often have not only literal but also figurative meanings. Compare the meanings of the adjectives in the following combinations.

sandy hair(sandy hair, reddish) - sandy floor(sandy floor) - sandy watch(hourglass);

milky coffee(coffee with milk) - milky chocolate(milk chocolate) - MILKY WAY(Milky Way);

misty eyes(clouded (tears) eyes) - misty weather(foggy weather) - a misty idea(vague idea);

silky dress(silk dress) - silky skin(silk skin);

SECOND MEANING: It is attached to adjectives and means a lack or reduction of the characteristic that characterizes the main adjective. Sweet - sweetish, bald - balding, full - plump.

Some examples in English:

pink(pink) + y - pinky= pink, pinkish;

bald(bald) + y - baldy= balding, beginning to go bald;

green(green) + y = greeny= greenish.

The suffix “-Y” is “two-faced”, that is, it can also be a noun suffix, for example:

augur y= fortune-telling, prediction, omen, foreboding;

perjur y= treachery, breaking an oath.

Suffix –LY= productive, origin from German language... It is attached to nouns and can have two meanings.

FIRST MEANING: be similar in appearance, manners, or nature.

A few examples:

father(father) + ly - fatherly= fatherly

friend(friend) + ly = friendly= friendly

man(male) + ly - manly= courageous

coward(coward) + ly - cowardly= cowardly

sloven(slob) + ly - slovenly= sloppy

world(world, universe) + ly - worldly= mundane, earthly

heaven(heaven) + ly = heavenly= heavenly

brother(brother) + ly - brotherly= brotherly

SECOND MEANING: joins nouns that denote tense and have a meaning of repetition.

day + ly - daily= daily

month + ly - monthly= monthly

week + ly - weekly= weekly

hour + ly - hourly= hourly

time + ly - timely= timely

Word formation Is the formation of new words using prefixes, suffixes, addition of stems and other methods. If you know how word formation works in English, understand the meaning of the main prefixes and suffixes, it will be much easier for you to replenish your vocabulary, read, understand English speech, because you will guess the meaning of a huge number of words without a dictionary.

By the way, if you are curious to know what your vocabulary is, I recommend reading this article: From it you will learn simple and interesting ways definitions of vocabulary.

There are several ways of word formation, the most important practical importance is the formation of words using suffixes and prefixes... We will dwell on it in more detail, we will consider the other methods in an overview.

Why do you need to know word formation?

The main benefit is that knowing the meanings of prefixes and suffixes significantly increases the number of words you learn when reading and listening (especially when reading). In other words, passive vocabulary increases.

Take, for example, the verb to use- use. With the help of suffixes, it is formed from:

• Adjective useful- useful.
• Adjective useless- useless.
• Noun usage- usage.

Understanding the meaning of suffixes -ful, -less, -age, you can easily understand all three educated from to use words, even if they did not know their meaning.

• -ful and -less indicate the presence or absence of quality: from the word care (care,) careful- careful, careless- carefree.
• -age forms nouns from verbs: leak(leak) - leakage(a leak), pass(pass) - passage(passage).

The effect will be especially noticeable when reading, because in the text, suffixes and prefixes are easily noticeable, and in oral speech they can simply not be discerned. In general, the understanding of oral speech differs from the understanding of the text in that for listening comprehension it is not enough to know words and grammar - you need to have a developed, trained skill of listening comprehension. It is developed separately with the help of listening, i.e. listening to live speech,.

Why passive vocabulary, why not active? Prefixes and suffixes are good semantic clues, but the English vocabulary is arranged in such a way (like the Russian one) that not every word can be attached to every affix.

A striking example is prefixes in- and un- having a negation value: able- capable, unable- incapable, stable- stable, instable- unstable. The prefixes completely coincide in meaning, but when you need to “add” which one you need to remember. When reading, you can easily understand the meaning of the words with in \ un-, but you may be mistaken in speech.

However, this is not so scary. I am sure that you will be understood if you say inable and unstable confusing the prefixes. Speaking in Russian, we also make not such mistakes!

How to study word formation in English

Prefixes and suffixes (together they are called “affixes”) are not the case when you need to sit down at textbooks, cram rules, do exercises one after another. It is quite enough just to get acquainted with the meaning of the main prefixes and suffixes, see examples.

The tables and mind maps (outline images) below will help you with this. The tables reveal the meaning of prefixes and suffixes (as far as possible), examples of words, and mind maps are a kind of synopsis, a cheat sheet made on the basis of tables.

After reviewing the materials, you will notice that many affixes are similar to Russian and even have a similar meaning. No wonder, because they came to English, Russian and other languages ​​from Latin and Greek, especially for affixes with a scientific connotation: de activate – de activate, anti virus – anti virus, counter balance – against oats, ideal ism - ideal rev... Thanks to these preserved connections between languages, word formation in English is given without any problems.

There are different approaches to the classification of word formation methods; in Russian-language literature, two main methods are usually distinguished: word composition and word production.

Word production, in turn, is of four types: conversion, change of place of stress, alternation of sounds and affixation (prefixes and suffixes).

Composition

Composition Is a combination of two words or stems into one word. The resulting words are written together or with a hyphen. In the Russian language there is also such a method and, by the way, the word “word composition” itself is formed by word composition.

By compounding, verbs are formed, (most often),.

Derivation

Derivation Is the formation of one word from others. It can happen in four ways:

1. Conversion.
2. Changing the place of stress.
3. Alternating sounds.
4. Affixation.

Conversion

Conversion- this is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another without changing the spelling and sound. It turns out that the word formally remains unchanged, but:

• it turns into another Part of speech,
• its meaning changes.

Conversion is a way of word formation characteristic of the English language, thanks to it there are many words in English that do not differ in appearance and sound, but have meanings of different parts of speech.

For example, nouns and verbs can match:

Noun	Verb
answer	to answer
hand	to hand (to hand)
place	to place
work	to work

Or adjectives and verbs:

Changing the place of stress

In this case, nouns coincide in form with verbs, but they have a different stress. Typically, a verb has the stress on the second syllable, and in a noun on the first.

Alternating sounds

In this case, verbs and nouns formed from the same root differ in the alternation of the last consonant sound. Usually in a verb it is voiced, and in a noun it is voiceless.

For example:

Affixation

Very often, words are formed using the attachment prefixes and suffixes(together they are called affixes).

• Prefixes(prefixes) change the meaning of words, but the word itself does not pass into another part of speech. Knowing the most common prefixes, you will be able to guess the meaning of the words formed with their help, if, of course, you know the original word.
• Suffixes serve to form one part of speech from another. Knowing which suffixes are characteristic for which speech, you will easily understand which part of speech is in front of you, accordingly, this will facilitate understanding the word.

Prefixes in English

Set-top boxes can be divided into two groups: negative and all the rest.
The most common negative prefixes: un-, in-, dis-. There are no rules governing which of these prefixes is used to give a word a negative meaning.

However, if we talk about passive vocabulary, about understanding text or speech, then this is not so important: if a word has one of the negative prefixes, then its meaning has been changed to negative or opposite. The tables below show examples of words with these prefixes.

The prefix un-

comfortable - comfortable	uncomfortable - uncomfortable
equal - equal	unequal - unequal
expected - expected	unexpected - unexpected
happy - happy	unhappy - unhappy
important - important	unimportant - unimportant
known - known	unknown - unknown
limited - limited	unlimited - unlimited
pleasant - pleasant	unpleasant - unpleasant

Also un- is attached to verbs to express the opposite action.

to dress - to dress	to undress - undress
to lock - to lock	to unlock - to unlock
to pack - to pack	to unpack - to unpack

In- prefix

No rules governing when used un-, and when in-, although these prefixes do not differ in meaning. The important difference is that in- NOT used in verbs.

Examples:

In prefix- is modified in some cases:

• before l turns into il-
• before r becomes ir-
• before m and p becomes im-

Dis- prefix

Dis- can express negation or opposite action.

Negation:

Opposite Action:

Other negative prefixes

Among other negative prefixes, there are many international, Latin and Greek origin, found in the Russian language.

• a \ ab- (without-, not-, a-): abnormal - abnormal, amoral - immoral.
• anti-(anti-, anti-): antivirus - antivirus, antibiotic - antibiotic.
• counter-(counter-, counter-): counterstrike - counter-strike, counter-clockwise - counterclockwise.
• de-(deprive, delete): decode - decode, deformation - disband.
• non-(negation, absence): non-stop - non-stop, non-alcoholic - non-alcoholic.

Prefixes with different meanings

The prefix re- (again, again, again)
to appear - appear	to reappear - reappear
to construct - build	to reconstruct - to rebuild
to read - read	to reread - to reread
to sell - sell	to resell - to resell
The prefix mis- (wrong, wrong)
to hear - to hear	to mishear - to mishear, to hear wrong
to lead - lead	to mislead - mislead
to quote - to quote	to misquote - misquote
to understand - to understand	to misunderstand - to misunderstand
Over- (over, excessive) and under- (under-, insufficient) prefixes
to estimate - estimate	to overestimate - to overestimate To underestimate - to underestimate
to pay - to pay	to overpay - overpay to underpay - underpay
Pre- (before, before) and post- (post-, after), often hyphenated
revolutionary - revolutionary	pre-revolutionary - pre-revolutionary post-revolutionary - post-revolutionary
war - war	pre-war - pre-war post-war - post-war
The prefix co- (cooperation, common action), often hyphenated
author - author	co-author - co-author
existence - existence	co-existence - coexistence
operation - operation	co-operation - cooperation, assistance
Inter- prefix (between, among, mutually)
national - national	international - international
action - action	interaction - interaction
town - city	intertown - intercity
The prefix ex- (ex-, ex), is spelled with a hyphen
husband - husband	ex-husband - ex-husband
president - president	ex-president - ex-president
Sub- prefix (sub-, sub-)
marine - marine	submarine - underwater
section - section	subsection - subsection
The prefix ultra- (ultra-, super-), spelled with a hyphen
microscopic - microscopic	ultramicroscopic - ultramicroscopic
violet - purple	ultra-violet - ultraviolet
Prefix en- (do something)
circle - circle	encircle - to surround (make a circle)
large - large	enlarge - enlarge (do more)
slave - slave	enslave - to enslave (to make a slave)

Notes:

• In modern English, there are words with non-separable prefixes, they include the prefixes listed in the table above, but separating them, we will not get an independent word. For example: re duce(shorten), dis cuss(discuss), pre pare(prepare). In fact, these consoles are no longer consoles at all. Once upon a time they have grown to the roots of words, now unused and modified, and gradually they themselves became part of the root of the word. For example, in the word prepare(prepare) pre- this is no longer a prefix, but a part of the root of the word.
• IN colloquial speech the word is in use "Ex"- it exactly corresponds to our “ex, ex” and means “ex-husband / boyfriend, ex-wife / girlfriend”: My ex texted me - My ex texted me.

Suffixes in English

Suffixes are indicators of parts of speech in English, respectively, they can be divided into three groups: suffixes of nouns, adjectives and verbs. There is not much to tell about adverbs, in most cases they are formed using only one suffix -ly(quick - quickly), there is a small note about them.

Noun suffixes

With the help of suffixes, nouns denoting persons are formed, and abstract nouns denoting broad or generalized concepts.

Nouns denoting persons

Suffixes -er, -or - attached to verbs to denote a character
to buy - to buy	buyer - buyer
to direct - to direct	director - head
to teach - teach	teacher - teacher
to work - to work	worker - worker
The suffixes -ism and -ist correspond to the suffixes -ism and -ist in Russian, denote ideologies, political or scientific trends and their adherents
idealist	idealist
terrorist	terrorist
materialism	materialism
The suffix -ee is used to designate the person to whom the action is directed
to address - address	addressee - addressee
to employ - to hire	employee - employee (hired employee)
to pay - to pay	payee - payee
The -ian suffix is ​​used to denote nationality
English	Russian
Ukrainian	Ukrainian
Bulgarian	Bulgarian
Norwegian	Norwegian

Abstract nouns

The -age suffix usually forms nouns from verbs
to leak - to leak	leakage - leak
to marry - to marry, to get married	marriage - marriage
Suffixes -ance, -ence - with their help, nouns are formed from adjectives with suffixes -ant, -ent
important - important	importance - importance
different - different	difference - difference
resistant - resistant	resistance - resistance
The suffix -dom forms nouns from adjectives and other nouns
free - free	freedom - freedom
king - king	kingdom - kingdom
The -hood suffix usually forms nouns from other nouns
brother - brother	brotherhood - brotherhood
child - child	childhood - childhood
neighbor - neighbor	neighborhood - neighborhood
Suffixes -ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion form nouns from verbs, and sometimes the pronunciation or spelling changes
to collect - collect	collection - collection
to combine - combine	combination - combination
to transmit - transmit	transmission - transmission
The -ment suffix forms nouns from verbs
to agree - agree	agreement - agreement
to develop - to develop	development - development
The suffix -ness forms nouns from adjectives
dark - dark	darkness - darkness
kind - kind	kindness - kindness
weak - weak	weakness - weakness
The suffix -ship forms nouns from other nouns
friend - friend	friendship - friendship
leader - leader	leadership - leadership
Suffix -ure forms nouns from verbs
to please - to please	pleasure - pleasure
to press - to press	pressure - pressure
to seize - to seize	seizure - seizure

Adjective suffixes

Suffixes -able, -ible express the possibility of being exposed, in Russian there is a similar "-able", "-ive", "-obny"
to change - change	changable - mutable, changeable
to eat - there is	eatable - edible
to walk - to go	walkable - walkable
to convert - to convert, convert	convertable - reversible, convertible
The suffix -al forms adjectives from nouns (cf. In Russian: -al)
center - center	central - central
culture - culture	cultural - cultural
form - form	formal - formal
Suffixes -ant, -ent form adjectives from verbs (these adjectives correspond to nouns with -ance, -ence)
to differ - differ	different - different (difference - difference)
to resist - to resist	resistant - resisting (resistance - resistance)
Suffixes -ful form adjectives from nouns and denote quality. (opposite of -less)
beauty - beauty	beautiful - beautiful
doubt - doubt	doubtful - doubtful
use - benefit	useful - useful
The suffix -ish forms adjectives with meanings: a) nationality, b) a weak degree of quality (as in Russian -ovat, -evat)
scott - scotsman	scottish - Scottish
swede - Swede	swedish - Swedish
red - red	reddish - reddish
brown - brown	brownish - brownish
The suffix -ive forms adjectives from verbs and nouns (as in Russian -ive, -ive)
to act - to act	active - active
effect - effect, action	effective - valid
to talk - to talk	talkative - talkative
The suffix -less forms adjectives from a noun and means lack of quality (opposite of -ful)
hope - hope	hopeless - hopeless
use - benefit	useless - useless
home - home	homeless - homeless
Suffix -ous forms adjectives from nouns
courage - courage	courageous - bold
danger - danger	dangerous - dangerous
glory - glory	glorious - glorious
Suffix -y forms adjectives from nouns (mostly related to weather)
cloud - cloud	cloudy - cloudy
dirt - dirt	dirty - dirty
fog - fog	foggy - foggy
rain - rain	rainy - rainy
sun - sun	sunny - sunny

Verb suffixes

The suffix -en gives meaning: do, do, become, forms verbs from adjectives and nouns
sharp - sharp	sharpen - sharpen
short - short	shorten - to shorten
strength - strength	strengthen - strengthen
wide - wide	widen - expand
The suffix -fy usually forms verbs from adjectives, less often from nouns
false - fake	to falsify - falsify
glory - glory	to glorify - to glorify
simple - simple	to simplify - simplify
pure - pure	to purify - to purify
The suffix -ize usually forms verbs from nouns
character - character	to characterize - to characterize
crystal - crystal	to crystallize - crystallize
sympathy - sympathy	to sympathize - to sympathize

Notes:

• A few words must be said about adverbs... Everything is extremely simple here: in the overwhelming majority of cases, derived adverbs are formed from adjectives (sometimes from numerals and nouns) using a suffix -ly: wise(wise) - wisely(wisely) slow(slow) - slowly(slowly), etc. Suffixes are much less common -wise(clockwise - clockwise), -ward (s)(forward \ backward - forward \ back), -ways(sideways - sideways).
• As in the case of prefixes, in the English language there are words with inseparable suffixes, but in fact these are not suffixes, but a part of the root, once formed from the suffix (in the process of historical changes in the language). These words are indivisible and are not recognized as words with suffixes, for example: courage(courage), station(station), document(document), loyal(devotee) possible(possible) and others.
• As in Russian, English words can be formed not only by prefix and suffix, but also in a combined (prefix-suffix) way. For example: walk(walk) - walkable(passable) - unwalkable(impassable). In this case, the meaning of both the suffix and the prefix is ​​added to the original word.

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It is no secret that one word can be the progenitor of a whole branch of related expressions. The formation of new lexemes is carried out in different ways: by adding new parts, conversion, that is, the transition of an unchanged stem to another grammatical section, or by merging two words into one. Knowledge of these methods not only makes it easier to understand the context of an unfamiliar word, but also expands the capabilities of the student's vocabulary. Today we will explore one of the methods by looking at its application to a popular part of speech. So, the topic of the material is adjective suffixes in English. Let's consider ways of transforming various parts of speech into definitions and give examples.

Suffixes in adjectives in English - table

Adjectives are designed to express characteristics, properties, qualities and attributes, and by their duty they most often accompany nouns. It is not surprising that many definitions owe their origin to the same root words of the noun class. Note also that verbs also have a small share of the suffixal formation of adjectives, but the table below will tell you more about all this. In it, we placed the adjectives suffixes in the English language, according to their correspondence to the parts of speech that formed a new word. In addition, each suffix is ​​provided with a personal meaning and examples of word formation. Let's start studying.

English adjective suffixes
Class	Suffix	Meaning	Examples of
Nouns. The morphemes given in this section can only be attached to the specified part of speech.	-y	Formation of qualitative characteristics from the original form of the word.	cream - creamy; cream - cream; health - healthy; health - healthy; dirt - dirty; fun - funny; the wind is windy;
	-al	Passing a value as a characteristic.	norm - normal; norm -normal; globe - global; globe, world - global; center - central; center - central; forma - formal; form - formal; emotion - emotional; emotion - emotional;
	-en	An indication of the material.	wool - woolen; wool - woolen; silk - silken; silk - silk; lead - leaden; lead - lead; gold - golden; gold - gold; wood - wooden; wood - wooden;
	-ful	Expression of completeness of qualities, perfection.	skill - skilful; skill - skillful; beauty - beautiful; beauty is beautiful; help - helpful; help - helping; color - colorful; color - colored; success - successful; success is successful;
	-ous	Analog of the previous ful, used only for words of French origin.	fame - famous; fame - famous; mountain - mountainous; mountain - mountain; ambition - ambitious; ambition - ambitious; vigor - vigorous; strength is strong; victory - victorious; victory is victorious;
	—less	Denial of the presence of this quality.	use - useless; useless; doubt - doubtless; doubt - undoubted; color - colorless; color - colorless; job - jobless; work - unemployed; home - homeless; home is homeless;
	-an; -ese; -ian;	Formation of definitions from proper names, geographical names, designations of nationalities and languages, etc.	Japan - Japanese; Japan - Japanese; America - American: America - American; Malaysia - Malaysian; Malaysia - Malaysian; Dickens - Dickensian; Dickens - Dickens; Mexico - Mexican; Mexico - Mexican; China - Chinese; China -Chinese (language);
	-ic; -ical; -tic;	Derived quality, characteristic.	politics - political; politics -political; energy - energetic; energy - energetic; critic - critical; criticism - critical; romance - romantic; romance - romantic; geography - geographical; geography - geographic; patriot - patriotic; patriot - patriotic; electron - electronic electronics - electronic;
	-like	Similarity, similarity.	child - childlike; child -childish, childish; wave - wavelike; wave -wavy; wife - wifelike; wife - like a wife, the habits of a wife; bird - bird-like; bird -similaron thebird;
	-ite -ate	A sign transferred to an object / person.	fortuna fortunate luck is lucky; Israel - Israelite; Israel - Israeli; passion - passionate; passion - passionate; favor - favorite; benevolence - beloved, singled out from all;
	-ly	Specificity, quality.	week - weekly; week - weekly; man is courageous; friend - friendly; friend is friendly; mother - motherly; mother is maternal; life - lively; life, action - active;
Verbs. The suffixes of this section are inherent exclusively in the category of verbs.	-ing;	Characteristic expressed, a valid participle.	to bloom - blooming; blossom - blooming; to drive - driving; drive - drive; to write - writing; write - writing; to interest - interesting; interested - interesting;
Adjectives. Suffixes are given here to help form degrees of comparison.	-er; -est;	Comparison, superiority.	clever - cleverer; smart - smarter; fast - faster; fast - faster; simple - the simplest; simple - the simplest; happy - the happiest; happy is the happiest;
Summary combinations. This group contains suffixes in adjectives in English, which can refer to several parts of speech.
Ch. + noun	-ent; -ant;	The presence of qualities transferred from the main word.	to differ - different; distinguish -featured; importance - important; importance is important; to please - pleasant; to please - pleasant; intelligence - intelligent; intellectuals - intellectuals;
	-able; -ible;	The attribute conveys the ability to perform an action; the presence of qualities and properties.	response - responsible; responsibility - responsible; to predict - predictable; predict - predictable; comfort - comfortable; comfort - comfortable; fashion - fashionable; fashion - corresponding to fashion; to convert - convertible; convert - convertible;
Exs. + adj.	-ish;	Nouns express belonging, and adjectives a diminutive of qualities.	child - childish; child - for children; yellow - yellowish; yellow - yellowish; Poland - Polish; Poland - Polish; fool - foolish; stupid - stupid;
Ch. + N. + Adj.	-ary; -ory;	Characteristic qualities.	imagine - imaginary; imagination is imaginary; second - secondary; the second is secondary; element - elementary; element -elementary;
	-ed;	The ability to perceive certain actions or properties (passive participle).	to educate well - well-educated; give a good education - well-educated; bronze - bronzed; bronze - bronze; talent - talented; talent - talented;
	-ive; -ative;	The presence of a certain sign.	to talk - talkative; talk - talkative; sport - sportive; sport - sports; impulse - impulsive; impulse - impulsive;

We have studied all possible suffixes in various adjectives in English! Until next time!

This is a lesson from the cycle "Word formation in English" and in it we will consider the common noun suffixes:-er / or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence / ance (5). will help you understand how nouns are formed in English using suffixes, as well as prepare for English exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam.

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Basic noun suffixes in English (grade 9)

Remember 5 main noun suffixes.

1. er / or (work er)
2. tion (informa tion)
3. ing (read ing)
4. ness (happi ness)
5. ence / ance (differ ence)

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

verb + Ʌ = noun

1. -er / or(doer suffix)
   dance - dancer
   work - worker
   collect - collector
   invent - inventor
2. -tion(process suffix)
   collect - collection (collecting, collection)
   invent - invention
3. -ing
   suffer - suffering
   warn - warning
   mean - meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from the verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

adj + Ʌ = noun

1. -ness
   ill - illness
   kind - kindness
2. -ance / -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant / -ent)
   important - importance (important - importance)
   different - difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

Suffixes -ness & -tion Are the most common noun suffixes.

Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate these nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are derived.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note. Please note that the letter "y" is usually found at the end of a word, while in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter "i": happ y - happ i ness.

Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation / -ion / -sion / -ssion.Translate these nouns and indicate the verb from which they are derived.

translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication

Exercise 3. Suffix –tion.Rephrase the sentence by using a verb instead of a noun.

EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.

1.His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3. Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher’s explanation of the task was clear to everybody.

Exercise 4. Guess the suffix and use it to form nouns. Translate them.

1. weak -
2. polite -
3. fresh -
4. ugly -
5. cold -
6. dark -
7. careful -

Exercise 5. The suffix –er.Guess the profession.

EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker.

1. Someone who interviews people is a….
2. Someone who plays football is a ...
3. Someone who eats well is a ...
4. Someone who sleeps well is a ...
5. Someone who rules the country is a ...
6. Someone who explores new lands is a ...
7. Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
8. Someone who always causes trouble is a ...
9. Someone who makes films is a ...
10. Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a ...

Remember:

• trouble maker- bully, bully
• holiday maker- vacationer

Exercise 6. If you know the verbs, then adding the suffix –Tion, you easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.

1. collect -
2. explain -
3. protect -
4. prepare -
5. found -
6. inform -
7. celebrate -
8. compose -
9. create -
10. decorate -

Exercise 7. The suffix –er / or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er / -or.

Remember: to fail - failure

to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep

Exercise 8. The suffix –ence / ance.Translate and memorize pairs of words with -ence / -ance suffixes:

1. import ant- import ance
2. differ ent- differ ence
3. indifferent - indifference
4. independent - independence
5. dependent - dependence
6. patient - patience
7. persistent - persistence
8. insistent - insistence
9. indulgent - indulgence

The suffix method is the most productive in word formation. Let's consider this thesis using examples of adjective suffixes in English.

Theory

What is a suffix? This term refers to the significant part of the word immediately after the root. Depending on the function, the following types of suffixes are distinguished:

• Shaping (used to form new grammatical forms):

  to play - played, big - bigger;

• Word-building (used to form one-root lexemes):

  child - childhood (child - childhood), to write - writer (write - writer), fame - famous (fame - famous).

There are five formative suffixes in English. And the most common are derivational. They participate in the formation of adjectives from nouns, verbs and simple adjectives.

Adjective suffixes

Adjective suffixes - these are significant parts of a word that are attached to a noun or verb, and thereby form new words. The most productive and popular are presented in the following table:

Suffix	Meaning	Examples of
		Faith - faithful
		Humor - humorous
	Lack of a certain quality	Aim - aimless
	Property characteristic of objects, persons and phenomena	Beast - beastly (animal - rough, animal); King - kingly (king - majestic, royal)
	Frequency, repeatability in a certain period of time	Hour - hourly (hour - hourly); Day - daily
	Material from which the item is made	lead - leaden (lead - lead); silk - silken (silk - silk)
	Signs, properties characteristic of certain phenomena	Silk - silky (silk - silky); snow - snowy
		history - historic hero - heroic
		function - functional nature - natural (nature - natural, natural)
	Small, insignificant degree of the property of an item	fool - foolish (fool - stupid); cat - cattish red - reddish (red - reddish)
	Nationality	Scotland - Scottish
	Possession of some opportunity, ability	To avoid - avoidable (avoid - avoidable, one that can be avoided); to recognize - recognizable; to extend - extensible
	Quality obtained as a result of the action indicated by the verb	To observe - observant; to differ - different
	The presence of a certain property, attribute of an object	revolution - revolutionary (revolution - revolutionary); diet - dietary to obligate - obligatory
	Nationality or language	China - Chinese (China - Chinese)

When the suffixes -able, -ible are attached to the stem of the verb, the final vowel -e is dropped, and the final vowel -y is changed to -i: to reduce - reducible, to rely - reliable.

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What have we learned?

In English, there are a number of suffixes that are involved in the formation of adjectives. They are attached to the stem of a noun, verb, or simple adjective, each have their own meaning. Knowledge of them can greatly help in expanding vocabulary.

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